Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
-
Upload
griffith-breda -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 1/188
Bjomjr lom
Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
Yl` Oleelrf lom Irjml Brfhhftc
M F Y J G ] F K O W F O M J X J E K ^ D J O ]
Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 2/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 3/188
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 4/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 5/188
Bjomjr lom
Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgyYl` Oleelrf lom Irjml Brfhhftc
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 6/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 7/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 8/188
Loojx L0 Glegueltfob tcj Bjomjr-Yjeltjm
Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) hkr ]clfelom 76
Loojx I0 Glegueltfob tcj Bjomjr
Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) hkr
Yjpðiefgl Ikefvlrflol mj Xjojzujel =9
Loojx G0 Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr
Fomfgltkrs ==
Oktjs =:
Ifiefkbrlpcy =8
Gclptjr 7 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs =6]cj Ckusjckem lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg
Lbbrjbltjs =6
Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Gkosudptfko :<
Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Wlvfobs :3
Gkogeusfko 8>
Oktjs 8>
Ifiefkbrlpcy 8<
Gclptjr = Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 8:
Wtltfstfgle Yjeltfkoscfps 8:
]cjkrjtfgle Gkosfmjrltfkos 83
Jdpfrfgle Wtumfjs 2=
Jgkokdfg Brkwtc lom Bjomjr Fojqulefty 26
Gkogeusfko 3>
Oktjs 3<
Ifiefkbrlpcy 39
Gclptjr : Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 32
Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 33
Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs 6>
Jmugltfko 67
Zojdpekydjot Yltjs 68
Rlbj Yltjs 66
Jdpekydjot iy Wjgtkr <><
Wtltus kh Jdpekydjot <>=Gkogeusfko <>2
Oktjs <>2
Ifiefkbrlpcy <>3
vf Gkotjots
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 9/188
Gclptjr 8 Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos,
lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <<<
Bekilefzltfko lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos <<<
^kefgy Yjspkosjs tk tcj Grfsfs <9>
Gkogeusfko <9>
Oktjs <9<
Ifiefkbrlpcy <9<
Gclptjr 2 Bjomjr lom Hfologj <9:
Lggjss tk Grjmft <98
Rck Fs ^rkvfmfob Hfologj; <96Gkogeusfko <7=
Oktjs <7=
Ifiefkbrlpcy <7:
Gclptjr 3 Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <76
Rcy lom Ckw <=>
Gkuotry Jxldpejs <=:
Gkogeusfko <:>Oktjs <:>
Ifiefkbrlpcy <:<
Gclptjr 6 Gkogeusfko <:7
Fomjx <:2
Ikxjs
<.< Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Rkdjo 6
3.< ]ypjs kh Bjomjr-Wjosftfvj Bkvjrodjot Jxpjomfturjs <=<
3.9 Loleytfgle lom ]jgcofgle ]kkes kh Bjomjr-Yjspkosfvj
Bkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob <==
Hfburjs
<.< Dlej tk Hjdlej Jorkeedjot Yltfk ldkob
^kkrjr lom Yfgcjr Gcfemrjo 8‗<= Vjlrs 6
<.9 Wjejgtjm Djlsurjs kh Bjomjr Jqulefty,
iy Gkuotry Fogkdj Ejvje, <62>‗6: <>
Gkotjots vff
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 10/188
<.7 ^rfdlry Wgckke Lttjomlogj iy Bfres lom Ikys,
iy Fogkdj lom Bjkbrlpcfg Lrjl, 9>><‗>3 <<
<.= Bfres‖ vjrsus Ikys‖ Wgckke Jorkeedjot fo
Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos, <66< lom 9>>3 <9
<.: ^jrgjotlbj kh Jdpekyjrs fo ]ktle Jdpekydjot,
iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6 <7
<.8 Lvjrlbj Lgtule lom Gkuotjrhlgtule Looule Brkwtc
fo ^jr Glpftl BO , iy Yjbfko, <68>‗69 <=
<.2 Oudijr kh Bfres pjr <>> Ikys Jorkeejm
fo ]jrtflry Fostftutfkos, <66< lom 9>>3 <:
9.< Bjomjr Jqulefty, Mkdlfos kh Gckfgj, lomJgkokdfg ^jrhkrdlogj0 L Hrldjwkra 99
9.9 Glegueltfob tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx 7>
9.7 Foput lom Kutput Xlrfliejs Lhhjgtfob tcj Jgkokdfg
Ykej kh Rkdjo 7=
9.= Fomjxjs kh Mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost Rkdjo,
iy Yjbfko 7:
7.< Zoftlry lom Gkeejgtfvj Dkmjes kh Bjomjr Myoldfg
lt tcj Ckusjckem Ejvje :<7.9 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs
Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj
Mjgfsfkos Yjblrmfob ]cjfr Cjletc :9
7.7 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs
Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj
Mjgfsfkos ko Mlfey Ckusjckem Jxpjomfturjs :7
=.< Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx lom
Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj vjrsus^jr Glpftl Brkss Mkdjstfg ^rkmugt fo
Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs, 9>>9 82
=.9 Lttlfodjot kh lt Ejlst Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko
lom ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj 2:
:.< Hjdlej Wclrj kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrlots, <66:,
9>>>, lom 9>>: 6>
:.9 Dlej lom Hjdlej Elikr Hkrgj lrtfgfpltfko
Yltjs, iy Yjbfko, <668 lom 9>>8 6<
:.7 Eftjrlgy Yltjs ldkob Vkutc (<:‗9= Vjlrs), iy Yjbfko,<66> lom 9>>: 6=
:.= ^rkbrjss fo Bfres‖ Jorkeedjot Yltjs, iy Yjbfko,
<66>‗9>>: 6:
vfff Gkotjots
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 11/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 12/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 13/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 14/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 15/188
xfff
Yl` Oleelrf dlolbjs tcj Brkwtc lom Gkdpjtftfvjojss ^rlgtfgj lt tcj
Rkrem Iloa Fostftutj. Cj ckems l ^c.M. fo jgkokdfgs hrkd tcj Zofvjrsfty
kh ]jxls lt Lustfo lom cls ijjo wftc tcj Rkrem Iloa sfogj <669. ]cj
gklutckr kh sjvjrle ikkas ko dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko, brkwtc lom
pkvjrty, lom bjomjr fssujs, Dr. Oleelrf cls lesk wrfttjo dkokbrlpcs hkr
tcj Rkrem Iloa lom puiefscjm lrtfgejs fo jgkokdfg `kuroles. Cj glo ij
rjlgcjm lt roleelrfNwkremiloa.krb.
Irjml Brfhhftc cls wkrajm ls l gkosuetlot wftc tcj Rkrem Iloa Fostftutj
sfogj 9>>:, dlfoey fo tcj lrjls kh brkwtc, pkvjrty, lom bjomjr. Wcj ckems
l ^c.M. fo jgkokdfgs hrkd ]rfofty Gkeejbj Muiefo lom lo D.L. fo jgk-
okdfgs hrkd tcj Oltfkole Zofvjrsfty kh Frjelom. Wcj glo ij rjlgcjm lt
irjml[brfhhftcNylckk.gkd.
Likut tcj Lutckrs
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 16/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 17/188
xv
$ Lee mkeelr ldkuots lrj Z.W. mkeelrs
GFW Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs
MCW Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys
BLM bjomjr lom mjvjekpdjot
BMF Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx
BM^ brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt
BJD Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj
BFM Bjomjr, Fostftutfkos lom MjvjekpdjotBO^ brkss oltfkole prkmugt
BYBI bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob
CMF Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx
CMY Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt
FGEW Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr Wtltfstfgflos
FEK Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko
EH^Y elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj
DMB Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot BkleDWJ dfgrk- lom sdlee jotjrprfsj
OBK okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfko
OCJ ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs
Liirjvfltfkos
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 18/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 19/188
<
Dlfostrjld jgkokdfg loleysfs cls trlmftfkoleey kvjrekkajm bjomjr. ]cj
fomfvfmule”tcj ilsfg gltjbkry kh loleysfs”wls rjblrmjm ls bjomjrejss.
Ojftcjr bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko okr sjbdjotltfko lom sjbrjbltfko wftcfo
tcj elikr dlrajt kr tcj ckusjckem wjrj prjsjot.
Gkotrfiutfkos hrkd mjvjekpdjot tcjkry, ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs
(OCJ), elikr jgkokdfgs, lom hjdfofst loleysfs clvj mkoj dugc tk gclobj
tcfs. Hkgusfob ko bjomjr jqulefty”iy wcfgc wj djlo jqulefty fo kppkr-
tuofty, foputs, lom kutgkdj”cls yfjemjm fdpkrtlot fosfbcts hkr tcjbrkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot kh lo jgkokdy. Iut wj lrj stfee lt tcj gusp.
Letckubc tcjrj clvj ijjo cubj fdprkvjdjots fo rjgkbofzfob bjomjr ls
lo loleytfgle gltjbkry lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg
fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr jqulefty rjdlfo uomjvjekpjm.
―Jobjomjrfob— dlgrkjgkokdfgs fs lo fdpkrtlot lom vlefm rjsjlrgc lom
pkefgy lrjl. Kvjr tcj plst tcrjj mjglmjs, jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot cls bjo-
jrleey lhhjgtjm wkdjo lom djo mfhhjrjotey fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem. Lt
tcj sldj tfdj, bjomjr rjeltfkos clvj lhhjgtjm dlgrkjgkokdfg kutgkdjs.]cfs vkeudj jxldfojs tcj rjsjlrgc lom pkefgy fdpefgltfkos kh jobjomjr-
fob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy. Jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy rjqufrjs l
mjjp uomjrstlomfob kh bjomjr jqulefty lom wclt ft djlos hkr jgkokdfg
loleysfs lt tcj dlgrk ejvje.
Fotrkmugtfko
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 20/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 21/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 22/188
tcj jxpjomfturj sfmj lom, tk l ejssjr jxtjot, tcj rjvjouj sfmj. ]cj gclp-
tjr joms wftc lo loleysfs kh gkuotrfjs‖ jxpjrfjogjs wftc bjomjr iumbjtfob
foftfltfvjs.
Gclptjr 6 irfobs tkbjtcjr tcj hkur tcjdjs kh jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgk-
okdfgs lom dlgrk pkefgy mjvjekpjm fo tcj tjxt. Blps fo tcj eftjrlturj lom
mltl prjvjot us hrkd bfvfob l huee pfgturj kh tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjo-
mjr lom dlgrkjgkokdfgs”iut tcjy pkfot tcj wly hkrwlrm hkr hurtcjr
rjsjlrgc.
= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 23/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 24/188
fojquleftfjs hrkd mjvjekpdjot jgkokdfgs, tcj prk`jgt rjdlfos vjry
dugc fo fts fohlogy.
Bjomjr ls l Gltjbkry kh Loleysfs
Ijojräl (<66:) prjsjots lo kvjrvfjw kh bjomjr lom jgkokdfgs tclt elys
tcj hkuomltfko hkr gkosfmjrfob bjomjr ls l gltjbkry kh loleysfs. Wcj oktjs
tclt letckubc jgkokdfg loleysts clvj jxpekrjm wkdjo‖s fssujs sfogj lt
ejlst tcj <67>s”scj gftjs ls lo jlrey jxldpej, tcj ―jqule ply gkotrk-
vjrsy— fo Brjlt Irftlfo, wcfgc skubct tk uomjrstlom dlej/hjdlej wlbj
mfhhjrjotfles”tcjy mfm sk wftckut muj gkosfmjrltfko kh bjomjr rjeltfkos.<
Jgkokdfsts ekkajm tk tcj myoldfgs kh tcj dlrajt rltcjr tclo tk bjomjr
rjeltfkos wftcfo tcj dlrajt tk jxpelfo wlbj mfhhjrjotfles. Ijojräl (9>>7,
77) oktjs tclt ―tcj oktfko kh tcj skgfle gkostrugtfko kh bjomjr lom fts efoas
wftc jgkokdfg loleysfs clm yjt tk ij ikro.—
]cj rjgkboftfko kh tcj ckusjckem ls lo jgkokdfg uoft wls l hfrst stjp
tkwlrm irfobfob bjomjr fotk jgkokdfg loleysfs. Fo tcj <6:>s, Dfogjr
(<63>) jxldfojm wkdjo‖s fogrjlsfob elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko lt l tfdj
kh rfsfob hldfey fogkdj, usfob tcj ckusjckem ls l gltjbkry kh loleysfs.Wtumfjs iy Ijgajr (<68=, <68:, <62<), dkst oktliey, lom ktcjrs fo tcj
<68>s plvjm tcj wly hkr ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs (OCJ), wcfgc
lgaokwejmbjm tcj bjomjr mfvfsfko kh elikr lom tcj rjsuetfob mfhhjrjogjs
fo elikr dlrajt kutgkdjs hkr ckusjckem djdijrs. Ls Ijojräl (<66:,
<3=>) oktjs, ―lsyddjtrfjs fo tcj mfvfsfko kh elikr lom fojquleftfjs fo
tcj mfstrfiutfko kh mkdjstfg wkra wjrj jxpelfojm tcrkubc fomfvfmule
gckfgjs dlmj uomjr tcj lssudptfkos kh utfefty dlxfdfzltfko lom l clr-
dkofkus ckusjckem.— Letckubc tcj jdjrbfob eftjrlturj qujstfkojmtcjsj lssudptfkos, pcrlsjs sugc ls ―clrdkofkus ckusjckem wftc ok gko-
hefgtfob fotjrjsts lom pkwjr rjeltfkos— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=>, gftfob Irugj
lom Mwyjr <633) lom tcj ―lbbrjbltfko kh fomfvfmule tlstjs lom prjhjr-
jogjs wftcfo tcj ckusjckem— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=>, gftfob Hkeirj <633)
pjrsfstjm, rjhejgtfob tcj elga kh lo letjroltfvj loleytfgle hrldjwkra.
Dkst stumfjs gkotfoujm wftcfo tcj ojkgelssfgle hrldjwkra, usfob tcj
―lmm wkdjo lom stfr— lpprklgc mjsgrfijm iy Clrmfob (<632, gftjm fo
Ijojräl <66:, <3=>), wcfgc lssudjm tclt fogeumfob wkdjo glpturjm
tcj myoldfg lom skgfle rjeltfkos ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo. Wtumfjs tclt lppefjm tcj tcjkry kh gkdplrltfvj lmvlotlbj lom cudlo glpftle dkm-
jes tk tcj loleysfs kh spjgflefzltfko fo ckdj kr dlrajt wkra wjrj grftf-
gfzjm hkr ―tlafob ls bfvjo tcj foftfle leekgltfko kh rjskurgjs ldkob
ckusjckem djdijrs sugc ls tcj bjomjrjm safees wcksj lgqufsftfko lom
mfstrfiutfko hjdfofsts wjrj qujstfkofob— (Ijojräl 9>>7, 7:).
8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 25/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 26/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 27/188
Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt 6
Ikx <.<
Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Rkdjo
Fo dloy gkuotrfjs, wkdjo stfee elga tcj rfbct tk kwo elom, dlolbj prkpjrty, gko-
mugt iusfojss, kr jvjo trlvje wftckut tcjfr cusiloms‖ gkosjot. Rkdjo gkotfouj
tk clvj systjdltfgleey wjlajr gkddlom kvjr l rlobj kh prkmugtfvj rjskurgjs, fo-
geumfob elom, fohkrdltfko, lom dkojy. Mjspftj gkosfmjrliej fogrjlsjs fo wkdjo‖s
jmugltfko rjeltfvj tk djo, wkdjo gkotfouj tk clvj efdftjm kppkrtuoftfjs lom
jlro ejss tclo djo fo tcj elikr dlrajt jvjo wcjo tcjy clvj tcj sldj jmugltfko
lom wkra jxpjrfjogj ls djo. Rkdjo lesk rjdlfo vlstey uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo pke-ftfgs lom pkefgy dlafob.
Wkurgj0Rkrem Iloa 9>><.
Hfburj <.< Dlej tk Hjdlej Jorkeedjot Yltfk ldkob ^kkrjr lom Yfgcjr
Gcfemrjo 8‗<= Vjlrs
<.>
<.>
9.> 7.>>.:
>.:
<.: 9.:>>
dlej tk hjdlej jorkeedjot rltfk ldkob
gcfemrjo hrkd rfgcjr ckusjckems
9.>
7.>
<.:
9.:
d l e j t k h j d l e j j o r k e e d j o t r l t f k l d k o b
g c f e m r j o h r k d
p k k r j r c k u s j c k e m s
Wkurgj0Rkrem Iloa 9>><, gftfob Hfedjr <666.
Oktj0 ^kkrjr ckusjckems lrj mjhfojm ls tcksj fo tcj ikttkd => pjrgjot kh tcj wjletc mfstrfiutfko1 rfgcjr
ckusjckems lrj mjhfojm ls tcksj fo tcj tkp 9> pjrgjot. ]cj mflbkole efoj sfbofhfjs jqule bjomjr blps wftcfo rfgc
lom pkkr ckusjckems. Gkuotrfjs fogeumjm lrj Ilobelmjsc, Ijofo, Ikefvfl, Irlzfe, Iurafol Hlsk, Gldjrkko, Gjotrle
Lhrfglo Yjpuiefg, Gclm, Gkekdifl, Gkdkrks, Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg, tcj Lrli Yjpuiefg kh Jbypt,
Bclol, Bultjdlel, Clftf, Fomfl, Fomkojsfl, Alzlacstlo, Ajoyl, Dlmlblsglr, Dlelwf, Dlef, Dkrkggk, Dkzldifquj,
Oldfifl, Ojple, Ofglrlbul, Ofbjr, Ofbjrfl, ^lafstlo, ^jru, ^cfefppfojs, Ywloml, Wjojble, ]lozlofl, ]kbk, ]urajy,
Zbloml, Zzijafstlo, Pldifl, lom Pfdiliwj.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 28/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 29/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 30/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 31/188
tclt hlrd yfjems fo Iurafol Hlsk, Gldjrkko, lom Ajoyl gkuem rfsj iy ls
dugc ls 9> pjrgjot fh wkdjo lom djo gkotrkeejm foputs lom hlrd
fogkdj dkrj jquleey.
L 9><> ZO stumy rjpkrts tclt `ust <‗7 pjrgjot kh jdpekyjm wkdjo
fo mjvjekpfob rjbfkos lrj jdpekyjrs lom tclt wkdjo lrj ejss efajey tclo
djo tk ijgkdj jotrjprjojurs. Ft lttrfiutjs tcj ekw rltj kh jotrjprjojur-
scfp tk gueturle pjrgjptfkos kh tcj rkej kh wkdjo lom tcj hlgt tclt
wkdjo lrj okt pjrdfttjm tk kwo prkpjrty lom lssjts fo skdj rjbfkos.
Djo lrj sfx tfdjs dkrj efajey tclo wkdjo tk ij jdpekyjrs fo Okrtcjro
Lhrfgl kr Rjstjro Lsfl (hfburj <.:).
Afob lom Cfee (<66:) sckw tclt bjomjr blps fo jmugltfko lmvjrsjeylhhjgt brkwtc. Ls sckwo fo hfburj <.8, geksfob bjomjr blps fo sgckke-
fob wkuem lesk lggjejrltj jgkokdfg brkwtc. Mltl subbjst tclt fh fo
<68> gkuotrfjs fo tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, Wkutc Lsfl, lom
Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <7
Hfburj <.: ^jrgjotlbj kh Jdpekyjrs fo ]ktle Jdpekydjot, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6
Wkurgj0 Zoftjm Oltfkos 9><>, 9.
9.3
9.>
<.:
<.7
<.7
9.<
<.=
<.8
9.6
9.:
>.6
>.3
>.3
>.=
<.=
7.3
:.2
<.8
:.3
<<.8
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj
Glrfiijlo
Okrtcjro Lhrfgl
Jlstjro Lsfl
Wkutcjlstjro Lsfl
Rjstjro Lsfl
Wkutcjro Lsfl
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl
Kgjlofl
Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos
Gkddkowjletc kh
Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs
> <> <::
wkdjo djo
pjrgjot
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 32/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 33/188
Hlfeurj tk gkosfmjr bjomjr fssujs wcjo hkrdfob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkef-
gfjs glo clvj uofotjomjm gkosjqujogjs. Wugc wls tcj glsj wftc tcj strug-
turle lm`ustdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko pkefgfjs kh tcj <63>s,
wcfgc subbjstjm tclt gkuotrfjs glubct fo l mjit spfrle wftc sjvjrj ilelogj
kh plydjot prkiejds sckuem rjmugj prfgj suisfmfjs lom fohrlstrugturj
fovjstdjot1 gut ilga spjomfob ko jmugltfko, cjletc, lom puiefg sjrvfgjs1
efijrlefzj trlmj lom glpftle lggkuots1 lom prfvltfzj puiefg jotjrprfsjs. ]cj
rjsuetfob scfhts fo rjskurgj leekgltfko lom fogrjlsjm prkmugtfvfty mfsprk-
pkrtfkoltjey lhhjgtjm wkdjo (Âlb˓ltly <663) hkr sjvjrle rjlskos.8 Hfrst,
strugturle lm`ustdjot pkefgfjs ejm wkdjo”jspjgfleey wkdjo lt tcj
ekwjr jom kh tcj jgkokdfg spjgtrud”tk fogrjlsj tcjfr plrtfgfpltfko fo
tcj elikr hkrgj, iut tcj `kis tcjsj wkdjo sjgurjm wjrj khtjo fohkrdle
Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <:
Hfburj <.2 Oudijr kh Bfres pjr <>> Ikys Jorkeejm fo ]jrtflry Fostftutfkos,
<66< lom 9>>3
:>
=6
:=
82
82
:2
:<
69
6:
62
<>>
<><<>2
<>23:
6:
<9:<93
<7=
3=
82
28
> => 8> 3> <>> <9> <=>9>
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj
Glrfiijlo
Okrtcjro Lhrfgl
Jlstjro Lsfl
Wkutcjlstjro Lsfl
Rjstjro Lsfl
Wkutcjro Lsfl
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl
Kgjlofl
Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos
Gkddkowjletc kh
Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs, Lsfl
Gkddkowjletc kh
Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs, Jurkpj
<66< 9>>3 plrfty
Wkurgj0 Zoftjm Oltfkos 9><>, 9.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 34/188
lom fosjgurj, wftc pkkr wkrafob gkomftfkos. Wjgkom, hlgfob hleefob
fogkdjs, wkdjo tjomjm tk mk dkrj uoplfm wkra fo tcj ckdj. ]cj wlaj
kh tcjsj pkefgfjs slw tcj jdjrbjogj kh l sfbofhfglot ikmy kh eftjrlturj ko
bjomjr lom strugturle lm`ustdjot.
Jdpfrfgle stumfjs subbjst tclt tcj ―bjomjr mfdjosfkos kh tcj gksts kh
lm`ustdjot rlobj hrkd tcj fotjosfhfgltfko kh wkdjo‖s mkdjstfg lom
dlrajt wkra tk tcj fotjrruptfko kh gcfemrjo‖s jmugltfko (bfres‖ fo plr-
tfguelr) tk QtcjT fogrjlsj fo tfdj foputs jftcjr tk kitlfo ilsfg sjrvfgjs
kr sjeh-prkvfsfko. ]cjsj lrj fo lmmftfko tk ktcjr gksts”dugc ejss tlo-
bfiej lom dkrj mfhhfguet tk djlsurj”sugc ls strjss lom mkdjstfg vfk-
ejogj— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=:). Jesko (<66<g) lrbujs tclt strugturlelm`ustdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko pkefgfjs lssudjm tclt
tcksj lhhjgtjm pkssjssjm tcj lifefty tk mjle wftc wcltjvjr gldj tcjfr
wly. Iut jdpfrfgle stumfjs clvj sckwo tclt wkdjo dlaj tcj efko‖s
sclrj kh tcj slgrfhfgjs.
Hjdfofst jgkokdfsts clvj gcleejobjm tcj bjomjr-ojutrle lssudptfko fo
tcj dkmjes uomjreyfob strugturle lm`ustdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlif-
efzltfko pkefgfjs. Jdpfrfgle stumfjs sckw tclt dloy sjrvfgjs”cjletc glrj,
hkr jxldpej”tclt wjrj fo tcj puiefg mkdlfo ijhkrj strugturle lm`ust-djot gldj ilga tk tcj ckusjckem”tk wkdjo fo plrtfguelr”jspjgfleey
fo pkkr ckusjckems. ]cj dkmjes lesk hlfe tk lggkuot hkr tcj rfsj fo
wkdjo‖s uoplfm rjprkmugtfvj elikr, ejlmfob tk skgfleey fojhhfgfjot kut-
gkdjs (Jesko <66:).
Âlb˓ltly, Jesko, lom Brkwo (<66:, <396) lrbuj tclt fbokrfob bjomjr fo
dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmjes ―dlajs ft dkrj mfhhfguet tk rjgkbofzj tclt tcj
wjehlrj kh tcj ojxt bjojrltfko dly ij `jkplrmfzjm lom tcj mjvjekpdjot
kh cudlo rjskurgjs cjem ilga.— Letckubc skdj prkbrjss cls ijjo dlmjfo lm`ustfob oltfkole fogkdj stltfstfgs hkr bjomjr, dugc grugfle fohkrdl-
tfko rjdlfos uolggkuotjm hkr, dlafob ft mfhhfguet tk lssjss tcj wjehlrj
fdpefgltfkos kh dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmjes tclt usj trlmftfkole fomfgltkrs
sugc ls brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt.2
Gkogeusfko
]cfs gclptjr hfrst jxldfojm wcjo bjomjr ijgldj l gltjbkry kh loleysfs fo
jgkokdfgs. ]cj jdjrbjogj kh OCJ fo tcj <6:>s lom tcj dlrajt fdpefgl-
tfkos kh wck gkotrkeejm tcj ckusjckem rjskurgjs rjprjsjotjm l vjcfgej
wftc wcfgc tk jxpekrj bjomjr rjeltfkos. L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfojm
rjeltjm tkpfgs, iut hkr tcj dkst plrt tcj ojkgelssfgle vfjw prjvlfejm”tcj
―lmm wkdjo lom stfr— lpprklgc.
