Gender Consequences
Transcript of Gender Consequences
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Consequences of Gender
Inequality
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Women today are paid, on average, only 77 centsfor every dollar paid to men. And the gap is even worsefor women of color - African American women earn only64 cents and Latina women earn only 55 cents for
each dollar earned by males. To help address this unfair and unacceptable wage gap,
President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Acton January 29, 2009,1 restoring the protection againstpay discrimination that was stripped away by the
Supreme Courts decision inLedbetter v. Goodyear Tire& Rubber Co.
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Total Parental Leave
(Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2008)
Protected Leave Countries
Three Years France and Spain
Two Years Germany, Sweden, Norwayand Austria
Over One year U.K., Ireland, Italy, Greece,
Japan, New Zealand
One full year Australia, Canada, Denmark
6 months Finland, Belgium, Netherlands
24 weeks USA
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Paid Parental Leave(Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2008)
Paid Leave Countries
47 Weeks Sweden and Germany
At least six months Norway, Greece, Finland,
Canada, Spain and JapanBetween four and
six months
Italy, France, Ireland,
Denmark, Spain, Belgium, and
Portugal
Fewer than four
months
Austria, Netherlands, New
Zealand, United Kingdom,
Switzerland
None Australia and USA
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The Second Shift
an extra month a year, comprised by theadditional time women spend onhousework and childcare compared to
men The stalled revolution - Womens roles
have changed substantially to include bothfamily and work, while mens roles, workdemands, and demands of childrearinghave changed very little
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Gender ideologies
Traditional is the belief that the husbands role should beas sole breadwinner and the wifes role should be assole homemaker/childrearer.
The person holding a purely egalitarian ideology expects
that men and women identify in the same spheres (ofwork, of family, or some combination of the two) andshare power within marriage equally.
Between the traditional and egalitarian ideologies is thetransitional ideology in which the husband identifies as
the primary breadwinner who supports his wifes desireto work (to help earn money) as long as she alsoidentifies primarily with the home.
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The Cultural Cover Up
Conflicts between the demands of work and family aretreated as personal issues of individual women insteadof treated as social problems shared by women andmen.
In most marriages, the woman's paid work is stillconsidered a mere job, in contrast to the man's career.Thus the woman's first shift - her employment - is likelyto be devalued, thereby rationalizing her continuingresponsibility for the second shift.
Gender ideologies and reality seldom match - Much ofthe time, it is the wife who sacrifices her professedvalues in order to save her marriage
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How involved are American men in the tasks of
child care and housework? Do you expect that
men will change their behavior around the
house? What social factors might bring aboutmore gender parity relative to household tasks?
Is it possible to have it all--family, career, house,
friends, and community involvement? What
compromises would you make regarding thesegoals?
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How realistic are most expectations for
two-career couples? What strategies might
they employ to deal with the stress and
role-overload created by the two-careerfamily lifestyle?
What should the government and industry
do (if anything) to help solve the day carecrisis in America?
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Strategies
Womens strategies
Direct Married men who planned to share
Initiated exhaustive talks
Indirect- Played helpless
- Physical illness
- Female wiles Supermoming end up feeling numb
Doing both shifts - Cutting back at workflagging selfesteem - Cutting back on housework, marriage, self andchild - Seeking help
Mens Strategies
Avoid sharing
Their career was toodemanding
They werent brought up to dohousework
Substitute offerings
Appreciating their wivesefforts
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Eating disorders: scope of the
problem
Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate
of any psychiatric illness, about 10%
Women are far more likely than men to engage
in disordered eating90-95%
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Pro-anorexia Communities Online
Issues of authenticity - Guarding against
wannarexics
High status from missing a period, lanugo
Many formsbulletin board, static
website, blog, social network sites, email
groupsno offline corollary
RitualsThinspiration
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The Beauty Myth
(1) How many girls and women do I know
who believe in this myth?
(2) Which corporations are profiting from
their misery?
(3) What am I doing to reject the myth and
help others reject it?
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While our society certainly makes it easier to be
"beautiful" and "thin" than what it deems "ugly"
and "fat," women who are regarded as paragons
of attractiveness are derided, taken lessseriously and treated as empty objects. They're
always accused of getting something they didn't
deserve, and accusing themselves of such.
They're also terrified of losing the advantagethey have -- of growing older or plumper.
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"The real issue has nothing to do with
whether women wear makeup or don't,
gain weight or lose it, have surgery or
shun it, dress up or down, make ourclothing and faces and bodies into works
of art or ignore adornment altogether. The
real problem is our lack of choice."
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Rape as a social problem
Feminist reconceptualization of rape: From
passion to power
The Rape Culture is best defined as a culture in
which rape is prevalent and pervasive and issanctioned and maintained through fundamental
attitudes and beliefs about gender, sexuality,
and violence.
Stereotypical images of criminals and victims
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Bullying and Sexual harassment
Middleschoolers
Workplace
Role played by institutionsschool,family, church, media
Anti-gay bullyingwhy do the victims
commit suicide?
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Masculinity and Friendship
Way (2013) - A central dilemma for boys growing up inthe United States is how to get the intimacy they wantwhile still maintaining their manliness.
During early and middle adolescence most boys do have
close male friendships in which they can share theirdeep secrets.
only in late adolescencea time when, according tonational data, suicides and violence among boys soar that boys disconnect from other boys - fear that if they
seek out close friendships, they will be perceived asgay or girly.
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Homophobia in Boys Friendships
Pascoe (2013) - bullying that appears
homophobic is actually targeted at not-
masculine-enough boys, and, interestingly,
plays an important role in heterosexualboys friendships
Reminding each other to be acceptably
masculinedominant, powerful,unemotional
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Three Types of Couple Violence
intimate terrorism: violence enacted in theservice of taking general control over onespartner
violent resistance: violence utilized in responseto intimate terrorism - not the same as self-defense
situational couple violence: violence that is not
embedded in a general pattern of power andcontrol but is a function of the escalation of aspecific conflict or series of conflicts