dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis

mixedviT diskriminacia da

misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi

saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis analizi

Project fundedby the European Union

Gender-based discrimination in the workplace and its legal implications

Analysis of Georgian labour legislation

proeqti dafinansebuliaevrokavSiris mier

1

saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis

analizi _ dasaqmebis adgilze

sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacia

da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi

Tbilisi2014

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s a r C e v i

I. Sesavali ............................................................................................. 5

I I . diskriminaciis akrZalva - Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi wyobis ZiriTadi principi .............................. 7

1. diskriminaciis akrZalvis konstituciuri safuZveli .................................................... 8

2. genderi da diskriminaciis akrZalvis SromiTsamarTlebrivi perspeqtiva ..................................... 9

ა) genderuli Tanasworoba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis WrilSi ................... 10

ბ) evropis genderuli strategia da 2010 wlis qalTa qartia ...................................................................... 13

გ) dasaqmebis adgilze diskriminaciis akrZalva - Rirseuli Sromis winapiroba (ILO midgomebi) ............ 14

დ) gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis aqtebi ............. 15

I I I . dasaqmebis adgilze genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi ....................... 16

1. winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis akrZalva ...................................................... 17

ა) vakansiis Sesaxeb ganacxadi ............................................. 17

ბ) gasaubreba da SekiTxvaTa dasaSveboba ........................ 18

გ) orsulTa dasaqmeba ........................................................... 20

2. saxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis akrZalva ...................................................... 21

ა) Tanaswori anazRaureba ................................................... 21

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ბ) Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba ....................... 22

გ) dekretuli Svebuleba ...................................................... 23

3. pozitiuri RonisZiebebi ....................................................... 24

IV. SromiT urTierTobebSi genderuli diskriminaciis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ............................................................. 25

1. diskriminaciis amkrZalavi normis darRveva - SromiTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi saxe ...................................................... 25

2. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba .......................... 26

3. mtkicebis tvirTi .................................................................... 27

V. daskvna ............................................................................................... 27

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I. Sesavali

adamianis uflebebi Tanamedrove demokratiuli wyobis arsebiT funda-ments warmoadgens. isini qmnis samarTalsubieqtis individualuri Tav-isuflebis farglebs, sadac Careva dauSvebelia. maT aqvs universaluri xasiaTi da yvela adamianisTvis Tanabar pirobebSi erTnairad moqmedebs.1 aqedan iRebs saTaves Tanasworobis principi, ramac SemdgomSi araerT saer-TaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normativSi hpova asaxva. Tanasworobis sakanonmdeblo doneze aRiareba mas mxolod formalur safuZvels uqmnis. ufro metad mniSvnelovania misi materialuri uzrunvelyofis meqaniz-mebis SemuSaveba da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi realizeba. am procesisTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli, faqtobrivad uTanasworo mdgo-mareobaSi myofi pirebis gamokveTa da maTTvis Tanaswori mopyrobis ga-rantiebis Seqmna. aseT pirebs udavod miekuTvnebian qalebi.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, genderul WrilSi Tanasworobis xelSewyoba sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba. gaeros ganviTare-bis programis farglebSi SemuSavebuli genderuli uTanasworobis ind-eqsis Tanaxmad, 137 gamokiTxul qveyanas Soris saqarTvelo 71-e adgils ikavebs.2 miuxedavad imisa, rom 2010 wels miRebul iqna kanoni „genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb“, danergvis sirTulidan gamomdinare, saWiro gaxda axali strategiebis SemuSaveba.

2014 wlis 24 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba „saqa-rTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis politikis RonisZiebaTa 2014-2016 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“, riTac calsaxad gamoikve-Ta saxelmwifos mizani _ genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seiqmnas Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba da gaZlierdes Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebi, moxdes erovnuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso standartebTan, uzrunvelyofil iqnes ekonomikis sferoSi, maT Soris dasaqmebaSi, qali-sa da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobis xelSewyoba. amas mohyva 2014 wlis 30 aprils qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos mier damtkicebuli „saqarTvelos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis erovnuli strategia (2014-2020 wlebisTvis)“, sadac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, saxelmwifos prioritetad aRiarebul iqna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi genderuli Tanasworobisa da Sromis kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa.

genderis kuTxiT saqarTvelo jer kidev araerTi gamowvevis winaSe dgas, rasac cxadad warmoaCens saqarTvelos Sesaxeb „evropis samezoblo poli-tikis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris 2013 wlis angariSSi“ aRwerili viTareba.3 kulturuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, problemuria qalTa

1 Schrittwieser, B., Gleichbehandlung im Arbeitsrecht, AR 7, 2011, S. 5.2 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf, იხ. „საზოგადოებრივი დამოკიდებულებები გენდერულ თანასწორობაზე პოლიტიკასა და ბიზნესში“, 2013, გაეროს განვითარების პროგრამის „გენდერული თანასწორობის ხელშეწყობისთვის საქართველოში“ ფარგლებში ჩატარებული კვლევა:http://www.ge.undp.org/content/dam/georgia/docs/publications/GE_UNDP_Gender_Research_GEO.pdf 3 „ქალთა უფლებების კუთხით საქართველო წინ მიდის გენდერული თანასწორობისკენ, თუმცა ამ მხრივ ჯერ კიდევ ბევრია გასაკეთებელი“. იხ. „ევროპის სამეზობლო პოლიტიკის მიმდინარეობის

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CarTuloba SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. amas mowmobs dausaqme-bel qalTa statistika _ ricxvi sakmaod maRalia (75%).4 sakiTxis aqtualo-ba pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis mier arCeul politikur orientirTan, ker-Zod, evrointegraciis procesTan. „saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis“ me-6 karSi mocemulia daTqma, rom „mxareebi gaaZlier-eben dialogsa da TanamSromlobas Rirseuli Sromis pirobebis (Decent Work Agenda), dasaqmebis politikis, genderuli Tanasworobis da diskriminaci-is akrZalvis xelSesawyobad“.5

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zalis mqone araerTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso aqti arsebobs, riTac dasaqmebis sferoSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswori mopyrobis anti-diskriminaciuli garantiebia reglamentirebuli, faqtobrivad, ufleba-Ta dacva rTuldeba. mcirea am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis SemTxvevebi, rasac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, nihilizmi da samarTle-brivi dacvis meqanizmebze arasaTanado informirebuloba ganapirobebs.

kvlevis mizania, sistemuri, SedarebiTi da analitikuri meTodis gamoy-enebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi im sakiTxebis gamokvleva, rac dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacias, aseve, mis samarTlebriv Sedegebsa da dacvis konkretuli meqanizmebis warmoCenas ukavSirdeba.

miznis misaRwevad, kvlevis pirvel etapze ganxiluli iqneba diskriminaci-is akrZalvis safuZvlebi, rogorc konstituciur, aseve, SromiTsamarT-lebriv WrilSi, genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organ-izaciis midgomebi. dasaqmebis adgilze genderuli Tanasworobis uzrun-velyofis samarTlebriv meqanizmebs daeTmoba kvlevis mesame Tavi. gaana-lizdeba winasaxelSekrulebo da saxelSekrulebo SromiT urTierTobeb-Si diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli relevanturi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa vakansiis Sesaxeb neitraluri ganacxadis gakeTeba, gasaubre-bis procesis regulacia da SekiTxvaTa dasaSvebobis farglebi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari SromisTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis principi, dekretu-li Svebulebis Sesaxeb normebis problemuri mxareebi, dasaqmebis adgilze Seviwroebis akrZalva, aseve, faqtobrivi uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad pozitiuri diskriminaciis legitimaciis safuZvlebi. kvlevis momdevno TavSi, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, gaanalizdeba is sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebi, rac dasaqmebis adgilze genderul diskriminacias ukavSirdeba. da bolos, daskvnis saxiT warmodgenili iqneba kvlevis Sema-jamebeli Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi.

შესახებ ევროკავშირის 2013 წლის ანგარიში, მემორანდუმი“, ბრიუსელი, 2014 წელი, გვ. 13. http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/progress_report_2013/memo-14-georgia_ka.pdf 4 „საზოგადოებრივი დამოკიდებულებები გენდერულ თანასწორობაზე პოლიტიკასა და ბიზნესში“, 2013, გვ. 29. 5 „ასოცირების შესახებ შეთანხმება ერთის მხრივ, ევროკავშირს და ევროპის ატომური ენერგიის გაერთიანებას და მათ წევრ სახელმწიფოებსა და მეორეს მხრივ, საქართველოს შორის.“ მე-6 კარი, მე-14 თავი. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/

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II. diskriminaciis akrZalva _ Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi wyobis ZiriTadi principi

samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli mravali gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, rac maT aerTianebs. es adamianis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli ZiriTadi uflebebia. warmoudgenelia demokratiuli wyobis samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arseboba adamianis ZiriTadi ufle-bebis deklarirebisa da maTi dacvis realuri meqanizmebis arsebobis ga-reSe. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi ki individualuri Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis cnebebs efuZneba, rac gamoixata kidec gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1948 wels miRebul adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis pirvelsave muxlSi _ „yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiT da uflebebiT.“6