<8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 35/188
Okt uotfe tcj <62>s wjrj bjomjr rjeltfkos lom ckw tcjy dfbct lhhjgt
dlrajt kutgkdjs lom tcj dlgrkjgkokdy rjleey gkosfmjrjm. Murfob tclt
mjglmj, hjdfofst eftjrlturj lom tcj wkdjo‖s dkvjdjot qujstfkojm bjo-
mjr lsyddjtrfjs. Mltl subbjstjm tclt bjomjr mfsplrftfjs wjrj brjltjr
ldkob tcj pkkr tclo tcj ejss pkkr lom bjojrleey lhhjgtjm wkdjo dkrj
tclo djo. Bjomjr mfsplrftfjs clvj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos hkr gcfe-
mrjo‖s wjee-ijfob fo tjrds kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko. Hlfeurj tk
lmmrjss bjomjr fojquleftfjs dly rjtlrm mjvjekpdjot lom jgkokdfg
brkwtc, ejlmfob tk lmvjrsj wjehlrj jhhjgts hkr huturj bjojrltfkos.
]cj vlrfkus tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs hrkd jgkokdfgs lom hjdfofst tcj-
kry tclt rjgkbofzjm bjomjr rjeltfkos lom bjomjr fojquleftfjs gkovjrbjm fotcj <63>s lom <66>s. ]cj fdpkrtlogj kh jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs
wls uomjrsgkrjm, okt ejlst ijglusj kh tcj uofotjomjm bjomjr iflsjs kh
(strugturle lm`ustdjot) pkefgfjs.
Fo suddlry, tcfs gclptjr sckwjm tclt bjomjr rjeltfkos”tcj skgfleey
gkostftutjm rjeltfkos ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo”clvj mjhfoftj dlgrkjgk-
okdfg fdpefgltfkos hkr brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.
Oktjs
<. Âlb˓ltly, Jesko, lom Brkwo (<66:, <393) oktj tclt ―mfsgussfkos kh bjomjr lrj
khtjo gkoheltjm wftc mfsgussfkos kh wkdjo. Bjomjr sckuem okt, ckwjvjr, ij
rjlm ls –pjrtlfofob tk wkdjo‖ iut sckuem ij uomjrstkkm ls skgfleey gkostf-
tutjm rjeltfkos ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo.—
9. Ijojräl (<66:, <3=<) rjhjrs tk tcj lppefgltfko kh Ijgajr‖s wkra ko ―rlgfle mfs-
grfdfoltfko tk bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko lom tcj usj kh cudlo glpftle tcjkry tk
uomjrstlom bjomjrjm gckfgjs fo sgckkefob lom ko rjsjlrgc ko jlrofobs lom
wlbj mfhhjrjotfles.—7. Lggkrmfob tk Ijojräl (<66:, <3==) tcj stumfjs hkgusjm ko ―tcj olturj kh
wkdjo‖s wkra, tcj elikr dlrajt lom tcj bjomjrjm mfvfsfkos kh elikr, stumfjs
kh tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr, jdpekydjot fssujs fo fotjroltfkole mjvjekpdjot, tcj
hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr hkrgj, bjomjr lom tjgcokekby, tcj jovfrkodjotle grf-
sfs, dfbrltfko lom ktcjr mjdkbrlpcfg fssujs lom hjdlej/dlej rltfks lom tcj
prkiejd kh –dfssfob wkdjo,‖ ldkob ktcjrs.— Rj mfsguss tcj dlgrk fdpefgl-
tfkos kh dfgrk, fotjrmfsgfpefolry stumfjs fo brjltjr mjtlfe fo gclptjr 7.
=. Murfob tcj sjgkom cleh kh tcj 9>tc gjotury, tcj prfdlry sgckke jorkeedjot
rltjs kh bfres rkubcey mkuiejm fo Wkutc Lsfl, Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lom tcj
Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, rfsfob hlstjr tclo ikys‖ jorkeedjot rltjs, sui-
stlotfleey rjmugfob elrbj bjomjr blps fo sgckkefob (Rkrem Iloa 9>><, 7).
:. Hfburjs lrj ilsjm ko survjys glrrfjm kut iy tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos fo 72 mjvje-
kpfob gkuotrfjs murfob 9>>=‗>6.
Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <2
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 36/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 37/188
Âlb˓ltly, O. <663. ―Jobjomjrfob Dlgrkjgkokdfgs lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgfjs.—
ZOM^ Rkrafob ^lpjr Ok. 8, Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj, Ojw
Vkra.
Âlb˓ltly, O., M. Jesko, lom G. Brkwo. <66:. ―Fotrkmugtfko.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97
(<<)0 <392‗78.
Âlb˓ltly, O., lom W. Kzejr. <66:. ―Hjdfofzltfko kh tcj Elikr Hkrgj0 ]cj Jhhjgts kh
Ekob-]jrd Mjvjekpdjot lom Wtrugturle Lm`ustdjot.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97
(<<)0 <337‗6=.
Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt. <636. Jobjomjrfob Lm`ustdjot hkr tcj <66>s. Ekomko0
Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.
Jesko, M. <66<l. ―Bjomjr lom Lm`ustdjot fo tcj <66>s0 Lo Zpmltj ko Jvfmjogj
lom Wtrltjbfjs.— ^lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt djjtfob
ko ―Jgkokdfg Mfstrjss, Wtrugturle Lm`ustdjot lom Rkdjo,— Ekomko, @uoj
<7‗<=.
”””. <66<i. ―Dlej Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss0 Lo Kvjrvfjw. Fo Dlej
Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss, jm. M. Jesko. Dlogcjstjr0 Dlogcjstjr
Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. <66<g. ―Dlej Ifls fo Dlgrkjgkokdfgs0 ]cj Glsj kh Wtrugturle
Lm`ustdjot.— Fo Dlej Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss, jm. M. Jesko.Dlogcjstjr0 Dlogcjstjr Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. <66:. ―Bjomjr Lwlrjojss fo Dkmjefob Wtrugturle Lm`ustdjot.— Rkrem
Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <3:<‗83.
Hfedjr, M. <666. ―]cj Wtrugturj kh Wkgfle Mfsplrftfjs fo Jmugltfko0 Bjomjr lom
Rjletc.— Ilgabrkuom plpjr hkr Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot , Rkrem Iloa,
Rlscfobtko, MG.
Hekrk, D. <66:. ―Jgkokdfg Yjstrugturfob, Bjomjr lom tcj Leekgltfko kh ]fdj.—
Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <6<7‗96.Hkeirj, O. <633. ―]cj Ielga Hkur kh Cjlrts0 ]kwlrm l Ojw ^lrlmfbd kh Ckusjckem
Jgkokdfgs.— Fo L Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem , jm.
@. Irugj lom M. Mwyjr. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Belmwfo, G. C., jm. <66<. Wtrugturle Lm`ustdjot lom Lhrfglo Rkdjo Hlrdjrs.
Blfojsvfeej, HE0 Zofvjrsfty kh Hekrfml ^rjss.
Bkozlejs mj el Ykgcl, D. <66:. ―]cj Zrilo Hldfey lom ^kvjrty fo Eltfo
Ldjrfgl.— Eltfo Ldjrfglo ^jrspjgtfvjs 99 (9)0 <9‗7<.
Clrmfob, W., jm. <632. Hjdfofsd lom Djtckmkekby. Iekkdfobtko, FO0 FomflolZofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Afob, J., lom L. Cfee. <66:. ―Rkdjo‖s Jmugltfko lom Jgkokdfg Rjee-Ijfob.—
Hjdfofst Jgkokdfgs < (9)0 9<‗=8.
Eekym, G., lom I. Ofjdf. <626. ]cj Jgkokdfgs kh Wjx Mfhhjrjotfles. Ojw Vkra0
Gkeudifl Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <6
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 38/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 39/188
9<
]cj stumy kh bjomjr ls lo loleytfgle gltjbkry fo dlgrkjgkokdfgs lom
dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy rjqufrjs lpprkprfltj tkkes”mltl, stltfstfgs, lom
dkmjefob. Iut bjomjr djlsurjdjot fssujs clvj ijjo lmmrjssjm koey fo
tcj plst 7> yjlrs kr sk, lom dugc wkra rjdlfos tk ij mkoj fo tcfs lrjl.
Mltl gkeejgtfko djtckms lrj okt lewlys bjomjr sjosftfvj, hkr l oudijr kh
rjlskos (Rkrem Iloa 9>><)0
• Dlolbjrs, rjsjlrgcjrs, lom tjgcofgle stlhh dly okt ij lwlrj kh kr dlyelga jxpjrfjogj wftc bjomjr fssujs.
• Wurvjykrs usuleey fotjrvfjw tcj ckusjckem cjlm, wck fs fo dkst glsjs
l dlo.
• Rkdjo dly okt ij liej kr leekwjm tk lttjom kr spjla lt gkdduofty
djjtfobs wcjrj bjomjr-rjeltjm fssujs lrj mfsgussjm, lom hkrdle fotjr-
vfjws lrj okt tcj ijst hkrdlt hkr irklgcfob sjosftfvj tkpfgs (sugc ls
mkdjstfg vfkejogj).
Mjspftj tcjsj fssujs, tcj glsj hkr djlsurfob bjomjr‖s jhhjgts fs strkob.
Fo tcj plst 9> yjlrs, oltfkole stltfstfgs-bltcjrfob prkbrlds clvj skubct tk
fogeumj bjomjr-rjeltjm mltl, lom pkefgy dlajrs clvj ijbuo tk rjgkbofzj
tcj fdpkrtlogj kh bjomjr loleysfs fo tcj mjvjekpdjot lom dkoftkrfob kh
G C L ^ ] J Y 9
Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 40/188
puiefg pkefgy. Hkr tcj dkst plrt, ckwjvjr, iktc brkups clvj hkgusjm
ledkst jxgeusfvjey ko bltcjrfob lom loleyzfob skgfle lom mjdkbrlpcfg
stltfstfgs ko bjomjr. Fo hlgt, bjomjr fs lo fssuj rjeltjm tk lee stltfstfgs gko-
gjrofob fomfvfmules”djo lom wkdjo lefaj”lom lee stltfstfgle mjplrt-
djots sckuem ij rjqufrjm tk gkeejgt mltl ko bjomjr. Mkfob sk wkuem
rjqufrj tcj gkddftdjot kh tkp dlolbjrs fo stltfstfgs-bltcjrfob iurjlus
lom tcj lppkfotdjot kh bjomjr lmvfsjrs wck wkuem rjpkrt mfrjgtey tk tcj
gcfjh stltfstfgflo.
Rcy Djlsurj Bjomjr;]cj Rkrem Iloa (9>>2) cls fmjotfhfjm bjomjr jqulefty ls l mjvjekpdjot
bkle fo fts kwo rfbct, wftc rjpjrgussfkos hkr tcj ekob-tjrd brkwtc
prkspjgts kh gkuotrfjs. Hfburj 9.< feeustrltjs ckw jqule kppkrtuoftfjs fo
rfbcts, rjskurgjs, lom vkfgj ejlm tk jgkokdfg brkwtc.
99 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
Hfburj 9.< Bjomjr Jqulefty, Mkdlfos kh Gckfgj, lom Jgkokdfg ^jrhkrdlogj0
L Hrldjwkra
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <>2.
ckusjckem jgkokdy lom
dlrajts
skgfjty
gfvfg lom
pkeftfgle
plrtfgfpltfko
mkdlfos kh gckfgjs,
mkdlfos hkr pkefgy
ejvjefob tcj hfjem
kh kppkrtuoftfjs
bjomjr jqulefty fo rfbcts, rjskurgjs,
lom vkfgj
lbbrjbltj jgkokdfg pjrhkrdlogj
(pkvjrty rjmugtfko, brkwtc)
lggjss tk elom,
hfologfle sjrvfgjs,
elikr dlrajts,
tjgcokekby
ckusjckem
rjskurgj lom
tlsa leekgltfkos,
hjrtfefty
mjgfsfkos
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 41/188
Gclptjr < mjdkostrltjm tcj pktjotfleey ojbltfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo
bjomjr fojquleftfjs lom pjrskole lom jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekp-
djot. ]cj eftjrlturj fs okt gkogeusfvj ko tcfs gkoojgtfko ckwjvjr. Koj
ikmy kh wkra”usfob tcj sk-gleejm dkmjrofzltfko-ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc
(Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>)”lrbujs tclt jgkokdfg
mjvjekpdjot fo bjojrle cjeps olrrkw lom geksj tcj bjomjr blp. Loktcjr
(^lrplrt <6671 Dlrgclom lom ^lrplrt <66:) dlfotlfos tclt ―jomurfob
pltrflrgcle fostftutfkos wfee prjvjot bjomjr jqulefty jvjo fo tcj hlgj kh
jgkokdfg lmvlogjdjot— (@õttfob lom ktcjrs 9>>8, 2). Wlumf Lrlifl”l
cfbc-fogkdj gkuotry wftc pkkr bjomjr jqulefty”fs gftjm ls jvfmjogj kh
tcfs tcjkry.Mltl ko ajy jgkokdfg, skgfle, lom pkeftfgle fojquleftfjs subbjst tclt
bjomjr fojqulefty gkotfoujs. ]liej 9.< sckws lvjrlbj vleujs kh jmugltfko
lom cjletc fomfgltkrs hkr tcrjj gkuotry brkupfobs, gelssfhfjm iy cfbc,
djmfud, lom ekw ejvjes kh cudlo mjvjekpdjot ilsjm ko ojt jorkeedjot
ls l pjrgjotlbj kh jefbfiej pkpueltfko.
Jxprjssfob bjomjr fojqulefty ls l rltfk kh wkdjo tk djo hkr tcj rjej-
vlot vlrfliejs, wj oktj tclt jmugltfkole fojquleftfjs jxfst fo gkuotrfjs
wftc ekw ejvjes kh cudlo mjvjekpdjot fo prfdlry sgckke jorkeedjot (>.38) lom, jspjgfleey, sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot (>.27). Bjomjr plrfty
fo iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot fs hkuom fo gkuotrfjs
wftc cfbc kr djmfud sgkrjs ko tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos (ZO) Cudlo
Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (CMF), mfsgussjm ijekw. Fomjjm, fo tcj dfmrlobj
gkuotrfjs, bfres kutoudijr ikys, lt ejlst hkr tcj yjlr fo qujstfko.
]cj lvjrlbj wkdlo‖s efhj jxpjgtlogy fs cfbcjr tclo tclt kh tcj lvjr-
lbj dlo, iut tcj blp olrrkws fo gkuotrfjs tclt sgkrj ekw ko tcj CMF.
Fojquleftfjs fo cjletc glo ij lttrfiutjm tk tcj cfbcjr dkrtlefty rltj kh bfreslom mfhhjrjogjs fo efhj jxpjgtlogy tclt mk okt lggkrm wftc ifkekbfgle
okrds (Wtktsay 9>>8). ]cjsj ―dfssfob wkdjo— lrj l wjee-mkgudjotjm
pcjokdjoko. Gkdplrfob tcj sjx rltfks kh pkpueltfkos wftc jxgjss dkr-
tlefty ldkob wkdjo tk tcj rltfks tclt wkuem clvj prjvlfejm wftckut mfs-
grfdfoltfko fomfgltjs tclt tcjrj wjrj 6> dfeefko dfssfob wkdjo fo tcj
jlrey <66>s, dkstey hrkd Lsflo gkuotrfjs, fo plrtfguelr Gcfol lom Fomfl
(Aelsjo <66=).
Rjee-mjvjekpjm mltl sjts lrj grugfle tk loleyzfob tcj efoas ijtwjjo
ejvjes kh mjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr jqulefty. ]kwlrm tcfs jom, l oudijrkh krblofzltfkos”fogeumfob tcj Rkrem Iloa, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos, lom
tcj Krblofsltfko hkr Jgkokdfg Gk-kpjrltfko lom Mjvjekpdjot
(KJGM)”clvj gkostrugtjm mltlilsjs tclt lttjdpt tk fskeltj mjtjrdf-
olots kh bjomjr fojquleftfjs. Bjomjr stltfstfgs lrj fdpkrtlot hkr lt ejlst
Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 97
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 42/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 43/188
tcrjj rjlskos0 (l) tcjy irfob tcj fojquleftfjs ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo
fotk tcj puiefg jyj, (i) tcjy cjep pkefgy dlajrs hkrdueltj prkbrlds tclt
lmmrjss tcjsj fojquleftfjs, lom (g) tcjy prkvfmj lo fdpkrtlot ilsjefoj
hrkd wcfgc tk djlsurj lom dkoftkr tcj jhhjgtfvjojss kh pkefgy ko tcj
efvjs kh wkdjo lom djo.
]rlmftfkole jgkokdfg loleysfs, wcfgc gkogjotrltjm ko tcj dlrajt lom
tcus fogkdj-jlrofob lgtfvftfjs, fbokrjm kr uomjrjstfdltjm tcj uoplfm, yjt
vleuliej, wkra kh dloy wkdjo, fogeumfob mkdjstfg lom vkeuotjjr wkra.<
]cj ilttej tk fogeumj uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko fo tcj glegueltfko kh
brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^) wls clrm hkubct, jvjo wftc tcjkrjtfgle lom
jdpfrfgle jvfmjogj hrkd ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs (OCJ) lom tcjmkdjstfg elikr mjiltj. Fo tcj <62>s, ckwjvjr, lglmjdfgs, bkvjrodjot
rjprjsjotltfvjs, lom fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos sugc ls tcj Fotjroltfkole
Elikur Krblofzltfko (FEK) lom tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos spjlrcjlmjm l rjvle-
ultfko kh wkdjo‖s wkra, rjmjhfofob ―jgkokdfgleey lgtfvj— tk fogeumj
uoplfm prkmugtfko. Lt tcj djtckmkekbfgle ejvje, dloy gkuotrfjs dlmj l
gkddftdjot tk fdprkvj tcj lggurlgy wftc wcfgc wkdjo‖s plrtfgfpltfko
fo tcj elikr hkrgj wls gkuotjm, lom ojw tjgcofqujs jstfdltjm tcj vleuj
kh ckdj prkmugtfko. ]cj sjgtfko ko bjomjr stltfstfgs ijekw jxldfojstcjsj lpprklgcjs fo hurtcjr mjtlfe.
Jesko (<669) lrbujs tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy dlajrs usjm tk
lssudj tclt pjkpej wjrj liej tk mjle wftc wcltjvjr jgkokdfg gkosj-
qujogjs pkefgfjs bjojrltjm. Fo plrtfguelr, tcj strugturle lm`ustdjot prk-
brlds kh tcj <63>s rjsuetjm fo l trloshjr kh gksts hrkd tcj puiefg sjgtkr
tk tcj prfvltj ckusjckem. ]cj uomjreyfob lssudptfko wls tclt wkdjo
wkuem ij liej tk liskri tcjsj sckgas iy wkrafob dkrj lom ―dlafob mk—
ko efdftjm fogkdjs (Jesko <667). ]cj pkefgfjs wjrj fotjomjm tk fogrjlsjdlgrkjgkokdfg jhhfgfjogy. Iut tcj hlfeurj tk gkuot l elrbj plrt kh tcj
lm`ustdjot”hkr jxldpej, uoplfm jgkokdfg lgtfvftfjs lom rjprkmugtfvj
elikr, wcfgc mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey fovkevj wkdjo”prjvjots lo lggurltj
lssjssdjot kh tcj fdplgt kh sugc pkefgfjs ko dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhfgfjogy,
ls oktjm fo gclptjr < (Âlbltly <663).
Fo suddlry, qulotfhyfob bjomjr fs l ojgjsslry stjp tkwlrm dlafob
bjomjr-rjeltjm wkra vfsfiej lom josurfob tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy
lom dkmjes hkstjr bjomjr jqulefty. \ulotfhyfob bjomjr hlgfeftltjs l
dkrj lggurltj loleysfs kh tcj uojqule mfstrfiutfko kh mkdjstfg wkra,prkmugtfvfty gclobjs fo uoplfm prkmugtfko, scfhts fo mkdjstfg wkra
lom hldfey wjehlrj ls l rjsuet kh gclobjs fo hldfey fogkdj lom
jdpekydjot stltus kh ckusjckem djdijrs, lom brkss mkdjstfg prkm-
ugt (BM^) brkwtc (Ijojräl <66:). ]cj mjvjekpdjot lom gkostrugtfko
Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 9:
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 44/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 45/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 46/188
Bjomjr Mltlilsjs
]cj gkdpfeltfko lom usj kh bjomjr stltfstfgs clvj ijojhftjm brjltey hrkd
tcj mjvjekpdjot kh mltlilsjs gkogjrojm wftc bjomjr fojquleftfjs lombjomjr fssujs, fogeumfob tcj hkeekwfob0
• plrtfgfpltfko fo mjgfsfko dlafob
• bjomjr lttftumjs
93 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
]liej 9.9 Rlbj lom Wjeh-Jdpekydjot fo Okolbrfgueturle Fohkrdle Jdpekydjot, iy
Wjx, <66=‗9>>>
(pjrgjotlbj kh okolbrfgueturle fohkrdle jdpekydjot)
Yjbfko/gkuotry
Wjeh-jdpekydjot Rlbj jdpekydjot
]ktle Rkdjo Djo ]ktle Rkdjo Djo
Okrtc Lhrfgl 89 29 8> 73 93 =>
Lebjrfl 82 3< 8= 77 <6 78
Jbypt, Lrli Yjp. :> 82 =2 :> 77 :7
Dkrkggk 3< 36 23 <6 << 99
]uofsfl :9 :< :9 =7 =6 =3
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 2> 2< 2> 7> 96 7>
Ijofo 6: 63 6< : 9 6
Gclm 67 66 38 2 < <=
Bufojl 6: 63 6= : 9 8
Ajoyl =9 77 :8 :3 82 ==
Wkutc Lhrfgl 9: 92 97 2: 27 22
Eltfo Ldjrfgl 8> :3 8< => =9 76
Ikefvfl 3< 6< 2< <6 6 96
Irlzfe =< 79 :> :6 83 :>
Gcfej :9 76 8= =3 8< 78
Gkekdifl 73 78 => 89 8= 8>Gkstl Yfgl :: =6 :6 =: :< =<
Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg 2= 87 3> 98 72 9>
Je Wlevlmkr 8: 2< :2 7: 96 =7
Bultjdlel 8> 8: :: => 7: =:
Ckomurls 29 22 8: 93 97 7:
Djxfgk := :7 := =8 =2 =8
Xjojzujel, Y. I. 86 88 2> 7< 7= 7>
Lsfl :6 87 :: =< 72 =:
Fomfl :9 :2 :< =3 =7 =6
Fomkojsfl 87 2> :6 72 7> =<^cfefppfojs =3 87 78 :9 72 8=
Wyrflo Lrli Yjp. 8: :2 82 7: =7 77
]clfelom 88 83 8= 7= 79 78
Wkurgj0 ZOFHJD 9>>:, =>, gftfob FEK 9>>9.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 47/188
• plrtfgfpltfko fo jejgtfkos
• jotrjprjojurscfp
• mkdjstfg vfkejogj
• pkvjrty
• fohkrdle jdpekydjot
• tfdj usj
• sgckke lttjomlogj.
Bjomjr-rjeltjm mltl sjts fmjotfhy bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tjrds kh foputs
lom kutgkdjs. L oudijr kh bjomjr-rjeltjm mltlilsjs lrj upmltjm gkotfo-
ukusey ls ojw fssujs lrj fmjotfhfjm lom ojw mltl ijgkdj lvlfeliej. ]cjhkeekwfob plrlbrlpcs jxldfoj tcj mltlilsjs mjvjekpjm lom dlfotlfojm
iy tcj Rkrem Iloa, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos, lom tcj KJGM.
BjomjrWtlts]cj Rkrem Iloa dlfotlfos tcj BjomjrWtlts mltlilsj, wcfgc khhjrs stltfs-
tfgle lom ktcjr mltl fo dkmuejs lt tcj rjbfkole lom gkuotry ejvjes. Dkmuejs
fogeumj pkvjrty1 ilsfg mjdkbrlpcy1 cudlo mjvjekpdjot (jmugltfko,
cjletc lom outrftfko, lom pkpueltfko myoldfgs)1 skgfkjgkokdfg rkejs1lggjss tk jgkokdfg rjskurgjs1 pkeftfgle plrtfgfpltfko1 lom jhhjgts kh prk-
brlds lom pkefgfjs. Gkvjrlbj fs splrsj hkr skdj fomfgltkrs. ]cj mltlilsj
mrlws fts stltfstfgs hrkd oltfkole stltfstfgs iurjlus, ZO mltlilsjs, lom sur-
vjys gkomugtjm kr huomjm iy tcj Rkrem Iloa. BjomjrWtlts lesk fogeumjs
gltjbkrfjs hkr wcfgc efdftjm kr ok mltl jxfst tk feeustrltj tcj fdpkrtlogj
kh gkeejgtfob sugc mltl fo tcj huturj. Hkr jxldpej, fo fts jmugltfkole
lggjss lom lttlfodjot hfjems, BjomjrWtlts fogeumjs vlrfliejs sugc ls
prkbrjssfko tk brlmj : (pjrgjotlbj kh gkckrt) ldkob ikys lom bfres, prf-dlry sgckke gkdpejtfko rltj (pjrgjotlbj kh lbj brkup) ldkob ikys lom
bfres, lom ykutc eftjrlgy rltj (pjrgjotlbj kh pjkpej <:‗9=) ldkob ykuob
djo lom wkdjo, wftc l vfjw tk pkpueltfob tcjsj vlrfliejs wcjo mltl
ijgkdj lvlfeliej.
Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjxlom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj]cj Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj (ZOM^) dlfotlfos twk
fdpkrtlot mltlilsjs rjeltjm tk bjomjr”tcj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD). ]cj twk
djlsurjs, iktc fotrkmugjm fo tcj <66: Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt
(CMY), clvj hkrdjm tcj ilgaikoj kh suisjqujot bjomjr-rjeltjm cudlo
mjvjekpdjot loleysjs lom pkefgy mfsgussfkos. L wkrasckp spkoskrjm iy
Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 96
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 48/188
tcj CMY khhfgj, lom dlrafob tcj <>tc loofvjrslry kh tcj fomjxjs, skubct
tk fmjotfhy lrjls hkr fdprkvjdjot lom tk gkosfmjr letjroltj tkkes hkr
djlsurfob bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj fomjxjs glo lesk ij lppefjm lt tcj oltfkole
lom suioltfkole ejvjes hkr jtcofg lom lbj brkups.
Iktc djlsurjs lrj gkosfmjrjm plrt kh tcj CMF, wcfgc fs puiefscjm
loouleey fo tcj CMY.: ]cj CMF djlsurjs tcj lvjrlbj lgcfjvjdjot kh l
gkuotry fo ilsfg cudlo glplifeftfjs mjhfojm ls (l) l ekob lom cjletcy efhj,
ls djlsurjm iy efhj jxpjgtlogy lt ifrtc1 (i) aokwejmbj, ls djlsurjm iy
tcj lmuet eftjrlgy rltj (twk-tcfrms wjfbct) lom tcj gkdifojm prfdlry, sjg-
komlry, lom tjrtflry brkss jorkeedjot rltfk (koj-tcfrm wjfbct)1 lom (g) l
mjgjot stlomlrm kh efvfob, ls djlsurjm iy BM^ pjr glpftl fo purgclsfobpkwjr plrfty (^^^) fo Z.W. mkeelrs (hfburj 9.9).
]cj BMF djlsurjs lgcfjvjdjot fo tcj sldj ilsfg glplifeftfjs ls tcj
CMF mkjs, iut ft tlajs oktj kh fojqulefty fo lgcfjvjdjot ijtwjjo
wkdjo lom djo. Fojqulefty fs glpturjm iy hfrst mfslbbrjbltfob tcj tcrjj
fomfgltkrs kh tcj CMF”l ekob lom cjletcy efhj, aokwejmbj, lom l mjgjot
stlomlrm kh efvfob”iy bjomjr, rjsuetfob fo dlej lom hjdlej fomjxjs hkr
jlgc fomfgltkr.8 ]cjsj fomjxjs lrj lm`ustjm iy dlej lom hjdlej pkpu-
eltfko sclrjs hkr jlgc fomfgltkr, grjltfob jquleey mfstrfiutjm fomjxjs hkrlee tcrjj fomfgltkrs. Hfoleey, jlgc kh tcj tcrjj jquleey mfstrfiutjm
fomjxjs fs gkdifojm fo lo uowjfbctjm lvjrlbj tk bjojrltj tcj BMF
(sjj loojx L hkr lo jxldpej hrkd ]clfelom).
Fo jhhjgt, tcj BMF fs tcj CMF mfsgkuotjm, kr lm`ustjm mkwowlrm, hkr
bjomjr fojqulefty. ]cj BMF hlees wcjo tcj lgcfjvjdjot ejvjes kh iktc
7> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
mfdjosfko
fomfgltkr
mfdjosfko
fomjx
efhj jxpjgtlogy fomjx
l ekob lom
cjletcy efhj aokwejmbj
lmuet eftjrlgy rltj brkss jorkeedjot rltfk
BM^ fomjx
BM^ pjr glpftl
(^^^ ZW$)
l mjgjot stlomlrm
kh efvfob
(BJY)
BJY fomjxlmuet eftjrlgy fomjx
jmugltfko fomjx
cudlo mjvjekpdjot fomjx (CMF)
efhj jxpjgtlogy
lt ifrtc
Hfburj 9.9 Glegueltfob tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx
Wkurgj0 ZOM^ 9>>8, ]jgcofgle Oktj <.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 49/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 50/188
Dfmmej Jlst, Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lom Wkutc Lsfl sgkrj ekw fo jgk-
okdfg lom pkeftfgle jqulefty.
]cj lmvlotlbjs lom efdftltfkos kh tcj BMF lom tcj BJD clvj ijjo
mjiltjm hkr skdj tfdj lom wjrj tcj sui`jgt kh l wkrasckp gkovjojm iy
tcj CMY khhfgj fo 9>>8. Dkrj rjgjotey, tcjy wjrj l prfdj plrt kh tcj eftjr-
lturj rjvfjw kh tcj cudlo mjvjekpdjot fomfgjs iy Clfejeue lom ktcjrs
(9>>6). ]cfs dkst rjgjot rjvfjw oktjs tclt tcj BMF rjefliey trlgas bjomjr
fojqulefty fo qulefty kh efhj lom fo kvjrlee cudlo mjvjekpdjot. ]cj BMF
cls lesk cjepjm fo tcj grjltfko kh ktcjr rjbfkole fomjxjs lom cls hlgfeftltjm
bekile gkdplrfskos (Clfejeue lom ktcjrs 9>>6). Iut tcj rjvfjw gkogurs
wftc prjvfkus grftfgfsds (sjj Aelsjo 9>>8) tclt tcj BMF mkjs okt hueeylssjss bjomjr mfsplrfty, elrbjey ijglusj kh tcj fogkdj fomfgltkr usjm fo tcj
glegueltfkos, hkr wcfgc lmjqultj mltl iy bjomjr mk okt jxfst. ]cjrj lrj ok
mfslbbrjbltjm mltl ko dlej lom hjdlej BM^. ]cj fogkdj djlsurj usjm fo
tcj BMF lom BJD jstfdltjs lo fomfvfmule‖s glplgfty tk jlro fogkdj. Lt tcj
sldj tfdj, ojftcjr tcj dlej ifls fo clvfob lggjss tk huee-tfdj plfm wkra okr
tcj fogkdj jlrojm iy sjeh-jdpekyjm wkdjo fs djlsurjm. Hurtcjrdkrj,
wkdjo fo pkkrjr gkuotrfjs rjgjfvj ekwjr-qulefty outrftfko, ejss cjletc glrj,
lom hjwjr jmugltfkole kppkrtuoftfjs tclo tcjfr dlej gkuotjrplrts. Rftcfotcj ckusjckem, wkdjo lrj khtjo mfsgrfdfoltjm lblfost lom clvj ejss gkotrke
kvjr ckusjckem rjskurgjs tclo djo fo tcj sldj ckusjckem. Mfsgrfdfoltfko
jxfsts fo tcj elikr dlrajt, lom `ki sjbdjotltfko khtjo pksftfkos wkdjo fo
ekw-plyfob kggupltfkos. Dkrjkvjr, elga kh lggjss tk elom lom grjmft lom tcj
cjlvy tfdj iurmjo lsskgfltjm wftc gcfem-rjlrfob lom ckusjckem gckrjs,
jspjgfleey ldkob pkkrjr wkdjo, cfomjr l wkdlo‖s pjrskole mjvjekpdjot
lom hrjjmkd”lom cjr jgkokdfg kppkrtuoftfjs.
]cj rjpkrt subbjsts tclt mjtlfejm fomjxjs, sugc ls lo fomfvfmule mfspks-liej fogkdj fomjx, ij grjltjm iy bjomjr. ]cj rjpkrt lesk rjgkddjoms
dkmfhyfob tcj BMF tk rjhejgt spjgfhfg prkiejds hlgjm iy wkdjo fo mjvje-
kpfob gkuotrfjs”hkr jxldpej, lggjss tk outrftfko, ckusfob, lom gektc-
fob”lom tk fmjotfhy skurgjs kh fogkdj (elikr lom rjot, hkr jxldpej).
]cj rjvfjw iy Clfejeue lom ktcjrs (9>>6) grftfgfzjs tcj BJD hkr okt
glpturfob bjomjr jdpkwjrdjot lt tcj ckusjckem ejvje lom hkr hlfefob tk
djlsurj jdpkwjrdjot fssujs sugc ls sjxulefty, rjefbfko, gueturj, lom
wkdjo‖s rfbcts. ]cj BJD lesk hlfes tk fogeumj skdj okojgkokdfg mfdjo-
sfkos kh mjgfsfko-dlafob pkwjr, lom ft rjefjs ko fotjroltfkole rltcjr tclooltfkole mltlilsjs.
ZOJGJ Bjomjr Wtltfstfgs MltlilsjFo Kgtkijr 9>>>, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Jgkokdfg Gkddfssfko hkr Jurkpj
(ZOJGJ), fo lsskgfltfko wftc tcj oltfkole stltfstfgs khhfgjs kh tcj
79 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 51/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 52/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 53/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 54/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 55/188
]liej 9.= Jxldpejs kh Zsj kh Dkrj tclo Koj Dlgrkjgkokdfg Dkmje fo Wtumyfob Bjomjr Yjeltfkos
Lutckr/yjlr Ki`jgtfvj Cypktcjsfs Djtckmkekb
Mlrfty (<66:) Mfvfmj jgkokdy fotk twk
sjgtkrs0 tcj ckusjckem
sjgtkr, fo wcfgc prkmugtfko
fs glrrfjm kut iy wkdjo,
lom tcj glsc-grkp sjgtkr,
fo wcfgc lgtfvftfjs lrj
bjomjr spjgfhfg (djo
gkotrke prkmugtfko prkgjss
lom fogkdj hrkd glsc
grkp, pueefob wkdjo hrkdckusjckem wcjo ojjmjm).
]cj ekss kh hjdlej elikr
tk tcj glsc-grkp sjgtkr
lhhjgts kutput kh tcj
ckusjckem sjgtkr.
Djtckm < lom djt
Jrtura lom Âlb˓ltly (<66:) Jxldfoj ckw sjguelr
gclobjs (brjltjr
plrtfgfpltfko iy wkdjo)
lom gygefgle gclobjs fo tcj
hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr
hkrgj lom fotjosfty kh
hjdlej ckusjckem elikr
foheujogj tcj ijclvfkr kh
dlgrkjgkokdfgs.
Lo fogrjlsj fo tcj
hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr
hkrgj fs efajey tk clvj l
pksftfvj jhhjgt ko fovjstdjot1
tcj slvfobs rltj fs pksftfvjey
rjeltjm tk tcj fotjosfty kh
hjdlej ckusjckem elikr.
Brkwtc gygej dkmj
djtckm 9
Wkurgj0 Âlb˓ltly <663.
7 2
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 56/188
bjomjr ls lo loleytfgle gltjbkry rjqufrjs lpprkprfltj mltl lom tkkes.
Bjomjr djlsurjdjot fssujs clvj ijjo lmmrjssjm koey fo tcj plst 7> yjlrs,
lom mltlilsjs djlsurfob bjomjr jqulefty lrj hlr dkrj rjgjot.
Letckubc djlsurfob bjomjr rjdlfos l wkra fo prkbrjss, sfbofhfglot
jhhkrts clvj ijjo dlmj fo rjgjot mjglmjs. ^rjvfkusey, jgkokdfsts sfdpey
mfslbbrjbltjm skgfkjgkokdfg mltl iy dlej lom hjdlej. Mkfob sk fs `ust l
hfrst stjp tkwlrm djlsurfob bjomjr1 ft mkjs okt glpturj tcj jhhjgts kh bjo-
mjr rjeltfkos. ]cj mjvjekpdjot kh l oudijr kh mltlilsjs dlrajm loktcjr
stjp hkrwlrm. ]cjsj mltlilsjs fogkrpkrltj ajy bjomjr fssujs, sugc ls plr-
tfgfpltfko fo mjgfsfko dlafob, bjomjr lttftumjs, plrtfgfpltfko fo jejgtfkos,
jotrjprjojurscfp, mkdjstfg vfkejogj, pkvjrty, fohkrdle jdpekydjot, tfdjusj, lom sgckke lttjomlogj. ]cfs gclptjr sckws ckw tcjsj mltlilsjs fmjo-
tfhy bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tjrds kh foputs lom kutgkdjs lom wcy tcfs
fohkrdltfko fs usjhue hkr pkefgy dlajrs. ]cj gclptjr gkogeumjs iy prj-
sjotfob l oudijr kh pktjotfle lpprklgcjs hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmje-
fob kh bjomjr rjeltfkos.
Fo suddlry, tcfs gclptjr mjsgrfijs rjgjot lom kobkfob jhhkrts tk qulo-
tfhy bjomjr rjeltfkos, tcj fdpjtus hkr wcfgc wls jxpelfojm fo gclptjr <.
Ft prkvfmjs l ilsfs hkr jxldfofob tcj fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr rjeltfkos lombjomjr fojquleftfjs hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg vlrfliejs kh gkosudptfko lom
slvfob, tcj sui`jgt kh gclptjr 7.
73 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 57/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 58/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 59/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 60/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 61/188
Glegueltfob tcj JMJ^ hkr FogkdjJlrojm fogkdj (fo purgclsfob pkwjr plrfty Q^^^T) fs jstfdltjm hkr
wkdjo lom djo sjplrltjey lom tcjo fomjxjm tk bklepksts. ]cj fogkdj
fomjx fs ilsjm ko uolm`ustjm vleujs, okt tcj ekblrftcd kh jstfdltjm
jlrojm fogkdj (ls usjm tk glegueltj tcj BMF).
eogkdj fomjx 4 7,933 ‗ <>> Fogkdj fomjx 4 3,>9<‗<>>=>,>>> ‗ <>>
4 >.>3>=>,>>> ‗ <>>
4 >.<66.
]cj hjdlej lom dlej fomjxjs lrj tcjo gkdifojm tk grjltj tcj jquleey mfs-
trfiutjm fomjx0
JMJ^ hkr fogkdj 4 {Q>.=62 (>.>3>‗<)T + Q>.:>7 (>.<66‗<)T}‗< 4 >.<<=.
Glegueltfob tcj BJDKogj tcj JMJ^ cls ijjo glegueltjm hkr tcj plrefdjotlry rjprjsjotltfko,
jgkokdfg plrtfgfpltfko, lom fogkdj, mjtjrdfofob tcj BJD fs strlfbcthkr-
wlrm. Ft fs l sfdpej lvjrlbj kh tcj tcrjj JMJ^ fomjxjs.
BJD 4>.7:9 + >.3:2 + >.<<=
74 >.==<.
Wkurgj0 ZOM^ 9>>7, 7=:.
Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs =7
Rkdjo Djo
^kpueltfko sclrj0 >.=62 ^kpueltfko sclrj0 >.:>7
Jstfdltjm jlrojm fogkdj ( ^^)0 $7,933 Jstfdltjm jlrojm fogkdj (^^ )0 $3,>9<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 62/188
Loojx G0 Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs
== Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
(gkotfoujm)
]liej 9G.< Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs
Fomfgltkr Mltlilsj
^kpueltfko ^kpueltfko kh hfvj-yjlr lbj brkups iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
^kpueltfko kh sjejgtjm lbj brkups iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Wjx rltfk hkr pkpueltfko lbj 3> lom kvjr iy gkuotry lom yjlr
^kpueltfko kh hfvj-yjlr lbj brkups iy dlrftle stltus, lbj, dlej/hjdlej,
gkuotry, lom yjlr
^kpueltfko kh sjejgtjm lbj brkups <3 lom kvjr iy dlrftle stltus, lbj,
dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlrHldfefjs lom
ckusjckems
Efvj ifrtcs iy dktcjr‖s lbj, gkuotry, lom yjlr
]ktle hjrtfefty rltj iy gkuotry lom yjlr
Lmkejsgjot hjrtfefty rltj iy gkuotry lom yjlr
Djlo lbj kh wkdjo lt ifrtc kh hfrst gcfem iy gkuotry lom yjlr
Djlo lbj lt hfrst dlrrflbj iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Ejble likrtfkos iy gkuotry lom yjlr
Koj-plrjot hldfefjs lom gcfemrjo iy sjx kh plrjot, gkuotry, lom yjlr
^rfvltj ckusjckems iy ckusjckem typj, gkuotry lom yjlr
Koj-pjrsko ckusjckems iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Rkra lom tcj
jgkokdy
Elikr hkrgj iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jdpekydjot iy sjgtkr kh lgtfvfty, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jdpekydjot iy kggupltfko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jdpekydjot fo puiefg lom prfvltj sjgtkr iy sjgtkr kh lgtfvfty,
dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jdpekydjot iy stltus kh jdpekydjot, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
^lrt-tfdj jdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Zojdpekydjot iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Vkutc uojdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Ekob-tjrd uojdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlrZojdpekyjm iy lbj, rjlsko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Bjomjr ply blp iy ejvje kh jmugltfko, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jmugltfko Zppjr sjgkomlry lom pkstsjgkomlry stumjots iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,
lom yjlr
Jorkeedjot rltfk lt sjgkomlry ejvje iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Jmugltfkole lttlfodjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
Brlmultjs iy typj kh prkbrld, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
]jrtflry stumjots iy hfjem kh stumy, typj kh prkbrld, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,
lom yjlr
]jlgcjrs iy ejvje kh jmugltfko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr
^jrgjotlbj kh pkpueltfko fo efhjekob ejlrofob iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,
lom yjlr
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 63/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 64/188
irjlsthjjmfob1 lom ckdj wkra, wcfgc glo lesk rjhjr tk plfm wkra mkoj fo tcj
ckdj ko suigkotrlgt hrkd lo jdpekyjr (ZOFHJD 9>>:, 9=).
7. ]cj FEK, tcj Fotjroltfkole Jxpjrt Brkup ko Fohkrdle Wjgtkr Wtltfstfgs (tcj
Mjecf Brkup), lom tcj Rkdjo fo Fohkrdle Jdpekydjot0 Bekilefzfob lom
Krblofzfob (RFJBK) ojtwkra wkrajm tkbjtcjr tk jxplom tcj mjhfoftfko kh
fohkrdle wkra.
=. Bjomjr dlfostrjldfob fs mfsgussjm fo gclptjr 8. Ls oktjm iy tcj ZOJGJ
(9>>=, f), ―bjomjr stltfstfgs pelys l grugfle rkej fo dlfostrjldfob bjomjr fotk
pkefgfjs iy mkgudjotfob tcj mfhhjrjot wlys fo wcfgc pkefgfjs, skgfle okrds,
lom gueturle vleujs fdplgt tcj efvjs kh wkdjo lom djo.—
:. ]cj CMF gkdprfsjs hfvj djlsurjs0 tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx ftsjeh (CMF),tcj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF), tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot
Djlsurj (BJD), tcj Cudlo ^kvjrty Fomjx hkr mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs (C^F-<),
lom tcj Cudlo ^kvjrty Fomjx hkr KJGM gkuotrfjs (C^F-9).
8. Rkdjo‖s ekobjr efhj jxpjgtlogy fs tlajo fotk gkosfmjrltfko fo tcj glegueltfkos.
2. ZOJGJ djdijr gkuotrfjs fogeumj Leilofl, Lomkrrl, Lrdjofl, Lustrfl,
Lzjrilf`lo, Ijelrus, Ijebfud, Iksofl lom Cjrzjbkvfol, Iueblrfl, Glolml,
Grkltfl, Gyprus, tcj Gzjgc Yjpuiefg, Mjodlra, Jstkofl, Hfoelom, Hrlogj,
Bjkrbfl, Bjrdloy, Brjjgj, Cuoblry, Fgjelom, Frjelom, Fsrlje, Ftley, Alzlacstlo,tcj Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, Eltvfl, Efjgctjostjfo, Eftculofl, Euxjdikurb,
Dlgjmkofl, Dletl, Dkemkvl, Dkolgk, Dkotjojbrk, tcj Ojtcjreloms, Okrwly,
^kelom, ^krtuble, Ykdlofl, tcj Yussflo Hjmjrltfko, Wlo Dlrfok, Wjrifl, tcj
Wekvla Yjpuiefg, Wekvjofl, Wplfo, Wwjmjo, Wwftzjrelom, ]l`fafstlo, ]urajy,
]uradjofstlo, Zarlfoj, tcj Zoftjm Afobmkd, tcj Zoftjm Wtltjs, lom
Zzijafstlo.
3. Lt tcj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, ZO djdijr stltjs lmkptjm lom
gkddfttjm tk fdpejdjot tcj Ijf`fob ^elthkrd hkr Lgtfko, wcfgc fmjotfhfjs <9
grftfgle lrjls kh gkogjro wftc rjspjgt tk tcj lmvlogjdjot kh wkdjo lom tcjlgcfjvjdjot kh bjomjr jqulefty. Rkremwfmj prkbrjss fo tcj fdpejdjotltfko kh
tcj Ijf`fob ^elthkrd hkr Lgtfko fs rjvfjwjm jvjry hfvj yjlrs iy tcj
Gkddfssfko ko tcj Wtltus kh Rkdjo (sjj cttp0//www.uojgj.krb/bjomjr).
6. Dkst kh tcj quleftltfvj vlrfliejs vlry ijtwjjo > (ijttjr) tk < (wkrsj) (@õttfob
lom ktcjrs 9>>8, <<).
<>. ]cj bjojrle hkrduel hkr tcj jquleey mfstrfiutjm fomjx fs0 Jquleey mfstrfiutjm
fomjx 4 {Qhjdlej pkpueltfko sclrj (hjdlej fomjx<‗κ)T + Qdlej pkpueltfko
sclrj (dlej fomjx<‗κ)T}</<‗κ wcjrj κ djlsurjs tcj lvjrsfko tk fojqulefty.
Ifiefkbrlpcy
Lolom, Wumcfr, lom Ldlrtyl Wjo. <66:. Bjomjr Fojqulefty fo Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot0
]cjkrfjs lom Djlsurjdjot. Kgglsfkole ^lpjr <9. Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot
^rkbrlddj, Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt Khhfgj, Ojw Vkra.
=8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 65/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 66/188
”””. 9>>8. Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom Fts Fdplgt ko Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot0
]cj Mjiltj likut tcj BMF lom BJD . Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot
^rkbrlddj, Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt Khhfgj, Ojw Vkra.
Elob, @. <663. Joquàtj sur el sftultfko mjs hjddjs mlos ej dkomj. Lssjdieæj
Oltfkolej, ^lrfs.
Dlrgclom, D. C., lom @. E. ^lrplrt, jms. <66:. Hjdfofsd, ^kstdkmjrofsd
Mjvjekpdjot. Ekomko0 Ykutejmbj.
^lrplrt, @. E. <667. ―Rck Fs tcj Ktcjr; L ^kstdkmjro Hjdfofst Grftfquj kh
Rkdjo lom Mjvjekpdjot ]cjkry lom ^rlgtfgj.— Mjvjekpdjot lom Gclobj 9=
(7)0 =76‗8=.
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/979, Hfsgle
Lhhlfrs Mjplrtdjot, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.
]lyekr, E. <66:. ―Jovfrkodjotle lom Bjomjr Hjjmilgas fo Dlgrkjgkokdfgs.—
Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <6:7‗8<.
ZOM^ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj). <66:. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot
Yjpkrt <66:0 Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot . Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. <666. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt <6660 Bekilefzltfko wftc l Cudlo
Hlgj. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. 9>>7. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt0 Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles0 L
Gkdplgt ldkob Oltfkos tk Jom Cudlo ^kvjrty. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty
^rjss.
”””. 9>>:. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9>>:0 Fotjroltfkole Gkkpjrltfko lt l
Grkssrklms0 Lfm, ]rlmj lom Wjgurfty fo lo Zojqule Rkrem . Bjomjr-Yjeltjm
Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD).
Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. 9>>8. Bekile Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt. Ijykom Wglrgfty0 ^kwjr, ^kvjrty
lom Bekile Rltjr Grfsfs. Ojw Vkra0 ZOM^.”””. 9>>6. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt. Kvjrgkdfob Ilrrfjrs0 Cudlo Dkifefty
lom Mjvjekpdjot . Ojw Vkra0 ZOM^.
ZOJGJ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Jgkokdfg Gkddfssfko hkr Jurkpj). 9>>=. Yjpkrt ko tcj
Wtltus kh Khhfgfle Wtltfstfgs Yjeltjm tk Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Jlstjro Jurkpj lom tcj
GFW Gkuotrfjs. ZOJGJ Wtltfstfgle Mfvfsfko lom ZOM^ Irltfselvl Yjbfkole
Gjotjr, Bjojvl.
ZOFHJD (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom hkr Rkdjo). 9>>>. ^rkbrjss kh tcj
Rkrem‖s Rkdjo. Ojw Vkra0 ZOFHJD.”””. 9>>:. ^rkbrjss kh tcj Rkrem‖s Rkdjo 9>>:0 Rkdjo, Rkra lom kvjrty. Ojw
Vkra0 ZOFHJD.
Rkrem Iloa. 9>><. Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot tcrkubc Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Yfbcts,
Yjskurgjs lom Xkfgj. Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.
”””. 9>>2. Bekile Dkoftkrfob Yjpkrt 9>>2 . Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.
=3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 67/188
=6
Mfhhjrjogjs fo tcj ijclvfkr kh djo lom wkdjo dly ejlm tk mfhhjrjot
dlgrkjgkokdfg kutgkdjs, plrtfguelrey hkr lbbrjbltjs sugc ls prfvltj gko-
sudptfko, slvfobs lom fovjstdjot, lom tcj gkdpksftfko kh bkvjrodjot
jxpjomfturj. Ls l rjsuet, bjomjr iumbjtfob cls ijgkdj lo fdpkrtlot fssuj
fo dkst gkuotrfjs kvjr tcj plst hjw mjglmjs. Gclptjr 3 jxldfojs tcj bjo-
mjr iumbjtfob djtckms lom kutgkdjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs. ]cfs
gclptjr jxpekrjs bjomjr‖s foheujogj ko gkosudptfko lom slvfob. Rj hfrst
gkotjxtulefzj tcj mfsgussfko iy jxldfofob tcj efoalbjs ijtwjjo tcjckusjckem lom fts bjomjr gkdpksftfko lom dlgrkjgkokdfg lbbrjbltjs.
