Gender Issue in Water and Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. April 2007
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Transcript of Gender Issue in Water and Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. April 2007
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7/31/2019 Gender Issue in Water and Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. April 2007
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From the Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Main Feature
Gender Issue in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision 3
Gender Implementation in WSS Development Projects in Indonesia 7
Interview
Deputy of Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of
Women Empowerment 9
Regulation
Special Fund Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation System 11
Insight
What Makes CLTS Work? 13
Regardless of Funding Source, What Counts is the Plan 18
Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy 20
Balanced Scorecard Method 22
Inspiration
Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community's Water Supply System 25
Our Guest
Ananda: Deeply Concerns with Water Scarcity 26
InnovationBioporous Infiltration Pit 28
Opinion
Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested? 30
Around Plan Indonesia
Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer 31
Around ISSDP
Sanitation Workshop in Blitar Produces a Declaration 32
Around WASPOLA 34
Around WSS 39
Program 42
Water for Environmental Health and Human Being 45
Abstracts 47
IATPI Clinic 48
Book Info 49
Website Info 50
CD Info 51
WSS Bibliography 52
Percik Magazine in April 2007 is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website: http://www.ampl.or.id
Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation
Published by:
Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and
Rural Development, Department of Public Works
Board of Trustee:
Director of Human Settlement and Housing,ational Development Planning Agency Republic
of Indonesia
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of HealthDirector of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village andCommunity Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta PusatPhone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id
Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.
This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website
at www.apml.or.id
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Without our being aware we
are now paving our way in
the fifth month of 2007.
We haven't seen each since the begin-
ning of the year. Now we are back
addressing you, Percik's readers, asalways with a spirit of "water and
environment care and affection".
Many things we have to straighten
out. Column adjustment, data collec-
tion, up to internal coordination. In
this 17th edition, we again convey to
you water supply and environmental
sanitation related information.
Within the last four months, many
events and activities have taken place,
all related to water supply and sanita-
tion. The events and activities arewrapped up to be presented to you,
our dear readers.
Last March the 22nd was the com-
memoration of the World Water Day.
It's already 10 years since the UN
General Assembly recommended
World Water Day commemoration
every March the 22nd beginning from
1993. It is not without reason that all
nations of the world remember that
day. Isn't it that water remains a com-
plicated problem encumbering many
nations of the world, especially the
poor? And it is undeniable that water
is human being's basic need.
Therefore, in this edition, we dis-
cuss topics related to World Water
Day. On the history and several acti-
vities undertaken by the Indonesian
communities for its commemoration.
Including the government, private
sector, university students, and the
common people. The enthusiasm re-flects everyone's wish to be liberated
from water scarcity.
The theme of this year's World
Water Day is "Coping with Water
Scarcity". Quite suitable, because
from year after year water scarcity is
becoming more and more significant.
In many areas of Indonesia, in the
villages as well in the cities, access to
water is still the main issue, especially
for the poor. And the ones suffering
the most are the women.
It is already time for women to
take an active role in determining the
policy related to water supply and
sanitiation provision. Not only that,
everyone must realize the importance
of women involvement.
Speaking of women, just as a
reminder, on April the 21st once there
was born a woman pioneer and edu-
cator, Raden Ajeng Kartini. It seems
that in this time, women pioneers andeducators are in great demand to sal-
vage the families from water scarcity.
Our main feature this time is con-
centrated on gender. Historial back-
ground, definition and gender main-
streaming, will hopefully shed a light
to all of us. To place gender issue on
the table, we try to unearth how far
the projects such as ProAir, Sanimas,
WSLIC-2, and Prokes have proportio-
nately provided the opportunity to
women to play a role. To make the pictu-
re complete we made an exclusive inter-
view with Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH,
Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming, State
Ministry for Women Empowerment.
One column that is planned be
continue is "Our Guest". This will
bring forth celebrity or public figure
who is well connected and competent
in water supply and sanitation. We
must learn from his/her experience.
There are still many more dis-cussions and information in this
WSS-WG published magazine. Yet
different from the earlier edition,
Percik Junior is now published sepa-
rately for distribution direcly to
schools. Your comments are most
welcome. Finally, we wish you enjoy
reading.
DARI REDAKSI
Percik April 2007 1
Banner posted by KRUHA (People's Coalitian for Rights to Water)for the World Water Day commemoration
(the banner reads: Clean water is still a luxury for 100 million Indonesians)
SOURCE:KRUHA/DOC
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Disaster Emergency Opinion
In considering the disaster that hit
Jakarta last February 2007 we wish to
propose the following preventive mea-
sures:Background
a. The expansion of settlement areas
is difficult to prevent especially for
an attractive city such as Jakarta
and its urban/suburban areas like
Depok and Bogor.
b. Relocation of citizens living on
riverbanks is equally difficult for
various different reasons and con-
siderations.
c. Regulation on infiltration pit hasbeen declared effective, but in rea-
lity the citizens do build ones but at
an insufficient quality, lack of pro-
per maintainance, and is oriented
to conservation of shallow ground-
water. Therefore the threat of floo-
ding is continuing because the infi-
ltration pits do not function pro-
perly.
d. The economic burden of the com-
munity, especially of the flood vul-
nerable depression areas, is too
heavy.
2. Proposal
a. Considering that the availability of
sufficient budget both national and
Jakarta provincial region, it should
be recommendable that the infiltra-
tion pit issue is taken over by the
government/regional government.
b. The infiltration pits should be built
at a community level, at a suffi-
ciently large capacity, maintainable,
sustaining, and are oriented to con-
servation of the lower level of
groundwater.
c. As a pilot project Jakarta should
develop a deep infiltration pit,
somewhere around 80-100 m deep
just like a deep well for groundwa-
ter extraction. Should it become
clogged it could be flushed and
reactivated.
d. In reference to groundwater extrac-
tion for drinkling purpose, of which
an extraction deep well can supply
20-40 l/sec of water, the same infil-
tration pit can absorb an equal
amount of water, 20-40 l/sec.
e. To maintain and prevent untimely
clogging, the draining water is let to
pass a control structure to catch
sand and gravel and prevent it from
entering the pit.
f. This technology may be tried at big
hotels or large commercial bu-
ildings.
g. To make more applicative it should
be previously academically tested.
h. If the technology is well proven in
Jakarta it could be disseminated to
other provinces/kabupatens all
over the country.
Thank you for your attention.
Bambang Widiyoko
Staf Dinas Kimpraswilhub
Kabupaten Sleman
Request for Percik
My name is Joko Sutrisno, teacher,
SMA 1 of Karangmojo, Yogyakarta 55891.
One day I came across a Pecik maga-
zine and I get so interested with the va-
rious environmental issues discussed in
it. I would be thanful if you could regu-
larly send me one copy of the magazine.
First it will open new horizon regarding
the environment, secondly and so on to
get involved in developing ways andmeans of environmental protection of
my immediate neighbourhood and
more extensively with the regional gov-
ernment of Kabupaten Gunungkidul.
Thank you in advance.
Joko Sutrisno, S.Pd., M.T.
SMA 1 Karangmojo, Gunungkidul,
Yogyakarta 55891
YOUR VOICE
Percik April 2007 2
CREATED BY: RUDI KOZ
C A R I C A T U R E
It'sNATURE'S
fault.
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Everyone, regardless of sex, eve-
ryday needs water for various
different activities. To met the
demand for domestic water, especially
of the villages, women play a dominant
role, from taking water, cooking, chil-
dren cleansing, washing, and watering
garden. But men hold the rein in decisi-
on making related to water supply and
sanitation provision.