Tavisuflebis ideam adamianTa Tanasworobis princips daudo safuZveli. dRes ukve Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba erTmaneTs ganapirobebs. yvelas-Tvis Tanaswori uflebebis arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia individualu-ri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da _ piriqiT. aucilebelia, daculi iyos adamianis Tavisufleba _ iyos gansxvavebuli da, imavdroulad, yvelas Tanabrad unda SeeZlos Tavisuflebis msgavsi moTxovnis dakmayofileba. adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba gamomdinareobs Tavad maTive damokidebule-bebidan, maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebidan, biologiuri Tu fizikuri niSnebidan, sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli statusebidan, marginalizebuli jgufebi-sadmi mikuTvnebadobisgan da a.S. rac Tanasworobis am sayovelTao ideas partikularuli (nawilobrivi) gamoyenebis _ diskriminaciis safrTxis winaSe ayenebs. amitom arsebiTad Tanaswor pirobebSi pirTa uTanasworo mopyrobis, aseve, arsebiTad uTanasworo pirobebSi pirTa Tanaswori mopy-robis TviTneburi diferenciaciis7 Tavidan asacileblad, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve Sidasaxelmwifoebriv do-neze antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebas da maTi dacvisT-vis pirobebis Seqmnas.

saxelmwifo Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis principebs aRiarebs qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi _ konstituciaSi. Sesabamisad, diskriminaciis akrZalvis konstituciuri bazisi qmnis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi, pirTa Tanasworobis uzrunve-lyofis garantias. yvela sxva sakanonmdeblo aqti, xelisuflebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli qmedeba Tu kerZo pirTa gadawyvetilebebi Tanasworo-bis am farglebiT aris SemosazRvruli. sagulisxmoa am principis dacva kerZosamarTlebriv, maT Soris iseT urTierTobebSi, sadac erTi mxare, meoresTan SedarebiT, meti ekonomikuri Tu informaciuli berketiT sargeblobs da, Sesabamisad, uflebis borotad gamoyenebis riskic metia. pirTa dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi warmoadgens social-uri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis mijnaze arsebul iseT sferos, sadac mravali msgavsi riski SeiZleba arsebobdes.

6 http://ungeorgia.ge/uploads/UDHR-60Geo.pdf 7 Schmidt/Bleibtreu/Hoffmann/Hopfauf, Grundgesetz Kommentar, 11.Auflage, 2008, S. 196.

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1. diskriminaciis akrZalvis konstituciuri safuZveli

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma 1995 wlis konstituciis preambulaSive ga-moixates neba _ daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi wes-wyobile-ba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisu-flebebi. es ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi warmoadgens qarTuli sakanonmdeblo sivrcis sazRvrebs, yvela sxva norma Tu regulacia am RirebulebebiTaa SeboWili. pirvel etapze Rirebulebebis dakonkreteba Tavad konstitu-ciaSive xdeba, xolo Semdgom ukve asaxvas hpovebs calkeul sakanonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo efuZneba samarTlianobis ideas, romelic Tav-is mxriv, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis uflebis gareSe.8 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 da me-7 muxlebi gansazRvravs, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisia, saxelmwifo ki, cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi ufle-bebi, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTlis normebi, zRudavs saxelmwifo-sa da xalxs.

konstituciis me-14 muxli uzenaesi kanoniT ganmtkicebul Rirebuleba-Ta baziss qmnis da adgens, rom „yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomare-obisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa“, riTac calsaxadaa gaziarebuli adamianis individualuri Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis uflebis ganuyofloba. Tavisufleba warmoadgens samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas, rac yvela adami-anisTvis Tanabrad unda iyos uzrunvelyofili.

sainteresoa saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2003 wlis #2/7/219 gadawyvetileba, sadac Tanasworobis principi Semdegnairad ganimarta - „kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi gulisxmobs yvela im adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebas da dacvas, romelic imyofeba Tanabar pirobebSi da kanoniT gansazRvruli sakiTxis mimarT aqvs adekvaturi damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli principi moicavs xelisu-flebis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis speqtrs, raTa moxdes Tanabar pirobeb-sa da garemoebebSi myofi individebisTvis Tanabari privilegiebis miniWe-ba da Tanabari pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba. ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli sakanonmdeblo regulireba yvela SemTxvevaSi ar CaiTvleba kanonis wi-naSe Tanasworobis principis darRvevad. kanonmdebels ufleba aqvs, kano-niT gansazRvros gansxvavebuli pirobebi, magram es gansxvaveba unda iyos dasabuTebuli, gonivruli da mizanSewonili. amasTan, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos diferencirebulobis Tanabari done erTsa da imave pirobeb-Si myofi subieqtebisTvis“. ganmartebidan yuradReba unda gamaxvil-des diskriminaciis akrZalvis sam ZiriTad faqtorze, kerZod: a) Tanabar pirobebSi myofi adamianebisTvis Tanabari privilegiebis miniWeba (pasux-

8 კუბლაშვილი, კ., ძირითადი უფლებები, 2003, გვ. 9; ასევე იხ. იზორია/კორკელია/კუბლაშვილი/ხუბუა (რედ.), საქართველოს კონსტიტუციის კომენტარები, 2005, გვ. 23.

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ismgeblobis dakisreba); b) gansxvavebuli sakanonmdeblo regulirebis da-saSveboba; g) mizanSewoniloba, gonivruloba da dasabuTebuloba, rogorc gansxvavebuli mopyrobis legitimaciis safuZvlebi.

Sesabamisad, Tuki adamianebi, socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis gaT-valiswinebiT an janmrTelobis Tu sxva mdgomareobis gamo, faqtobrivad uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, kanonmdebeli dasaSvebad miiCnevs, aseTi pirebisTvis privilegiebis miniWebiT, samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, maT gansxvavebul mopyrobas.

2. genderi da diskriminaciis akrZalvis SromiTsamarTlebrivi perspeqtiva

istoriulad, Sromis samarTlis, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis special-uri dargis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebuli iyo iseTi kerZosamarTlebrivi normebis naklebobiT, rac dasaqmebulis marTlzomieri interesebis sa-Tanado dacvas uzrunvelyofda.9 arsebulma aucileblobam, socialuri xasiaTis normebis SemuSavebiT, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebis dadgena gamoiwvia, rac umeteswilad SromiTi urTierTobebis naklebad daculi mxaris _ dasaqmebulis interesebsa da mxareTa faqtobrivi uTa-nasworobis aRmofxvras emsaxureboda.

SromiT urTierTobaSi damsaqmebeli ekonomikurad ufro Zlieri mxar-ea, mas aqvs meti informacia, Zalaufleba da, imavdroulad, dasaqmebuli, rogorc pirovnulad, aseve ekonomikurad maszea damokidebuli. Sesabami-sad, araTanaswori mopyrobisa da TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safrTxeebi am tipis urTierTobebSi didia. gansakuTrebiT problemuria dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT Tanasworobis moTxovnaTa dac-va da antidiskriminaciul moTxovnaTa Sesruleba.

SromiT urTierTobebSi qalTa segregaciasa da nakleb CarTulobas mow-mobs gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi 2013 wels Catarebuli kvleva „sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebebi genderul Tanasworobaze politikasa da biznesSi“. mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT Cawerili 1800-mde pirispir interviusa da 20-ze meti fokus-jgufis gamokiTxvis Sedegad sistematizebuli informaciis safuZvelze dadginda, rom sqesTa Soris rolebis gadanawilebaze tradiciuli socialuri midgomebi kvlav aqtua-luria, qalebisTvis samsaxuri da kariera nakleb mniSvnelovnad miiCneva.10

socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi qalTa CarTulobis, maTTvis dasaqmebis meti xelmisawvdomobis da Sromis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis stimulire-ba aucilebelia. aseTi mastimulirebeli faqtorebia, erTi mxriv, Sesabam-isi sakanonmdeblo sivrcis formireba, meore mxriv _ sainformacio xasi-aTis kampaniebis dagegmva/Catareba, rac xels Seuwyobs kanonis cxovrebaSi realizebis process, uflebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, gaaaqtiurebs sa-samarTlosadmi mimarTvianobas. es aqtiuri procesi aisaxeba SromiT urT-ierTobebSi qalTa diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarT-

9 Zöllner/Loritz, Arbeitsrecht, 5. Auflage, 1998, S. 2. 10 „საზოგადოებრივი დამოკიდებულებები გენდერულ თანასწორობაზე პოლიტიკასა და ბიზნესში“, 2013, გვ. 20.

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lo praqtikis damkvidrebaze, rac dasaqmebis sferoSi qalTa inkluziisken kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.

saqarTvelos parlamentma genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo koncef-cia jer kidev 2006 wels daamtkica. ganimarta genderis, genderuli Ta-nasworobisa da sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis cnebebi. genderuli Tanas-woroba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis prioritetad ganisazRvra, romlis mizanic politikur, ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi qalTa da mamakacTa TanasworobisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna da am Tanas-worobis uzrunvelyofaa. aRiarebul iqna, rom ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani instru-mentia sabazro principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis. dasaqmebis politikaSi genderuli Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswine-ba xels Seuwyobs Sromis bazarze genderuli balansis miRwevas.

a) genderuli Tanasworoba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis WrilSi

saqarTveloSi SromiT urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis garantiebi ramdenime Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtSia ganmtkicebuli.

Sromis samarTali kerZo samarTlis specialur dargs warmoadgens. Se-sabamisad, SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebze, marTalia garkveuli saxecvlilebiT, magram vrceldeba kerZo samarTlis zogadi debulebebi. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirvelive muxlSi mocemuli kanonis regulirebis sfero, ro-melic kerZo samarTalbrunvas pirTa Tanasworobis principze amyarebs. marTalia aq calkeuli niSnebis mixedviT Tanasworobaze araa saubari, rac am kodeqsis miznebisTvis gamarTlebulia, magram am terminis pirvelsave muxlSi miTiTeba zogadi xasiaTis normas adgens, rac kerZo samarTlis su-bieqtebis uflebebs, SesaZleblobebsa Tu pasuxismgeblobebs Tanasworo-bis principze dayrdnobiT aregulirebs. garda amisa, samoqalaqo kodeqsis meore muxlis pirveli punqti calsaxad adgens kerZo samarTlis kanonebi-sa da maTi ganmartebebis saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis moTxovnas, riTac samoqalaqo samarTalbrunvisTvis uzenaesi kanoniT gan-mtkicebuli RirebulebebiT gansazRvrul farglebze miuTiTebs.