]cj Ckusjckem lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs
Dugc kh tcj jvfmjogj tk suppkrt tcj tcjsfs tclt ckusjckem gkdpksftfko
foheujogjs dlgrkjgkokdfg vlrfliejs gkdjs hrkd tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg
gkotjxt kh tcj ckusjckem. Lutckrs sugc ls Mjltko (<669) lrbuj tclt
lbbrjbltjm dfgrkjgkokdfg mltl lrj l vlefm ilsfs hkr hkrdfob dlgrkjgk-okdfg gkogeusfkos. Ls Wtktsay (9>>8, 3) oktjs, ―lt l mfslbbrjbltj ejvje,
tcjrj fs jvfmjogj tk subbjst tclt ckusjckem gkdpksftfko dly foheujogj
tcj huee rlobj kh jgkokdfg vlrfliejs kh gckfgj tk tcj ckusjckem, fogeum-
fob gkosudptfko, slvfobs, fovjstdjot, rfsa-tlafob ijclvfkr, lom elikr
G C L ^ ] J Y 7
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg
Lbbrjbltjs
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 68/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 69/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 70/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 71/188
gkuotrfjs fs tclt rjskurgjs gkotrkeejm iy wkdjo tjom tk fogrjlsj jxpjo-
mfturj sclrjs ko jmugltfko rjeltfvj tk rjskurgjs gkotrkeejm iy djo.—
]liej 7.< suddlrfzjs skdj kh tcj ktcjr hfomfobs hrkd tcj eftjrlturj ko
tcj jhhjgt kh bjomjr jhhjgts ko ckusjckem gkosudptfko.
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs :7
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl
Iurafol Hlsk
Dlef
Ofbjrfl
Dlelwf
Ijofo
Gldjrkko
Ywloml
Ajoyl
]lozlofl
Zbloml
Bclol
Dkzldifquj
Pfdiliwj
Dlmlblsglr
Jrftrjl
Jlst Lsfl lom
^lgfhfg
Fomkojsfl
^cfefppfojs
GJJ/GFW
Lrdjofl
]uradjofstlo
Clftf
^jru
Ikefvfl
Gkekdifl
Wkutc Lsfl
Ojple
Ilobelmjsc
Jbypt, Lrli Yjp.
Dkrkggk
@krmlo
Dfmmej Jlst lom
Okrtc Lhrfgl
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom
tcj Glrfiijlo
3>2>
8:.2
8=.:
87.=
::.6
:9.:
=:.6
=7.<
76
72.7
7:.7
79.37<.3
92
<8.9
:.3
6
9.=
<3
<>.6
<7.2
<>.3
<>
8.2
7=.9
7>.7
7=.=
7<.9
9=.7
8>:>=>
pjrgjot
7>9><>>
Hfburj 7.7 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr
Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj Mjgfsfkos ko Mlfey Ckusjckem Jxpjomfturjs
Wkurgj0 ZOFGJH 9>>8, <6.
Oktj0 Mltl rjhjr tk tcj dkst rjgjot yjlr lvlfeliej ijtwjjo 9>>> lom 9>>=. Lee gkuotrfjs hkr wcfgc mltl wjrj
lvlfeliej lrj prjsjotjm. GJJ/GFW 4 Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj/Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 72/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 73/188
• Bfvjo tclt ojgjssftfjs rjdlfo gkostlot rjblrmejss kh vlrfltfkos fo fogkdj,
koj wkuem jxpjgt dkrj stliej jxpjomfturj fo jgkokdfjs fo wcfgc
wkdjo clvj l brjltjr mjbrjj kh gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem purgclsjs.• ^kefgfjs tclt fdprkvj wkdjo‖s gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem spjomfob
sckuem strjobtcjo dlgrkjgkokdfg brkwtc lom stlifefty.
]cj sjgkom strlom kh tcj eftjrlturj rjhjrjogjm iy Wtktsay (9>>8)
jxldfojs tcj hlgt tclt tcj bjomjr kh gcfemrjo fo skdj gueturjs mjtjrdfojs
tcj ldkuot kh jxpjomfturj tcjy rjgjfvj. Lt tcj fomfvfmule ejvje, bjomjr
lhhjgts gkosudptfko kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko. Hkr jxldpej,
Wgcuetz (<632) sckws tclt fo 6> gkuotrfjs, lo fogrjlsj fo tcj gkst kh
sgckkefob kr l mjgrjlsj fo ckusjckem fogkdj mjgrjlsjs bfres‖ gkosudptfko
kh jmugltfko (iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs lom
tktle yjlrs kh sgckkefob) dkrj tclo ikys‖ gkosudptfko. Fo Fomfl, Afobmko
(9>>:) hfoms bjomjr ifls fo tcj leekgltfko kh spjomfob ko jmugltfko hkr
ikys. Fo hlgt, ckusjckems lrj uoefajey tk ply hkr loy jmugltfko hkr bfres.
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs ::
]liej 7.9 Jhhjgts ko Gkosudptfko kh Fogrjlsfob Mjgfsfko-Dlafob ^kwjr
iy Rkdjo
Wtumy
Yjbfko kr
gkuotry
Foput
vlrfliejs
Kutput
vlrfliejs Kutgkdj
Cleedlo
(9>>>)
Ilobelmjsc Rkdjo‖s lssjt
ckemfobs
Rkdjo‖s
cjletc
]cj cfbcjr tcj sclrj
kh wkdjo‖s lssjt
ckemfobs, tcj ijttjr tcj
cjletc kutgkdj hkr bfres.
\ufsudifob
(<668)
Wui-Wlclrlo
Lhrfgl
Cudlo glpftle
^cysfgle glpftle
Gurrjot foputs
Lbrfgueturle
prkmugtfvfty
Yjmugfob bjomjr
fojquleftfjs fo cudlo
glpftle, pcysfgle glpftle,
lom gurrjot foputs clstcj pktjotfle tk fogrjlsj
lbrfgueturle prkmugtfvfty
iy <>‗9> pjrgjot.
\ufsudifob
lom
Dleuggfk
(9>>>)
Okt spjgfhfjm Rkdjo‖s lssjt
ckemfobs lt
dlrrflbj
Gcfemrjo‖s
jmugltfko
]cj elrbjr tcj sclrj kh
lssjts wkdjo ckem lt
dlrrflbj, tcj elrbjr tcj
sclrj tcj ckusjckem
spjoms ko gcfemrjo‖s
jmugltfko.
Wdftc lom
Gclvls
(9>>7)
Okt spjgfhfjm Rkdjo‖s mjgfsfko
dlafob wftcfo
skgfjty lom hldfey
Gcfem
outrftfko
Fdprkvjdjots fo wkdjo‖s
mjgfsfko-dlafob pkwjr
sfbofhfglotey rjmugj gcfem
dleoutrftfko rltjs.
Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 74/188
Mjltko (<636) hfoms ok bjomjr ifls fo djmfgle lom jmugltfko spjomfob fo
Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj lom koey l sdlee iut fosfbofhfglot jhhjgt fo hlvkr kh ikys fo
]clfelom. Lgrkss sjvjrle mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs, Befga, Wlcl, lom Vkuobjr
(9>>=) hfom ok mfsgrfdfoltfko fo cjletc glrj kr jmugltfko spjomfob
ldkob ikys lom bfres fo tcjfr rjvfjw kh tcj eftjrlturj lom loleysjs kh
mjvjekpfob gkuotry mltl sjts. Lemjrdlo lom Bjrtejr (<662) hfom l bjomjr
ifls fo hlvkr kh ikys wftc rjblrm tk mjdlom hkr djmfgle glrj fo ^lafstlo.
Ejwfs lom Ekgacjjm (9>>2) feeustrltj tcj jxtjot lom mjbrjj kh tcj
prkiejd kh bfres‖ jxgeusfko hrkd hkrdle jmugltfko0
• Fo Fomfl 72 pjrgjot kh bfres 2‗<= ijekobfob tk ekwjr glstjs kr trfijs mkokt lttjom sgckke, gkdplrjm wftc 98 pjrgjot kh lee bfres tcj sldj lbj1
sgckke lttjomlogj hkr trfile bfres fs 6 pjrgjotlbj pkfots ejss tclo tclt
kh trfile ikys.
• Fo tcj Elk ^jkpej‖s Mjdkgrltfg Yjpuiefg cfee trfij bfres hrkd rurle
gkdduoftfjs gkdpejtj ejss tclo twk yjlrs kh sgckke, wcjrjls dl`krf-
ty Elk-]lf bfres hrkd urilo gkdduoftfjs gkdpejtj jfbct yjlrs.
• Fo Bultjdlel fomfbjokus bfres lrj ejss efajey tclo loy ktcjr brkup kh
gcfemrjo tk clvj jvjr jorkeejm fo prfdlry sgckke0 koey 98 pjrgjot kh fomfbjokus oko-Wplofsc-spjlafob bfres gkdpejtj prfdlry sgckke, gkd-
plrjm wftc 89 pjrgjot kh Wplofsc-spjlafob bfres.
• Fo tcj Wekvla Yjpuiefg, koey 6 pjrgjot kh Ykdl bfres lttjom sjgkomlry
sgckke, gkdplrjm wftc := pjrgjot kh Wekvla bfres.
Dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy tclt tlrbjts tcj jxgeusfko kh bfres hrkd jmugltfko
ojjms tk gkosfmjr tcj prfgj lom fogkdj jelstfgftfjs kh mjdlom hkr jmugltfko.
Ls Wtktsay (9>>8) oktjs, rjeltfvj prfgj fogrjlsjs hkr jmugltfko wkuemlmvjrsjey lhhjgt bfres, lom prfgj mjgrjlsjs wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft
bfres0 ―Cfbcjr fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlom hkr hjdlej jmugltfko lom cjletc
glrj fdpefjs tclt jgkokdfg prkspjrfty wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft
wkdjo iy jxplomfob tcjfr lggjss tk tcjsj sjrvfgjs, wcfej rjgjssfkos wkuem
clvj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ojbltfvj jhhjgt— (Wtktsay 9>>8, <<). Wkuom
dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgfjs tclt fogeumj lo lpprkprfltjey vleujm jxgclobj rltj
lrj ajy tk rjmugfob bjomjr mfsplrftfjs fo jmugltfko lom cjletc.9
Ejwfs lom Ekgacjjm (9>>2) subbjst twk lvjoujs iy wcfgc pkefgy glo
―rjlgc lom tjlgc— jxgeumjm bfres. ]cj hfrst lvjouj fovkevjs fdprkvfob tcjqulefty lom lggjssfifefty kh jmugltfko fo tcj hkeekwfob wlys0
• Dlaj jmugltfko pkefgfjs hlfrjr. Wkdj pkefgfjs”sugc ls tcj rjqufrjdjot
tclt ejsskos ij tlubct fo tcj dl`krfty elobulbj”clvj uofotjotfkole
:8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 75/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 76/188
• Fotrkmugj sgckke hjjmfob prkbrlds. Wgckke hjjmfob prkbrlds clvj ijjo
sckwo tk ikkst jorkeedjot lom lttjomlogj, letckubc tcjy mk efttej tk
rjmugj tcj bjomjr blp. Fomjjm, stumfjs sckw tclt ikys ijojhft dkrj
tclo bfres hrkd sugc prkbrlds.
Eldpfjttf lom Wtleajr (9>>>) jxldfoj gkosudptfko jxpjomfturj lom
hjdlej pkvjrty. Yjhjrjogfob dkrj tclo 8> pkvjrty lssjssdjots glrrfjm
kut iy tcj Rkrem Iloa lom ktcjr puiefscjm lom uopuiefscjm skurgjs, tcj
lutckrs oktj tcj hkeekwfob0
• ^kkr wkdjo clvj cfbcjr hjrtfefty rltjs, cfbcjr dltjrole dkrtleftyrltjs, ekwjr-ifrtcwjfbct ilifjs, lom ejss lggjss tk qulefhfjm kr dkmjro
cjletc glrj murfob prjbology tclo okopkkr wkdjo mk. ]cjsj mfhhjr-
jogjs lrj hkuom fo iktc ekw- lom dfmmej-fogkdj gkuotrfjs.
• ]cjrj fs ok gkogeusfvj jvfmjogj tclt pkkr wkdjo lrj wkrsj khh tclo
pkkr djo fo tjrds kh hkkm leekgltfko lom lotcrkpkdjtrfg stltus
(l djlsurj kh hkkm fotlajs).
• Ekw- lom dfmmej-fogkdj gkuotrfjs vlry fo tcj qulotfty lom afom kh
jmugltfkole kppkrtuoftfjs tcjy khhjr ikys lom bfres. Wjvjrle hfomfobsjdjrbj hrkd loleysfs kh 99 pkvjrty lssjssdjots tclt fogeumjm loleysfs
kh bjomjr lom jmugltfko. Bfres lrj wkrsj khh tclo ikys fo M`fikutf,
Jbypt, Ajoyl, Ofbjrfl, ^lafstlo, lom Vjdjo. Ijekw tcj pkvjrty efoj,
bfres lrj wkrsj khh tclo ikys fo Lebjrfl, Ikefvfl, Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, Fomfl,
Elk ^MY, Dlelwf, Dkrkggk, lom Pldifl1 ikys lrj wkrsj khh tclo bfres
fo Ejsktck lom Dkobkefl. ]cj hfomfobs lrj fogkogeusfvj kr sckw ok
mfhhjrjogj fo Dlmlblsglr, Dlurftlofl, Ofglrlbul, Ywloml, Wrf Eloal,
lom ]lozlofl.
Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Wlvfobs
Wtktsay (9>>8) oktjs tclt bjomjr rjeltfkos dly lhhjgt slvfobs ijclvfkr,
ledkst gjrtlfoey lt tcj ejvje kh tcj ckusjckem iut lesk mkdjstfgleey lom
fotjroltfkoleey lom wftc rjblrm tk prjhjrjogjs hkr rfsa tlafob. Lt tcj ejvje
kh tcj jgkokdy, bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs foheujogj mkdjstfg slvfobs,
wftc fdpefgltfkos hkr fovjstdjot lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hurtcjrdkrj,
fovjstdjot ijclvfkr lrfsfob hrkd bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs dlyclvj fdpefgltfkos hkr jxpkrts lom fdpkrts.
Wtktsay (9>>8) rjvfjws tcj eftjrlturj ko slvfobs lom bjomjr, cfbcefbct-
fob tcj rjlskos wcy pjkpej fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs dly clvj mfhhjrjot
dktfvltfkos tk slvj tclo pjkpej fo mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs. Fo mjvjekpjm
:3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 77/188
jgkokdfjs, slvfobs cjep sdkktc gkosudptfko kvjr tcj efhj gygej lom hue-
hfee ijqujst, fovjstdjot, lom prjglutfkolry dktfvjs (Wtktsay 9>>8).
Lbjokr lom Dkotfje (<668) lom Bjrksvftz (<636) subbjst rjlskos wcy
tcjsj dktfvltfkos dly okt ckem ls strkobey fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs0
• Ckusjckems fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs lrj krblofzjm mfhhjrjotey hrkd
ckusjckems fo mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs lom usuleey fogkrpkrltj l elrbj
jxtjomjm hldfey. ]cfs mfhhjrjogj gkuem fogrjlsj slvfobs tk hlgfeftltj
fotjrbjojrltfkole wjee-ijfob, iut ft gkuem lesk rjmugj slvfobs, ls
fomfvfmules dly gckksj okt tk slvj hkr rjtfrjdjot iut rjey fostjlm
ko fogkdj hrkd tcj ojxt bjojrltfko.• ]cjrj fs ejss pktjotfle hkr gkosudptfko fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,
ijglusj dkst ckusjckems lrj lt kr ijekw tcj suisfstjogj ejvje.
• Ckusjckem fogkdj dly vlry sfbofhfglotey kvjr tfdj, dlafob slvfobs
ijclvfkr ejss gjrtlfo.
• Elga kh kr l ekw ejvje kh slvfobs efdfts ckusjckems‖ lifefty tk ikrrkw.
Wjbufok lom Hekrk (9>>7) jxldfoj tcj mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs ijclvfkr
ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs. Ls suddlrfzjm foWtktsay (9>>8), tcjy subbjst l oudijr kh rjlskos wcy wkdjo dly clvj
l brjltjr fogjotfvj tclo djo tk slvj0
• L wkdlo‖s rkej ls l ckdjdlajr subbjsts tclt scj cls l brjltjr fogjo-
tfvj tk slvj hkr gkosudptfko-sdkktcfob purpksjs tclo djo, wck clvj
lggjss tk skgfle fosurlogj (sugc ls uojdpekydjot ijojhfts) tcrkubc
plfm jdpekydjot.
• Rkdjo lrj dkrj efajey tk slvj hkr efhj-gygej purpksjs, bfvjo tcjfrbrjltjr ekobjvfty.
• Rkdjo dly clvj strkobjr ijqujst dktfvjs lom fotjrbjojrltfkole
letrufsd, wcfgc dly dlaj tcjd dkrj efajey tk slvj hkr tcjfr cjfrs.
Rkdjo fo skdj lrjls hlgj brjltjr gkostrlfots tclo djo fo plrtfgfplt-
fob fo hkrdle hfologfle dlrajts, pktjotfleey lhhjgtfob tcjfr lifefty tk slvj.
]cus, fo skdj gkotjxts, wkdjo slvj kutsfmj kh hkrdle dlrajts. Fo ktcjr
gkotjxts, sugc ls Ilobelmjsc, wkdjo slvj ejss, ijglusj tcjy lrj rjqufrjm
tk clom kvjr tcjfr slvfobs tk dlej ckusjckem djdijrs (Bkjtz lomBuptl <668).
Letckubc dkst stumfjs ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs jxldfoj
mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs, tcjy ojvjrtcjejss rjvjle mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs lom
fovjstdjot ijclvfkr ilsjm ko bjomjr.7 Zsfob mltl ko lbbrjbltj slvfobs
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs :6
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 78/188
rltfks hrkd l brkup kh sjdf-fomustrfle gkuotrfjs kvjr tcj pjrfkm
<62:‗6:, Wjbufok lom Hekrk (9>>7) hfom tclt wkdjo‖s wlbj sclrj
rjeltfvj tk djo‖s fs pksftfvj lom sfbofhfglotey rjeltjm tk slvfobs. Hekrk (9>><)
oktjs tclt pkkr wkdjo clvj l brjltjr prkpjosfty tk slvj tclo djo mk.
Gkogeusfko
Ft fs okw bjojrleey lggjptjm tclt wkdjo clvj l strkobjr prjhjrjogj tclo
djo hkr spjomfob ko bkkms lom sjrvfgjs tclt fogrjlsj tcj cudlo glpftle
kh tcjfr gcfemrjo. ]cj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos kh tcfs stltjdjot lrj
gejlr. Brjltjr jxpjomfturj lom fovjstdjot fo cudlo glpftle wfee uetf-dltjey foheujogj jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hurtcjrdkrj, jxpjomfturj ko sjrvfgjs
sugc ls jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko fs ejss rjspkosfvj tk vlrfltfkos fo
fogkdj, tcus irfobfob likut brjltjr stlifefty fo jxpjomfturj fo
jgkokdfjs fo wcfgc wkdjo clvj brjltjr gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem pur-
gclsjs. ^kefgfjs tclt fogrjlsj wkdjo‖s gkotrke kh ckusjckem spjomfob
sckuem tcjrjhkrj strjobtcjo dlgrkjgkokdfg brkwtc. Lt tcj fomfvfmule
ejvje, bjomjr lhhjgts gkosudptfko kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko.
L oudijr kh stumfjs lttjst tk tcj mfsgrfdfoltfko hlgjm iy wkdjo lom
bfres fo jmugltfko. ]cj gclptjr jxldfojs skdj pkefgfjs tclt gkuem fogrjlsj
plrfty fo jmugltfko hkr wkdjo lom bfres fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs.
]cj gclptjr rjvfjwjm tcj jvfmjogj ko bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo slvfobs
ijclvfkr, oktfob tclt tcj elga kh mltl hrkd mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs dlajs
ft mfhhfguet tk mrlw hfrd gkogeusfkos. L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfoj wcy
slvfobs rltjs dly ij mfhhjrjot fo mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs,
plyfob spjgfle lttjotfko tk wck gkotrkes tcj rjskurgjs fo tcj ckusjckem.
Wkdj jvfmjogj subbjsts tclt djo lom wkdjo jxcfift mfhhjrjot slvfobs
ijclvfkr, wftc wkdjo dkrj efajey tclo djo tk slvj hkr gkosudptfko-sdkktcfob purpksjs, tk dlaj ijqujsts tk tcjfr gcfemrjo, lom tk josurj
fogkdj hkr tcjfr ekobjr efvjs.
Oktjs
<. \ufsudifob lom DgGelhhjrty (9>>8) gftj stumfjs iy Buyjr (<63>), ]rfpp
(<639), ^lce (<637), lom Hlpkcuoml (<633), lee kh wcfgc lrj mfsgussjm fo
Mwyjr lom Irugj (<633).
9. Lo kvjrvleujm jxgclobj rltj gkuem rlfsj tcj prfgj kh mkdjstfg bkkms lom sjr-
vfgjs, fogeumfob jmugltfko.
7. Elga kh lpprkprfltj slvfobs mltl fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs cldpjrs hurtcjr
stumy.
8> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 79/188
Ifiefkbrlpcy
Lbjokr, ^. Y., lom ^. @. Dkotfje. <668. Mjvjekpdjot Dlgrkjgkokdfgs. ^rfogjtko, O@0^rfogjtko Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Lemjrdlo, C., lom ^. Bjrtejr. <662. ―Hldfey Yjskurgjs lom Bjomjr Mfhhjrjogjs
fo Cudlo Glpftle Fovjstdjots0 ]cj Mjdlom hkr Gcfemrjo‖s Djmfgle Glrj
fo ^lafstlo.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs,
jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo, 97<‗=3. Iletfdkrj, DM0
@kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Ijgajr, B. <68=. Cudlo Glpftle. Ojw Vkra0 Gkeudifl Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. <68:. ―L ]cjkry kh tcj Leekgltfko kh ]fdj.— Jgkokdfg @kurole 2: (966)0=67‗:<2.
Ijcrdlo, @. <662. ―Fotrlckusjckem Mfstrfiutfko lom tcj Hldfey.— Fo Clomikka kh
^kpueltfko lom Hldfey Jgkokdfgs, vke. <L, jm. D. Y. Yksjozwjfb lom K. Wtlra,
<9:‗32. Ldstjrmld0 Jesjvfjr Wgfjogj.
Ieudijrb, Y. E. <633. ―Fogkdj uomjr Hjdlej vjrsus Dlej Gkotrke0 Cypktcjsfs
hrkd l ]cjkry kh Bjomjr Wtrltfhfgltfko lom Mltl hrkd tcj ]cfrm Rkrem.—
@kurole kh Hldfey Fssujs 60 :<‗3=.
Irugj, @. <636. ―Ckdjs Mfvfmjm.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot <2 (2)0 62‗6<.
Glsj, L., lom L. Mjltko. 9>>7. ―Gkosudptfko, Cjletc, Bjomjr lom ^kvjrty.—
^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 7>9>, Rkrem Iloa, ^kvjrty Yjmugtfko lom
Jgkokdfg Dlolbjdjot, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Mjltko, L. <636. ―Ekkafob hkr Iky-Bfre Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo Ckusjckem
Jxpjomfturj Mltl.— Rkrem Iloa Jgkokdfg Yjvfjw 7 (<)0 <‗<:.
”””. <669. Zomjrstlomfob Gkosudptfko. Kxhkrm0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Mwyjr, M., lom @. Irugj, jms. <633. L Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj
]cfrm Rkrem. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.Hlpkcuoml, J. <633. ―]cj Okopkkefob Ckusjckem0 L Gcleejobj tk ]cjkry.— Fo L
Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem , jm. M. Mwyjr lom
@. Irugj. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Hekrk, D. W. 9>><. ―Bjomjr Mfdjosfkos kh tcj Hfologfob hkr Mjvjekpdjot
Lbjoml.— Rkrafob lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom
hkr Rkdjo, Zoftjm Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra.
Bjrksvftz, D. <636. ―Wlvfob lom Mjvjekpdjot.— Fo Clomikka kh Mjvjekpdjot
Jgkokdfgs, jm. C. Gcjojry lom ]. O. Wrfofvlslo, vke. <L, 739‗=9=.
Ldstjrmld0 Jesjvfjr Wgfjogj.
Befga, ^., Y. Wlcl, lom W. M. Vkuobjr. 9>>=. ―Fotjbrltfob Bjomjr fotk Ijojhft
Fogfmjogj lom Mjdlom Loleysfs.— Gkrojee Zofvjrsfty Hkkm lom Outrftfko
^kefgy ^rkbrld, Ftclgl, OV.
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs 8<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 80/188
Bkjtz, L. D., lom Y. W. Buptl. <668. ―Rck ]lajs tcj Grjmft; Bjomjr, ^kwjr, lom
Gkotrke kvjr Eklo Zsj fo Yurle Grjmft ^rkbrlds fo Ilobelmjsc.— Rkrem
Mjvjekpdjot 9= (9)0 =:‗87.
Buyjr, @. D. <63>. ―Ckusjckem Iumbjts lom Rkdjo‖s Fogkdjs.— Lhrfglo Wtumfjs
Gjotjr Rkrafob ^lpjr Ok. 93, Ikstko Zofvjrsfty, Ikstko, DL.
Cleedlo, C. A. 9>>>. ―Dktcjr-Hltcjr Yjskurgj Gkotrke, Dlrrflbj ^lydjots lom
Bfre-Iky Cjletc fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— Hkkm Gkosudptfko lom Outrftfko
Mfvfsfko (HGOM) Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 67, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc
Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.