This condition later created ineffi-
ciency and ineffectiveness in water sup-
ply and sanitation. Most of the con-
structed facilities turned out to be
unsuitable to the demand especially of
women who nota bene are the dominantusers, both in terms of number of popu-
lation and also in the role in water use.
In the latest few decades there arised
an awareness of the need to consider the
women's demand in relation to water
supply and sanitation provision. This
issue is later known as gender issue.
Gender Misunderstood
Understanding gender as female sex is
quite common around us. It is not too sur-
prising if in a meeting someone would ask:
"Why all of them are men. Where is the
gender?" It is even infrequent we would
find in a gender related study that all the
experts are women. The reason is simple:
"In order to prevent the study from gender
biassed." Thus here gender is understood
as simply the female sex.
What is Gender?
If we trace back, the term gender
came into use in the academic circle
only towards the end of the 20th centu-
ry. For the first time the word gender
was traceable in 1976 in a workshop on
Women Subordination at the University
of Sussex. The experts in the workshop
pointed out that women, just like men,
are biological difference, while women
subordination was created socially and
not biologically determined. They fur-
ther ascertained that for the purpose of
conceptual distinction of these facts it is
Percik April 2007 3
Gender Issuein Water Supply and SanitationProvision
MAIN FEATURE
Up to the beginning of 1970s the
development policy was focused
on the demand of poor women in
the context of their role as housewife
and mother. Now it is known as welfare
approach, the main concern being placedin mother and child welfare and health,
and nutrition. It was assumed that the
benefit from the macro economic ori-
ented strategy will sprinkle to the poor
population and thus the poor women will
receive some benefit from their hus-
band's welfare improvement. Women are
passive welfare beneficiary. Water sup-
ply and sanitation service is defined in
the context of health and hygiene, which
is viewed as women's responsibility.
In the decade of 1970-80 Women in
Development (WID) approach was direct-ed to integrate women in development
process through placing them in the tar-
get position, even in a women specific
formatted activity. In this approach
women remain the passive beneficiary.
Although many WID projects did improve
health, short term income and human
resources, but women are not treated
equally, many of the activities are not
sustained. The main weakness of WID
projects is its failures to consider the
diversity of women's roles or miscalcula-
tion of the elasticity of women's time
availability.Since the end of 1980s the Gender
and Development (GAD) approach was
introduced for the intention of abolishing
social, economic disparity and political
balance between men and women as
requirement for community oriented
development. Most of water and sanita-
tion sector development at this time uses
this approach. However, there are many
ways from which this approach is viewed
and there is no single blue print to make
equality in water supply provision possi-
ble.Both WID and GAD approaches are
still being applied presently.
During the last few years the gender
and empowerment approach is being
tried to change the present gender link-
age through emphasis on women empo-
werment.
The Evolution of Gender Issue
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necessary to identify "sex" as biological
difference between men and women,
and "gender" is difference between mas-
culinity and femininity which is con-
ceived for the most part through educa-
tion and socialization. Biological factor
is permanent and unchangeable, but
social factor is changeable.
Thus gender later refers to differ-
ence between men's and women's in
role, right, and responsibility and the re-
lationship between them. Gender does
not only refer to men and women, but
also how the quality, habit, and identity
are determined through socialization
process. Gender is generally linked to
inequity of power and access to choices
and resources. The difference in the ro-le of women and men is influenced by
historical, religious, economic and cul-
tural facts. The totality of the roles and
responsibilities may change over time.
The most recent use of gender it has
been used extensively just like class,
ethnic, race to describe analysis of social
category in social interfactor relation-
ship.
To make it simple, gender should
not be about women but it is rather the
equity of roles between men and women
in all aspects of life. In one opportunity,
the main is the role of women but this
does not deny the possibility that some
other time men's role is the central
issue.
What is Gender Analysis?
Gender analysis refers to the sys-tematic way of looking at the different
development impacts between men and
women. Gender analysis requires data
separation based on sex. Gender analy-
sis must be conducted at every level of
development, in order to obtain a pic-
ture how certain activity, decision, and
plan influences men and women in any
different way.
Why Gender is Important in Water
Supply and Sanitation Provision
There are several important factsthat may serve as the reasons for the
importance of bringing up gender
issues, such as (i) women are the main
collector, carrier, user and manager of
water for domestic need and as promo-
tor in water supply and sanitation relat-
ed activities, (ii) bigger benefit than just
a project capacity for provision of water
and improved sanitation through
o Economic benefit: better access to
water will provide the women with
more time to income generating
MAIN FEATURE
Percik April 2007 4
FOTO:DOK/CWSH
Gender and Education --- More gilrs go to school when water supply is
increased and when there is a separate toilet facility for boys and girls.
Gender dan kesehatan --- health improvement directly in favour of women
(including in childbirth), and eventually improves family hygiene condition
Gender and household chorus --- increased water supply decreases burdens
in household activity and provides women more time for their children and for
economic generating activities
Gender and income --- increased water supply and less illness will give more
time for women to find a job
Gender and culture --- increased water supply and sanitation facility improves
women's dignity, status and opportunity
Gender Linkage
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program in all aspects. In short, gender
mainstreaming is intended as a means
to guarantee that equity of men and
women is properly manifested in plan-
ning, operation and maintenance, in
project and program management.
In water supply and sanitation pro-
vision the community based approach
the program frequently fails to achieve
efficiency and sustainability because the
community is viewed as a group of citi-
zens with the same demand without dis-
tinction of women and men.
In reality, a community is not only a
group of citizens with uniform
needs and characteristics. A
community consists of various
different groups who compete
one another. When resources
are in limited amount there the
competition occurs and as usual
the poor will be neglected, espe-
cially women. The application
of gender analysis will help deci-
sion makers allocate resources
better without causing any harm
to the marginal group.
When it is agreed that
women involvement is a criticalfactor in achieving efficiency
and sustainability of water sup-
ply and sanitation, gender
mainstreaming is the way out.
Gender mainstreaming in water
supply and sanitation does, of
course, need strategic steps,
among others (i) preparation of
data for gender analysis through
separation of data between men
and women; (ii) promoting the
involvement of women in deci-
sion making, for instance in program
scheduling in order to make women
involved; (iii) promoting strategic
cooperation between community based
organisation and NGO with the commu-
nity and the regional government in
WSS provision and small business
development; (iv) improvement the
capacity of professionals in gender
mainstreaming; (v) involvement of pri-
vate sector in WSS provision must con-
sider gender aspect.
How Gender Issue Translated into
Policy
In many countries the national poli-
cy for water supply and sanitation provi-
sion has for the most part made specific
mention about the importance of the
role of women and more detailed in the
division of responsibilities between men
and women, inspite of the fact that a
complete gender focus is quite rare. In
Uganda, Gender Strategy in Water
Supply Sector was introduced in 2003
with emphasis on women involvement
at all levels of water supply manage-
ment. A relatively more detailed exam-
ple is in Lesotho and South Africa in
which there is a specific mention of
women proportion in staffing structure.
In Rep. Dominika, the Water Supply
Authority requires that at least 40 per-
cent of water supply committee mem-
bers are women.
In Indonesia, gender isssue has been
adopted as one of principles of the
National Policy for Community Based
Water Supply and Environmental
Sanitation (CB-WSS) Development. In
terms of language it is called the role of
women in decision making. The basic
principles are then translated into
practical implementation by each
of the WSS Developemnt projects
in Indonesia (WSLIC-2, CWSH,
Sanimas, ProAir and so on). The
implementation format of this
principle differs from one project
to another (see further Gender
Implementation in WSS Projects
in Indonesia in this issue). Some
clearly state the proportion of wo-
men involvement in a number of
activities, while others make it a
requirement the provision of equ-
al opportunity for women. Thereis yet no clear definition of how
gender concept shall be applied in
WSS provision in Indonesia.