SromiTi urTierTobis mxare aseve kerZo samarTlis subieqts warmoad-gens, Tumca, monawileTa faqtobrivi uTanasworobidan gamomdinare, sust poziciaze myofi mxaris interesebis dasacavad, imperatiuli normebis dawesebiT, kerZosamarTlebrivi principebi, maT Soris Tanasworoba, sax-ecvlilebas ganicdis.

diskriminaciis amkrZalav normas SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulire-beli ZiriTadi kanonic Seicavs. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxli, Sromis samarTlis miznebisTvis, ganmartavs rogorc diskriminaciis cne-bas, aseve awesebs konkretuli niSnis arsebobisas diskriminaciis amkrZalav imperativs da adgens pirTa gansxvavebuli mopyrobis dasaSvebobisa da legitimaciis farglebs. Sk-is me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtSi CamoTvlilia is ZiriTadi niSnebi, romelTa gamoc kanonmdebeli diskriminaciul qmedebas

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krZalavs. aseT niSans miekuTvneba sqesic. dauSvebelia sqesis niSnis mixed-viT piris pirdapir an arapirdapir Seviwroeba, rac miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas, anda pirisTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analogi-ur pirobebSi myof sxva pirTan SedarebiT.

diskriminaciis cnebasTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa is, rom kanonmdebeli Seviwroebas diskriminaciis erT-erT saxed ganixilavs. am Canaweris ger-manuli analogi, kerZod 2008 wels miRebuli „Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanonis“11 me-3 muxli, cal-calke gansazRvravs pirdapiri da arapirdapiri diskriminaciis, Seviwroebisa da seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, diskriminacia Sesadarebel pirTa jgufis komponents Seicavs (analogiur pirobebSi myofTan SedarebiT uTanasworo mopyroba), maSin rodesac Seviwroeba sxva pirTan Sedarebaze ar aris damokidebuli. norma imeorebs Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis pirveli nawilis ana-logs _ pirdapiri Seviwroeba, rac miznad isaxavs an iwvevs dasaqmebulisT-vis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seura-cxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas.

genderis, genderuli Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis cnebebs 2010 wels miRebuli „genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos ka-nonic ganmartavs, romelic adgens qalisa da mamakacis saqarTvelos kon-stituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTad garantiebs, gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesabamis sferoebSi maTi ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv meqanizmebsa da pirobebs. kanonis miznebisTvis, genderuli Tanasworoba warmoadgens adamianis uflebaTa nawils, romelic gulisx-mobs qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswor ufleba-movaleobebs, pasuxismgeblobas da Tanasworuflebian monawileobas piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. genderuli niSniT pirdapiri diskriminacia ki definire-bulia, rogorc mopyroba an pirobebis Seqmna, romelic pirs, uflebebiT sargeblobisas, sqesis niSnis mixedviT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi ayenebs analogiur pirobebSi myof meore sqesis pirebTan SedarebiT, an Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arsebiTad uTanasworo pirobebSi myof pirebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac gansxvavebuli mopyroba legitimu-ria.

genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxlSi saxel-mwifo axdens genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis garantiebis normirebas, riTic xels uwyobs da uzrunvelyofs qalisa da mamakacis Ta-naswor uflebebs politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul cx-ovrebaSi. genderuli Tanasworobis dacvis mizniT, diskriminaciis gareSe, uzrunvelyofilia profesiis an samuSaos saxeobis Tavisuflad arCeva, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaureba, profesiuli momzadeba/gadamzadeba, Tanas-wori mopyroba qalisa da mamakacis muSaobis xarisxis Sefasebisas, orive sqesis pirTaTvis dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobis xelSewyoba.

amave kanonis me-6 muxli calke gamoyofs SromiTi urTierTobebisas gen-derul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebul normas, Tumca, diskriminaciis

11 Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz, http://dejure.org/gesetze/AGG

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nacvlad, aqcents Seviwroebis (maT Soris seqsualuri xasiaTis) cnebaze akeTebs. me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, SromiTi urTierTobebisas dauSvebelia piris devna/iZuleba, aseve, seqsualuri xasiaTis nebismieri arasasurveli sityvieri, arasityvieri an fizikuri qceva, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas. calsaxaa am normis ms-gavseba saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis mesame punqtis pirvel winadadebasTan.

rogorc saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi, aseve, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi, reglamentirebulia pirTa gansxvavebuli mopyrobis dasaSvebobisa da legitimaciis SemTxvevebi, Tumca, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanoni sqesis niSniT pirTa araTanabar mdgomareoba-Si Cayenebasa an/da maTTvis upiratesobis miniWebaze konkretdeba. Sk-is me-2 muxlis me-5 punqti dasaSvebad miiCnevs pirTa gansxvavebis aucileblobas, rac samuSaos arsidan, specifikidan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan gamom-dinareobs. xolo legitimacias axdens im mizniT, rasac aseTi gansxvavebis aucilebloba emsaxureba da, imavdroulad, igi aris miznis miRwevis Tana-zomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba.

praqtikuli SemTxveva #1: aeroportSi dasaqmebuli piri, romlis Zir-iTadi valdebuleba sasazRvro gamSveb punqtze mgzavrTa an/da maT mier sazRvarze gadasatani nivTebis Semowmebaa, SesaZlebelia sqesis niSnis mixedviT iyos SerCeuli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom usafrTxoe-bis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Semowmeba dasaSvebad miiCnevs mgzavrTa fizikur Sexebasac, aucilebelia, uzrunvelyofili iyos konkretuli sqesis mqone dasaqmebulis mier mxolod misive sqesis mgzavrTa Semow-meba.

praqtikuli SemTxveva #2: kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia sajaro sam-saxurSi qalTa savaldebulo monawileobis konkretuli kvotebi, rac am sferoSi dadgenili kvotis farglebSi mxolod konkretuli sqesis pirTa dasaqmebas amarTlebs.

sxvadasxva sqesis pirTa msgavs gansxvavebul mopyrobas, samuSaos specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavad kanonmdebelic adgens. magaliTad, Sk-is me-18 muxli krZalavs Ramis samuSaoze orsuli qalis dasaqmebas. vinaidan Ramis samuSao, Tavisi arsiT, aranormirebul samuSao dros moicavs da, ima-vdroulad, vinaidan orsulisa da nayofis janmrTeloba gansakuTrebul dacvas saWiroebs, aseTi tipis samuSaos orsulis mier Sesruleba akrZalu-lia. Tumca, kanonmdebeli yvela msgavsi SemTxvevis konkretizacias ver moaxdens da abstraqtuli normis dawesebiT, samarTalSemfardeblebisT-vis moqmedebis farTo areals tovebs. yovel individualur SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva sqesis mimarT gansxvavebuli mopyrobis kanoniereba individu-alurad fasdeba.

2014 wels, araerTi diskusiis Sedegad, saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni „diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb“, romlis Tanax-madac, saqarTveloSi aikrZala nebismieri saxis diskriminacia. kanonis me-3 muxlSi ganisazRvra am normatiuli aqtis moqmedebis sfero da aRiniSna, rom kanonis moTxovnebi vrceldeba sajaro dawesebulebebis, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis qmedebebze yvela sferoSi, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

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Tu es qmedebebi ar regulirdeba sxva samarTlebrivi aqtiT, romelic See-sabameba diskriminaciis amkrZalav normebs. vinaidan, SromiT urTierTo-bebTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris kanonTan mimarTebiT ufro specialuri da ierarqi-ulad maRla mdgomi samarTlebrivi aqtia da, imavdroulad, igi areguli-rebs SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, dasaqmebis sferoSi uTanasworo mopyroba ZiriTadad saqarTve-los Sromis kodeqsis normebiT unda Sefasdes.

SromiT urTierTobebSi genderTan dakavSirebuli normatiuli aqtebis Sefasebisas gamoikveTa konkretuli cnebebi, ganmartebebi, maTi mimarTe-ba sxva samarTlebriv aqtebTan, Tumca, arc erTi zemoaRniSnuli kanoni pirdapir ar iTvaliswinebs sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi piris uflebis dacvis konkretul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda uflebadamcveli organosadmi mimarTvisas moTx-ovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis miTiTeba.

b) evropis genderuli strategia da 2010 wlis qalTa qartia

saqarTvelos evrointegraciis procesisTvis mniSvnelovania genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebuli im uaxlesi strategiuli aqtebis ganxil-va, sadac evrokavSiris politika da midgomebia asaxuli. qalisa da mamaka-cis Tanasworoba is erT-erTi saerTo Rirebulebaa, rasac evropuli kav-Siri efuZneba.12 genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, sazo-gadoebriv, politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur sferoebSi qalTa meti CarTulobis stimulirebisTvis evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mier araerTi RonisZieba gatarda. am kuTxiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa ev-rokomisiis mier 2010 wels miRebuli qalTa qartia da mis bazisze SemuSave-buli qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis 2010-2015 wlebis strategia.13

qalTa qartiaSi deklarirda principi, rom mdgradi ekonomikuri da so-cialuri ganviTareba, konkurentunarianoba da demografiuli gamowveve-bi qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswor mopyrobazea damokidebuli. miuxedavad, araerTi wingadadgmuli nabijisa, genderuli Tanasworobis realuri uz-runvelyofis procesi jer kidev garkveul barierebs awydeba. qartiis sa-fuZvelze miRebul strategiaSi gancxadda, rom qalisa da mamakacis Tanas-woroba ara mxolod deklarirebuli principi, aramed TiToeuli evropu-li saxelmwifos socialuri da ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis nawilia.14

rogorc qalTa qartiaSi, aseve qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis 2010-2015 wlebis strategiaSi gamoikveTa xuTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, kerZod: a) Tanabari ekonomikuri damoukidebloba; b) Tanabari xelfasi Tanabari samuSaosTvis e.w. Pay Gap; g) gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba; d) Rirseba da adamianis xelSeuxebloba _ Seviwroe-bisa da sqesobrivi Zaladobis akrZalva; d) evropuli kavSiris sazRvrebs miRma qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswori mopyrobis xelSewyoba.