Ckmmfoktt, @., C. Lemjrdlo, lom E. Clmmlm. <662. ―]jstfob Gkdpjtfob Dkmjes
kh Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko foMjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs, jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo,
<96‗=<. Iletfdkrj, DM0 @kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
@lgasko, G. 9>>:. ―Wtrjobtcjofob Hkkm kefgy tcrkubc Bjomjr lom Fotrlckusjckem
Loleysfs0 Fdplgt Lssjssdjot kh FH^YF Duetfgkuotry Yjsjlrgc.— FH^YF Fdplgt
Lssjssdjot Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 97, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj,
Rlscfobtko, MG.
Afobmko, B. B. 9>>:. ―Rcjrj Cls Lee tcj Ifls Bkoj; Mjtjgtfob Bjomjr Ifls fo
tcj Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko kh Jmugltfkole Jxpjomfturj.— Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot lom Gueturle Gclobj :7 (9)0 =>6‗:<.
Eldpfjttf, @. L., lom E. Wtleajr. 9>>>. ―Gkosudptfko Jxpjomfturj lom Hjdlej
^kvjrty0 L Yjvfjw kh tcj Jvfmjogj.— ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Yjpkrt ko Bjomjr lom
Mjvjekpdjot, Rkrafob ^lpjr Wjrfjs <<, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Ejwfs, D. L., lom D. J. Ekgacjjm. 9>>2. ―Bjttfob Lee Bfres fotk Wgckke.— Hfologj
lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9)0 <8‗<6.
^lce, @. <637. ―]cj Leekgltfko kh Dkojy wftcfo Dlrrflbj.— Wkgfkekbfgle Yjvfjw 79
(Dly)0 972‗8=.
\ufsudifob, L. Y., jm. <668. ―Dlej-Hjdlej Mfhhjrjogjs fo Lbrfgueturle
^rkmugtfvfty0 Djtckmkekbfgle Fssujs lom Jdpfrfgle Jvfmjogj.— Rkrem
Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9= (<>)0 <:2:‗6:.
”””. 9>>7. Ckusjckem Mjgfsfkos, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot0 L Wyotcjsfs kh Yjgjot
Yjsjlrgc. Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF),Rlscfobtko, MG.
”””. 9>>8. Zsfob Bjomjr Yjsjlrgc fo Mjvjekpdjot . Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy
Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF),Rlscfobtko, MG.
\ufsudifob, L. Y., lom @. L. Dleuggfk. 9>>>. ―Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko lom
Bjomjr Yjeltfkos0 Ojw Jdpfrfgle Jvfmjogj hrkd Hkur Mjvjekpfob
Gkuotrfjs.— HGOM Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 3=, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc
Fostftutj, Rlscfobtko, MG.
”””. 9>>7. ―Yjskurgjs lt Dlrrflbj lom Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko0 Jvfmjogj
hrkd Ilobelmjsc, Jtcfkpfl, Fomkojsfl lom Wkutc Lhrfgl.— Kxhkrm Iueejtfo kh
Jgkokdfgs lom Wtltfstfgs 8: (7)0 937‗792.
89 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 81/188
\ufsudifob, L. Y., lom I. DgGelhhjrty. 9>>8. Zsfob Bjomjr Yjsjlrgc fo
Mjvjekpdjot. Hkkm Wjgurfty fo ^rlgtfgj. Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc
Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.
Wgcuetz, ]. ^. <68<. ―Fovjstdjots fo Cudlo Glpftle.— Ldjrfglo Jgkokdfg Yjvfjw
:< (<)0 <‗<2.
”””. <62=. Jgkokdfgs kh tcj Hldfey, Dlrrflbj, Gcfemrjo lom Cudlo Glpftle.
Gcfglbk0 Gcfglbk Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
”””. <632. ―Wgckke Jxpjomfturjs lom Jorkeedjots, <68>‗<63>0 ]cj Jhhjgts kh
Fogkdj, ^rfgjs lom ^kpueltfko Brkwtc.— Fo ^kpueltfko Brkwtc lom Jgkokdfg
Mjvjekpdjot0 Fssujs lom Jvfmjogj, jm. M. Blej @kcosko lom Y. M. Ejj, =<7‗28.
Dlmfsko0 Zofvjrsfty kh Rfsgkosfo ^rjss.
Wjbufok, W., lom D. W. Hekrk. 9>>7. ―Mkjs Bjomjr Clvj Loy Jhhjgt ko Lbbrjbltj
Wlvfob0 Lo Jdpfrfgle Loleysfs.— Fotjroltfkole Yjvfjw kh Lppefjm Jgkokdfgs <2
(9)0 <=2‗88.
Wdftc, E. G., lom @- . Gclvls. 9>>7. ―Wuppey Yjspkosj kh Rjst Lhrfglo Lbrfgueturle
Ckusjckems0 Fdpefgltfkos kh Fotrlckusjckem ^rjhjrjogj Cjtjrkbjojfty.— Fo
Ckusjckems, Mjgfsfkos, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot0 L Wyotcjsfs kh Yjgjot Yjsjlrgc,
jm. L. Y. \ufsudifob. Rlscfobtko, MG0 FH^YF.
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 LWurvjy.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom,
Rlscfobtko, MG.
Wtrluss, @., lom M. ]ckdls. <66:. ―Cudlo Yjskurgjs0 Jdpfrfgle Dkmjefob kh
Ckusjckem lom Hldfey Mjgfsfkos.— Fo Clomikka kh Mjvjekpdjot Jgkokdfgs, jm.
@. Ijcrdlo lom ]. O. Wrfofvlslo, (7L), <339‗9>97. Ojw Vkra0 Okrtc Ckeelom.
]ckdls, M. <662. ―Fogkdjs, Jxpjomfturjs lom Cjletc Kutgkdjs0 Jvfmjogj ko
Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko fo
Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs, jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo, <=9‗8=.
Iletfdkrj, DM0 @kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
]rfpp, Y. <639. ―Hlrdjrs lom ]rlmjrs0 Wkdj Jgkokdfg Mjtjrdfolots kh Outrftfkole
Wtltus fo Okrtcjro Bclol.— Hkkm lom Outrftfko Iueejtfo 3 (<)0 7‗<9.
ZOFGJH (Zoftjm Oltfkos Gcfemrjo‖s Huom). 9>>8. ]cj Wtltj kh tcj Rkrem‖s
Gcfemrjo 9>>2. Rkdjo lom Gcfemrjo0 ]cj Mkuiej Mfvfmjom kh Bjomjr Jqulefty.
Ojw Vkra0 ZOFGJH.
Xjrdjuejo, H. 9>>9. ―Gkeejgtfvj Ckusjckem Dkmjes0 ^rfogfpejs lom Dlfo Yjsuets.—
@kurole kh Jgkokdfg Wurvjys <8 (=)0 <386‗3>.
Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs 87
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 82/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 83/188
8:
Mjvjekpdjots fo brkwtc tcjkry fo rjgjot mjglmjs hlgfeftltj l dugc
irklmjr fotjrprjtltfko kh tcj hlgtkrs gkotrfiutfob tk jgkokdfg brkwtc,
fogeumfob bjomjr rjeltfkos. ]cfs gclptjr jxpekrjs bjomjr rjeltfkos lom
jgkokdfg brkwtc, jxldfofob tcj stltfstfgle jvfmjogj lom tcjkrjtfgle eftjr-
lturj hrkd iktc tcj brkwtc-tcjkry lom hjdfofst pjrspjgtfvjs. Jdpfrfgle
stumfjs lrj tcjo loleyzjm fo efbct kh tcj stltfstfgle rjeltfkoscfps lom tcjk-
rjtfgle hrldjwkras. ]cj gclptjr gkogeumjs iy gkosfmjrfob ckw jgkokdfg
brkwtc lhhjgts bjomjr fojquleftfjs.Ilsjm ko wclt wj aokw likut bjomjr lom jgkokdfgs, wj jxpjgt tk sjj
l rjgfprkgle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty lom jgkokdfg
brkwtc. Wtktsay (9>>8, <2) stltjs tclt ―bjomjr mfsplrftfjs ejlm tk wjlajr
jgkokdfg brkwtc lom tclt strkobjr jgkokdfg brkwtc ejlms tk rjmugjm
bjomjr mfsplrftfjs,— lmmfob tclt brkwtc dly lhhjgt bjomjr fojquleftfjs iy
irjlafob mkwo ilrrfjrs tk wkdjo‖s wkra plrtfgfpltfko, rjmugfob tcj tfdj
spjot fo tcj ckdj ko okodlrajt elikr, lom gclobfob fostftutfkole dkrjs.
Wtltfstfgle Yjeltfkoscfps
L oudijr kh djlsurjs kh bjomjr jqulefty lrj pksftfvjey gkrrjeltjm wftc
jgkokdfg brkwtc, ls djlsurjm iy pjr glpftl fogkdj (tliej =.<). Letckubc
G C L ^ ] J Y =
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 84/188
tcfs rjeltfkoscfp mkjs okt fdpey gluslefty, ft subbjsts vlrfliejs tclt dly
ij usjm fo rjbrjssfko loleysfs tk mjtjrdfoj tcj prjsjogj kr lisjogj kh l
stltfstfgleey sfbofhfglot rjeltfkoscfp tclt, fo turo, dly ij usjm tk fohkrd
pkefgy. Wtktsay (9>>8) sjplrltjey pekts iktc tcj ZO Bjomjr-rjeltjm
Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj
(BJD) lblfost tcj ekb kh pjr glpftl fogkdj hkr =< gkuotrfjs gcksjo rlo-
mkdey hrkd tcj sldpej kh Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom (FDH) djdijr
gkuotrfjs. Iktc fomjxjs sckw pksftfvj lom okoefojlr rjeltfkoscfps wftcfogkdj, subbjstfob tclt fogrjlsfob fogkdj ejlms tk brjltjr bjomjr jqule-
fty fo iktc jgkokdfg tjrds (ls djlsurjm iy tcj BMF) lom pkeftfgle
tjrds (ls djlsurjm iy tcj BJD) (hfburj =.<).
Wjvjrle stumfjs jxldfoj tcj jdpfrfgle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sfobej fomf-
gltkrs kh bjomjr jqulefty lom pjr glpftl fogkdj. Wtktsay (9>>8) jxldfojs
tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj ekb kh pjr glpftl fogkdj lom tcj rltfk kh
bfres tk ikys fo prfdlry jmugltfko, tcj rltfk fo sjgkomlry jmugltfko, lom
efhj jxpjgtlogy (sjj cjr plpjr hkr tcj efst kh gkuotrfjs lom mjtlfejm
rjsuets). Wcj gkogeumjs tclt tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sfobej fomfgltkrs kh
bjomjr jqulefty lom pjr glpftl fogkdj fs ejss gejlr tclo tcj rjeltfkoscfp
ijtwjjo fogkdj lom fomjxjs sugc ls tcj BJD lom BMF.
Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) lesk jxldfoj gkrrjeltfkos ijtwjjo bjomjr
djlsurjs lom pjr glpftl fogkdj, usfob mltl hrkd 3> mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs
88 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
]liej =.< Fomfgltkrs kh Bjomjr Jqulefty lom Yjeltfkoscfps wftc ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj
Fomfgltkr
Yjeltfkoscfp
wftc ekb kh pjr
glpftl fogkdj Gkddjots
Yltfk kh bfres tk ikys fo
prfdlry jmugltfko
Helt rjeltfkoscfp
wftc gejlr kutefjrs
Wubbjsts ok (stltfstfgle) fdplgt ko
bjomjr jqulefty.
Yltfk kh bfres tk ikys fo
sjgkomlry jmugltfko
Wefbctey ojbltfvj
rjeltfkoscfp
Wubbjsts skdj fdprkvjdjot kh ekw-
fogkdj gkuotrfjs fo hjdlej jmugltfko,
tcus rjsuetfob fo cfbcjr rltfks fo tcj
ekwjr-fogkdj gkuotrfjs.
Efhj jxpjgtlogy ^ksftfvj iut
sglttjrjm
Bfvjo tclt wkdjo efvj, ko lvjrlbj, sfx
yjlrs ekobjr tclo djo fo mjvjekpjmoltfkos, l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp fdpefjs
tclt ls fogkdj rfsjs, wkdjo lrj dkrj
efajey tk lgcfjvj tcj ifkekbfgle okrd fo
rjeltfvj efhj jxpjgtlogy
Hjrtfefty Ojbltfvj iut
sglttjrjm
Cfbcjr hjrtfefty fs usuleey lsskgfltjm wftc
ekwjr bjomjr jqulefty lom ekwjr
fogkdj.
Wkurgj0 Wtktsay 9>>8, 99.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 85/188
OKY
FWEGLO
MOA FYE
MJZ
FWYWXO
AKY
^KELYB
ZYV
EXLGCE
DVW^LO
DJS
XJO
GKEZAY
H@F
^JY^CE
^YV
JGZMKD
WLZ
ACD
ZAY
DOB
DMLWRP
JGZ
^YV
H@
JBV
WE
GKE
MK^JY
OLD
^CE
IBM
VJD
WEXDMLDOB
JBV B]D
OLD
ACD
WRPIBM
VJD
>.= >.<
>.9
>.7
>.=
>.:
>.8
>.2
>.3
>.6
<.>
:.> 8.> 2.> 3.>
ekb kh pjr glpftl BM^
6.> <>.> <<.> :.> 8.> 2.> 3
ekb kh pjr
>.:
>.8
>.2 B
M F
B
J D
>.3
>.6
<.>
IRL
DE]
ICY
H]O
l. BMF lom BM^ i. BJD
Wkurgj0 Wtktsay 9>>8, 97‗9=.
Oktj0 Jvjry tcfrm djdijr kh tcj FDH fo lepclijtfgle krmjr wls gcksjo1 fh ok mltl wjrj lvlfeliej, tcj ojxt gkuotry ko tcj efst wls gcksjo.
8 2
Hfburj =.< Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) vjrsu
^rkmugt (BM^) fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs, 9>>9
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 86/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 87/188
bjomjr fojqulefty lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom
Murrlot (9>>>) gltjbkrfzj tcj eftjrlturj ko tcj wlys fo wcfgc jgkokdfg
brkwtc lhhjgts bjomjr fojquleftfjs fotk tcrjj pjrspjgtfvjs0 ojkgelssfgle/
dkmjrofzltfko, Iksjrup/wkdjo fo mjvjekpdjot (RFM), lom bjomjr lom
mjvjekpdjot (BLM). ]k tcfs wj wkuem lmm jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry,
wcfgc glo lggkddkmltj bjomjr mfsplrftfjs (tliej =.=).
]cj ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lpprklgc cls fts rkkts fo ojkgelssfgle
tcjkry, wcfgc rjeltjs jgkokdfg brkwtc tk glpftle lggudueltfko lom slv-fobs, wcfgc fo turo mjpjom ko tcj mfstrfiutfko kh rjskurgjs, fogkdj, lom
glplifeftfjs. Ls prjvfkus gclptjrs clvj sckwo, bjomjr fojquleftfjs lhhjgt
tcjsj foputs lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje1 bjomjr fojquleftfjs glo tcjrjhkrj
lhhjgt jgkokdfg brkwtc lt tcj lbbrjbltj ejvje.< Ls Wtktsay (9>>8, <3)
oktjs, ―tcj ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc jxldfojs tcj sfduetlojkus fotjrlgtfko
kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot lom tcj rjmugtfko kh bjomjr fojquleftfjs. Ft sjjs
tcj prkgjss kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot ejlmfob tk tcj rjmugtfko kh tcjsj
fojquleftfjs lom lesk fojquleftfjs cfomjrfob jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.—
]cj ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lpprklgc subbjsts tclt bjomjr fojqule-
ftfjs rjsuetfob hrkd mfsplrftfjs fo cudlo glpftle lrj efajey tk mfdfofsc ls
tcj jgkokdy brkws. Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) lrbuj
tclt bjomjr fojqulefty fo jdpekydjot, wlbjs, lom vueojrlifefty tk pkvjrty
stjds hrkd bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo jmugltfko, safees, lom jxpjgtjm
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 86
]liej =.7 Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs fo kkrjst lom Yfgcjst \ulrtfejs kh Gkuotrfjs, <66>
Fomfgltkr ^kkrjst qulrtfej Yfgcjst qulrtfej
Wjgkomlry lttlfodjot
Hjdlej :.> 72.2
Dlej <>.= 73.2
^kstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot
Hjdlej :.= :>.3
Dlej <<.8 :2.6
Efhj jxpjgtlogy
Hjdlej :<.7 26.<
Dlej =3.7 27.>
Rkdjo‖s rfbctsJgkokdfg rfbcts (<‗=) 9.> 9.6
Dlrrflbj rfbcts (<‗=) 9.7 7.8
Rkdjo‖s pkeftfgle pkwjr
^jrgjotlbj kh sjlts cjem fo ekwjr ckusj kh plrefldjot 2 <2
Vjlr wkdjo brlotjm rfbct tk vktj <689 <698
Wkurgj0 Mkeelr lom Blttf <666, 98.
Oktj0 ]cj pkkrjst qulrtfej fogeumjs gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc looule pjr glpftl fogkdj wls $<,<39 kr ejss. ]cj rfgcjst
qulrtfej fogeumjs gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc looule pjr glpftl fogkdj wls $2,=23 kr dkrj.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 88/188
ejobtc kh elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko. ]cjy ijefjvj tclt jgkokdfg jxplo-
sfko wfee uomjrdfoj bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo elikr dlrajts lom skgfle
glpftle fo tcj ekob ruo.9
Mfsgrfdfoltkry skgfle dkrjs lom okrds dly gclobj fo tcj ekob ruo lswjee, fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty”kr tcjy dly rjdlfo fotlgt, wkrafob
lblfost jgkokdfg dkmjrofzltfko lom brkwtc tk dlfotlfo fojqulefty. Hkr
jxldpej, skdj kisjrvjrs dlfotlfo tclt ―jomurfob pltrflrgcle fostftutfkos
wfee prjvjot bjomjr jqulefty jvjo fo tcj hlgj kh jgkokdfg lmvlogjdjot—
(@õttfob lom ktcjrs 9>>8, 2, gftfob Dlrgclom lom ^lrplrt <66: lom
^lrplrt <667). ]cjy pkfot tk Wlumf Lrlifl”l cfbc-fogkdj gkuotry wftc
pkkr bjomjr jqulefty”ls jvfmjogj. Ktcjrs, sugc ls Yldfrjz, Wkysle, lom
Wclolclo (<662), subbjst tclt jvjo fo skgfjtfjs wftc strkob pltrflrgcle
fostftutfkole ejblgfjs, tcjrj fs skdj jvfmjogj tclt bekilefzltfko cls mfs-
pelgjm trlmftfkole bjomjr fojquleftfjs.
Iksjrup (<62>) lmvlogjs lo letjroltfvj vfjw, lrbufob tclt jgkokdfg
brkwtc fo tcj foftfle stlbjs kh mjvjekpdjot fs gclrlgtjrfzjm iy l wfmjofob
blp ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo, rjprjsjotjm iy l gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp
2> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
]liej =.= ]cjsjs lom Kutgkdjs kh Hkur ^jrspjgtfvjs ko Jgkokdfg Brkwtc
lom Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs
Brkwtc pjrspjgtfvj ]cjsfs Kutgkdj hkr bjomjr fojquleftfjs
Ojkgelssfgle/
dkmjrofzltfko
Jgkokdfg brkwtc prkdktjs
brjltjr jqulefty ijtwjjo djo
lom wkdjo.
Brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot
rjmugj bjomjr fojquleftfjs.
Fojqulefty ijtwjjo djo lom
wkdjo wfee mjgefoj hkeekwfob
fdprkvjdjots fo sjejgtjm
djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s stltus.
Iksjrup/wkdjo
fo mjvjekpdjot
(RFM)
^kefgy dlajrs dust fotjrvjoj tk
gkrrjgt bjomjr iflsjs ijhkrj
brkwtc wfee prkdktj jqulefty.
Bjomjr lom
mjvjekpdjot(BLM)
Brkwtc cls l gkdpefgltjm
jhhjgt ko bjomjr jqulefty.
Fdprkvjdjots fo sjejgtjm
djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s stltusglookt ij lssudjm tk
trloseltj fotk rjmugtfkos fo
fojquleftfjs1 sugc fojquleftfjs
dly rjdlfo kr jvjo ijgkdj
jotrjogcjm.
Jomkbjokus
brkwtc
Iy fogeumfob cudlo glpftle,
jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry
plvjs tcj wly hkr gkosfmjrfob
prkmugjm lom rjprkmugjmelikr foputs.
Bfvjo tclt wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey
tclo djo tk fovjst fo gcfemrjo,
tcj bjomjr mfstrfiutfko kh
fogkdj gkuem lhhjgt brkwtc(Wtktsay 9>>8, <3).
Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko, ilsjm ko Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 89/188
ijtwjjo jgkokdfg brkwtc lom tcj stltus kh wkdjo.7 ^rkmugtfvfty mfhhjr-
jogjs ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo lt ekw ejvjes kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot
lrj rjeltfvjey dfokr1 ls mjvjekpdjot prkbrjssjs, prkmugtfvfty mfhhjrjogjs
wfmjo lom l ―pkelrfzltfko lom cfjrlrgcfzltfko kh djo lom wkdjo‖s wkra
rkejs josuj— (Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>, :2:). Ykejs
ijgkdj jotrjogcjm lom pkssfiey prkplbltjm iy mfsgrfdfoltfko, wcfgc
hurtcjr foheujogjs tcj krblofzltfko kh tcj elikr dlrajt. ]wk kutgkdjs
lrj pkssfiej.
Hfrst, lssudfob hurtcjr jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot, tcj blp ijbfos tk geksj
kr lt ejlst gjlsjs tk wfmjo, ls uomjr tcj ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc. Hkrsytcj,
Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) pkfot tk tcj tfbct elikr dlrajts lomfogrjlsfob mjdlom hkr hjdlej wkrajrs tclt wkuem lrfsj fh wkdjo wjrj
gkotfoukusey jxgeumjm hrkd wlbj lgtfvftfjs. ]cj lutckrs lesk sckw tclt ls
jgkokdfjs mjvjekp, pkefgy dlajrs jvjotuleey grjltj brjltjr kppkrtuoftfjs
hkr wkdjo fo jmugltfko lom trlfofob, lggkdplofjm iy cfbcjr rltjs kh elikr
hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko ldkob wkdjo. Hfoleey, ―wftc mjvjekpdjot, wkdjo
sjja tk lgqufrj brjltjr ilrblfofob pkwjr fo tcjfr hldfefjs,— hkr jxldpej, iy
ijfob ―ijttjr liej tk suppkrt tcjdsjevjs fh tcjfr cusiloms mjsjrt tcjd kr
trjlt tcjd ilmey— (Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>, :28).Wjgkom, gueturle trlmftfkos pely l ajy rkej fo foheujogfob wkdjo‖s mjgf-
sfkos tk tlaj plrt fo tcj elikr hkrgj. Iksjrup (<62>, 62) oktjs tclt ―gue-
turle trlmftfkos, fogeumfob tcj rkej kh wkdjo fo tcj trlmftfkole sjgtkr kh
dlrajt trlmj, sjjd tk ij l dkrj fdpkrtlot hlgtkr fo mjtjrdfofob tcj
pelgj kh wkdjo fo tcj dkmjro trlmj sjgtkr tclo fs tcj stlbj kh bjojrle
–dkmjrofzltfko‖ lgcfjvjm iy tcj gkuotry.—
Fo rjgjot mjglmjs, Iksjrup‖s loleysfs cls sclpjm mjvjekpdjot pkefgy
lom lmvkglgy rjeltjm tk wkdjo. Ls Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) oktj, Iksjrup‖s lrbudjot cfbcefbctjm tcj cfmmjo gkotrfiutfko kh
wkdjo tk mjvjekpdjot, gleejm hkr pkefgy dlajrs tk ijgkdj dkrj sjosf-
tfvj tk tcj fdpkrtlogj kh okodlrajt lgtfvftfjs, lom fmjotfhfjm wkdjo ls
grugfle lgtkrs wck sclpj tcj suggjss kr hlfeurj kh letjroltfvj mjvjekpdjot
strltjbfjs
Iksjrup‖s loleysfs lesk gltleyzjm tcj RFM lpprklgc, wcfgc hkgusjs ko
mjtjrdfofob tcj fdplgt kh mjvjekpdjot strltjbfjs ko wkdjo lom bjomjr
fojquleftfjs lom tcj kvjrlee suggjss kh tcj mjvjekpdjot jhhkrt. ]cj Rkrem
Iloa cls lgaokwejmbjm tcj RFM lpprklgc ls lo fdpkrtlot gkdpkojot
kh fts mjvjekpdjotle jhhkrts.
Grftfgle hjdfofsd lom tcj BLM lpprklgc hkgus ko tcj gkotfoufob kr
rfsfob vueojrlifefty kh wkdjo kvjr tcj gkursj kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.
]cjy bjojrleey kppksj tcj prjvfkus twk lpprklgcjs. ]cj BLM lpprklgc
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 2<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 90/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 91/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 92/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 93/188
• fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjty lom dlrrflbj
• djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot, sugc ls tcj pjrgjotlbj kh
wkdjo fo plrefldjot lom tcj yjlr fo wcfgc wkdjo jlrojm tcj rfbct
tk vktj.
Koj kh tcj dlfo dktfvltfkos fo gkosfmjrfob l oudijr kh fojqulefty
djlsurjs fs tclt skdj gkuotrfjs dly ij jbleftlrflo fo koj djlsurj iut
okt ktcjrs. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666, =) oktj tcj pksftfvj gkrrjeltfko
ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty djlsurjs lom pjr glpftl fogkdj kh likut 8>
pjrgjot hkr lee djlsurjs jxgjpt wkdjo fo plrefldjot (=7 pjrgjot) lom
sjgkomlry jmugltfko lttlfodjot (93 pjrgjot). ]cjy jxpelfo bjomjrfojqulefty ls l huogtfko kh pjr glpftl fogkdj, gfvfe efijrtfjs, jgkokdfg
pkefgy, rjefbfkus prjhjrjogj, lom rjbfkole hlgtkrs. Bjomjr fojqulefty fs
djlsurjm iy fojqulefty fo sjgkomlry jmugltfko lttlfodjot, spjgfhfgleey
tcj sclrj kh tcj lmuet pkpueltfko hkr wcfgc skdj sjgkomlry sgckkefob
fs tcj cfbcjst ejvje kh lttlfodjot. ]cj mltl gkvjr up tk <92 gkuotrfjs lom
tcrjj hfvj-yjlr pjrfkms (<62:‗26 tk <66>), yfjemfob skdj =>> kisjrvl-
tfkos (hfburj =.9).
