11

EXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTSEXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTS

Agriculture: Agriculture: impacts on food securityimpacts on food securityNatural resources: Natural resources: water, energy,water, energy,……Health Health Social change: Social change: conflictsconflictsIncreasing Increasing natural disastersnatural disasters

22

Climate change is unequivocal Climate change is unequivocal and globaland global

Frequency of heavyprecipitation

events increasing

Tropical cycloneintensity

increasing

Extreme temperatures

increasing

More intense and longer droughts Area of

seasonally frozen ground decreasing

Glaciers and snow over decreasing

Sea level rise

Ocean heat content

increasing

Tropospherictemperatures

increasing

Surface temperatures

increasing

UNEQUIVOCAL

IPCC

33

44

HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA

55

HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA

66

CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGONIN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON

77

DISASTERS

SUDDEN TECHNOLOGICALSLOW ENVIRONMENTAL

NATURAL DISASTERS HUMAN DISASTERS

- Greenhouse effect- Deforestation - Uncontrolled town

planning, megacities - Drying Lakes

- Chemistry (Bhopal, AZT)

- Nuclear (Chernobyl) - Oil spill

- Desertification- Drought

INTERACTIONS COMPLEX DISASTERS

- Earthquakes - Tsunami- Volcanic Eruptions - Floods - Landslides - Storms, Hurricanes, - Cyclones

88

HAZARD x VULNERABILITY = RISK

H x V = R

99

IncreasingIncreasing vulnerabilityvulnerability//complexitycomplexity

DevelopmentDevelopment of of megacitiesmegacities

GrowingGrowing interinter--connectionconnection naturalnatural //technologicaltechnological disastersdisasters

TechnologicalTechnological dependancedependance (power, computers, (power, computers, communication communication systemssystems))

GrowingGrowing globalizationglobalization == growinggrowing interdependencyinterdependency = = growinggrowing vulnerabilityvulnerability fromfrom distant distant disastersdisasters

«« InconceivableInconceivable »» eventsevents

1010

BREAKING THE LINK

HAZARDS ARE INEVITABLE

DISASTERS ARE NOT INEVITABLE

•Prevention

•Preparedness

•Risk management

1111

1212

HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY 2 STORM ON AUGUST 162 STORM ON AUGUST 16

1313

HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18

1414

CYCONES IN CYCONES IN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

FactsFacts::

In 1970, a cyclone In 1970, a cyclone causedcaused 400.000 400.000 deathsdeaths and and leftleft 1.3 million 1.3 million homelesshomeless

Installation of a cyclone Installation of a cyclone earlyearly warning systemwarning system

In 1985, In 1985, thanksthanks to the to the earlyearly warning, a cyclone of warning, a cyclone of samesame intensityintensity causedcaused a a numbernumber of of deathsdeaths limitedlimited to 10.000to 10.000

1515

CYCLONE NARGIS CYCLONE NARGIS APPROACHING BANGLADESH: APPROACHING BANGLADESH:

MAY 1, 2008MAY 1, 2008: :

1616

CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGONIN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON

1717

MYANMAR CYCLONEMYANMAR CYCLONE••Inadequate warning and Inadequate warning and evacuation systemsevacuation systems••Inadequate advance Inadequate advance preparationspreparations••Limited expertise for Limited expertise for disaster assistancedisaster assistance

1818

West Coast of Aceh(Widjo Kongko, 2005) (after Kameda)

1919

Barriers to disaster reductionBarriers to disaster reduction

• perception of inevitability; fatalism

• prevention measures neglected

• information about natural disasters and disaster reduction techniques is not disseminated

• planning divorced from hazard management

2020

Women are more vulnerable to natural hazards

Women are key actors in disaster preparedness

2121

Women constitute up to 80% of refugee and displaced populations

In emergency situations women and children make up 70 to 80% of those needing assistance

((IUCN)IUCN)

2222

Bangladesh Cyclone 1991Bangladesh Cyclone 1991

Women aged 20Women aged 20--44: death rate was 71 44: death rate was 71 per 1000per 1000

Men aged 20Men aged 20--44: death rate was 15 44: death rate was 15 per 1000per 1000

((IUCN)IUCN)

2323

WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE

BBiologicaliological, social and , social and economicaleconomical differencesdifferences

1.1. Women have less access to resourcesWomen have less access to resources

2.2. Women are victims of the gendered Women are victims of the gendered division of labourdivision of labour

3. 3. Women are primarily responsible for Women are primarily responsible for domestic duties, are caregiversdomestic duties, are caregivers

2424

WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLEWHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE

BBiologicaliological, social and , social and economicaleconomical differencesdifferences

4. Early warning systems are Early warning systems are orientatedorientated towardstowards malesmales

5. After a natural disaster, womenwomen are more are more likelylikely to to becomebecome victimsvictims of of domesticdomestic and and sexualsexual violenceviolence

6. Migration due to 6. Migration due to climateclimate change change willwill leaveleave womenwomen behindbehind

2525

TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: DESPAIRDESPAIR

2626

2727

2828

WomenWomen’’s role in Disaster Risk s role in Disaster Risk ManagementManagement

WOMEN ARE KEY WOMEN ARE KEY ACTORS IN ACTORS IN BUILDING, BUILDING, SHAPING AND SHAPING AND SUSTAINING SUSTAINING RESILIENT RESILIENT COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

Photo Credit: Joanne Omang

2929

WomenWomen’’s role in Disaster Risk s role in Disaster Risk ManagementManagement

Women respond to disastersWomen respond to disasters

Building houses; digging wells and ditches; Building houses; digging wells and ditches; hauling water and building shelters, hauling water and building shelters, considered as considered as ““malemale”” tasks.tasks.