12 ევროკომისიის ქალთა ქარტია, 2010, შესავალი;http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president/news/documents/pdf/20100305_1_de.pdf 13 http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_strategy_de.pdf 14 იქვე.

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es xuTi ZiriTadi principi mizanmimarTulia diskriminaciis, Sromis ba-zarze sqesis niSnis mixedviT segregaciis Tavidan acilebis, aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli kliSeebis moSlis, qalTa potencialis gamoyenebisken. aseve xazgasmulia, rom evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi mobilizebas gaukeTeben, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve arasakanonmdeblo xasiaTis yvela arsebul instruments, raTa Tanabari SromisTvis uzrunvelyofil iqnes qalTa da mamakacTa Tanaswori anazRaureba. garda amisa, politikuri da ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalTa meti CarTulo-biT SesaZlebeli iqneba evropis axali, moqmedi politikuri strategiebis SemuSaveba, genderis sakiTxebze maRali cnobierebis mqone sazogadoebis formireba da Zlieri demokratiis Seqmna.

sainteresoa, qartiis me-5 punqti, romlis mixedviT, genderuli Tanas-woroba evropis sagareo politikis nawili xdeba. Sesabamisad, gamoixata yvela msurvelTan, maT Soris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan partnioro-bis mzadyofna imisaTvis, rom qartiaSi ganmtkicebul Tanasworobis prin-cipze, erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso doneze, aqtiurad gagrZeldes muSaoba.

g) dasaqmebis adgilze diskriminaciis akrZalva _ Rirseuli Sromis

winapiroba (ILO midgomebi)

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacias gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZR-vis SromiT urTierTobebSi ZiriTadi damcavi normebisa da maTi ganxor-cielebisTvis Sesabamisi aqtebis SemuSavebis procesSi. „yvela adamians, mi-uxedavad maTi rasisa, rwmenisa da sqesisa, aqvs ufleba, Tanaswor pirobebsa da ekonomikurad usafrTxo garemoSi miiswrafodes materialuri keTil-dReobisken, Tavisufali da Rirseuli inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisken“ _ aRniSnulia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis filadelfiis deklara-ciaSi.15

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia damcavi normebis SemuSavebisas iTval-iswinebs sakiTxis socialur da ekonomikur aspeqtebs. genderuli Tanas-worobis Sefasebasac am meTodze dayrdnobiT axdens. sainteresoa Sso-s perspeqtividan diskriminaciis akrZalvis Tematikis mimoxilva, romelic rogorc socialuri dacvis standartebs, aseve ekonomikur efeqturobas efuZneba. es midgoma gansxvavdeba saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebuli Sexed-ulebebisgan, sadac Sromis damcavi normebis ekonomikur sargeblianobaze diskusiebs naklebi yuradReba eTmoba.

SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi sargeb-lis momtania rogorc dasaqmebulisTvis, aseve damsaqmeblisTvis. Tuki dasaqmebulisTvis Tanaswori mopyroba ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas da samarTlianobas ukavSirdeba, damsaqmeblisTvis is ekonomikurad momge-biania.16 antidiskriminaciuli midgomebi nacionalur doneze ekonomikur zrdasa da siRaribis Semcirebas uwyobs xels. SromiT urTierTobebSi sqe-sis niSniT diskriminaciis akrZalvis mizani dasaqmebis sferoSi qalebsa da

15 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-berlin/documents/genericdocument/wcms_193725.pdf 16 “Gleichstellung der Geschlechter als Kernstück menschenwürdiger Arbeit“, Bericht IV, 2009, Zusammenfassung; http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_106177.pdf

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mamakacebze Tanabari pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da Tanabari privile-giebis miniWebaa.

Rirseuli Sroma qalisTvis iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc mamakacisT-vis, radgan swored misi meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari da ojax-is wevrTa materialuri uzrunvelyofa. Rirseuli Sromis koncefcias swored sazogadoebis mier formirebuli sqesTa rolebi, qalsa da mamakacs Soris biologiuri gansxvavebebi udevs safuZvlad. 2009 wels ki, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier ganisazRvra, rom „qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba Rirseuli Sromis amosavali wertilia,“17 aqedan gamomdinare, Sso-is politikaSi genderis Temas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia.

genderuli Tanasworobis damcavi normebi Sromis saerTaSoriso organ-izaciis calkeul konvenciebSia mocemuli. maT Soris, ZiriTadia Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb 1958 wlis, mamakacTa da qal-Ta Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb 1951 wli-sa da dedobis dacvis Sesaxeb 2000 wlis konvenciebi.

d) gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis aqtebi

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier pirTa Tanasworobis damca-vi debulebebi jer kidev 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi reglamentirda da pirvelsave muxlSi aRiniSna, rom yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiT da uflebebiT. zogadi norma dakonkretda meore muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, deklaraci-iT ganmtkicebuli yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba Tanabrad unda hqondes miniWebuli yvela adamians, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa. CamoTvlilia gansxvavebuli mopyrobis akrZalvis konkretuli niSnebi, romelTa Sori-saa sqesi.

genderTan mimarTebiT uTanasworo mopyrobis amkrZalavi normebi ki 1979 wels miRebul qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciaSi gaiwera.18 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis xelmomweri mxareebi aRi-areben, rom qalTa diskriminacia arRvevs Tanasworuflebianobisa da ada-mianuri Rirsebis pativiscemis principebs, xels uSlis mamakacisa da qalis Tanabar monawileobas politikur, socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi da darwmunebulebi arian, rom Tanasworobisa da samarTliano-bis safuZvelze axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wyobis dadgena sagrZno-blad Seuwyobs xels mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis qarTulenovani Targmani, stilistikis TvalsazrisiT, garkveul xarvezebs Seicavs, sainteresoa im ZiriTadi aqcentebis gamoyofa, rac qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis cnebis ganmarte-bas ukavSirdeba. konvenciis Tanaxmad, qalTa mimarT diskriminacia niSnavs, mamakacTa da qalTa ojaxuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, nebismier gansx-vavebas, SezRudvas sqesis niSniT. gansxvaveba an SezRudva unda iwvevdes qa-lTa mimarT adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis aRiarebis, qalTa mier am uflebebiT sargeblobis Selaxvas.

17 იქვე, გვ. 3.18 რატიფიცირებულია საქართველოს პარლამენტის 1994 წლის 22 სექტემბრის N 561 დადგენილებით.

16

qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia qalebisT-vis Tanaswori mopyrobis garantiebs sxvadasxva sferoSi adgens. kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, ganxiluli iqneba mxolod SromiTsamarTlebriv WrilSi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi norma _ me-11 muxli.

konvenciis yvela monawilem, maT Soris saqarTvelom, ikisra valdebuleba, miiRos yvela saWiro zoma dasaqmebis sferoSi qalTa mimarT diskriminaci-is aRmosafxvrelad, raTa mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworobis safuZvelze, uzrunvelyofili iyos Tanabari uflebebi, maT Soris Sromis ufleba, qa-lebisa da mamakacebisTvis samuSaos Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba, SerCevis erTiani kriteriumebis gamoyeneba, samuSaos saxeobis Tavisuflad arCeva da profesiuli ganviTareba, Tanabari anazRaureba, Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis mimarT Tanabari pirobebis, aseve, muSaobis Sefasebisadmi Tanabari midgomis ufleba, socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba da, bolos, janmrT-elobis dacvisa da Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis ufleba.

dasaqmebis sferoSi genderuli Tanasworobis principis aRiarebasTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania konvenciis mier efeqturi an-tidiskriminaciuli RonisZiebebis konkretuli miznebis gansazRvra, ro-melTa gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi zogadi xasiaTis SromiTsamarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebisas. aseT miznebs miekuTvne-ba: sanqciebis gamoyenebis muqariT orsulobis da mSobiarobis gamo Sve-bulebis periodSi samuSaodan daTxovnis, an ojaxuri mdgomareobis gamo samsaxuridan daTxovnis akrZalva, samuSao adgilis, poziciis an social-uri daxmarebis dakargvis gareSe orsulobisa da mSobiarobis gamo Sve-bulebis SemoReba, life-work balansisTvis Sesabamisi meqanizmebis waxalise-ba, orsulobis periodSi mavne samuSaoze qalTa gansakuTrebuli dacvis uzrunvelyofa.

III. dasaqmebis adgilze genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi

genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso politikisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis mimoxilvis Semdeg, diskriminaciis akrZalvis principis efeqturi implementaciisTvis, aucilebelia im samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis gamoyofa, riTac qalisa da mamakacis Sromis ufleba praqtikaSi Tanabrad iqneba garantirebuli.