The remaining homework
When gender concept is cor-
rectly understood and when gen-
der concept has been translated
into government policy, when
gender concept has been brought
to implementation in WSS deve-
lopment activity, and as many
other whens, the question that wafts out
is whether the gender concept related to
WSS development in Indonesia is in the
right track? The homework reads: how
are we going to measure it? This will be
our common task, for men as well as for
women. (OM)
MAIN FEATURE
Percik April 2007 6
SOURCE:PRO AIR
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MAIN FEATURE
Percik April 2007 7
Gender Implementation
in WSS Project in Indonesia
Basically, implied or in reality,
WSS projects in Indonesia have
implemented the gender sensi-
tive principle.
ProAir, or Water Program, the
German grant funded water supply
development program strongly empha-
sizes gender oriented principles for its
implementation. ProAir Executive
Secretary, Ir. Deni Mulyana, M. Kes
stresses that women play a central role
in water provision, management and
protection. "Therefore, women must be
involved in decision making related to
the use of water," he said firmly.
ProAir Project refers to the natio-
nal Policy for CB-WSS Development
that women are involved in decision
making.
One of WSLIC-2 (Water and
Sanitation for Low Income Com-
munities-2) focuses itself in gender and
poverty. This project is essentially an
effort to awaken and unearth the role of
women and poor community of their
equal rights and responsibilities in
expressing their opinion and in deci-
sion making.
Similarly with CWSH (Community
Water Services and Health Project) this
project is characterized by gender
development approach. CWSH places
women in key position as facilitator
that is expected to get involved in each
level of the development process.
While Sanimas Project does not
specifically implement gender sensitivi-
ty approach. But in actual implementa-tion women are frequently involved in
giving soul to Sanimas through facilita-
tion and decision making.
Dra. Pimanih, M.Kes, a Planning
and Financial Management officer of
CWSH describes the important role of
women with the fact that they are
always connected with water right from
waking up in the morning until night
time they prepare everything for the
family from cooking, bathing and wash-
ing. "In their daily household activity
women are never far from water, it is
their natural character," she says.
While according to CPMU WSLIC-2
project Imam Syahbandi, women play a
major role in sustaining the activity
that's why they are important in deter-
mining the technology choice in order
Speaking of gender is like a road
without an end. In one place a progress has been
made but on the other there is still limitation
of the role of women
SOURCE:PRO AIR
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to be suitable for both men and women.
"Women are also important in deter-
mining the rules and sanction related to
use, maintenance and the size of contri-
bution to cover O&M costs," he says.
Equity of Role
In reality, is it fair the division of
responsibilities between men and
women in water supply and sanitation?
It is not only in villages that women are
considered lady of the house. Even in
the urban the difference in social status
is still prevailing.
From ProAir study in 2004 on
knowledge, attitude and practice in
water treatment/use especially for
women, it was concluded that womenare more involved in taking water par-
ticularly from the lower income bracket.
As for the women from the higher
income level the water taking duty is
given to their daughter.
Of those who take water 27 percent
are girls, 41 percent adult women, the
remainder are men. While in terms of
status, regardles of rich, medium or low
the duty for water taking is with the
women.
According to Pimanih or more inti-
mately called Upi there is still gender
inequity such as in meeting for decision
making. It is men who are frequently
invited because they are considered
more knowlegible and more capable of
doing the job.
Emah, an employee of Dept Public
Works who deals with the day to day
activity related to Sanimas considers
that it is not necessary to argue whose
responsibility it is to get water becausewater is everyone's basic need.
However, according to Deni, the role
provided for the women is not fully
exploited because some women may
hesitate if it might have exceeded
women's role or fear that they might
make mistake because all this time the
role is always played by men. And all
these worries that make inequality pre-
vail.
Accoring to Emah, women must
actively involve in each stage of the
development as far as they are capable
and opportunity permits them.
"Without choosing the role because in
reality women can and capable of con-
ducting and playing the role in any posi-
tion," says the woman who is an
employee of Subdirectorate of Was-
tewater Directorate of Environmental
Sanitation, DG Cipta Karya.
For water supply provision, said
Emah further, women should be giventhe first priority in providing their opi-
nion and demand, because women are
basically the housewives who are the
determinant factor for the future of a
family. "If our future generation is to be
a generation with quality, the first thing
to do is to each of the women to become
wise and skillful mother," she said.
Women Involvement Effort and
Concept
The method of women involvementin Sanimas is through involving them in
each step of community empowerment.
This can be seen from the number of
women involved in each Sanimas deve-
lopment.
In WSLIC-2 women involvement
process is done through determining the
quota for women representation in each
step and community institution person-
nel (at least 30 persent are women),
staff recruitment, and through con-
ducting special gender training and gen-
der advocacy for the socialization ofgender approach implementation.
In CWSH women involvement could
be seen from their paricipation in meet-
ings, workshops, and group discussions.
Women are requested to express their
opinion in each step of the process, from
planning, implementation, use, and
O&M.
From the beginning there has been a
support and involvement of women in
the ProAir project implementation so
that it is easier to follow the existing rulein each step of its activity. "It all goes
back to the women. Whether they are
willing to get involved or not, or capable
of taking benefit from this opportunity,"
says Deni.
At present, women empowerment
and increasing their role is still limited
to the loosely defined involvement or
participation in each step. It is still ne-
cessary to have a more intensive role.
Imam described that the current
WSLIC-2 efforts in empowerment of
women and improvement of their role
are conceived as "participation of
women" following the principle of
"equity" because there is yet no specific
effort directed to empowering women.
Still an involvement in each step that is
moving towards decision making.
"In the future, the design of gender
sensitive projects must be based on a
policy that definitely mention not only
the quota and staffing but also a specificproject for women empowerment in
development role," he says.
Whatever it seems if the community
empowerment is to be truly implement-
ed, women will become actively
involved and their voice will be heard.
All that needs a common awareness and
adulthood. Bowo Leksono
MAIN FEATURE
Percik April 2007 8
In CWSH women
involvement could be seen
from their paricipation in
meetings, workshops, andgroup discussions. Women
are requested to express their
opinion in each step of the
process, from planning,
implementation, use,
and O&M
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How do you see water and sani-
tation development from gen-
der perspective?
We see from the viewpouint that
water and sanitation influences the
internationally accepted human deve-
lopment standard and index, namelyHuman Development Index (HDI) and
if it is further classified it will come to
Gender Development Index (GDI) to
later into gender development index in
various specific aspects such as econo-
mic and decision making. Looking at
Human Development Index (HDI) of
2006 the main topic is water and sanita-
tion. Water scarcity and sanitation sig-
nificantly impedes human resources
development.
Who suffers the most if water
demand is not sufficiently met?
Of the families or population suffer-ing the most because lack of access
water supply and sanitation are the poor
ones. Who are actually the poorest
among the population? They are the
women. Poverty in Indonesia bears the
face of a woman. Somewhere around 84
percent of the poor population is
woman. In a report it is recorded that
one out of five people suffers from lack
of access to water. While for sanitation
one out of two is experiencing difficulty
in access to hygienic sanitation. Water
scarcity and poor sanitation is a prob-
lem that requires national as well asregional level policies if HDI standard is
to be achieved.
How significant is the role of
women in this case?