Iy djlsurfob mfhhjrjogjs fo hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot lom gkotrke-efob hkr dlej lgcfjvjdjot lom ktcjr vlrfliejs, Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666)
hfom l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sjgkomlry lttlfodjot lom pjr glpftl
brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^), subbjstfob tclt fogrjlsjs fo fogkdj ejlm tk
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 2:
Hfburj =.9 Lttlfodjot kh lt Ejlst Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko lom ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj
Wkurgj0 Mkeelr lom Blttf <666, 76.
8.:>
Dlej
Hjdlej
<>
9>
7>
=>
:>
8>
2>
3>
2.> 2.: 3.> 3.:
pjr glpftl BO^ (ekb sglej)
6.> 6.: <>.> <>.:
p j r g j o t k h l m u e t p k p u e l t f k o
l t t
l f o f o b s k d j s j g k o m l r y j m u g l t f k
o
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 94/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 95/188
Cfomu rjefbfkos, wftc elrbj pksftfvj gkjhhfgfjots ko tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej lom
tcj fomfgltkr vlrfliej hkr Eltfo Ldjrfgl.2
Yjblrmfob tcj ktcjr djlsurjs kh bjomjr fojqulefty lom tcjfr rjeltfko-
scfp tk fogkdj brkwtc lom ktcjr gueturle vlrfliejs, Mkeelr lom Blttf
(<666) hfom0
• l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo jgkokdfg jqulefty uomjr tcj elw lom
pjr glpftl fogkdj
• l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo fo plrefldjot lom pjr glpftl
fogkdj
• l sfbofhfglot lom pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj efhj jxpjgtlogy mfh-hjrjotfle lom pjr glpftl fogkdj3
• ok sfbofhfglot rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo‖s rfbcts fo dlrrflbj lom
pjr glpftl fogkdj
• ok gkosfstjot rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo gfvfe efijrtfjs lom fdprkvjdjot fo
cjletc, fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjty
lom dlrrflbj, kr djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot
• strkob `kfot jxpeloltkry pkwjr kh rjefbfkus vlrfliejs hkr fdprkvjdjot
fo cjletc, fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjtylom dlrrflbj, lom djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot.6
Fo suddlry, Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) hfom l glusle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo
pjr glpftl fogkdj lom lee djlsurjs kh bjomjr jqulefty jxgjpt dlrrflbj
rfbcts, subbjstfob tclt pkefgfjs tclt prkdktj brkwtc fo pjr glpftl fogkdj
sckuem ejlm tk brjltjr bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj jhhjgt, ckwjvjr, fs okt fostlo-
tlojkus. ]cj gkovjx sclpj kh tcj rjeltfkoscfp subbjsts tclt tcj rjeltfko-
scfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty, ls djlsurjm iy sjgkomlry jmugltfkolelttlfodjot ldkob wkdjo, lom pjr glpftl fogkdj fs rjeltfvjey wjla kr
okojxfstjot ls gkuotrfjs dkvj hrkd ekw-fogkdj tk ekwjr-dfmmej-fogkdj
stltus. ]cj rjeltfkoscfp fs strkobjr lom pksftfvj ls gkuotrfjs dkvj hrkd
dfmmej-fogkdj tk cfbcjr-fogkdj stltus.
Xkelrt (9>>=, <) sckws tclt mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj elikr dlrajt dly sekw
jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot fo tcj sckrt ruo. Xkelrt mjvjekps l tcj-
krjtfgle dkmje kh bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo Fomfl, cypktcjsfzfob tclt ―bjomjr
mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost wkdjo fo tcj dlrajt pelgj rjmugjs tcj lvlfeliej tle-
jot fo lo jgkokdy, wcfgc cls ojbltfvj jgkokdfg gkosjqujogjs.—Jdpfrfgle rjsuets hrkd Fomfl ilsjm ko Xkelrt‖s dkmje subbjst tclt mfs-
grfdfoltfko sekws jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot. L <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo tcj
rltfk kh hjdlej tk dlej dlolbjrs fo Fomfl wkuem fogrjlsj tktle kutput pjr
glpftl iy 9 pjrgjot, wcjrjls l <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo tcj rltfk kh hjdlej
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 22
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 96/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 97/188
tcjrjhkrj tjgcokekbfgle gclobj lom prkmugtfvfty brkwtc, lom (i) fovjst-
djot.— ]cj hfomfobs subbjst tclt, lgrkss lom wftcfo gkuotrfjs kvjr tfdj,
tcjrj fs l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr wlbj fojqulefty lom
brkwtc tcrkubc iktc jhhjgts.<>
Jgkokdfg Brkwtc lom Bjomjr Fojqulefty
L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfoj tcj jhhjgt kh brkwtc ko bjomjr fojqulefty.
Iy lfdfob tk jxpelfo bjomjr fojqulefty tcrkubc jgkokdfg brkwtc kr
mjvjekpdjot, tcj stumfjs irfmbj tcj blp ijtwjjo tcj jgkokdfg brkwtc
tcjkry lpprklgcjs (ojkgelssfgle lom jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry) lom tcj RFM lom BLM lpprklgcjs. ]cj stumy iy Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom
Murrlot (9>>>) feeustrltjs tcj rjejvlogj kh lee tcrjj lpprklgcjs tk uomjr-
stlomfob tcj jhhjgt kh jgkokdfg brkwtc ko bjomjr jqulefty.
Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) mjvjekp l dkmje fo wcfgc
grkss-oltfkole lom tfdj sjrfjs mltl lrj usjm tk fovjstfbltj tcj jhhjgt kh
jgkokdfg brkwtc ko tcj stltus kh wkdjo lom bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj
mjpjomjot vlrfliej”bjomjr fojqulefty, djlsurjm usfob tcj Zoftjm
Oltfko‖s BMF”fs rjbrjssjm ko fogkdj lom fts qulmrltfg lom rjbfkolemuddfjs lom vlrfliejs hkr rjefbfko. ]cj grkss-sjgtfko stumy subbjsts tclt
tcj Dusefd vlrfliej fs pksftfvjey rjeltjm tk bjomjr fojqulefty, tcj Eltfo
Ldjrfglo vlrfliej fs ojbltfvjey rjeltjm, lom tcj ejvje kh jgkokdfg mjvje-
kpdjot fs okt sfbofhfglot. ]cj tfdj sjrfjs stumy subbjsts l gurvfefojlr rjel-
tfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj ejvje kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr
fojqulefty. Dkrjkvjr, gkuotrfjs wftc tcj cfbcjst ejvje kh fojqulefty lrj
dkrj efajey tk jxpjrfjogj tcj brjltjst mjgefoj fo fojqulefty, jxgjpt fo prj-
mkdfolotey Dusefd gkuotrfjs. ]cj rjsuets suppkrt tcj ojkgelssfgle lom RFM lpprklgcjs iy mjdkostrltfob l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo
fdprkvjdjots fo bjomjr jqulefty lom jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.
Hurtcjrdkrj, tcj gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp fs gkosfstjot wftc tcj RFM
lpprklgc, ls kutefojm jlrefjr. ]cj hlgt tclt bjomjr fojqulefty wls sfbofhf-
glot koey fo tcj tfdj sjrfjs stumy ejoms suppkrt tk tcj BLM lpprklgc,
cfbcefbctfob tcj gkdpejx hlgtkrs tclt uomjrefj l rjmugtfko fo fojqulefty.
Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) gkosfmjr wcjtcjr bjomjr fojqulefty lhhjgts
brkwtc. ]cjy hkgus ko tcj mfhhjrjogj ijtwjjo dlej lom hjdlej sjgkom-
lry lttlfodjot. ]cj brkwtc jqultfko mjrfvjm iy Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666)fs typfgle fo fts lttjdpt tk jxpelfo fogkdj brkwtc ls l huogtfko kh skdj
foftfle gkomftfkos, fogeumfob pjr glpftl fogkdj lom pkefgfjs tclt lhhjgt tcj
iusfojss jovfrkodjot1 ft fs ltypfgle fo tclt ft fogeumjs bjomjr ls wjee.<<
]cj hfole gkogeusfko subbjsts tclt sjgkomlry jmugltfko kh wkdjo cls lo
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 26
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 98/188
jgkokdfgleey sfbofhfglot fdplgt ko brkwtc. Fo hlgt, Mkeelr lom Blttf
(<666, 9>) hfom tclt fogrjlsfob tcj sclrj kh lmuet wkdjo wftc sjgkomlry
jmugltfko iy < pjrgjotlbj pkfot (fo gkuotrfjs wftc cfbcjr foftfle jmugl-
tfko) rjsuets fo lo fogrjlsj fo pjr glpftl fogkdj brkwtc kh >.7 pjrgjot.
Gkogeusfko
]cfs gclptjr jxldfojm tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr lom jgkokdfg
brkwtc ko l oudijr kh ejvjes. Hfrst, ft ekkajm lt tcj mltl hkr l stltfstfgle
rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr jquleftfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Dloy stum-
fjs clvj hkgusjm ko tcj gkrrjeltfko ijtwjjo djlsurjs kh bjomjr jquleftylom jgkokdfg brkwtc. L suddlry kh tcjsj stumfjs subbjsts tclt bjomjr
jqulefty djlsurjs hkr wkdjo‖s jmugltfko, cjletc, jgkokdfg rfbcts, dlr-
rflbj rfbcts, lom plrtfgfpltfko fo plrefldjot lrj lee pksftfvjey efoajm tk
jgkokdfg brkwtc. ]cj gkotrlst ijtwjjo wkdjo fo pkkr lom rfgc gkuo-
trfjs fs strfafob, wftc wkdjo fo pkkrjr gkuotrfjs hlrfob dugc wkrsj ko
tcjsj fomfgltkrs kh bjomjr jqulefty.
]cjsj stumfjs prkvfmj vleuliej fohkrdltfko, iut tcjy subbjst gkrrjel-
tfko, okt glusltfko. ]k jstliefsc glusltfko, ft fs ojgjsslry tk dkmje jgk-okdfg brkwtc prjmfgltjm ko tcjsj fomfgltkrs tk lssjss tcjfr gkotrfiutfko,
fh loy, tk tcj brkwtc prkgjss.
]cj gclptjr rjvfjwjm tcj eftjrlturj ko dkmjes kh jgkokdfg brkwtc
tclt fogkrpkrltjm bjomjr. Ft mfsgussjm vlrfkus tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs,
fogeumfob tcj dkmjrofzltfko-ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc, RFM, tcj grftfgle
hjdfofsd lom mjvjekpdjot lpprklgc, BLM, lom tcj jomkbjokus brkwtc
tcjkry.
]cj gclptjr tcjo jxldfojm tcj jdpfrfgle stumfjs kh bjomjr fojqulef-tfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc, oktfob tclt tcj rjgfprkgle rjeltfkoscfp
ijtwjjo tcj twk dlajs ft mfhhfguet tk hueey fskeltj tcj jhhjgt kh jlgc hlg-
tkr. ]cj jdpfrfgle eftjrlturj hlees fotk tcrjj gltjbkrfjs0 stumfjs tclt hfom l
pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr jqulefty lom jgkokdfg brkwtc,
stumfjs tclt hfom l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty lom
jgkokdfg brkwtc, lom stumfjs tclt fmjotfhy hlgjts kh bjomjr mfsgrfdfol-
tfko tclt sekw jgkokdfg brkwtc.
]cj gclptjr gkogeumjm wftc l irfjh kvjrvfjw kh tcj stumfjs tclt jxld-
foj tcj jhhjgt kh jgkokdfg brkwtc ko bjomjr fojqulefty. ]cfs lpprklgcirfobs tkbjtcjr tcj gkogeusfkos hrkd tcj tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs gkosfm-
jrjm jlrefjr fo tcj gclptjr. Ft irfmbjs tcj blp ijtwjjo tcj jgkokdfg
lpprklgcjs kh ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lom jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry
wftc tcksj hrkd tcj RFM lom BLM lpprklgcjs.
3> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 99/188
Oktjs
<. Zmry (<668) lom Wlftk (<66=) oktj tclt jqulefzfob hjdlej lggjss tk lbrfgue-turle foputs fo Iurafol Hlsk, Ajoyl, lom Pldifl rjsuetjm fo l <>‗9> pjrgjot
fogrjlsj fo kutput.
9. Bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj elikr dlrajt fo mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs fs usuleey
fmjotfhfjm fo mfhhjrjotfle wlbj rltjs ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo1 fo mjvjekpfob
gkuotrfjs, mfsgrfdfoltfko tlajs tcj hkrd kh mfhhjrjotfle lggjss tk wlbj jdpeky-
djot (Gkeefjr <66=).
7. L oudijr kh jdpfrfgle stumfjs clvj fmjotfhfjm l gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp
ijtwjjo bjomjr fojquleftfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc (sjj Mkeelr lom Blttf
<666). ^ldpje lom ]lolal (<638) hfom sugc l rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo plttjros
kh hjdlej elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko lom jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot hkr mltl hrkd
<68: lom <62>. Wjj lesk Jvjosko (<637) lom Gclhjtz (<63=).
=. Ykdjr (<638) gcleejobjm tcj elw kh mfdfofscfob rjturos upko wcfgc tcj
ojkgelssfgle brkwtc tcjkry rjsts. Cj mjvjekpjm jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry,
wcfgc rjefjs ko gkostlot rjturos (tk l hlgtkr). Cj hfoms ok lutkdltfg rjeltfko-
scfp ijtwjjo ckw pkkr lo jgkokdy fs lom ckw rfgc ft glo brkw. Ls l rjsuet,
gkotrlry tk tcj tjlgcfobs kh tcj ojkgelssfgle dkmje, fogkdj mfsplrftfjs glo
gkotfouj.:. Eugls (<633) hfrst fotrkmugjm cudlo glpftle fotk jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry.
8. Xlrfkus spjgfhfgltfkos kh tcj dkmje lrj jstfdltjm usfob mfhhjrjot jstfdltfko
tjgcofqujs, fogeumfob krmfolry ejlst squlrjs, twk-stlbj ejlst squlrjs, lom
hfxjm jhhjgts. Xlryfob tcj jstfdltfko tjgcofqujs prkvfmjs brjltjr gkohfmjogj fo
tcj rjsuets”tclt fs, tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty, ls djlsurjm
iy sjgkomlry lttlfodjot, lom fogkdj fs glusle. ]cj gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp
ckems fo iktc tcj twk-stlbj ejlst squlrjs rjbrjssfko (usfob ruej kh elw lom
ielga dlrajt prjdfud hkr pjr glpftl fogkdj lom pjr glpftl fogkdj squlrjm)
lom tcj hfxjm-jhhjgts rjbrjssfko, letckubc tcj hfxjm-jhhjgts rjeltfkoscfp fswjlajr tclo tcj ejlst squlrjs rjbrjssfko. ]cj lutckrs lesk gkosfmjr mfhhjrjot
spjgfhfgltfkos hkr tcj jmugltfko mfhhjrjotfles0 hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot
lom sjgkomlry mfhhjrjotfle (hjdlej lttlfodjot dfous dlej lttlfodjot) lom
hjdlej pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot (tcj prkpkrtfko kh tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko
wftc lt ejlst skdj sjgkomlry peus cfbcjr lttlfodjot) lom mfhhjrjotfle (hjdlej
pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot dfous dlej pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot). ]cjrj fs
ok rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo vlrfliejs lt ekw ejvjes, iut ls tcj ejvjes fogrjlsj, sk
mkjs tcj rjeltfkoscfp (sjj hfburj =.9).
2. ]cj uomjreyfob mltl rjvjle tclt Eltfo Ldjrfgl cls rjeltfvjey ekw lttlfodjot
fo jmugltfko gkdplrjm wftc Jlst Lsfl kr Jurkpj lom Gjotrle Lsfl iut ekwjr
bjomjr fojqulefty ls wjee. Wkutc Lsfl cls tcj elrbjst bjomjr mfhhjrjotfle.
3. ]cfs rjsuet fs ilsjm ko tcj H -tjst. Ft fs mfhhfguet tk dlaj fohjrjogjs ko tcj sclpj
kh tcj gurvj.
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 3<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 100/188
6. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) glutfko lblfost dlafob fohjrjogjs ilsjm skejey ko
koj fomfgltkr kh fojqulefty. Hkr jxldpej, tcjy oktj l strkob pksftfvj rjeltfko-
scfp ijtwjjo tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej lom hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot. ]cfs
kisjrvltfko gkuem ejlm tk tcj gkogeusfko tclt Wcfotk wkdjo clvj cfbc stltus
fo @lplo. Fo hlgt, tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej jxcfifts l strkobey ojbltfvj rjeltfkoscfp
wftc lee kh tcj ktcjr djlsurjs kh bjomjr fojqulefty (sjj tliej =.:).
<>. ―]cj ajy sjjds tk efj fo tcj skgflefzltfko kh wkdjo wck lrj ejss fogefojm tclo
djo, lt ejlst fo tcj sldpej kh gkuotrfjs usjm fo tcfs stumy, tk prktjst fogkdj
fojqulefty suhhfgfjotey tk sekw fovjstdjot lom brkwtc— (Wjbufok 9>>>, <992).
<<. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666, <>) rjhjr tk ―l elrbj eftjrlturj jstfdltfob vlrflots kh
tcfs (tcj brkwtc jqultfko) wftckut rjhjrjogj tk bjomjr, ijbfoofob wftc Ilrrk(<66<).—
Ifiefkbrlpcy
Lblrwle, I. <62=. ―Rkdjo lom ]jgcokekbfgle Gclobj fo Lbrfgueturj0 ]cj Lsflo
lom Lhrfglo Jxpjrfjogj.— Fo ]jgcokekby lom Yurle Rkdjo, jm. F. Lcdjm.
Ekomko0 Leejo lom Zowfo.
Lhsclr, C., lom G. Mjoofs, jms. <669. Rkdjo lom Lm`ustdjot ^kefgfjs fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem . Ekomko0 Dlgdfeelo.
Ilomlrlbj, L. <63=. ―Rkdjo fo Mjvjekpdjot0 Efijrlefsd, Dlrxfsd lom Dlrxfst-
Hjdfofsd.— Mjvjekpdjot lom Gclobj <: (=)0 =6:‗:<:.
Ilrrk, Y. <66<. ―Jgkokdfg Brkwtc fo l Grkss-Wjgtfko kh Gkuotrfjs.— \ulrtjrey
@kurole kh Jgkokdfgs <>8 (Dly)0 =>2‗=7.
Ilrrk, Y., lom @.-R. Ejj. <66=. ―Wkurgjs kh Jgkokdfg Brkwtc.— Glrojbfj-Ykgcjstjr
Gkohjrjogj Wjrfjs ko ^uiefg ^kefgy =>0 <‗=8.
Ijojräl, E. <639. ―Fotrkmugtfko.— Fo Rkdjo lom Mjvjekpdjot. ]cj Wjxule Mfvfsfkokh Elikr fo Yurle Wkgfjtfjs, jm. E. Ijojräl. Ojw Vkra0 ^rljbjr.
Iksjrup, J. <62>. Rkdjo‖s Ykej fo Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot. Ojw Vkra0 Wt. Dlrtfo‖s
^rjss.
Iugcdlo, G. <668. ―]cj Mjit Grfsfs, Wtrugturle Lm`ustdjot lom Rkdjo‖s
Jmugltfko0 Fdpefgltfkos hkr Wtltus lom Wkgfle Mjvjekpdjot.— Fotjroltfkole
@kurole kh Gkdplrltfvj Wkgfkekby 720 :‗7>.
Gclhjtz, @. W. <63=. Wjx lom Lmvlotlbj0 L Gkdplrltfvj Dlgrk-Wtrugturle ]cjkry kh
Wjx Wtrltfhfgltfko. ]ktkwl, O@0 Ykwdlo & Leelocjem.Gkeefjr, ^. <66=. ―Bjomjr Lspjgts kh Elikr Leekgltfko murfob Wtrugturle
Lm`ustdjot0 ]cjkrjtfgle Hrldjwkra lom tcj Lhrfgl Jxpjrfjogj.— Fo Elikr
Dlrajts fo lo Jrl kh Lm`ustdjot , jm. W. Ckrtko, Y. Cloiur, lom M. Dlzudiur.
Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.
39 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 101/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 102/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 103/188
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 L Wurvjy.—
FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko,
MG.
]foajr, F. <628. ―]cj Lmvjrsj Fdplgt kh Mjvjekpdjot ko Rkdjo.— Fo Rkdjo lom
Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot , jm. F. ]foajr lom D. I. Irldsjo. Rlscfobtko, MG0
Kvjrsjls Mjvjekpdjot Gkuogfe.
Zmry, G. <668. ―Bjomjr, Lbrfgueturle ^rkmugtfko lom tcj ]cjkry kh tcj
Ckusjckem.— @kurole kh ^keftfgle Jgkokdy <>= (:)0 <><>‗=8.
Xkelrt, I. J. 9>>=. Bjomjr Mfsgrfdfoltfko lom Brkwtc0 ]cjkry lom Jvfmjogj hrkd
Fomfl. MJM^W =9, W]FGJYM (Wuotkry lom ]kyktl Fotjroltfkole Gjotrjs hkr
Jgkokdfgs lom Yjeltjm Mfsgfpefojs), Ekomko Wgckke kh Jgkokdfgs.
Rletjrs, I. <66:. ―Jobjomjrfob Dlgrkjgkokdfgs0 L Yjgkosfmjrltfko kh Brkwtc
]cjkry.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <386‗3>.
Rlrm, A. <63=. Rkdjo fo tcj Rkrem Wystjd0 Fts Fdplgt ko Wtltus lom Hjrtfefty. Ojw
Vkra0 ^rljbjr.
Vkussjh, O. C. <629. ―Mfhhjrjotfle Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko kh Rkdjo fo Eltfo
Ldjrfgl lom Dfmmej Jlstjro Gkuotrfjs0 ]cj Foheujogj kh Hldfey
Gclrlgtjrfstfgs.— Wkgfle Hkrgjs :<0 <7:‗:7.
Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 3:
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 104/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 105/188
32
Bjomjr fojqulefty dlofhjsts ftsjeh dkst kivfkusey fo elikr dlrajts.
Rkdjo hlgj brjltjr ilrrfjrs tclo djo tk hfomfob mjgjot lom prkmugtfvj
wkra. Rkdjo‖s elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko cls rfsjo fo skdj iut okt lee
rjbfkos. Dkrjkvjr, tcj qulefty kh wkra lom wkrafob gkomftfkos clvj okt
lewlys ajpt plgj wftc fogrjlsjs fo plrtfgfpltfko. ^jrsfstjot bjomjr
fojquleftfjs fo wlbjs subbjst tclt tcj elikr dlrajt fs okt kpjrltfob hrjjey.
Rkdjo gkotfouj tk ij kvjrrjprjsjotjm fo uoplfm lom fohkrdle wkra.
]cj lbrfgueturle lom sjrvfgj sjgtkrs jdpeky dkrj wkdjo tclo djo, yjt tcjy khtjo ply wkdjo ejss hkr sfdfelr wkra. ]cjsj fojquleftfjs lrj jspj-
gfleey sfbofhfglot fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs, wcjrj wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey
tk ij ldkob tcj wkrafob pkkr”tcksj wck wkra iut mk okt jlro jokubc
tk efht tcjdsjevjs likvj tcj $< l mly pkvjrty efoj. Fomjjm, wkdjo dlaj
up lt ejlst 8> pjrgjot kh tcj wkrem‖s wkrafob pkkr (FEK 9>>=).
]cj bjomjr mfvfsfko kh elikr lesk rjdlfos sclrp fo fomustrfle lom
urilo skgfjtfjs. Rkremwfmj dkst `kis lrj mkdfoltjm iy koj bjomjr kr
tcj ktcjr. Hkr jxldpej, wkdjo dlaj up =< pjrgjot kh tcj okolbrfgue-turle elikr hkrgj fo tcj Krblofsltfko hkr Jgkokdfg Gk-kpjrltfko lom
Mjvjekpdjot (KJGM) gkuotrfjs iut lrj mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey scuotjm
fotk sjrvfgj `kis0 wkdjo gkostftutj 89 pjrgjot kh sjrvfgj wkrajrs, gkd-
plrjm wftc koey <: pjrgjot kh prkmugtfko wkrajrs (Loajr <663, <2<).
G C L ^ ] J Y :
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 106/188
Hkr spjgfhfg prkhjssfkos, sugc ls oursfob, tcj prkpkrtfko kh hjdlej
jdpekyjjs glo ij ls cfbc ls 39 pjrgjot (Loajr <663, 98=). Letckubc
tcjrj fs lo uomjofliej gkogjotrltfko kh wkdjo fo ekw-plfm kggupltfkos
lom sjgtkrs, tcj mjbrjj kh `ki sjbrjbltfko iy sjx dlajs l gkdplrfsko
ijtwjjo djo‖s lom wkdjo‖s wkra mfhhfguet. ]cjsj mfsplrftfjs lesk dlaj
ft mfhhfguet hkr pkefgy dlajrs lom wkrajrs tk mjtjrdfoj jqule ply lom
wkrafob gkomftfkos.