Sromis uflebis ganxorcieleba moicavs rogorc dasaqmebaze qalisa da ma-makacis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas _ winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarT-lebriv urTierTobebSi, sqesis niSnis mixedviT, diskriminaciis akrZal-vas, aseve, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg qalisa da mamakacisTvis Sromis Tanabari pirobebis uzrunvelyofas. am sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, araerTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmi jer kidev regulirebis miRmaa, rac arTulebs genderul WrilSi uflebaTa dacvas.

socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos efeqturi funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve inovaciebis simravliTa da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tu finansuri stabilurobis kuTxiT, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs Soris germanias udavod wamyvani pozicia ukavia. imavdroulad, antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis kuTxiT, germaniis samarTlebrivi

17

sivrce da sasamarTlo praqtika ukve didi xania icnobs genderuli Tanas-worobis princips da misi danergvis konkretul meqanizmebs. 2008 wels ger-maniaSi miiRes „Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanoni“, romelmac dasaqmebis sferos yvela etapze qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis araerTi garan-tia Seqmna. vinaidan, qarTul civilistikaze germaniis kanonmdeblobis gavlena aSkarad didia, am ori qveynis samarTlebrivi aqtebis SedarebiT, ukeTesad warmoCindeba erovnuli kanonmdeblobis xarvezebi. xarvezebis gamovleniT ki, SesaZlebeli iqneba rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba maT aRmo-safxvrelad.

1. winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis akrZalva

Sromis uflebis ganxorcieleba samuSaos Tavisuflad arCeviTa da masze xelmisawvdomobiT iwyeba. imavdroulad, SromiTi urTierTobebis war-moSobis safuZveli Sromis xelSekrulebaa, amitom aucilebelia Sromis xelSekrulebis dadebamde arsebuli urTierTobebis sakanonmdeblo regulacia. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, 2013 wels ganxorcielebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebamde,19 ar icnobda winasaxelSekrulebo etapze diskriminaciis akrZalvis pirdapir Canawers, rac arTulebda dasaqmebisas qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis principis dacvas, maTdami gansxvavebu-li midgomebisa da uTanasworo mopyrobis kontrols.

2013 wlis 12 ivnisis Semdeg, Sk-is me-2 muxlis me-3 punqts daemata wina-saxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, konkretuli niS-nebis mixedviT, diskriminaciis amkrZalavi norma _ niSanTa Soris moce-mulia sqesi. es Canaweri wingadadgmuli nabijia dasaqmebis sferoSi qal-isa da mamakacis Tanasworobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis Camoyalibebis gzaze, Tumca, sanam ar mowesrigdeba gamocxadebul vakansiebze ganacxadis wardgenisa da kandidatTan gasaubrebis procesi, manamde am normis amo-qmedeba mxolod sasamarTlos interpretaciebze iqneba damokidebuli. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema arc Tu didi xania arse-bobs, ris gamoc mosamarTleebi ZiriTadad Tavs arideben mxolod zogadi Sinaarsis normebze dayrdnobiT konkretuli precedentis gadawyvetas.

a) vakansiis Sesaxeb ganacxadi

SromiTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebebi jer kidev xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze SeiZleba arsebobdes, rasac miekuTvneba damsaqmeblis valdebule-ba _ arc erT kandidats ar mianiWos gaumarTlebeli upiratesoba konkret-uli niSnis mixedviT da uzrunvelyos dasaqmebis kandidati qalebisa da mamakacebis Tanaswori mopyroba.20

saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis internet-portalebze ganTavsebuli infor-maciis statistikuri analizis ararsebobis miuxedavad, mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vakansiis Sesaxeb gancxadebis formulirebisas, arc Tu iSvi-

19 საქართველოს ორგანულ კანონში „საქართველოს შრომის კოდექსში“ ცვლილებების შეტანის შესახებ 2013 წლის 12 ივნისის N729 კანონი.20 Junker, A., Grundkurs Arbeitsrecht, 7. Auflage, 2008, S.79.

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aTad, damsaqmeblebi dasaqmebis winapirobas konkretul sqess ukavSireben.

qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba ver iqneba garantirebuli, Tuki dam-saqmeblis mier arsebuli vakansiis Sesaxeb ganacxads romelime sqesis gaumarTlebeli upiratesoba daedeba safuZvlad.

Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanoni, romlis mizanicaa dasaqmebis sfero-Si Tanasworobisa da gaumarTlebeli upiratesobebis akrZalvis uzrun-velyofa, calke gamoyofs damsaqmeblis valdebulebebs, maT Soris wi-nasaxelSekrulebo etapze. kanonis me-11 da me-12 muxlebi21 adgens, rom damsaqmebeli valdebulia, konkretuli niSnebis mixedviT pirTa diskrim-inaciisgan dacvis mizniT, gaataros yvela aucilebeli RonisZieba. dac-va gulisxmobs damsaqmeblis mxridan prevenciul RonisZiebebsac. aqvea pirdapiri daTqma vakansiis ganacxadis SinaarsTan mimarTebiT. dauSvebe-lia vakansiis Sesaxeb iseTi ganacxadis gakeTeba, riTac Seilaxeba romelime niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganacxadis neitraluri formulireba, risTvisac arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin axdens Sinaarsis Camoyalibebas, Tavad damsaqme-beli Tu mis mier gansazRvruli mesame piri (SesaZloa iyos adamianuri re-sursebis mimarTulebiT sakonsultacio kompania).22

praqtikuli SemTxveva #1: kompania aqveynebs gancxadebas informaci-uli teqnologiebis menejeris vakansiis Taobaze. moTxovnebSi mi-TiTebulia, rom upiratesoba mieniWeba am mimarTulebiT umaRlesi ga-naTlebis mqone mamakacebs.

praqtikuli SemTxveva #2: kompania aqveynebs gancxadebas mdivan-ref-erentis vakansiis Taobaze. moTxovnebSi miTiTebulia, rom upirateso-ba mieniWeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone qalbatonebs.

praqtikuli SemTxveva #3: dacvis samsaxuri aqveynebs gancxadebas iuristis vakansiis Taobaze. moTxovnebSi miTiTebulia, rom saukeTeso kandidats samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuri unda hqondes gavlili.

pirvel or praqtikul SemTxvevaSi, sqesis niSnis mixedviT pirdapir diskriminaciis riskebi ikveTeba, maSin rodesac mesame kazusSi arapirda-pir madiskriminirebeli pirobaa formulirebuli, vinaidan, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mxolod mamakacebi gadian samxedro savaldebu-lo samsaxurs.

b) gasaubreba da SekiTxvaTa dasaSveboba

winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTierToba warmoSobilad miiCneva vakansiis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gamoqveynebiTa da dasaqmebulis mier damsaqmebelTan pirveli saqmiani kontaqtis damyarebiT.23 es SeiZleba iyos damsaqmebelTan ganxorcielebuli pirveli satelefono zari an reziumes gagzavna. swored am momentidan iwyeba winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebis procesi, romlis drosac mxareebs erTmaneTis uflebebisa da qonebisad-

21 Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG), Arbeitsgesetze, dtv, 74. Auflage, 2009, S. 69. 22 Hümmerich/Boecken/Düwell, Anwaltskommentar, Arbeitsrecht, Band 1, 2008, S. 84. 23 Schaub, G., Arbeitsrecht, Handbuch, 7. Auflage, 1992, S. 111.

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mi gansakuTrebuli gulisxmierebis valdebuleba ekisrebaT (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-317-e muxlebi), rasac SromiT urTierTobebSi, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtidan gamomdinare, diskriminaciis akrZalvis moTxovna emateba.

Sromis xelSekruleba, iseve rogorc sxva ormxrivi garigeba, mxareTa mier nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miiRweva. Tavisufali nebis gamovlenisTvis mxareebs sWirdebaT informacia, romelze dayrdnobi-Tac miiReben gadawyvetilebas. mxareTa mier winasaxelSekrulebo etapze informaciis miRebis uflebamosilebis sakiTxs aregulirebs Sk-is me-5 muxli. normis pirvel punqtSi aRniSnulia damsaqmeblis mier kandidatis Sesaxeb iseTi informaciis mopovebis ufleba, rac mas dasaqmebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad esaWiroeba. muxlis meore nawili kandidats akisrebs valdebulebas, damsaqmebels proaqtiulad miawodos is infor-macia, ramac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos mis mier samuSaos Sesrulebas an safrTxe Seuqmnas damsaqmeblis an mesame piris interesebs. orive muxlis saerTo analizis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia damsaqmeblis mier infor-maciis moTxovnis farglebis dadgena. erTi mxriv, aucilebeli unda iyos konkretuli monacemi dasaqmebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, meore mxriv, relevanturi unda iyos samuSaos Sesrulebis procesisTvis, an damsaqmeblis mier informaciis arcodna misTvis an sxva mesame pirebi-sTvis uaryofiT Sedegebs iwvevdes (an aseTi Sedegebis safrTxes qmnides). arsebobs informaciis miRebis sxvadasxva saSualeba, maT Soris, werilo-biTi dokumentaciis gamoTxovna an kandidatTan gasaubreba, rodesac dam-saqmeblebis mier aqtiurad gamoiyeneba SekiTxvaTa dasmis meTodika.

gasaubrebis dros dasaqmebis kandidati cdilobs, damsaqmebels maqsimal-urad naklebad miawodos iseTi informacia, ramac SesaZloa uaryofiTad imoqmedos dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebaze. imavdroulad, damsaqmebeli cdilobs, kandidatis Sesaxeb Seagrovos maqsimalurad bevri monacemi, maT Soris, misi piradi sferodan.