Forming groups and networks which is essential Forming groups and networks which is essential in disaster preparedness and mitigation.in disaster preparedness and mitigation.

3030

WomenWomen’’s role in Disaster Risk Managements role in Disaster Risk Management

Women play decisionWomen play decision--making roles in disaster issues making roles in disaster issues

WomenWomen and and youngyoung girls girls playplay an important an important rolerole in in theirtheirfamiliesfamilies and and communitiescommunities (in (in healthhealth, , educationeducation and and childcarechildcare). ).

Posted by Mayan Families; www.mayanfamilies.org/6a61re2.jpg

3131

Promote Gender ConcernsPromote Gender Concerns

Launch global campaign on disaster reduction in which

gender is fully mainstreamed

Urge governments: policies and strategies with gender balanced approaches

Establish focal points to promote gender balanced

approaches at all levels

3232

Looking to Natural Disasters from a Looking to Natural Disasters from a Gender PerspectiveGender Perspective

Respond to women's needs and concerns

Acknowledge women’s vulnerable status

Gender-based approach

to the study on natural disasters

Assure women’s access to relief resources

Strengthen the dialogue within & between communities and the national government & capacity-building

Increase efforts in promoting gender equalities

Ensure women’s access to policy-making, information and knowledge on disaster reduction

3333

Good practices and Lessons LearnedGood practices and Lessons Learned

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 –– ““GarifunaGarifunaEmergency Committee of HondurasEmergency Committee of Honduras”” was created to was created to promote womenpromote women’’s leadership in decisions leadership in decision--making making roles. roles. Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 ––““Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation ProgrammesTsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes””were led by women from the communities involved.were led by women from the communities involved.Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 –– ““PotoharPotohar Organization Organization for Development Advocacy (PODA)for Development Advocacy (PODA)”” promotes promotes womenwomen’’s rights following a disaster.s rights following a disaster.

3434

Fresh water management should take into account the needs and roleboth of men and women through an equitable approach

3535

Women and WaterWomen and Water

They have major role in They have major role in managingmanagingcommunal & safe maintaining communal & safe maintaining regulation & control of the social useregulation & control of the social use

ofofWATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY

3636

Women: collectors, users & Women: collectors, users & managers of watermanagers of water

They provide household water

They cook, clean & take care of the sick

They have vital role in agriculture

3737

Limited access to energy has a disproportionate effect on

women, especially in rural areas.

-Risk for their health and safety

-They are not able to perform essential child-care

- Limits the opportunities for better education

- Electricity is essential for creating new employment opportunities

- Energy services enable improved food production and human well-being

- Energy poverty is a main factor for increased migration

ENERGY IS A KEY FACTOR IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

3838

DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATIONLESS PAYMENT

LESS EDUCATION

LESS ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES

LESS FINANCIAL RESOURCES

BEING MORE EXPOSED TO RISKS

BEING EXCLUDED OF PLANNING & DECISION MAKING

3939

The United Nations system engaged in The United Nations system engaged in disaster reductiondisaster reduction

World Meteorological Organization

WORLD BANK

4040

UUnitednitedNNationsations

EEducationalducationalSScientificcientific ((natural, environmental, social)natural, environmental, social)CCulturalultural ((culture, communication, information)culture, communication, information)

OOrganizationrganization

4141

LongLong--termterm GoalsGoalsObservation and early warning networks of natural Observation and early warning networks of natural hazards hazards

Hazard risk mappingHazard risk mapping

DisasterDisaster--resistant building codesresistant building codes

Education for Education for disasterdisaster reductionreduction

Help Help makemake schoolsschools safersafer

Promotion of public awareness through communicationPromotion of public awareness through communication

Protection of cultural monuments and sitesProtection of cultural monuments and sites

4242

Hydrological hazardsHydrological hazards

Studies of hydrological processes of floods, Studies of hydrological processes of floods, Design of engineering works for flood control;Design of engineering works for flood control;Development of a decisionDevelopment of a decision--support system for urban support system for urban water disaster mitigation;water disaster mitigation;International Flood Programme/Initiative.International Flood Programme/Initiative.

4343

InternationalInternationalConsortium on Consortium on LandslidesLandslides

4444

Drought/desertificationDrought/desertification

The Man and Biosphere Programme The Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB)(MAB)..