If we take a look at the role of both
men and women in terms of access to
water and sanitation women are the
ones who care the most. The men would
care about the details, they will accept it
as ready for use. Water must be ready
for any form of use. Drinking water,
water for bath, washing and so on.
Those who care the most are women
because they are aware that is will
improve familiy health especially to pro-
tect the children and the whole family
from contamination.
Whereas it is too expensive for the
poor families to access water, it takes a
lot of time and efforts through climbing
up and down hill. And the source is too
little. They spend a lot of their energyfor water.
One could imagine that women lose
their productive hours only to get water.
The poorer they are the mode difficult it
is to get water. Therefore, we have to
pay more attention to the demand for
water and sanitation as the manifesta-
tion of respect to women.
INTERVIEW
Percik April 2007 9
Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH
(Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment)
WOMEN CARE THE MOST
Women are frequently considered as
the lady of the house destined to take
care of the household. While men are
free to express themselves and deter-
mine their steps. Frequently women's
demand which is actually the demand of
the family fails to be realized. Such as in
the case of water and sanitation.
The State Ministry of Women
Empowerment attempts to improve
women's backwardness in various
aspects, such as education, health, eco-
nomics, politics, and decision making
process, including the demand for water and sanitation. What does the steps
taken by the Ministry look like? The following is an interview made by Percik with
Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming Ministry of Women Empowerment Dr. Surjadi
Soeparman, MPH.
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO
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This is unfair, then
Yes, it is. As an example, once I
had the opportunity to attend a village
level Development Planning Meeting(acronym Musrenbang), the lowest
development planning system avail-
able. There are the so-called men rep-
resentatives and women representa-
tives but there were too few females
attending the meeting. How could
women express their
aspiration and expec-
tion?
At that time the
chairman wished to ha-
ve a decision made.
Men opted to have
improvement to village
road, while the women
wanted a water supply
near the village in order
to cut the time for ta-
king water.
As it went, women
were outvoted. Finally
we considered that if
women aspiration, ex-pectation, and demand
is to play its role in a development
process, there must be an empower-
ment to make them capable of exper-
essing their views in a forum.
Decision makers' care?
We have seen decision makers at
every level, from local, national and
global levels and we can conclude that
they don't care enough. Water is still
regarded as a commodity without eco-nomic value. Whereas water scarcity is
a serious threat to human resources
that may lead to mortality. We aren't
aware that the number of infant mor-
tality is by far exceeds the number of
death from war.
How far is the Women Empo-
werment Ministry play its role?
One of our programs is women
empowerment in decision making atthe grassroot level. Oftentimes women
aspiration and expectation is far more
oriented to family wellbeing, such as
the availability of water supply, latrine
and good hygiene system compared to
that of men. This is where the impor-
tant women role lie to enable them
express their aspiration in village level
community meeting.
In what way?
Our weakness is that we are not in
the capacity to implement activity
down to the grassroot level. Our work-
ing unit is located at the bureau level at
the province and and women empow-
erment section at kabupaten level. Themethod is through working out coope-
ration with women organization, NGO,
and several donors that have activities
as far down as the grassroot level.
While at the policy level we are work-
ing in coordination with technical
departments or working units at the
operational level.
What are the influencing fac-
tors for the inequality?Gender inequality is influenced,
first by socio cultural factor. Up to
now women are believed as the lady of
the house or the second person who
are often marginalized from taking any
role. Secondly, education. This is one
of the reasons why
women are always left
behind. The the third
factor is poverty that
makes women more
and more marginalized.
In reality, if women
were involved in deci-
sion making through
opportunity to express
their opinion and nego-
tiate at the village level
meeting, women would
be capable of winning
an important develop-
ment project such as
water supply and sani-tation. Women's opin-
ion must be heard because they care
the most. That's why we have to
involve women in water supply and
sanitation development through a
decision made at the village level
development planning.
What then is to be done?
We have to look how far is equality
between of men and women in reality.
Whether program sensitivity has pro-vided equal access? Has it provided
equal opportunity for participation?
Equitable decision making? And equi-
table benefit?
If the equality has been there, then we
can say that the program and its budget is
gender responsive.Bowo Leksono
INTERVIEW
Percik April 2007 10
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO
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In line with the implementation of
decentralization and regionalautonomy, the government sets
aside in the national budget an alloca-
tion for the regions to finance the
needs of the regions, one that is called
Balance Fund. This is intended to
establish an equitable relationship in
terms of financing, public service and
benefit from natural and other
resources between the central and
regional governments and among the
regional governments.The balance fund consists of
Sharing Fund, General Allocation
Fund and Specific Allocation Fund
(DAK). In principle the three funds
are intended to finance the activities
that take place in or in conformance
with the regional demands, the differ-
ence lies in the scope of activities sup-
ported but each of the funds.
DAK is fund allocation to specific
region to help in the financing ofregional development activities which
are nationally prioritized.
While specific activities include the
development and/or procurement
and/or rehabilitation of basic facility
and community infrastructure with
long lasting economic value, including
procurement of support physical faci-lity. The basic services include educa-
tion, health, infrastructure (road, irri-
gation, and water supply), marine and
fishery, agriculture, regional govern-
ment infrastructures, and environ-
ment.
DAK Allocation for Water Supplyand Sanitation
As one of the basic needs the devel-
opment of water supply and sanitation
facility deserves funding subsidy from
DAK. This is stipulated in Finace
Ministerial Regulation No.
128/PKM.07/2006 on Allocation and
General Guidelines for theManagement of Spacial Allocation
Funds FY 2007. Pursuant to the regu-
lation in FY 2007 water supply and
sanitation is alloted Rp 1,206 trillion
or 6,21 percent Rp 17,094 trillion being
the total of DAK Non RB (Re-
forestation Budget). Reforestation
Buddget is the fund collected from for-
est concessioners for reforestation and
forest rehabilitation.
The portion for water and sanita-tion may look relatively small in com-
parison to the overall DAK Non RB
allotted by the government. This is
because water supply and sanitation is
not yet considered as specific item in
the budgeting system therefore it must
share with road and irrigation as part
of infrastructure development.
However, this proportion has
increased compared to it was two years
earlier when in 2005 water supply andsanitation portion of the DAK Non RB
was 5,07 percent and in 2006 it slight-
ly increased to 5,25 percent. Before
2005 water and sanitation sector did
not get anything from DAK.
In two years since 2005 one could
REGULATION
Percik April 2007 11
Special Allocation Fund for Water Supply
and Sanitation Development Pursuantto Finance Ministerial Regulation
No. 128/PMK.07/2006
DAK is fund allocation to
specific region to help in
the financing of specific
regional development
activities which are
nationally prioritized
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notice the growing tendency of budget
increment. FY 2006 the allocation
increases by 0,18 percent from the pre-
vious year while FY 2007 it increases by
0,96 percent from FY 2006. This hope-
fully may in part erase the pessimism of
government half-heartedness in budget
provision for water and sanitation
development.
DAK allocation for water supply and
sanitation is intended to increase ser-
vice coverage and installation efficacy.
In more detail the fund is to be used for
repair works, construction of new facili-
ty for urban as well as rural communi-ties with scarce water source and dry
areas.
Beneficiary Region
To request for DAK fund allocation
the region must meet several criteria.
The criteria are classified as general,
specific and technical. As for general
criteria it is mentioned that DAK fund is
alloted to priority regions consisting of
ones with low fiscal capacity or belownational average. The capacity is based
on the balance between regional re-
venue (regional income, general aloca-
tion fund, and sharing fund) with the
total expenses for regional civil srvants
of Regional Budget 2005.