]cj hkeekwfob sjgtfkos prjsjot mltl tclt cfbcefbct bjomjr fojquleftfjs
fo tcj elikr dlrajt lom sckw tcj prkbrjss tclt cls ijjo dlmj fo skdj
lrjls lom rjbfkos. ]cj mfsgussfko jxtjoms ijykom tcj mltl tk fogeumj l
gkddjotlry ko ckw bjomjr fojqulefty fo elikr dlrajts lhhjgts dlgrk-jgkokdfg pkefgy. ]cj gclptjr lesk cfbcefbcts tcj vueojrlifefty kh wkdjo
fo tcj wkrem kh wkra lom fogeumjs l mfsgussfko kh tcj tcfrm Dfeejoofud
Mjvjekpdjot Bkle (DMB 7), wcfgc hkgusjs ko rjmrjssfob bjomjr mfsplr-
ftfjs lom jdpkwjrfob wkdjo.
Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt
Wpjgflefzltfko kh wkra fs koj rjlsko wcy bjomjr fojqulefty jxfsts fotcj elikr dlrajt. ]rlmftfko lom gustkds khtjo mfgtltj tcj typjs kh wkra
tclt djo lom wkdjo glo pjrhkrd. ]cj skgfle gkotjxt fs plrldkuot fo
foheujogfob wck dly mk wclt, tcjrjiy lhhjgtfob kvjrlee kutput.
]filf`ual (<66=) sckws tclt fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty fo tcj prkmug-
tfko kh ilolols lom gkhhjj hkr jxpkrt fo tcj Albjrl Yjbfko fo ]lozlofl
wkuem fogrjlsj l vfeelbj‖s fogkdj iy <> pjrgjot, wftc tcj prkmugtfvfty
kh elikr rfsfob <: pjrgjot lom tcj prkmugtfvfty kh glpftle rfsfob == pjr-
gjot. Gkeefjr (<66=, 93:) sckws tclt bjomjr fojqulefty fo tcj elikrdlrajt gkostrlfojm tjl guetfvltfko fo Ajoyl fo lrjls wftc hjdlej-
cjlmjm ckusjckems, ls tcjy wjrj ejss efajey tclo dlej-cjlmjm ckusj-
ckems tk brkw tjl, mjspftj tcj hlgt tclt wkdjo mk dkst kh tcj wkra ko
tjl pelotltfkos lom ckusjckems wftc dkrj wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey tk
brkw tjl.
Gkeefjr (<66=) gkosfmjrs pkssfiej rjlskos wcy bjomjr fojquleftfjs
lrfsj fo tcj elikr dlrajt (fo Lhrfgl) iy hkgusfob ko hkur prkgjssjs tclt
ejlm wkdjo tk hlgj gkostrlfots ko tcjfr jgkokdfg lgtfvfty tclt lrj mfh-
hjrjot hrkd tcksj hlgfob djo. Hfrst, wkdjo dly jogkuotjr mfsgrfdfol-tfko kutsfmj tcj ckusjckem.< Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo dloy mjvjekpfob
jgkokdfjs tlajs tcj hkrd kh mfhhjrjotfle lggjss tk hkrdle plfm jdpeky-
djot. Hkr jxldpej, fo rurle ]lozlofl, djo wftc sjgkomlry jmugltfko clm
33 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 107/188
l 2: pjrgjot gclogj kh kitlfofob hkrdle jdpekydjot, gkdplrjm wftc l
:> pjrgjot gclogj hkr jquleey jmugltjm wkdjo (Gkeefjr <66=, gftfob
Gkeefjr, Ylmwlo, lom Rlobwj <638).
Wjgkom, tcjrj fs l tjomjogy ldkob iktc djo lom wkdjo tk gkpy rkej
dkmjes kh tcj sldj sjx. ]cus fh l ojw jgkokdfg kppkrtuofty lrfsjs lom
foftfleey tlajo up iy djo, djo wfee gkotfouj tk tlaj ft up, wftc wkdjo
rjdlfofob ko tcj sfmjefojs.
]cfrm, lsyddjtrfg rfbcts ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo wftcfo tcj ckusj-
ckem ijgkdj jotrjogcjm kvjr tfdj. Koj jxldpej fs fo rurle Lhrfgl, wcjrj
wkdjo ijlr rjspkosfifeftfjs hkr gcfem rjlrfob, brkwfob hkkm hkr suisfs-
tjogj, bltcjrfob huje lom wltjr, lom gkkafob wcfej djo lrj rjspkosfiej hkrdjjtfob tcj ckusjckem‖s glsc ojjms lom leekgltfob elom. Loktcjr jxld-
pej, hrkd tcj Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, subbjsts tclt 9=.3 pjrgjot kh wkdjo wjrj
cfomjrjm hrkd wkrafob kutsfmj tcj ckdj (gkdplrjm wftc `ust <.: pjr-
gjot kh djo) ijglusj kh ckusjajjpfob mutfjs lom tlafob glrj kh gcfemrjo,
sfga pjkpej, kr tcj jemjrey (Dkrrfsko lom Eldlol 9>>8).
Hkurtc, wkdjo ijlr tcj iurmjo kh rjprkmugtfko lom gcfem rjlrfob.
Murfob tcfs tfdj, safees dly mjgefoj lom ekob-tjrd gkotrlgts, gkddko fo
tcj elikr dlrajt, dly ij tjrdfoltjm (Gkeefjr <66=, 932). ]cjsj hkurprkgjssjs tjom tk scuot wkdjo fotk gjrtlfo sjgtkrs kh tcj elikr dlrajt
lom dlaj ft mfhhfguet hkr tcjd tk dkvj lgrkss sjgtkrs.
Lggkrmfob tk tcj Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko (9>>2), tcj sjb-
rjbltfko kh kggupltfkos iy sjx fs gclobfob, leijft sekwey1 lmmftfkole
fovjstdjot fo wkdjo‖s jmugltfko lom trlfofob fs ojjmjm tk ajjp gclobj
dkvfob hkrwlrm. Ijtwjjo <668 lom 9>>8, tcj sclrj kh wkdjo fo wlbj
lom slelrfjm wkra fogrjlsjm hrkd =9.6 tk =2.6 pjrgjot (FEK 9>>2). Wtfee,
hjwjr wkdjo tclo djo clvj plfm wkra, jspjgfleey fo tcj wkrem‖s pkkrjrrjbfkos. Fotjrjstfobey, tfdj-usj stumfjs subbjst tclt wkdjo wkra dkrj
tktle ckurs tclo djo (Wtktsay 9>>8).
Jvjo wcjo wkdjo dfbrltj, tcjy tjom tk ij kvjrrjprjsjotjm fo stjrjk-
typfgle wkdlo‖s kggupltfkos. ]cj Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom
(ZOH^L 9>>8) jstfdltjs tclt tcjrj lrj 6: dfeefko hjdlej dfbrlots, wck
lggkuot hkr cleh kh lee dfbrlots lom gkotrfiutj cubjey tk rjdfttlogjs.
Dfbrltfko hkr wkdjo tlajs pelgj lgrkss lee lbj lom fogkdj brkups.
Rkdjo dfbrlots khtjo hlgj sfbofhfglot gcleejobjs fo tcjfr ckst gkuotry,
jspjgfleey fh mfsgrfdfoltfko ijglusj kh rlgj, gelss, kr rjefbfko fs l hlgtkr.Dloy wkdjo dfbrltj feejbleey lom lrj uolwlrj kh tcjfr rfbcts. Hfburj :.<
sckws tcj trjoms fo hjdlej dfbrltfko hkr tcrjj sldpej yjlrs ijtwjjo
<66: lom 9>>:.
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 36
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 108/188
Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs
]cj elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj (EH^Y) fs tcj sclrj kh tcj wkrafob-lbj
pkpueltfko tclt fs jftcjr jdpekyjm kr uojdpekyjm lom ekkafob hkr l
`ki. ]cj hjdlej EH^Y, wcfgc fomfgltjs ckw dloy wkdjo kh wkrafob
lbj lrj lgtfvj fo tcj elikr dlrajt, cls ijjo fogrjlsfob fo rjgjot yjlrs, l
sfbo tclt dkrj wkdjo lrj sjjafob tk lgcfjvj jgkokdfg fomjpjomjogj
(FEK 9>>=).]liej :.< sckws tcj gclobj fo tcj EH^Y hkr djo lom wkdjo kvjr l
<>-yjlr pjrfkm. ]cj tktle hjdlej elikr hkrgj wkremwfmj wls <.9 ifeefko
fo 9>>8, up hrkd <.< ifeefko l mjglmj jlrefjr. Kvjr tcj <>-yjlr pjrfkm,
tcj hjdlej EH^Y mjgefojm tk :9.= fo 9>>8, hrkd :7 pjrgjot fo <668.
]cj FEK lttrfiutjs tcfs mjgefoj tk tcj fogrjlsfob oudijrs kh ykuob
wkdjo rjgjfvfob jmugltfko lom tcj fogrjlsfob sclrj kh kemjr wkdjo fo
tcj elikr hkrgj. Dkrj rjgjot mltl fomfgltj tclt tcj EH^Y fo 9>>3 wls
:9.8 pjrgjot hkr wkdjo lom 22.: pjrgjot hkr djo (FEK 9>>6). Letckubc
tcj blp fs olrrkwfob, ft stfee stloms lt 9: pjrgjotlbj pkfots. Rkdjo
dlmj up =>.: pjrgjot kh tcj bekile elikr hkrgj fo 9>>3, up hrkd 76.6
pjrgjot l mjglmj jlrefjr (FEK 9>>6).
Hfburj :.9 irjlas mkwo tcj EH^Y mltl iy sjx lom rjbfko. Ft sckws tclt
tcj hjdlej EH^Y fogrjlsjm lom tcj blp ijtwjjo dlej lom hjdlej EH^Ys
6> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Hfburj :.< Hjdlej Wclrj kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrlots, <66:, 9>>>, lom 9>>:
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, 6.
:8
:=
:9
:>
=3
=8
==
=9
=>
R k r e m
L h r f g
l L s f l
J u r k
p j
E l t f o
L d j r f
g l l o
m
t c j G
l r f i i
j l o
O k r t c
L d j r f g l
K g j l
o f l
p j r g j o t
<66: 9>>> 9>>:
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 109/188
mjgrjlsjm kvjr tcj <>-yjlr pjrfkm hrkd <668 tk 9>>8 fo hkur rjbfkos0
mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs lom tcj Jurkpjlo Zofko (JZ), Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom
tcj ^lgfhfg, Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo, lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom
Okrtc Lhrfgl. Murfob tcj sldj pjrfkm, tcj dlej EH^Y mjgefojm fo lee
rjbfkos jxgjpt tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, wcjrj ft rjdlfojm tcj
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 6<
Hfburj :.9 Dlej lom Hjdlej Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs, iy Yjbfko,
<668 lom 9>>8
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, 7.
<>>
6>
3>
2>
8>
:>
p j r g j o t
=>
7>
9>
<>
>
M j v j e k p
j m j g k o
k d f j s
l o m J
u r k p
j l o Z
o f k o
G j o t
r l e l o
m J l s t j r
o J u r
k p j
( o k o
‗ J Z )
l o m G
k d d
k o -
w j l e t c k
h F o m j
p j o m
j o t W
t l t j s J l
s t L s f l
W k u t c j
l s t L
s f l
l o m t c j
l g f h f g
W k u t c L
s f l
E l t f o
L d j r f g l
l o m
t c j G
l r f i i
j l o
D f m m
e j J l
s t l o
m
O k r t c
L h r f g
l
W u i -
W l c l
r l o
L h r f g
l
<668 dlej <668 hjdlej 9>>8 hjdlej9>>8 dlej
]liej :.< Bekile Elikr Dlrajt Fomfgltkrs, <668 lom 9>>8
Fomfgltkr
Rkdjo Djo ]ktle
<668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8
Elikr hkrgj
(dfeefkos) <,>:9.> <,973.6 <,:69.9 <,3:9.> 9,8==.9 7,>6>.6
Jdpekydjot
(dfeefkos) 63:.= <,<:2.< <,=62.: <,273.8 9,=39.3 9,36:.2
Zojdpekydjot
(dfeefkos) 88.2 3<.3 6=.2 <<7.= <8<.= <6:.9
Elikr hkrgj
plrtfgfpltfko
rltj (pjrgjot) :7.> :9.= 3>.: 23.3 88.2 8:.:
Jdpekydjot-tk-
pkpueltfko rltfk
(pjrgjot) =6.8 =3.6 2:.2 2=.> 89.8 8<.=
Zojdpekydjot
rltj (pjrgjot) 8.7 8.8 :.6 8.< 8.< 8.7
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <=.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 110/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 111/188
tcj hfburjs vlry wfmjey iy rjbfko. Jfbcty-koj wkdjo pjr <>> djo wjrj
lgtfvj fo mjvjekpjm lom trlosftfko jgkokdfjs fo 9>>8, lom tcj bjomjr blp
fo Jlst Lsfl wls 26. Fo gkotrlst, `ust 72 wkdjo pjr <>> djo wjrj lgtfvj
fo tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl fo 9>>8, lom koey =9 wkdjo pjr <>>
djo wjrj lgtfvj fo Wkutc Lsfl (tliej :.7).
Ls tcj FEK (9>>2, 7) oktjs, ―tlajo ko tcjfr kwo, rfsfob kr cfbc
elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltjs mk okt ojgjsslrfey djlo tclt elikr dlr-
ajts lrj mjvjekpfob pksftfvjey hkr wkdjo.— Fs bjomjr jqulefty fo tcj
elikr dlrajt fdprkvfob; Lrj wlbj blps lom mfsgrfdfoltfko rjmugfob
EH^Ys; Lrj wkdjo hfomfob tcj typj kh wkra tcjy wlot; Mkjs tcj hlgt
tclt dkrj wkdjo lrj fo sgckke lggkuot hkr tcj ekwjr hjdlej EH^Y; Rclt lrj tcj gclrlgtjrfstfgs kh wkdjo‖s wkra gkdplrjm wftc djo‖s
wkra; ]cj hkeekwfob sjgtfkos scjm skdj efbct ko tcjsj qujstfkos.
Jmugltfko
Lggkrmfob tk tcj FEK (9>>2, 9), ―tcjrj fs gkosfmjrliej mkuit tclt
wkdjo bjt tcj sldj gclogjs ls djo tk mjvjekp tcjfr safees tcrkubckut
tcjfr wkrafob efvjs.— Rcy; Gueturle hlgtkrs sugc ls rjefbfko lom bjomjrmfsgrfdfoltfko pely l plrt. Rkdjo lrj lesk khtjo sjbrjbltjm fotk ekw-
plyfob kggupltfkos, wcfgc dly mfsgkurlbj fovjstdjot fo bfres‖ jmugltfko
(Rkrem Iloa 9>>2).
Letckubc hjdlej jmugltfko ejvjes clvj fdprkvjm, ekw-fogkdj
gkuotrfjs stfee hlgj sfbofhfglot gcleejobjs fh tcjy lrj tk lgcfjvj DMB 7.
Dkrj ykuob wkdjo lrj eftjrltj tclo wls tcj glsj <: yjlrs lbk, yjt
wkdjo stfee lggkuot hkr twk-tcfrms kh tcj ledkst 3>> dfeefko lmuets
wck glookt rjlm kr wrftj (FEK 9>>2). Hfburj :.7 jxldfojs tcj eftjrlgy
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 67
]liej :.7 Bjomjr Blp fo Jdpekydjot, 9>>8
Yjbfko
Oudijr kh jgkokdfgleey
lgtfvj wkdjo pjr <>> djo
Rkrem 88.6
Mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs 3<.=
]rlosftfko jgkokdfjs 3<.>
Jlst Lsfl 26.7
Wkutcjlst Lsfl 29.2Wkutc Lsfl =<.3
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo 86.:
Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl 78.2
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 2=.3
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <=.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 112/188
rltj”mjhfojm ls l pjrsko‖s lifefty tk rjlm lom wrftj”iy rjbfko ijtwjjo
<66> lom 9>>:. Ft sckws tclt wkdjo clvj tcj ekwjst eftjrlgy rltjs fo
Wkutc Lsfl lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl. Wfbofhfglot prkbrjss fs
oktjm lgrkss lee rjbfkos, lom eftjrlgy rltjs clvj fogrjlsjm, jspjgfleey fo
rjbfkos stlrtfob hrkd ekwjr ejvjes (Rkrem Iloa 9>>3).
Ldkob tcj fomfgltkrs usjm tk lssjss tcj prkbrjss tkwlrm DMB 7 lrj
tcj rltfk kh bfres‖ tk ikys‖ jorkeedjot fo prfdlry, sjgkomlry, lom tjrtflryjmugltfko lom tcj rltfk kh eftjrltj wkdjo tk djo <:‗9=. Hfburj :.= feeus-
trltjs tcj prkbrjss fo bfres‖ jorkeedjot rltjs hkr prfdlry, sjgkomlry, lom
tjrtflry jmugltfko ijtwjjo <66> lom 9>>:.
Dkst ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs lgcfjvjm bjomjr plrfty fo rltfks kh prfdlry
sgckke jorkeedjot lom eftjrlgy ijtwjjo <66: lom 9>>: (Ejwfs lom
Ekgacjjm 9>>81 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2). Jfbcty-tcrjj kh tcj <>8 gkuotrfjs hkr
wcfgc mltl lrj lvlfeliej lgcfjvjm plrfty fo iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry
sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs (tliej :.=).
Wjvjrle gcleejobjs rjdlfo tk lgcfjvfob DMB 7. Ls sckwo fo tliej :.=,
99 stltjs lom gkuotrfjs, <8 kh wcfgc lrj fo Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lrj
uoefajey tk djjt tcj tlrbjt iy 9><:. Wfxty pjrgjot kh sgckke mrkpkuts lrj
bfres (FEK 9>>2). Lom wkdjo fo jxgeumjm brkups”tclt fs, fo pkpueltfkos
tclt lrj skgfleey jxgeumjm ilsjm ko fogkdj, ekgltfko, rlgj, jtcofgfty, kr
6= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Hfburj :.7 Eftjrlgy Yltjs ldkob Vkutc (<:‗9= Vjlrs), iy Yjbfko, <66> lom 9>>:
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>3, 9::.
W u i -
W l c l r l
o
L h r f g l
J l s t
L s f l
l o m l g f
h f g
<>>
3>
p j r g j o t8>
=>
9>
>
J u r k
p j l o
m
G j o t
r l e L s f l
E l t f o
L d
j r f g l l o
m
t c j G
l r f i i
j l o
D f m m e j
J l s t l o
m
O k r t c
L h r f g l
W k u t c L s
f l
wkdjo 9>>:
wkdjo <66>
djo 9>>:
djo <66>
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 113/188
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 6:
Hfburj :.= ^rkbrjss fo Bfres‖ Jorkeedjot Yltjs, iy Yjbfko, <66>‗9>>:
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<9.
:>
<:>
<>>
>
b r k s s j o r k e e d j o t r l t j
W u i -
W l c l
r l o L h r f g
l
J l s t
L s f l
l o m
l g f h f g
J u r k
p j l o
m G j o
t r l e L
s f l
E l t f o
L d
j r f g l
l o m
t c j G
l r f i i
j l o
D f m m e j
J l s t
l o m O
k r t c
L h r f g
l
W k u t c L
s f l
prfdlry jorkeedjot sjgkomlry jorkeedjot
tjrtflry jorkeedjot9>>:
<66>
]liej :.= Lttlfodjot kh Bjomjr ^lrfty fo ^rfdlry lom Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko
Jorkeedjot, iy Yjbfko, 9>>: lom 9><:
(oudijr kh gkuotrfjs)
Yjbfko
Lgcfjvjm
tlrbjt
iy 9>>:
Ko trlga tk
lgcfjvj tlrbjt
iy 9><:
Khh trlga kr
uoefajey tk lgcfjvj
tlrbjt iy 9><: Ok mltl ]ktle
Wui-Wlclrlo
Lhrfgl <> < <8 9< =3Jlst Lsfl lom
^lgfhfg <7 > > << 9=
Jurkpj lom
Gjotrle Lsfl 99 > < = 92
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom
tcj Glrfiijlo 92 > > = 7<
Dfmmej Jlst lom
Okrtc Lhrfgl 3 > 7 7 <=
Wkutc Lsfl 7 > 9 7 3
]ktle 37 < 99 =8 <:9kh wcfgc0 Hrlbfej
stltjs : > 6 9< 7:
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<=.
Oktj0 ]cj ―Ok mltl— gkeudo fomfgltjs tcj oudijr kh gkuotrfjs wftc dfssfob mltl lt tcj stlrt kh tcj pjrfkm, lt tcj
jom kh tcj pjrfkm, kr iktc.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 114/188
mfslifefty”fo ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs, plrtfguelrey rurle lrjls, khtjo hlgj
mfsgrfdfoltfko fo jmugltfko. ^kefgfjs ojjm tk tlrbjt tcjsj brkups tk
fogrjlsj tcjfr sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs.
Zojdpekydjot Yltjs
Hfburj :.: jxldfojs wkrem lom rjbfkole uojdpekydjot rltjs iy sjx hkr
9>>8. Bekileey, wkdjo wjrj dkrj efajey tk ij uojdpekyjm tclo djo
(8.8 pjrgjot vjrsus 8.< pjrgjot). ]cj 9>>8 wkdjo‖s uojdpekydjot
rltj wls up hrkd 8.7 pjrgjot fo <668. Lggkrmfob tk tcj FEK (9>>2),
3<.3 dfeefko wkdjo wftckut `kis wjrj wfeefob tk wkra lom lgtfvjeyekkafob hkr wkra fo 9>>8, up 99.2 pjrgjot hrkd <> yjlrs jlrefjr. ]cjsj hfb-
urjs mk okt tjee tcj wckej stkry, ckwjvjr1 ft fs fdpkrtlot lesk tk gkosfmjr
mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs, wck lrj okt fogeumjm fo khhfgfle uojdpekydjot stl-
tfstfgs0 ―Bfvjo tclt wkdjo hlgj cfbcjr uojdpekydjot rltjs, clvj hlr
hjwjr kppkrtuoftfjs fo elikr dlrajts tclo djo lom khtjo hlgj skgfle ilr-
rfjrs tk jotjr elikr dlrajts, ft fs vjry efajey tclt mfsgkurlbjdjot ldkob
wkdjo fs cfbcjr tclo ldkob djo fo dkst gkuotrfjs fo tcj mjvjekpfob
wkrem— (FEK 9>>2, :).9 ]cj fdplgt kh tcj bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo 9>>3 wlslikut jquleey mjtrfdjotle hkr djo lom wkdjo, wftc tcj uojdpekydjot
68 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Hfburj :.: Rkrem lom Yjbfkole Kvjrlee Zojdpekydjot Yltj, iy Wjx, 9>>8
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, =.
wkdjo djo
R k r e m
M j v j e k p j m
j g k o
k d f j s
l o m J
u r k p j l o
Z o f k
o
G j o t
r l e l o
m J l s t j
r o J u
r k p j
( o k o
‗ J Z )
l o m G
k d d k
o w j l e t c
k h F o m j
p j o m
j o t W t
l t j s
J l s t
L s f l
W k u t c j
l s t L
s f l
l o m t c j
l g f h f g
W k u t c L
s f l
E l t f o L
d j r f g l
l o m
t c j G l r f i i
j l o
D f m m e j
J l s t
l o m O k
r t c L h r f g
l
W u i
- W l c l
r l o
L h r f g
l
7:
9:
<:
:
7>
9>
<>
>
p j r g j o t
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 115/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 116/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 117/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 118/188
Jlstjro Jurkpj, tcj GFW, lom mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs jo`ky wlbj plrfty,lom hjdlej oursfob prkhjssfkoles fo fomustrfle jgkokdfjs, Gjotrle lom
Jlstjro Jurkpj, lom tcj GFW jlro sefbctey dkrj tclo tcjfr dlej gkuotjr-
plrts. Rlbj rltjs lrj sfbofhfglotey cfbcjr hkr hjdlej hfrst-ejvje tjlgcjrs,
gkdputjr prkbrlddjrs, lom lggkuotlots fo Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj
lom tcj GFW tclo hkr djo fo tcj sldj prkhjssfkos1 tcfs blp rjhejgts tcj
cfstkrfgleey brjltjr wlbj jqulefty fo tcj peloojm jgkokdfjs kh Gjotrle
lom Jlstjro Jurkpj lom tcj GFW, wcfgc dly olrrkw kr mfslppjlr kogj
tcj hjw wkdjo wck clvj suggjsshueey dlolbjm tcj trlosftfko prkgjss
rjtfrj (FEK 9>>2). Fo lee ktcjr prkhjssfkos lom rjbfkos gkdplrjm, wkdjo
jlro ejss tclo djo.
]cj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr blps lom wlbj blps mjpjoms ko tcj
gkuotry lom tcj sjgtkr kh jdpekydjot. Hkr jxldpej, tcj Rkrem Iloa
(9>>2) hfoms tclt fo tcj gkuotrfjs kh Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, hjdlej EH^Ys
<>> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Hfburj :.2 Lvjrlbj Rkdjo‖s Jlrofobs ls l ^jrgjotlbj kh Djo‖s Jlrofobs
fo Wjejgtjm Kggupltfkos, Eltjst Lvlfeliej Vjlr
fomustrfle jgkokdfjs Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj lom
Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjsmjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs
l g g k
u o t l
o t
g k d p u
t j r
p r k b r l d
d j r
p r k h j s
s f k o l e
o u r s j
( b j o
j r l e )
h f r s t - e
j v j e
j m u
g l t f k
o
t j l g c j
r
c k t j e
r j g j
p t f k
o f s t
e l i k
r j r
<3>
<8>
<=>
<9>
<>>
3>
8>
=>
9>
>
l v j r l b j w k d j o
‖ s j l r o f o b s l s p j r g j o t l b j
k h d
j o ‖ s j l r o f o b s
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <9 gftfob FEK 9>>:, tliejs <8l lom <8i.