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi informaciis miRebis saSualebebi ar aris dakonkretebuli, rac SromiTi urTierTobebis am mniSvnelovan etaps reg-ulirebis miRma tovebs, amasTan, zrdis dasaqmebulis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevisa da TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis riskebs.

aucilebelia SekiTxvaTa dasaSvebobis sakanonmdeblo doneze normire-ba, gansakuTrebiT iseTi sensitiuri informaciis miRebis mizniT dasmul SekiTxvebTan mimarTebiT, romelic sqesis niSniT pirTa uTanasworo mopy-robis safrTxeebs badebs. germaniis federaciuli Sromis sasamarTlos mier ganviTarebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, ganasxvaveben dasaSveb, ZiriTadad dauSvebel da dauSvebel SekiTxvebs.24 SekiTxvaTa klasifikaciis mizania, konkretul SemTxvevebSi, kandidatis mier pasuxis gacemis valdebulebis gansazRvra.

dasaSveb SekiTxvebs miekuTvneba kandidatis profesiuli unarebis, Cveve-bisa da kvalifikaciis, aseve, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebi. damsaqmebels aqvs aseTi tipis SekiTxvebze pasuxis miRebis legitimuri interesi, amitom

24 Thüsing, G., Münchner Kommentar zum BGB, 5. Auflage, 2007, Rn. 16.

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kandidati valdebulia, upasuxos maT.25 ZiriTadad dauSvebelia SekiTxva, romelze pasuxis valdebuleba yovel individualur SemTxvevaSi unda Se-fasdes. rac Seexeba dauSvebel SekiTxvebs, winasaxelSekrulebo etapze ar SeiZleba kandidatisTvis iseTi SekiTxvis dasma, rac mis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevas iwvevs da romelze pasuxis moTxovnac scdeba damsaqmeblis inter-esebis marTlzomierebis farglebs. dauSvebelia SekiTxva orsulobisa da ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rac kandidatTa sqesis niSnis mixedviT uTanasworo mopyrobis riskebs gamokveTs.

g) orsulTa dasaqmeba

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi calke ar gamoyofs winasaxelSekrulebo SromiT urTierTobebSi orsulTa uflebebs, aseve, arc orsulobis Tao-baze SekiTxvis dasaSvebobis akrZalvaa sakanonmdeblo doneze mocemuli.

germaniisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis Ta-naxmad, orsulobis Taobaze SekiTxva dauSvebelia26 da, ZiriTadad, miznad isaxavs sqesis niSnis mixedviT kandidatTa uTanasworo mopyrobas. vinaidan orsuloba mxolod qalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli droebiTi movlenaa, dam-saqmebels ekrZaleba am safuZvliT pirTan Sromis xelSekrulebis gafor-mebaze uaris Tqma, miuxedavad imisa, xelSekruleba gansazRvruli vadiT aris dasadebi Tu _ ganusazRvreli.

sainteresoa am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanonis normebis Sedareba. rogorc erTi, aseve meore normatiuli aqti icnobs orsulTa damcav normas, rode-sac Sesasrulebelia mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebiani samuSaoebi. Tumca, normis teqstebs Soris mcire sxvaoba sakiTxis araerTgvarovani inter-pretaciis SesaZleblobas qmnis. Sromis kodeqsis me-4 muxlis me-5 punqtiT akrZalulia orsul qalTan Sromis xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebiani samuSaos Sesasruleblad, xolo genderuli Tanasworo-bis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis me-4 punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, uzrunvelyofilia or-suli qalebis Sromis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, rac gamoricxavs maT saqmianobas mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebian garemoSi. Sromis kodeqsis Canawerisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aqcenti keTdeba orsul qalTan mZime sam-uSaoebis Sesasruleblad xelSekrulebis dadebis akrZalvaze, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanoniT, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos orsulTa mier mZime samuSaoebis Sesrulebis akrZalva da ara aseTi tipis samuSaoebze xelSekrulebis dadebis SezRudva.

orsulTa mier mZime, mavne an saSiS pirobebiani samuSaoebis Sesasrule-blad xelSekrulebis dadebis amkrZalavi imperatiuli norma damsaqme-bels aniWebs mZime samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad, xelSekrulebis momza-debis etapze, qalebisTvis orsulobis Taobaze SekiTxvis dasmis uflebas da informaciis miRebis interess legitimurs xdis. aseTi qmedeba sqesis

25 Wisskirchen/Bissels, Das Fragerecht des Arbeitgebers bei Einstellung unter Berücksichtigung des AGG, NZA 4/2007, S. 170. 26 Euler, A., Zulässigkeit der Frage nach einer Schwerbehinderung nach Einführung des Benachteiligungsverbots des §81 Abs. 2 SGB IX, 2004, S. 70-71.

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niSnis mixedviT qalTa diskriminacias udebs safuZvels. amitom umjobe-sia, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kan-onis msgavsad, aqcenti gakeTdes ara xelSekrulebis dadebis akrZalvaze, aramed orsulTa mier mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebiani samuSaoebis Ses-rulebis akrZalvaze.

2. saxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis akrZalva

dasaqmebis sferoSi sqesis niSnis mixedviT pirTa Tanaswori mopyrobisT-vis saWiroa, SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, Sromis Tanabari da Rirseuli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba. vinaidan Sesrulebuli samuSaos sanacvlo anazRaureba SromiTi urTierTobis ar-sebiTi elementia, aucilebelia SromiT urTierTobebSi qalisa da mamaka-cis Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabrad anazRaureba.

garda amisa, gansakuTrebul dacvas eqvemdebareba samuSao adgilze dasaqmebulTa piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebisa da maTi Rirsebis dacva damsaqmeblis mxridan Seviwroebisas, romelic SesaZloa seqsualuri xas-iaTisac iyos.

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar icnobs arc Tanabar anazRaurebasa da arc Seviwroebis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebul pirdapir Canawerebs.

a) Tanaswori anazRaureba

qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari SromisTvis Tanabari anazRaureba (Pay Gap) Sromis samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi antidiskriminaciuli princip-ia, romlis dacvis garantiebsac araerTi saerTaSoriso aqti moicavs. Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis es principi Tavad evrokavSiris sadam-fuZneblo dokumentaciaSi (evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 119-e muxli)27 erT-erTi pirveli Canaweri iyo. genderu-li Tanasworobis sakiTxebze samarTlis eqspertebis evropulma qselma 2010 wels SeimuSava kvleva evrokavSiris wevr qveynebsa da damatebiT eqvs saxelmwifoSi Pay Gap-is samarTlebriv perspeqtivebTan mimarTebiT,28 ri-Tac kidev erTxel gausva xazi sakiTxis mniSvnelobas da Tanasworobis principis faqtobriv uzrunvelyofaze muSaobis gaZlierebis mizans.

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi am sakiTxsac diskriminaciis akrZalvis zog-adi normis qveS moiazrebs da misi gamoyenebis farglebis dadgenas samar-TalSemfardeblebis interpretacias uqvemdebarebs.

1997 wlidan, saqarTvelos parlamentis mier „mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb konvenciis“ (konven-cia #100) ratificirebiT,29 saerTaSoriso normas saqarTvelos terito-riaze arsebul urTierTobebze pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala mieniWa.

27 Schrittwieser, B., Gleichbehandlung im Arbeitsrecht, AR 7, 2011, S. 17.28 The Gender Pay Gap in Europe from a Legal Perspective (including 33 country reports), 2010. დეტალურად იხ. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_pay_gap/genderpaygapfromlegalperspective-nov2010_en.pdf 29 ძალაშია საქართველოს პარლამენტის 1996 წლის 29 მაისის N 153 დადგენილებით.

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dasaqmebis adgilze Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis sanacvlod Tanabari anazRaurebis meqanizmis amoqmedebisTvis aucilebelia Tavad anazRaure-bis terminis definicia, rasac aseve ar Seicavs erovnuli Sromis kanonmde-bloba. Tumca, konvenciis miznebisTvis, mis pirvel muxlSi anazRaureba ganmartebulia, rogorc Cveulebrivi ZiriTadi minimaluri xelfasi, an anazRaureba, romelsac samuSaos SesrulebisTvis, pirdapir an iribad, fu-liT an naturiT mewarme uxdis mSromels. xolo mamakacTa da qalTa Tana-bari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaureba exeba anazRaurebis iseT ganakveTs, romelic ganisazRvreba sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciis gareSe. terminTa dazustebis Semdeg konvencia wevri saxelmwifoebisT-vis adgens yvela dasaqmebulis mimarT mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rire-bulebis Sromis Tanabari gansazRvris principis gamoyenebis uzrunvelyo-fas, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gziT.

b) Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba

dasaqmebis adgilze Seviwroebisa da seqsualuri Seviwroebis Tematikis mimoxilvisTvis, aucilebelia Tavad am terminebis sakanonmdeblo ganmartebis Sefaseba. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi icnobs Seviwroebis termins, rogorc diskriminaciis zogadi definiciis erT-erT elements, Tumca, ar ganmartavs seqsualur Seviwroebas. Sk-is me-2 muxlis me-4 punq-tis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs, rom diskriminacia SeiZleba iyos: a) piris pirdapiri an arapirdapiri Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas, anda b) pirisaTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqm-na, romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analo-giur pirobebSi myof sxva pirTan SedarebiT.

2002/73/EC evrodireqtivaSi aRniSnulia, rom adamianis Seviwroeba, maT Soris seqsualuri xasiaTis, warmoadgens qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswori mopyrobis principis xelyofas. amitom, aucilebelia cnebebis gansaz-Rvra, aseTi saxis diskriminaciis akrZalva ara mxolod ukve arsebul SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, aramed xelSekrulebis momzadebis etapze.30 terminTa ganmartebebi direqtivis pirvelsave muxlSia mocemu-li, romlis Tanaxmadac, Seviwroeba aris adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sqesTan dakavSirebuli arasasurveli qceva, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs adamianis Rirsebis xelyofas da qmnis damaSinebel, mtrul, damam-cirebel, Rirsebis Semlaxvel an Seuracxmyofel garemos.

evrodireqtivisa da saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis normebis Sinaarsi identuri ar aris. direqtiva Seviwroebas diskriminaciis akrZalvis zo-gadi normisgan calke gamoyofs, radgan, diskriminaciis klasikuri gage-bisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis drosac aucilebelia piris analogiur pir-Tan SedarebiT uTanasworo mopyrobis Sefaseba, Seviwroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavad faqti _ qceva (sxva pirTan Sedarebis gareSe) qmnis diskriminacias.31 gansxvavebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia direqtivis Canaweri imasTan dakav-SirebiT, rom Seviwroeba, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamianis Rirsebas xelyofs,

30 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:269:0015:0020:DE:PDF 31 Hümmerich/Boecken/Düwell, Anwaltskommentar, Arbeitsrecht, Band 1, 2008, S. 63.