As for the specific criteria, the bene-
ficiary region of the following charac-
tristics (a) Papua province as a Special
Autonomy Region; (b) coastal and insu-
lar regions, regions located at a border
with other countries, remote/secluded
areas, and food resilience and tourist
destination areas; (c) flood/landslide
vulnerable areas, transmigration acco-
modating areas, areas with small islets
close to the border, areas with a general
allocation in 2007 does not increase,
food shortage and or drought vulnerable
areas, post conflict areas, and refugee
accomodating areas.
The technical criteria differ from one
sector with another. For water supply
and sanitation the criteria are deter-
mined by the Minister of Public Works.
The criteria include consideration of the
following aspects (a) number of desa or
kelurahan (desa/kelurahan as counting
unit); (b) number of desa/kelurahan
vulnerable to water shortage (desa/ke-
lurahan); (c) total population; (d) waste
water service coverage (percentage of
population); (e) solid waste service co-
verage (percentage of population); (f)
total inundation areas in Kabu-
paten/kota (ha); (g) total slum areas in
kabupaten/kota (ha); and (h) construc-
tion price index.
The Obligation of the Beneficiary
Region
Once a region is selected as DAK
beneficiary it has to make available a
counterpart budget at least 10 percent of
the total it is going to receive from the
central government and is also set aside
for physical construction. Physical
construction consist of activities other
than project administration, preparato-
ry activities, research, training, travel
expenses, and other project related ge-
neral activities. The obligation to set
aside a counterpart budget is intended
to measure the region's seriousness
about the DAK funded activity. Some
region, however, is exempted from the
obligation if its revenue equals or lessthan the total expenses for personnel.
In the implementation of the DAK
the Ministry of National Planning
(Bappenas) and the involved Technical
Ministry, in the name of central go-
vernment reserve the right to monitor
and conduct evaluation of the DAK
funded activity implementation and
operational procedures. As for the
DAK fund management the govern-
ment assigns the Ministry of Financeto undertake the necessary monitoring
and evaluation. In addition to the said
assignments the region is also obliged
to submit quarterly report containing
the detail implementation and DAK
fund disbursement to Ministries of
Finance, Technical and Home Affairs.
Any delay of failure to submit report
by a region may adversely affect the
said region and may cause delayed
DAK fund appropriation schedule.
Through the said regulations it is
hoped that DAK allocation may pro-
vide an opt imum support to the
nationally priorized regional develop-
ment. Afif Nu'man
REGULATION
Percik April 2007 12
The technicalcriteria differ from
one sector with
another. For water
supply and sanitation
the criteria are
determined by the
Minister of Public
Works
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INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 13
Iam of the conviction that Kamal
Karr, a Bangladeshi, is the creator of
latrine development model that is
fully implemented by the community
(Community Total Led Sanitation). He
is a pragmatist. He does not like to be
tied in any one pole of social science
paradigm but he prefers mixing theminto a tool for social engineering to the
utmost possibility for improvement the
community wellbeing. He pays no heed
that among the scientists there are
sharp differences, each pole waving its
own banner and exclusively group
themselves and seldom exchange ideas
in a single forum.
Whether one admits it or not the
effort to manipulate the principles of
social science to engineer an influence
and ways of changing habit, has beenquite successful. Its applicability in
some areas in Indonesia has indicated
an excellent performance. How not? In
a relatively short time the habit of the
community who used to defecate in the
open has completely changed.
Household latrine with a model devel-
oped by the community itself is devel-
oped within a few months, and coverage
of users grows very fast up to 100 per-
cent. Something that never happened
before. Something phenomenal is quite
interesting, of course. How are we going
to explain it?
Performance in several areas
In Indonesia CLTS has been applied
in many areas, such as several villages of
Kabupaten Sambas (W. Kalimantan),
Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Bogor, W.
Lombok, and so on. Almost all the
regions applied the principles at an out-
standing result, not only in terms of
immediate absortion and growth in cov-
erage area but also the community self
reliance and willingness to together
change their habit and upholding social
control in various different ways.
The application of CLTS principles is
quite consistent. Several of the main
principles are summarized as the fol-
lowing:
1. Without any form of subsidy and
external inputs, such as stimulant
fund, material or toilet model.
2. The application of triggering andshocking the awareness level and
feeling of the target community
that they have been doing is a
wrong practice and faulty notion.
3. Growth of individual commitment
to immediately change the habit.
4. Facilitation is conducted in direct
language, tends to be harsh, with-
out pity.5. The basic assumption is that the
community is willing and capable
of liberating themselves from the
problem of defecation in the open.
In consistence to the above princi-
ples it seems that the mainstay of basic
sanitation development is the CLTS.
Several selected villages in Indonesia
are disqualified from the trial because of
the pity from the village administration
that tried to provide cash inputs to thecommunity out of a pure intention to
WHAT MAKES CLTS WORK?
(A Review from the Social Science Perspectives)
By: Alma Arief *)
SOURCE: DOK/POKJA AMPL
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INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 14
make the objective be achieved faster
i.e the community build toilet at 100
percent coverage. Such an external
input is something to be avoided
because it does not comply with selfreliant CLTS model community and
conversely it will create dependency.
Pioneer in Indonesia
Immediately, after the trial has
indicated its success, various commu-
nities who have been concerned about
improvement of the habit of defeca-
tion in the open and improvement of
health and environment, were
shocked and astonished, just like see-
ing an achievement that have never
been achieved before. Is that really
so?
When speaking in statistical num-
bers, sanitation development achieve-
ment in Indonesia up to this time is
more of a sad story. The percentage
of the population without latrine is
high and in other words the percent-
age of those defecating in the open is
high.
Where do they defecate all thistime? In rivers, gardens, backyard,
bushes, etc. In short, anywhere in the
open. Because of this sad condition,
the term water closet (WC) for them
turns into sad satire. Some name it
with "flying WC" to mention a habit of
defecating in a sack and hurl it to a
garbage heap, some call "rotating
WC" refering to defecating behind a
thicket or a tree, and will move
around to avoid the sight of passer-
by, other term is "moving WC" said todefecating while carrying a stick to
drive away dogs or pigs that come
nearby to grab the faeces, again there
is the "plung lap WC" refers to defe-
cating in the river, said of the fact the
faeces dissapear into the mouths of
fish as it drops into water, and so on.
Some name pig or dog neck toilet
instead of goose neck because it is pig
or dog that takes the role of a latrine.
There is also "helicopter or hangingtoilet" for a wooden box for latrine
hanging above the river water.
There are millions who behave
thay way. Sanitation development
through stimulant promoted by the
government is growing too slowly if
not stationary. This is because low
community willingnes to adapt, to
change the age long habit. Research
data indicate that the time lapse
between one knowing about latrine
until he really builds one in his home
varies between 5 - 33 years, a very
long time span. From numerical
aspect that is a distressing develop-
ment performance. Unfortunately,
the development implementors seem
reluctant to learn from experience,
and always insist on the model they
design. Whereas in fact, there are
sanitation development with spectac-
ular results, that should inspire for
repetition in other places. Whoknows, that kamal Kharr was also
inspired from Indonesian cases, took
its substance, and synthesized it into
CLTS model.
Is that true that in Indonesia there
has never been a model capable of
making such an achievement, and is it
true that beneficiary community is
slow in responding the idea for
improvement of their own wellbeing?
In the village of Piyangang, Village
of Syawal (C.Java), village ofNeglasari, Gunung Sari, Sumur
Gintung, Kabupaten Subang
(W.Java) and Kab. E. Flores the basic
sanitation development has even
made a marvellous result.