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an miznad isaxavs aseT xelyofas. normis qarTuli analogiT ki, Rirsebis Semlaxveli garemos Seqmna Seviwroebis erT-erTi saxea.

am mxriv, sainteresoa genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti, romelic SromiT urTierTobebSi krZalavs piris devnas anda iZulebas, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas. muxlis Sinaarsi Sromis kodeqsis Canaweris msgavsia, magram aqac kanonmdebeli ar uTiTebs, rom msgavsi qceva SromiT urTierTobebSi piris Seviwroebaa. amave muxliT gansazRvrulia, rom SromiT urTierTobebSi dauSvebelia seqsualuri xasiaTis nebismieri arasasurveli sityvieri, arasityvieri an fizikuri qceva, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs piris Rirsebis Selaxvas an misTvis damamcirebeli, mtruli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas. es ukanaskneli faqtobrivad adgens dasaqmebis adgilze seqsualuri Seviwroebis akrZalvas.

2002/73/EC evrodireqtivis ganmartebiT, seqsualuri Seviwroebaa seqsua-luri xasiaTis nebismieri arasasurveli qceva, romelic gamoxatulia ara-sasurveli verbaluri, araverbaluri an fizikuri formiT da iwvevs anda miznad isaxavs adamianis Rirsebis xelyofas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-sac iqmneba damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemo.

g) dekretuli Svebuleba

dekretul SvebulebasTan dakavSirebiT problemuria mamakacis mier am uflebis realizaciisa da normaTa koliziis sakiTxi, rac saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Canawersa da „orsulobis, mSobiarobis da bavSvis movlis, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebis anazRaurebis wesis“ damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2006 wlis #231/n brZanebas Soris arsebobs. saqarTve-los Sromis kodeqsis 27-e muxli adgens dasaqmebulis Svebulebis uflebas orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo, sadac uflebis subieq-tad gansazRvrulia dasaqmebuli _ konkretul sqesze miniSnebis gareSe. dasaqmebulSi moiazreba rogorc mamakaci, aseve qali. Tumca, brZanebiT damtkicebuli wesis me-10 muxlis me-6 punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom orsu-lobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da, Sesabamisad, anazRaureba orsuli (mSobiare) qalis ojaxis wevrebs ar miecemaT, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mSobiare qalis gardacvalebis gamo, cocxali bavS-vis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebas iRebs bavSvis mama an meurve piri. es Canaweri dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT mamakacTa aralegit-imur diskriminacias awesebs da ewinaaRmdegeba organuli kanonis (saqarT-velos Sromis kodeqsis) moTxovnebs.

sagulisxmoa, rom Sromis kodeqsi saqarTvelos teritoriaze SromiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli ZiriTadi kanonia, romelic, konstituci-iT garantirebuli Sromis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare, adgens dasaqmebulis dacvis minimalur standartebs, romlebic calkeuli ufle-bebis saxiT konkretdeba. #231/n brZaneba ki proceduruli xasiaTis teqni-kur normaTa erTobliobas moicavs, rasac mxolod garkveuli instruqciis funqcia SeiZleba hqondes. amitom aucilebelia, rom is ierarqiulad masze

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ufro maRla mdgom normatiul aqtebTan _ saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, saqarTvelos organul kanonTan SesabamisobaSi iyos.

3. pozitiuri RonisZiebebi

adamianTa formaluri Tanasworobis principi garantirebulia araerTi samarTlebrivi aqtiT, magram, vinaidan adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxva-vdebian, maTi Tanasworobis realuri uzrunvelyofisTvis aucilebelia am gansxvavebis gaTvaliswineba da, rig SemTxvevebSi, uTanasworo pirobebSi myof pirTa araTanaswori mopyrobis legitimacia. am mizans emsaxureba e.w. pozitiuri diskriminacia _ RonisZiebebi, riTac gansxvavebul pirTa dif-erenciacia gamarTlebulia.

saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdebloba ar icnobs pozitiuri RonisZiebis cnebas da Sk-is me-2 muxlis me-5 punqtSi ganmartavs pirTa gansxvavebis iseT winapirobebs, romelTa arsebobisas uTanasworo mopyroba diskrim-inaciad ar CaiTvleba. kerZod, pirTa gansxvavebis aucilebloba, rome-lic samuSaos arsidan, specifikidan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan ga-momdinareobs, emsaxureba kanonieri miznis miRwevas da aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba ar warmoadgens diskriminacias. kanonmdebeli normis gamoyenebas ramdenime kumulatiur winapirobas uka-vSirebs _ pirTa gansxvavebis aucilebloba: a) samuSaos arsidan, specifi-kidan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan gamomdinareobs; b) emsaxureba kanon-ieri miznis miRwevas da g) aris miznis miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebe-li saSualeba. Tu romelime piroba saxeze ar aris, maSin pirTa gansxvaveba dasaSvebi aRar iqneba. Sromis kodeqsis es Canaweri negatiuri diskrimi-naciis Tavidan acilebas isaxavs miznad da ara pozitiuri diskriminaciis dasaSvebobis reglamentacias, maSin rodesac evropuli sivrcis araerTi qveynis kanonmdebloba, gansxvavebul adamianTaTvis Tanabari Sansebis Ses-aqmnelad, pozitiur RonisZiebebs dasaSvebad miiCnevs da upiratesobebis miniWebas samuSaos arss an specifikas ar ukavSirebs, riTac, faqtobrivad, uTanasworo pirobebSi myofTaTvis Tanasworobis garantiebi iqmneba.

Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad (pozitiuri RonisZiebebi), pirTa gansxvavebuli mopyroba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTx-vevebSi, Tu konkretuli niSnis mixedviT uaryofiTi Sedegebi Sesabamisi da Tanazomieri RonisZiebiT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli an gamosworebuli.32

praqtikuli SemTxveva: samsaxurSi misaRebad kandidatTa SerCevis-as, dadgenili kvotis farglebSi qalebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia.

32 Hümmerich/Boecken/Düwell, Anwaltskommentar, Arbeitsrecht, Band 1, 2008, S. 65.

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IV. SromiT urTierTobebSi genderuli diskriminaciis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi

dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciis akrZalvis Ses-axeb norma, rogorc saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqssa da genderuli Tanaswo-robis Sesaxeb kanonSi, aseve saqarTveloSi ratificirebul araerT saer-TaSoriso aqtSia mocemuli. kanonmdebeli ganmartavs diskriminaciis cne-bas, uTiTebs konkretul niSnebs, romelTa mixedviTac dauSvebelia pirTa uTanasworo mopyroba, adgens gansxvavebis aucileblobis legitimaciis winapirobebs, Tumca, samuSao adgilze diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi, ra san-qciebi (samarTlebrivi Sedegebi) SeiZleba dadges da, aqedan gamomdinare, risi moTxovnis ufleba aqvs dasaqmebuls an dasaqmebis kandidats, amis Taobaze Canawerebs ar icnobs. pirs, romlis uflebac samuSaoze xelmisaw-vdomobis Tu ukve arsebuli SromiTi urTierTobebis etapze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciiT dairRva, unda SeeZlos darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad sasamarTlosadmi konkretuli samarTlebrivi moTxovniT mimarTva. moTxovnebi samarTlebriv safuZvlebzea damyarebuli da kano-nis teqstidan unda gamomdinareobdes. vinaidan Sromis kodeqsis pirvelive muxlis me-2 punqtSi aris daTqma SromiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebel aqtebTan dakavSirebiT, rac saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, diskriminaciis samarTlebrivi Sedegebic swored am normatiuli aqtis mixedviT unda Sefasdes. moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis sqemebis ageba da misi analizi mniSvnelovnad gaamartivebs uflebadarRveuli pirebisTvis sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis process.

1. diskriminaciis amkrZalavi normis darRveva _ SromiTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi saxe

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e da 317-e muxlebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, valdebulebis ZaliT, mxare uflebamosilia, meore mxares mosTxovos moqmedebis Sesruleba, rac SeiZleba moqmedebisgan Tavis Seka-vebaSic gamoixatebodes. SesaZlebelia, valdebuleba yovel mxares meore mxaris uflebebisa da qonebisadmi gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas akis-rebdes. imavdroulad, valdebulebis warmoSobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sa-fuZveli xelSekrulebaa, Tumca, kanoni dasaSvebad miiCnevs valdebulebis warmoSobas jer kidev xelSekrulebis momzadebis etapze.

damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZ-veli Sromis xelSekrulebaa, romelic mxareebs garkveul moTxovnebs aniWebs da valdebulebebs akisrebs. damsaqmeblisTvis erT-erTi aseTi saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba dasaqmebulis aradiskriminaciuli mopy-robaa, romelic man, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-2 pun-qtis Tanaxmad, jer kidev winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobisas unda da-icvas.

Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebis Tanaxmad, SromiTsamarTlebrivi SeTanxmebis pirobebi, romelic diskrim-inaciis akrZalvis normas ewinaaRmdegeba, ar aris namdvili, xolo dam-saqmeblis mier konkretuli niSnis, maT Soris sqesis, mixedviT dasaqmebu-lis mimarT diskriminaciuli mopyroba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevaa. germaneli kanonmdeblis mier aseTi cxadi Canaweris gakeTebiT

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iqmneba dasaqmebulis moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. am normaze dayrdnobiT, pirs SeuZlia, mimarTos sasamarTlos.

diskriminaciaa aseve piris Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas (saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqti). SromiT urTierTobebSi nebismieri saxis Seviwroeba iwvevs dasaqmebulis Rirsebis xelyofas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis da-sasabuTeblad SesaZloa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis gamoyeneba, romelic piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebs aregulirebs.

2. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba

Tu damsaqmeblis mier diskriminaciis akrZalvis valdebulebis darRveva ganixileba, rogorc saxelSekrulebo (an winasaxelSekrulebo) SromiT-samarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRveva, SesaZloa, saqarTvelos samoqa-laqo kodeqsidan gamomdinare, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo, mx-aris mier zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis gamoyeneba. samarTle-briv safuZvlad unda mieTiTos saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-3, me-4 punqtebi da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e, 317-e da 394-e muxlis pirveli punqti. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, movalis mier val-debulebis darRvevisas, kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba.

garda amisa, SromiT urTierTobebSi Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroe-ba dasaqmebulisTvis Rirsebis Semlaxvel garemos qmnis da, aqedan gamom-dinare, aniWebs mas, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 da me-6 punqtebze miTiTebiT, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas, rac Tavis mxriv, rogorc materialuri, aseve moraluri zianis anazRaurebas moicavs.

sainteresoa am mxriv Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-15 muxlis me-2 punqtis Canaweri,33 romlis Tanaxmad, winasaxelSekrulebo urTier-TobebSi damsaqmeblis mier diskriminaciis akrZalvis valdebulebis dar-Rvevisas, aseT madiskriminirebel garemoSi myof kandidats ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos moraluri zianis anazRaurebac. zianis odenoba ar SeiZleba aRematebodes am konkretuli vakansiisTvis gaTvaliswinebul 3 Tvis xel-fass. samTvian xelfasze SezRudva ar gamoiyeneba maSin, Tu kandidatTan SromiTi xelSekruleba daideboda, diskriminaciis akrZalvis moTxovna rom Sesrulebuliyo.

Seviwroebasa da seqsualur SeviwroebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanaswori mopy-robis Sesaxeb kanonis me-14 muxli icnobs dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis SesaZleblobas, ise, rom inarCunebs xelfasis miRebis uflebas manam, sanam damsaqmebeli ar miiRebs Sesabamis zomebs Se-viwroebis (seqsualuri Seviwroebis) aRsakveTad.

33 Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG), Arbeitsgesetze, dtv, 74. Auflage, 2009, S. 70.

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3. mtkicebis tvirTi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad, pro-cesis TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos is garemoebani, romlebzedac igi Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels amyarebs. imavdroulad, qvemdebar-obis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, amave kodeqsis me-11 muxli adgens, rom sa-samarTloebi samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganixilaven saqmeebs darRveuli Tu sadavod qceuli uflebis, aseve, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebu-li interesebis dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris, SromiTi urTierTobebidan war-moSobil davebs.

2013 wels saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Semdeg, normatiul aqtSi gaCnda novacia SromiTi urTierTobebis Sewyve-tisas diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli davisas mtkicebis tvirTis modificirebis Taobaze. kerZod, Sk 37-e muxlis me-3 punqtis „b“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia Sromis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta diskriminaciis safuZvliT. Sk-is me-402 muxlma ki gansazRvra, rom mxaris mier diskriminaciis gamo Sromis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis dauSveblobis safuZvliT Setanil sarCelze mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba damsaqmebels, Tu dasaqmebuli miuTiTebs im garemoebebze, romlebic qmnis gonivruli varaudis safuZvels, rom damsaqmebeli Sk 37-e muxlis me-3 punqtis „b“ qve-punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnis darRveviT moqmedebda. aRniSnuli mniSvnelovnad umsubuqebs dasaqmebuls diskriminaciis arsebobis mtkice-bis tvirTs sasamarTloSi. Tumca, es Canaweri moqmedebs mxolod Sromis urTierTobebis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebuli davebisas da ar vrceldeba winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze.

V. daskvna

genderuli Tanasworobis safuZvlebis, qarTul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi misi regulirebis, aseve evrokavSirisa da Sromis saerTaSoriso organi-zaciis strategiuli mimarTulebebis, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaci-is midgomebis analizma warmoaCina sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli is xedvebi da politika, rac Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv Tu saerTaSoriso doneze amJamad arsebobs. kvlevaSi warmodge-nili iyo winasaxelSekrulebo da saxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi sqesis niSniT diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi da maTi Tavidan acilebis/marTvis konkretuli meqanizmebi, aseve, is Ses-aZlo samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, rac dasaqmebis adgilze uTanasworo mopy-robasTan, SeviwroebasTanaa kavSirSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi 2013 wels ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebi, diskriminaciis akrZalvis mxriv, dasaqmebulis dacvis standartebis gaumjobesebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, mainc ikveTe-ba SromiT urTierTobebSi genderis kuTxiT uTanasworo mopyrobis sa-frTxeebi. kvlevaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis SejamebiT, SesaZlebelia Semde-gi daskvnebis gakeTeba:

− imisaTvis, rom winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebriv urTier-TobebSi diskriminaciis akrZalvis norma realurad iyos uzrunve-lyofili, aucilebelia damsaqmeblis mier vakansiis Taobaze ga-

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keTebuli gancxadebis neitraluri formulireba. damsaqmeblis es valdebuleba sakanonmdeblo doneze unda iyos gawerili;

− kandidatis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSualeba gasaubrebaa. gasaubrebisas dasmul SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebi ki gadamwyvetia dasaqmebis Taoba-ze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. Sesabamisad, gasaubrebis procesis regulirebis miRma datoveba genderuli niSniT diskriminaciis riskebs warmoSobs. kanonmdeblis mier unda moxdes SekiTxvaTa klasifikacia, gasaubrebis procesis mowesrigeba da dauSvebel SekiTxvaTa konkretizacia;

− dasaqmebis sferoSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobisT-vis, sqesis niSnis mixedviT arapirdapiri diskriminaciisgan orsul-Ta dacvis damatebiTi meqanizmebis Seqmna saerTaSoriso praqtiki-Taa aRiarebuli. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-4 muxlis me-5 punqti amarTlebs mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebian samuSaoze mis-aRebad qalebisTvis orsulobis Taobaze SekiTxvis dasmas, rac ma-makacebTan SedarebiT maTi uTanasworo mopyrobis da damsaqmeblis TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis SesaZleblobas qmnis. amitom, unda aikrZalos orsuli qalebis mier mZime, mavne da saSiS pirobebi-ani samuSaos Sesruleba da ara _ msgavsi samuSaos Sesrulebis mizniT maTTan xelSekrulebis dadeba;

− miuxedavad imisa, rom qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari Rirebulebis SromisTvis Tanabari anazRaureba saqarTveloSi ratificirebuli konvenciiTa aRiarebuli, Pay Gap-is principis dasanergad saWi-roa misi diskriminaciis akrZalvis zogadi normidan gamoyofa da calke Camoyalibeba;

− qalisa da mamakacisTvis dekretuli Svebulebis uflebis Tana-bari uzrunvelyofisTvis, aucilebelia kanonqvemdebare aqte-bis saqarTvelos organul kanonTan _ saqarTvelos Sromis ko-deqsTan _ SesabamisobaSi moyvana;

− faqtobrivad uTanasworo pirobebSi myof pirTa Tanaswori mopy-robis garantiebis Sesaqmnelad, SromiT urTierTobebSi genderu-li Tanasworobis momwesrigebel aqtebSi unda dakonkretdes po-zitiuri diskriminaciis cneba;

− saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtSi aRreulia Seviwroebisa da diskriminaciis cnebebi. kanonmdebeli Seviwroebis kategorias iseve ukavSirebs komparatoris arsebobas, rogorc es diskriminaciis sxva SemTxvevebSia mocemuli, riTac auaresebs da-saqmebulis dacvis standarts. amitom aucilebelia, SromiTi ur-TierTobebis maregulirebel ZiriTad kanonSi gaimijnos Seviw-roebisa da diskriminaciis cnebebi, riTac Seviwroebis Sefaseba aRar iqneba damokidebuli analogiur pirobebSi myof hipoTe-tur dasaqmebulTan Sedarebaze;

− imisaTvis, rom diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi SromiTsamarTlebri-vi urTierTobis subieqtma SeZlos uflebaTa dacva, uTanasworo mopyrobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi Sromis kanonmdeblobiT unda

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iyos dakonkretebuli. amitom mizanSewonilia, saqarTvelos Sro-mis kodeqsSi gaCndes Canaweri, rom damsaqmeblis mier konkre-tuli niSnis/niSnebis mixedviT diskriminaciis akrZalva Sro-miTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erT saxes war-moadgens;

− diskriminaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb mtkicebis tvirTTan mimarTe-biT, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-402 muxlis moqmedeba unda vrceldebodes ara mxolod SromiTi urTierTobebis Sewyvetis etapze, aramed winasaxelSekrulebo da saxelSekrulebo ur-TierTobebzec.

da bolos, aucilebelia genderis sakiTxis mudmivi kvleva, Tanamedrove tendenciebis Seswavla, informaciis sistematizacia da praqtikidan gamokveTil sakiTxebze Sesabamisi reagireba, imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad Semcirdes dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacia da uz-runvelyofil iqnes qalTa da mamakacTa socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi Tanabari CarTulobis xelSewyoba.