In the village of Piyangang, Kabu-
paten Semarang, the achievement of
toilet construction was 100 percent
within only several years. There are
several methods developed by the
Puskesmas facilitator, among others: Manipulating the parents' love to
children, distributing simulant
assistance through schoolchild-
ren. Inserted here the hygiene
behaviour message and the dis-
tribution of the stimulant is
effected through the kindness of
schoolteacher who knows exact-
ly who among the children have
not household toilet.
At school each class has its own
toilet, a wash basin in every
classroom, and a small garden in
the school yard. Every year
there is a clean and beauty com-
petition of the hygiene facilities.
In this Piyangang village the
hygiene behariour message is
also disseminated through reli-
gious teacher who then explains
it to the jema'ah, and through
the PKK gatherings among
women of the village.In the village of Syawal, Banjar-
negara, C. Java the method is much
simpler. In a village whose communi-
ty used to defecate in a drainage
canal, in the dry season when the
water is low the stench is spreading
all over the place, but within a few
years the village is free from defecat-
ing in the open. Here the method is
placed more on the role of religious
teacher, school teacher (organized by
Muhammadiyah) and communityfacilitator. The embarassing village
indentity due to the enormous stench
was used as the identity to be elimi-
nated through religious gathering,
classroom teaching, and explanation
by community facilitator. Because of
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INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 15
his achievement, the community
facilitator was frequently asked to
join a parade in a national event and
to explain his successes so that oth-ers could take lesson from him.
In the village of Lewoloba, E.
Flores the spectacular toilet develop-
ment achievement was made
through compulsion method and
imposing of economically heavy
sanction, and social embarrassment.
When this village was led by a retired
army serviceman, one of the priority
is toilet construction. During his
office the community was compelled
to build toilet so that within a shorttime all the households built a toilet.
The compulsion was followed by
imposing of economic and social
santion for those who failed to obey.
In the 17th of August commemora-
tion the families who had no toilet
were announced to the public, and
were fined with one hen or dog.
There was no community facilitator
involved, what was there was a firm
upholding of rule with sanction
behind it.
In the village of Neglasari,
Gunung Sari, Margahayu, Sumur
Gintung, Subang the the method is
highly normative following the
intensive participatory faciliattion
model. Several facilitators from
Yayasan Pradipta Paramitha they
invited the community to a FGD near
a toilet. The facilitation was con-
ducted intensively so that the com-
munity really understand the disad-vantages/risks of defecating in the
open, and what benefit they will gain
by building and using toilet. In rela-
tively short time, due to the intensive
facilitation, all families in the com-
munity built a toilet.
The lessons learned from the
cases are:
It is necessary to generate
awareness through formal aswell as non-formal education.
Transformation of knowledge
through religious teacher, com-
munity facilitator, Puskesmas
facilitator, school teacher, etc.
Imposing extrinsic sanction in
cash and in kind.
Imposing inrinsic sanction
through embarrassment, back-
wardness, etc.
Provision of reward (extrinsic)
for prestigiousindividual/group (group or
class competition).
Internal reward through social
acceptance, self respect, etc.
Provision of pressure through
influential group power (their
own children who are primary
school pupils).
Provision of pressure through
powerful institution (village
headman, retired member of
armed forces).
Triggering Factor
One thing peculiar in CLTS
model is the dramatising of the com-
munity awareness development
process, that in a short time capable
of making the community under-
stand the disadvantage of the habit
of defecating in the open and the
advantage of doing it in a hygienic
toilet. In organization developmenttheory in the section discussing
planned change, the term triggering
is more closely comparable with the
term unfreezing from Lewin's
planned change model than the two
other models, i.e action research and
contemporary action research mod-
els that are widely known in organi-
zation development theory. In the
unfreezing phase, a pshychologicaltransformation process is taking
place, in which a dismantling of
wanted and unwanted behaviours
occurs. In terms of time, this process
may sometimes produce tension
between the group who wishes a
change with one who doesn't.
In CLTS model the awareness
development process is dramatised
in such a way that shocks the com-
munity and opens their vision.
Through role playing on social map-ping for identification of the distri-
bution of settlement and who is defe-
cating in the open, role playing for
offering who is willing to drink faecal
contaminated water through offering
a glass of water mixed with a drop of
human faeces, and by calculating the
quantity of excrement contaminat-
ing the environment every day, and
taking a transect walk to places
where they usually do their defeca-
tion, have been able to really shock
the community's awareness and feel-
ing (affective as well as cognitive
aspects). This is where the aware-
ness process that is called the trig-
gering. The community becomes
aware that all this time they have
lived a non hygienic life, after they
are given explanation how pollutant
that quantitavely is enormous is
scattered around and through vari-
ous processes the pollutant contami-nates food and drink and finally
finds it way into the stomach.
At the time when the community
is in great shock from the short
awareness development process and
is in a highly guilty feeling, together
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INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 16
they are asked to give their commit-
ment to change behaviour through
building a toilet. The participants of
the discussion are asked to clap their
hands each time an individual men-
tion his name and give his commit-
ment, and they are named the pioneer
hero of behavioural change.
At the final session of the trigger-
ing the community has had a plan to
build a toilet. Guided by the facilita-
tor, each of the paricipants will inform
the name and when he will finish the
toilet construction. The group of com-
munity members who has given its
commitment will serve as pioneer inbehavioural change, and will continu-
ously become the change control
group, just like a snowball that is
growing larger and larger, finally the
participants will reach 100 percent of
the community.
One of the determining phases of
CLTS model is the upholding of social
control. This varies widely. Some
activate children as spy force who
would directly inform other members
of the community of someone defecat-
ing in the open. Some compose songs
to embarrass those who defecate in
the open, and so on. This is the most
effective form of punishment and will
make the violator wary, more effective
than imposing a fine.
Social Science Perspective
As mentioned above, Kamal Karr
does not care about the polarization of
social science paradigms, he tends to
dissolve them into social engineering
for the good of the community. As a
matter fact there is in social science a
polarization wherein each school car-
ries its own banner. On one side
standing firmly scientists conceived as
naturalist school who analyse social
phenomenon scientifically assuming
that the community is similar with
nature or other object of science
whose behavioural order and princi-
ples can be determined, and therefore
can be measured by way of statistical
method. To this school of thought
belong several sub-groups such as
functional structure, conflict struc-
turalist that is further divided into
Marxist and Non-Marxist structural-
ist, and behaviorist sub-groups.
While on the other side standing
equally firmly the humanist group,
who sees man as a unique phenome-non that cannot be generalised or be
deduced its rules. The humanist
group strongly denies the naturalists'
views who reduce human values into
identical with natural objects, includ-
ing animal.
CLTS model uses various princi-
ples in each social science paradigm to
create behavioural change (manipu-
late social science principles) regard-
less to polarization of school of
thoughts, which, in realty is quite
intense. Several of the principles that
are manipulated to engineer CLTS:
Where are the theoretical compo-
nents of each of the school of thoughts
being manipulated for the engineer-
ing? Here is the explanation:
1. Social control: It comes in var-
ious different models, some uses chil-
dren to spy on who is defecating in the
open, some use songs to generate
embarrassment for the unwanted
practice, etc.
2. Socialization: intensive discus-
sion, dramatizing and role playing to
transfer experience and knowledge on
hygienic life. If successful this process
will give birth to a new norm and
value that serve as glue and collective
agreement.
3. Upholding of rules through a
strong/firm sanction. This process is
the continuation of social control with
a more concrete and mutually agreed
sanction.
4. Basically the inroduction of
hygiene behaviour inherently contains
conflicting aspect, i.e fighting for
hygienic space to live in. On one hand
stand a group who use to defecate in
the open, while on the other a renova-
tion group who wish to live hygienical-
ly, create a clean and healthy environ-
ment.5. Social integrity is established
by coercive power: Upholding of the
established and agreed norms and val-
ues is guarded together through
imposing a sanction which is essen-
tially a compulsion. Everyone must
obey, or suffer a consequence for
being considered uncivilized, being
ostracized, alluded to in any meeting,
announced during 17th of August
commemoration, and so on.
Essentially this is violence, insistence,
though not in terms of physical
encounter.
6. If there is benefit (reward) for
a certain activity, then the activity will
be sustained. The triggering partici-
pants will give their commitment to
change behaviour, because the facili-
tator is capable of explaining in every
way that they will be benefited if they
live hygienically. On the other hand, if
he fails, the community will never
obey him.
7. Man tends to avoid a behaviour
that does not give him any benefit or
reward, in other word man tends to
avoid punishment. In management
the principles as mentioned in 6. and
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INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 17
7. are called the carrot and stick princi-
ples. Here man is assumed as an animal
looking for reward (carrot) and avoiding
punishment (stick). As with CLTS the
community will obey a common agree-ment governed under new norms and
values, otherwise he will undergo a pun-
ishment, becomes a laughingstock,
object of public taunt, public announce-
ment, etc. Although the punishment is
never corporal such as lashing. While if
one is obedient the reward is social
acceptance, improvement in health, etc.
8. The value of one thing or symp-
tom is obtained from social interaction
process. Up to now the community
defecates in the open because up to now
(since childhood) the knowledge taught
by the elders and other people around
them that river, garden, bushes, etc.
means a place for defecation, garbage
disposal, etc.
9. The value of one thing or symp-
tom will change through interaction
with other things or symptoms. In
CLTS it is obvious that the triggering
participants learn a new knowledge
about the meaning or river, garden,
bushes, etc. That those places are noplace for defecation. That defecation
must be properly managed so that the
environment becomes clean and
healthy. That defecation must be done
in a toilet, et cetera. The success in
introducing new meaning to a thing or
sysmptom highly depends on the skill of
the triggering facilitator.
10. The reaction to a certain symp-
tom or thing depends on the mind set
how the meaning of symptom or thing is
defined. If someone defines that river is
place for disposing of any waste inclu-
ding for defecation then he won't feel
guilty using river as place for defecation.
But if the definition has changed as
mentioned in 9. he will certainly feel
guilty and will no longer use it as place
for defecation. This change is strength-
ened if it is followed by common agree-
ment and application of santion (point
4).
Those are several principles in social
science that are manipulated in de-veloping CLTS engineering. If it is so,
then the CLTS principles have since a
long time before been in application in
Indonesia, as discussed above. Then
what makes it different that CLTS per-
formance has been so marvellous, pro-
ducing sky rocketing result at 100 per-
cent coverage within less than one year?
The answer is the triggering that
therein contains dramatization of com-
munity awareness through implanting
of new knowledge, and visual demon-
stration, and directly asking for commit-
ment for behavioural change and an
agenda when it will be put into action.
No less important is social control
which may come in various different
forms.
*) WASPOLA Consultant
STRUCTURE FUNC-
TIONALIST SCHOOL
Social control as a mech-
anism to control beha-
vioural deviation
Socialization of values
and norms to stabilize so-
cial system
BEHAVIORISTSCHOOL
Through experiment with certain
animal it is concluded that:
1. If beneficial (rewarding) in
doing a certain activity, the
activity will be maintained
2. Will avoid any unbeneficial/
rewardless activity or in other
words avoid punitive activity.
In management this is called
carrot and stick principle
HUMANIST/INTERAC-TIONIST SCHOOL
Each thing or symptom has a
specific meaning:
The meaning of a thing or
symptom is obtained
through social interaction
(the knwledge about name
of a thing or symptom is
obtained from intraction
with others)
The meaning of a thing orsymptom changes through
interaction with others
Response to a certain
symptom or thing depends
on the definition of the
meaning of the thing
STRUCTURALIST(MARXIST AND NON-
MARXIST) SCHOOL
- Establishment of social
order by force/ compulsion
- Harsh sanction for violator
- Conflict for control of scarce
resources as social reality
- Social integrity is esta-
blished through coercive
power
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In the National WSS Development
Policy Implementation at Se-
marang last February Kabupaten
Pekalongan made a quite interesting
presentation. In front of 70 partici-
pants representing 50 kabupatens
from 9 provinces the Kabupaten
Pekalongan WSS-WG told the audi-
ence how they made a coordination
approach with the DAK (Special
Allocation Fund) 2006 funded water
supply project management.
The Pekalongan WSS-WG does
really care with the development and
this is translated into the best effort
they can take. Through preparation of
the beneficiary community, it is hoped
that the water supply facility could be
managed properly by the community.
Through this effort community man-
agement team was established in 11 vil-
lages to manage a facility called
"Village Water Utility" or Village
PDAM.
When it was time for workshop par-
ticipants to leave for DAK beneficiary
villages several questions were raised
to the management and the communi-
ty. In essence the participants wished
to know how far the community is
involved in the overall stages of devel-
opment from planning, implementa-
tion, and management. There is animpression that the community partic-
ipation does exist except in quite limit-
ed amount, at the time when the proj-
ect was about to be implemented. The
community was asked to determine the
site for deep well, but the reason for
deep well was selected none of commu-
nity knows anything about. During
implementation it turned out that
there was a need for additional distri-
bution pipes, the community held a
meeting and agreed to contribute.
Although it is still far from commu-
nity based management principles -in
which the decision lies with the com-
munity- but still the effort of the
Pekalongan WSS-WG in inviting com-
munity involvement should be com-
mended. It seems that effort bears
some hope as evidenced from the effec-
tively functioning facility. However,
facilitation must be given from time to
time because the facility employs a rel-
atively advanced technology for which
the required technical skill is not
always available in villages.
What is interesting from the
Pekalongan experience is the revela-
tion of a wrong perception regarding
the management of DAK. It seems
there is a belief that DAK funded activ-
ity falls right away from the central to
the region, and with such rigid regula-
tions it seems impossible for the region
to undertake any non physical prepara-
tion.
If only the DAK mechanism and re-
gulations were well understood by all
of the development implementers, theregions could have taken the best ben-
efit out of it. The DAK allocation
process is in essence designed as bot-
tom up mechanism. The first stage is
the regional government prepare a pro-
posal submitted to technical depart-
ment, in case of water supply it is to
Dept of Public Works. Then the techni-
cal minister submits the proposal to
Dept of Finance. The minister of
Finance accompanied by Minister of
Public Works and Home Affairs, and
Bappenas discuss the proposal to
Budget Committee of DPR
(Parliament). Finally Minister of
Finance decides DAK allocation for
each of the regions. It is clearly seen
that the role of regional government is
prerequisite, the initiative must come
from the regions. It should be recom-
mended that the region proposes activ-
ities that it is capable of doing by itself,
taking into consideration the commu-
nity preparedness, and the capacity of
the government itself.
In PP (Government Regulation)
No. 25 of 2005 on Balanced Budget
there is a mention that a Special
Allocation Fund (DAK) is fund origi-
nating from national revenue is allocat-
ed to specific regions for specific
regional activity in accordance with
national priority. The said specific
activity is development and/or pro-
curement and/or rehabilitation of
basic facility and infrastructure of the
community and long lasting economic
value, including procurement of sup-
port physical facility. Specifically with
water supply, DAK is intended for
rehabilitation works, improvement oflevel of service for optimum use, and
construction of new facility for are-
as/villages vulnerable to water scarcity
during dry season, using appropriate
technology and is located beyond the
existing PDAM/PAM distribution net-
work, at village scale coverage and is
managed by the local community.
INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 18
Lesson from Pekalongan in Optimizing DAK for Water Supply
Regardless of the Funding Source,
What Counts Most is the Planning
By: Sofyan Iskandar
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There are certain rules that must be
observed in relations to DAK, such as:
The beneficiary region must speci-
fically mention the DAK allocation
and what is paid for.
DAK is used in accordance with
the Technical Guidelines on Use of
DAK fund.
DAK is not to be used for adminis-
tration purposes, preparation of
physical construction, research,
training and travel expenses.
The beneficiary region is obliged
to provide counterpart budget for
a particular DAK at least 10% of
the DAK amount.
Counterpart budget is used to pay
for technical construction costs.
From the rules it is obvious that
DAK provides only room for physical
construction, not for preliminary activ-
ities, training, and so on. Even thecounterpart budget provided by the
region is also for physical construction.
The question now is, whether the pre-
liminary activities are not needed or
they are necessary but they may not use
DAK fund. Whereas in fact the real
intention is the development of a facili-
ty that is effectively used and sustain-
ably managed by the user community.
This can be seen from the technical
guidelines issued by the Minister of
Public Works. For DAK 2006 imple-
mentation, it is clearly seen that the
definite plan must be prepared in con-
sideration of the program formulation
phases, screening and site selection,
budget calculation, and method of
implementation. Pursuant to the
abovementioned rules, the preparatory
activities including community prepa-
ration is an inherent part of the region-
al government responsibility. This is
made clear in the attachment of the
regulation in which the evaluation of
the implementation progress includes
three categories, namely i) preparation,
consisting of availability of counterpart
budget, fixed plan, letter of appoint-
ment, socialization of the activities
within the community, ii) implementa-tion, consisting of tender process, con-
tracting, actual activity, tranfer of proj-
ect, and post project activity consisting
of community management team,
effective use by the community.
It is obvious that DAK funded water
supply program is an activity that
needs specific attention from the very
beginning, during implementation and
post implementation. It is still a ques-
tion how far the regional government
could classify which of the activities are
directly paid by DAK and which ones by
the internal budget as part of regionalresponsibility in WSS development.
Imagine a kabupaten that has its
water supply development plan. It has
divided the region into zones and prior-
ity for development. Some areas are
assigned for PDAM service expansion,
some are intended for community
based facility. Based on the priorities,
inter-agency working group begins
facilitation for demand evaluation to
determine the priority area/village.
Through a guidance provided, the vil-
lage is motivated to develop its water
supply development plan, consisting
of: selection of water source, distribu-
tion system, im-plementation mecha-
nism, contribution, and O&M plan. All
these activities will, of course, need
financing, of which the regional budget
would provide. The question is now
which of the acivities is to be funded by
DAK and which one is fully paid from
the regional budget as part of regional
responsibilty in water supply sector
development.
From the village proposals then the
regional government proposes the
funding to various different sources
including the DAK. As the fund is
available the physical construction can
immediately start without any mean-
ingful preparation.
The limitation of DAK fund for
physical construction does not mean
that the activity can be implemented
without community preparation. Ra-
ther, it is implied therein that the re-gional government assumes the res-
ponsibility for comprehensive and
pragmatic planning. In this respect the
regional government of Kabupaten
Pekalongan deserves a high commend
for all its efforts in preparing her com-
munity to support the DAK funded
water supply in the area.
INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 19
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO
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Since the beginning of regional
autonomy in 2001, the city of
Batu has officially been an
autonomous region separated from
Kabupaten Malang. This moun-
taineous city is famous for its fertile
soil, cool and beautiful scenery quite
suitable for tourism and recreation
area. Further, Batu is welknown for
dairy farms and home industries such
as tempe and tofu and broiler chicken
raising. Consequently it is necessary to
take serious attention to the environ-
mental issues caused by wastes from
animal raising and home industry.
The attention is translated into tak-
ing benefit from the wastes -solid as
well as liquid- as alternative fuel and
farm manure production.
The Potential
The city has a lot of water springs
(111 in all) as source of water supply
and irrigation for some part of E. Java.
With this potential it is suitable for cat-
tle farming. There are about 6.000
milking cows spread in the
Kecamatans of Bumiaji, Batu and
Junrejo. In addition there are 165
home industries producing tempe and
tofu and broiler chicken raising. Theseindustries are scattered in the keca-
matans of Batu and Junrejo.
The area with fertile soils and cool
climate is ideal for microorganism for
biogas and farm manure production.
What is left now is how to introduce
changes to the community that waste is
not an enemy, rather it is a useful
friend. This inducement should start
from taking benefit from waste materi-
als (from tofu, tempe, chicken and cat-
tle) to produce biogas as alternative
source of energy and production of
farm manure.
However, the treatment of these
wastes must consider sanitation and
final disposal of the waste water in
order to prevent environmental pollu-
tion and sustain water quality.
Community Involvement
In every community based program
it must start from socialization in order
to make the community understand
the purpose and the benefit from the
program. This program is no differ-
ence.
The program was put into reality
through labour intensive activity espe-
cially by thos who were to directly ben-
efit from the program. In view of long
term use the community must first
INSIGHT
Percik April 2007 20
Waste is a Friend Instead of an EnemyA Community Based Biogas Plant at Batu,
East Java
By: Muji Dwi Leksono, S.H., M.M.
SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE
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agree with the site of digester.
The installation is managed com-
munally among the owners of cattle
and puoltry farmers and small indus-
tries. In the event of the transfer ofthe installation by the local govern-
ment emphasized the management to
take care the installation in order to
last long.
Benefit of Technology
In the treatment of liquid waste for
the benefit of the community it is nec-
essary for the selection of an applied
technology considering low construc-
tion cost, simplicity in operation and
low O&M cost.
In connection with applied tech-
nology in biogas production it is
necessary to make BOD5 content
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) i.e
the amount of oxygen in ml/litre
required for completely oxydize the
organic matter of a water sample in
5 days, and COD (chemical Oxygen
Demand), the amount of oxygen for
chemical decomposition of organic
matter.
The wastewater treatment facility
produces methane gas as alternative
energy and farm manure. Most
importantly that it reduces environ-
mental pollution. A test indicates that
BOD5 and COD levels decrease by 90
percent.
The Product
Each program implementation
must be directed towards an expected
target for evaluation of similar effort
in the future. The product of this
activity is the resolution of pollutionproblems caused by liquid waste from
tofu, tempe industry, poultry farm
and cattle raising. This is evidenced
from the drop of BOD5 and COD by
90 percent in river water.
Therefore the environment will
remain clean, healthy and helps to
improve aesthetique because solid as
well as liquid waste is properly con-
tained. Methane (CH4) gas producedis an alternative source of energy for
cooking and lighting.
The slurry produced has an eco-
nomic value because it can be sold as
ready for use manure, thus it helps to
support household income.
Improvement of community par-
ticipation and introduction of appro-
priate technology in environmental
management will significantly con-
tribute to eradication of the negative
notion to waste material. That liquid
as well as solid waste is useful in sup-
porting and makling the burden of the
community lighter from increase of
fuel price, the biogas and and electric-
ity produced from waste treatmen
facility as an alternative source of
energy.
Environmental issue is our com-
mon responsibility to maintain since
it is the initial capital and important
factor for community wellbeing. It is
therefore necessary to have a strategymake it into reality and capacity and
willingness of both t