Oktj0 Lvjrlbj fo tcfs hfburj mjoktjs l sfdpej lvjrlbj kh gkuotrfjs hkr wcfgc mltl wjrj lvlfeliej.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 119/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 120/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 121/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 122/188
wkrajrs tk ijfob wlbj lom slelrfjm wkrajrs (FEK 9>>2, <>). Hfburj :.6
jxldfojs tcj gclobj fo tcj sclrj kh wkdjo fo okolbrfgueturle wlbj
jdpekydjot (lom tcj prkpkrtfko kh sjlts fo plrefldjot cjem iy wkdjo)
iy rjbfko.
Hfburj :.6 subbjsts tclt wkdjo‖s sclrj kh okolbrfgueturle wlbj
jdpekydjot fogrjlsjm fo lee rjbfkos hrkd <66> tk 9>>:. Jurkpj lom
Gjotrle Lsfl slw l plrtfguelrey sfbofhfglot fogrjlsj (=2 pjrgjot)1 tcj
Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl clm l 9> pjrgjot rfsj. ]cj fogrjlsj wls
brjltjst fo cfbcey urilofzjm, uppjr-dfmmej-gelss gkuotrfjs (=7 pjrgjot)
lom ekwjst fo rurle, ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs (7> pjrgjot). ]cjsj mltl dly
okt plfot tcj wckej pfgturj, ckwjvjr0 lbbrjbltj gkuotry mltl gkogjlefojquleftfjs wftcfo gkuotrfjs, lom mfslmvlotlbjm lom jxgeumjm brkups lrj
ejss efajey tk ij jdpekyjm fo plfm okolbrfgueturle wkra (hfburj :.<>).
Wtltus kh Jdpekydjot
Rkdjo usuleey ijlr dkrj rjspkosfifefty hkr tcj hldfey tclo djo mk.
Letckubc tcjrj cls ijjo skdj prkbrjss tkwlrm l dkrj jvjo mfstrfiutfko
<>= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Hfburj :.6 Wclrj kh Okolbrfgueturle Rlbj Jdpekydjot lom ^lrefldjotlry Wjlts
Cjem iy Rkdjo, iy Yjbfko, <66>‗9>>:
W u i -
W l c l
r l o L h r f g
l
J l s t L s f l
l o m t c j
l g f h f g
J u r k p j
l o m G
j o t r l
e L s f l
E l t f o
L d j r f g l
l o m
t c j G
l r f i i
j l o
D f m m e j
J l s t
l o m O
k r t c
L h r f g
l
W k u t c L
s f l
=>
9>
7>
:>
<>
>
p j r g j o t
sclrj kh sjlts fo ekwjr ckusj kh plrefldjot cjem iy wkdjo
sclrj kh wkdjo fo okolbrfgueturle wlbj jdpekydjot
9>>:
<66>
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<3.
Oktj0 Yjbfkole lvjrlbjs wjrj glegueltjm usfob tcj jlrefjst vleuj ijtwjjo <66> lom <66: lom tcj eltjst vleuj
ijtwjjo 9>>> lom 9>>: hkr jlgc gkuotry. ]cj lvjrlbjs lrj wjfbctjm iy gkuotry pkpueltfko fo 9>>:.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 123/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 124/188
<>8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
]liej :.3 Jdpekydjot Wtltus, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, <668 lom 9>>8
Wjx/rjbfko Rlbj lom slelrfjm wkrajr Jdpekyjrs Kwo-lggkuot wkrajrs Gkotrfiutfobhldfey wkrajrs
Rkdjo <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8
Rkrem =9.6 =2.6 <.: <.= 99.= 9:.2 77.9 9:.<
Mjvjekpjm
jgkokdfjs lom
Jurkpjlo Zofko 38.2 36.: 7.= 7.> 8.= :.= 7.: 9.<
Gjotrle lom
Jlstjro Jurkpj
(oko‗JZ) lom
Gkddkowjletc
kh Fomjpjomjot
Wtltjs 23.: 26.> >.: >.3 <>.9 <9.= <>.3 2.3
Jlst Lsfl 7<.= =>.3 <.< >.3 93.2 72.= 73.3 9>.6
Wkutcjlst Lsfl
lom tcj lgfhfg 93.3 7=.6 <.> <.> 99.6 92.< =2.9 72.<
Wkutc Lsfl <>.7 <:.7 >.: >.= <8.7 9<.2 29.3 89.8
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom
tcj Glrfiijlo 88.8 82.: 9.> <.2 9=.9 9:.8 2.9 :.<
Dfmmej Jlst lomOkrtc Lhrfgl =2.: :8.9 9.= =.< <2.< <<.7 77.> 93.=
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl <7.3 <2.> <.< <.= =6.> =9.7 78.9 76.7
Djo
Rkrem =:.2 =6.9 7.3 7.7 7=.2 7:.6 <:.3 <<.8
Mjvjekpjm
jgkokdfjs lom
Jurkpjlo Zofko 3<.6 37.< 8.6 8.6 <>.9 6.7 <.> >.2
Gjotrle lom
Jlstjro Jurkpj
(oko‗JZ) lomGkddkowjletc
kh Fomjpjomjot
Wtltjs 28.: 28.9 9.8 9.6 <:.3 <2.: :.< 7.=
Jlst Lsfl =9.< =3.2 9.6 <.: 7=.2 72.> 9>.= <9.3
Wkutcjlst Lsfl
lom tcj lgfhfg 72.8 =<.= 7.< 9.8 =<.9 =<.= <3.< <=.8
Wkutc Lsfl <6.: 92.9 9.7 <.= ::.3 ::.9 99.= <8.9
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom
tcj Glrfiijlo :6.7 8>.2 :.> =.= 96.: 7<.< 8.9 7.2
Dfmmej Jlst lomOkrtc Lhrfgl :9.9 ::.= 6.2 <<.= 97.= 9<.9 <=.2 <<.6
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 98.3 96.: 9.2 9.2 =7.8 ==.= 92.> 97.7
Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <8.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 125/188
<668 tk 9:.2 pjrgjot fo 9>>81 tcj sclrj kh gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs
mjgefojm, hrkd 77.9 pjrgjot tk 9:.< pjrgjot, murfob tcj sldj pjrfkm.
Lt tcj rjbfkole ejvje, prkbrjss fs ejss lpplrjot. Fo Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl,
tcj prkpkrtfko kh wkdjo jdpekyjm ls gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs
fogrjlsjm hrkd 78.9 pjrgjot tk 76.7 pjrgjot. Letckubc skdj prkbrjss
wls dlmj fo rjmugfob tcj oudijr kh wkdjo fo tcfs gltjbkry fo Wkutc
Lsfl, 89.8 pjrgjot kh wkdjo wkrajrs wjrj gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs fo
9>>8. Dkrj tclo koj-tcfrm kh wkdjo wkrajrs gkotfouj tk ij jdpekyjm ls
gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs fo Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom tcj ^lgfhfg.
Gkogeusfko
Fo tcfs gclptjr, wj jxldfojm bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tcj elikr dlrajt. Rj
hfrst gkosfmjrjm l oudijr kh rjlskos hkr tcj jxfstjogj kh sugc fojquleftfjs,
fogeumfob elikr spjgflefzltfko lom sjbdjotltfko, lom wkdjo‖s rjprkmug-
tfvj rkejs. Rj tcjo jxldfojm tcj prkbrjss wkdjo lrj dlafob fo tcj
wkrem kh wkra, ls sckwo iy EH^Ys, uojdpekydjot rltjs, wlbj rltjs, lom
safees. Rj gkogeumjm iy jxldfofob twk djlsurjs kh elikr dlrajt pjr-
hkrdlogj0 jdpekydjot iy sjgtkr lom stltus kh jdpekydjot.Fo suddlry, tcj gclptjr sckws tclt wkdjo lrj dlafob prkbrjss fo
tcj hfjem kh wkra, letckubc bjomjr lsyddjtrfjs pjrsfst. Rkdjo lrj stfee
uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo plfm jdpekydjot fo tcj wkrem‖s pkkrjr rjbfkos1
bfres lrj uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot fo tcj pkkrjr
rjbfkos1 lom wkdjo‖s prkmugtfvj pktjotfle fs uomjrusjm fo lee rjbfkos,
wftc wkdjo dkrj efajey tclo djo tk ij uojdpekyjm. Bjomjr lsyddj-
trfjs gkotfouj tk gclrlgtjrfzj wlbj fojqulefty, wftc pkssfiej spfo-khh jhhjgts
hkr huturj bjojrltfkos fh plrjots mjgfmj tclt ft fs jgkokdfgleey wlstjhue tkfovjst fo tcjfr mlubctjrs‖”ls kppksjm tk tcjfr skos‖”jmugltfko. Lt tcj
sjgtkrle ejvje, wkdjo lrj stfee dkrj efajey tk ij fovkevjm fo lbrfgueturle
jdpekydjot, letckubc dkrj wkdjo clvj dkvjm fotk plfm jdpekydjot,
wcfgc fs l sfbo kh prkbrjss.
Oktjs
<. Gkeefjr (<66=, 922) glutfkos lblfost bjojrlefzfob, bfvjo tclt ―bjomjr rjeltfkos
lrj focjrjotey spjgfhfg tk skgfle gkotjxt.—
9. ]cj tjrd mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs rjhjrs tk fomfvfmules wck wkuem efaj tk wkra iut
wck rjhrlfo hrkd sjjafob wkra ijglusj tcjy ijefjvj tclt ok wkra fs lvlfeliej,
tcjy clvj rjstrfgtjm elikr dkifefty, kr tcjy hlgj mfsgrfdfoltfko kr strugturle,
skgfle, kr gueturle ilrrfjrs.
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <>2
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 126/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 127/188
”””. 9>>6. Bekile Jdpekydjot ]rjoms hkr Rkdjo. Bjojvl0 FEK.
”””. 9><>. Bekile Jdpekydjot ]rjoms. Bjojvl0 FEK.@lgkis, W. 9>>9. ―Elom Yjhkrd0 Wtfee l Bkle Rkrtc ^ursufob hkr Yurle Rkdjo;—
@kurole kh Fotjroltfkole Mjvjekpdjot <= (8)0 332‗63.
Elstlrrfl-Gkrocjfe, W. <662. ―Fdplgt kh ^rfvltfzltfko ko Bjomjr lom ^rkpjrty
Yfbcts fo Lhrfgl.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 9: (3)0 <7<2‗77.
Ejwfs, D. L., lom D. J. Ekgacjjm. 9>>2. ―Ojw Rlys Lrj Ojjmjm tk Jmugltj
–Jxgeumjm‖ Bfres fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9).
Dkrrfsko, L., lom H. Eldlol. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Fssujs fo tcj Ayrbyz Elikr Dlrajt.—
Ilgabrkuom ^lpjr hkr Ayrbyz ^kvjrty Lssjssdjot, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko,MG.
Kkstjomkrp, Y. C. 9>>=. ―Bekilefzltfko lom tcj Bjomjr Rlbj Blp.— ^kefgy
Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 79:8, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 L Wurvjy.—
FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Hfsgle Lhhlfrs Mjplrtdjot, Fotjroltfkole
Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.
]filf`ual, L. <66=. ―]cj Gkst kh Mfhhjrjotfle Bjomjr Ykejs fo Lhrfglo Lbrfgueturj0
L Glsj Wtumy kh Wdleeckemjr Ilolol-Gkhhjj Hlrds fo tcj Albjrl Yjbfko,
]lozlofl.— @kurole kh Lbrfgueturle Jgkokdfgs =: (<)0 8:‗3<.
]zlooltks, P. <669. ―^ktjotfle Blfos hrkd tcj Jefdfoltfko kh Elikr Dlrajt
Mfhhjrjotfles.— Fo Rkdjo‖s Jdpekydjot lom ^ly fo Eltfo Ldjrfgl, ^lrt <0
Kvjrvfjw lom Djtckmkekby. Yjbfkole Wtumfjs ^rkbrld Yjpkrt <>. Rlscfobtko,
MG0 Rkrem Iloa.
ZOH^L (Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom). 9>>8. L ^lsslbj tk Ckpj. Rkdjo lom
Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko. Ojw Vkra0 ZOH^L Wtltj kh Rkrem ^kpueltfko, Zoftjm
Oltfkos.
Rkrem Iloa. 9>>2. Bekile Dkoftkrfob Yjpkrt 9>>2 . Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.
”””. 9>>3.Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot Fomfgltkrs 9>>3. Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa .
Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <>6
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 128/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 129/188
<<<
Bekilefzltfko rjhjrs tk tcj fogrjlsfobey hrjj hekw kh fmjls, pjkpej, bkkms,
sjrvfgjs, lom glpftle lgrkss gkuotrfjs. Ft fovkevjs pkefgfjs rjeltjm tk trlmj,
hfologj, fohkrdltfko hekw, tjgcokekby, `ki kutskurgfob, fddfbrltfko, lom
rjdfttlogjs. Ft ieurs tcj mfvfmj ijtwjjo ekgle lom fotjroltfkole dlrajts,
lom fdplgts jdpekydjot lom l ckst kh ktcjr fostftutfkos, fogeumfob tcj
ckusjckem. Fo tcfs gclptjr wj mfsguss ckw bekilefzltfko lhhjgts bjomjr
rjeltfkos lt tcj ejvje kh tcj elikr dlrajt.
Bekilefzltfko lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos
Bekilefzltfko lhhjgts tcj efvfob stlomlrms kh djo lom wkdjo tcrkubc
sjvjrle trlosdfssfko gcloojes. ]rlmj efijrlefzltfko, hkr jxldpej, fogrjlsjs
tcj hekw kh bkkms lom glpftle lgrkss gkuotrfjs lom gkotrfiutjs tk jgk-
okdfg brkwtc. Ijtwjjo <62> lom tcj eltj <66>s, trlmj fo bkkms lom sjr-
vfgjs ls l prkpkrtfko kh wkrem brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^) fogrjlsjm
iy likut :> pjrgjot, tcloas fo elrbj plrt tk lo fogrjlsj fo jxpkrtjm dlo-uhlgturjm bkkms hrkd mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs fo Wkutc lom Jlst Lsfl. ]cj
fogrjlsj gkfogfmjm wftc rlpfm BM^ brkwtc fo tcjsj gkuotrfjs.
]cj fdplgt kh brkwtc ko tcj pkkr, ckwjvjr, mjpjoms ko fts sjgtkrle
gkdpksftfko. Hkr jxldpej, lbrfgueturle brkwtc rjmugjs pkvjrty murfob tcj
G C L ^ ] J Y 8
Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos,
lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 130/188
jlrey stlbjs kh mjvjekpdjot, ls fo Gcfol‖s mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm lom
tcj Brjjo Yjvkeutfko fo Fomfl. Fo iktc glsjs, brkwtc ijojhftjm tcj pkkr
lom fdprkvjm hkkm sjgurfty. Fo gkotrlst, rlpfm brkwtc tclt wfmjos fogkdj
fojqulefty, wcfgc cls kggurrjm fo iktc mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob gkuo-
trfjs murfob tcj plst twk mjglmjs, fs efajey tk curt tcj pkkr. Rkdjo lrj
mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey lhhjgtjm iy wfmjofob fojqulefty, ijglusj tcjy tjom tk
jlro ekwjr wlbjs lom tk clvj ejss jmugltfko, hjwjr safees, lom ejss dkife-
fty tclo djo.
]cj Elikr Dlrajt
]cj kpjofob kh lo jgkokdy‖s ikrmjrs cls mfrjgt fdpefgltfkos ko tcj hekwkh elikr iktc wftcfo lom lgrkss jgkokdfjs. ]cjrj lrj tcrjj dlfo cypktcj-
sjs ls tk wcy lom wcjo wkdjo hfom dkrj jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs
uomjr bekilefzltfko. ]cj iuhhjr kr rjsjrvj lrdy cypktcjsfs ckems tclt dkrj
`kis hkr wkdjo lrj lvlfeliej murfob pjrfkms kh elikr sckrtlbjs hkeekwfob
jgkokdfg jxplosfkos1 tcjsj `kis lrj ekst murfob rjgjssfkos. Lggkrmfob tk
tcj sjbdjotjm dlrajt cypktcjsfs, wkdjo hfom dkrj jdpekydjot wcjo
kutput fo tcj sjgtkrs fo wcfgc tcjy lrj kvjrrjprjsjotjm rfsjs dkrj rlp-
fmey tclo kutput fo tcj rjst kh tcj jgkokdfg sjgtkrs. ]cj suistftutfkocypktcjsfs pksfts tclt wkdjo‖s jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs fogrjlsj wcjo
tcjy brlmuleey rjpelgj djo fo `kis prjvfkusey gkosfmjrjm ―dlej `kis.—
Bekilefzltfko dly lesk lhhjgt tcj dfx kh hkrdle lom fohkrdle jdpeky-
djot fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem.< Ijojräl (9>><) vfjws hkrdle lom fohkr-
dle sjgtkrs ls gkdpejdjotlry. Fo Lhrfglo gkuotrfjs tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr
gkotrfiutjs =>‗:> pjrgjot kh BM^. Rkdjo hkrd dkst kh tcj fohkrdle
wkrahkrgj fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem (Ijojräl 9>><), plrtey ijglusj tcjfr
rjspkosfifeftfjs fo tcj ckdj lom pjrsfstjot bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo jmugl-tfko lom tcj hkrdle elikr dlrajt gkohfoj tcjd tk tcj dkst hejxfiej lom
ekwjst-plfm fomustrfjs.
Ekw elikr gksts, jspjgfleey hkr wkdjo, dly plrtfleey jxpelfo tcj kut-
skurgfob kh sjrvfgjs tk mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs sugc ls Gcfol lom Fomfl.
Duetfoltfkole gkrpkrltfkos tclt rjekgltj tk mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs prkvfmj
jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs hkr wkdjo, jxpekftfob tcjfr wfeefobojss tk
wkra hkr ekw wlbjs. ]k prjvjot duetfoltfkole gkrpkrltfkos hrkd dkvfob
kut kh tcjfr gkuotry, skdj mjvjekpfob bkvjrodjots mk okt lmjqultjey
johkrgj elikr (fogeumfob gcfem elikr) rjbueltfkos, rjfohkrgfob ekwjr wlbjshkr wkdjo.
Bekilefzltfko lesk lhhjgts tcj hekw kh elikr lgrkss jgkokdfjs.
Cfstkrfgleey, safeejm elikr dfbrltjm koey lgrkss mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs.
Bekilefzltfko, ckwjvjr, cls rjsuetjm fo l dlrajm fogrjlsj fo safeejm elikr
<<9 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 131/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 132/188
tk l mjgefoj fo fdpkrt-suistftutfob fomustrfjs, wcfgc dly khhsjt skdj kh tcj blfos fo jdpekydjot fo tcj jxpkrt sjgtkr.
]rlmj-rjeltjm blfos fo jdpekydjot hkr wkdjo fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs
clvj kggurrjm fo jxpkrt-prkgjssfob zkojs, fo elrbjr hfrds (tclt suigkotrlgt
wkra), lom fo tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr. Fo Jgulmkr, hkr jxldpej, wkdjo ijoj-
hftjm ls hekwjr jxpkrts fogrjlsjm. Fo Ilobelmjsc likut 9 dfeefko `kis wjrj
grjltjm fo tcj tjxtfejs lom lpplrje fomustry, dkst kh tcjd hfeejm iy
wkdjo. Rkdjo stfee suhhjr hrkd ekob ckurs, `ki fosjgurfty, uocjletcy
wkrafob gkomftfkos, lom ekw ply. ]liej 8.< prkvfmjs fohkrdltfko ko tcjsclrj kh wkdjo jdpekyjm fo jxpkrt-prkgjssfob hfrds fo mjvjekpfob gkuo-
trfjs murfob 9>>7.
Ls sckwo fo hfburj 8.9, tcj sclrj kh wkdjo jdpekyjm fo jxpkrt dlo-
uhlgturfob fo sjejgtjm Jlst Lsflo jgkokdfjs fs elrbjr tclo fo ktcjr dlou-
hlgturfob fomustrfjs. ]cj mltl gkohfrd tclt trlmj kpjoojss gkotrfiutjs tk
tcj jdpekydjot kh wkdjo. Iut ckw mk wlbjs fo jxpkrt lom okojxpkrt
dlouhlgturfob gkdplrj;
]cj Rlbj Blp
]rlmj efijrlefzltfko cls grjltjm jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs hkr wkdjo1 fts
jhhjgt ko tcj bjomjr wlbj blp fs ejss gejlr. Wkdj jvfmjogj pkfots tk l
mjgefoj fo tcj bjomjr wlbj blp fo gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc trlmj efijrlefzltfko
cls ejm tk lo fogrjlsj fo tcj sclrj kh wkdjo‖s jdpekydjot, iut tcj
<<= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
<:
2.3
8:.8
>
9
=
8
3
<>
p j r g j o t
<9
<=
<8
9>>89>>=9>>9prj-9>>>
Hfburj 8.< Lvjrlbj Gkst kh Yjdfttfob $9>>, prj-9>>> tk 9>>8
Wkurgj0 DFH 9>>8.
Oktj0 ]cj lvjrlbj gkst wls $7> prj-9>>>, $<: fo 9>>9, $<9 fo 9>>=, lom $<< fo 9>>8.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 133/188
]liej 8.< Rkdjo‖s Wclrj kh ]ktle Jdpekydjot fo Wjejgtjm Jxpkrt-^rkgjssfob Pkojs, 9>>7
Yjbfko/gkuotry
]ktle
jdpekydjot
Hjdlej
jdpekydjot
(pjrgjotlbj sclrj)
Dlfo sjgtkrs
kh prkmugtfko
Lhrfgl
Glpj Xjrmj <,<=< 33 Ajoyl 92,<=3 8> Lpplrje/blrdjots, pclrdlgjutfgles, tjl prkgjssfo
Dlelwf 96,>>> :< ]jxtfejs, gkttko
Dlurftfus 37,8>6 88 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, hkkm prkgjssfob, hkktwjlr, jwj
djmfgle/kptfgle/pcktkbrlpcfg jqufpdjot
Lsfl
Ilobelmjsc 9,<9<,>>> 89 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, hkkm prkgjssfob, ejltcjr, pclrd
Gcfol 7,>>>>,>>> ” Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, F], pclrdlgjutfgles
Akrjl, Yjp. 76,>>> 2>
Dlelysfl 799,>>> := Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, hkkm prkgjssfob, F], pclrdl
^lafstlo =<>,:=> 39 Jejgtrkofgs, gcjdfgles, tkys, prjgfsfko djgclofgs, y
prkgjssfob/blrdjots, ejltcjr, hkkm prkgjssfob, p
^cfefppfojs 39>,68> 2= Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, tjxtfejs, ejltcjr
Wrf Eloal =8<,>77 23 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, ruiijr prkmugts
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo
Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg <3<,<7> :7 ]jxtfejs, sjrvfgjs
Bultjdlel 86,9>> 2> Wjrvfgjs
Ckomurls <>8,=:2 82
@ldlfgl 9>,>>> 6> Blrdjots, jejgtrkofgs
Djxfgk <,6>8,>8= 8> ^elstfgs, dlgcfoj splrj plrts, plgalbfob dltjrfle, gkdpkojots, wfrj, djtle stldpfob, stjje, gcjdfg
wkkm prkmugts
Ofglrlbul =>,>>> 6> ]jxtfejs
Wkurgj0 ]rlo-Obuyjo lom Ijvfbefl-Pldpjttf 9>>=, 97.
Oktj0 ” Okt lvlfeliej.
< < :
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 134/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 135/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 136/188
• Fogrjlsjm strjss lom vfkejogj. Wklrfob hkkm lom huje prfgjs lmm strjss
lom clrmscfp tk hldfefjs, fogrjlsfob tcj fogfmjogj kh vfkejogj lblfost
wkdjo.
]cj dkojtlry lom hfsgle pkefgfjs tclt gkuotrfjs usj tk rjspkom tk rjgjs-
sfkos glo lesk mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey lhhjgt wkdjo. Hkr jxldpej, mjgrjlsjs fo
tlx rjvjoujs lom khhfgfle mjvjekpdjot lssfstlogj ejlm tk guts fo puiefg
sjgtkr iumbjts. Yjmugtfkos fo spjomfob ko cjletc lom jmugltfko rjmugj
wkdjo‖s lom bfres‖ lggjss tk ilsfg sjrvfgjs. Bfres dly wftcmrlw hrkd
sgckkes tk cjep wftc ckusjckem wkra murfob tfdjs kh jgkokdfg grfsfs, rjfo-
hkrgfob bjomjr blps fo jmugltfko. Cfbcjr uojdpekydjot lom ekwjr ckusj-ckem fogkdjs hkrgj wkdjo tk turo tk vueojrliej lom fohkrdle jdpekydjot
(fogeumfob glrjbfvfob, wcfgc fs prkvfmjm dkstey iy wkdjo lom bfres). ]cjsj
gkpfob strltjbfjs uomjrdfoj ekob-tjrd jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.
Ldkob tcj <67 dfeefko pjkpej uojdpekyjm fo 9>>3, <<9 dfeefko wjrj
djo lom 3< dfeefko wjrj wkdjo. ]cj Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko
(FEK 9>>6l) jstfdltjm tclt tcj jgkokdfg grfsfs wkuem fogrjlsj tcj oud-
ijr kh uojdpekyjm wkdjo iy up tk 99 dfeefko kvjr 9>>2‗>6. ]cj
uojdpekydjot rltj hkr wkdjo wls 8.< pjrgjot fo 9>>3 lom wls jstf-dltjm tk rfsj tk lt ejlst 8.2 pjrgjot fo tcj dkst kptfdfstfg sgjolrfk lom
tk 2.7 pjrgjot fo tcj dkst pjssfdfstfg sgjolrfk fo 9>>6 (tliej 8.9). Fo
dkst rjbfkos, plrtfguelrey Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo, Wkutc Lsfl,
lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, wcjrj wkdjo khtjo hlgj cfbcjr
ilrrfjrs fo tcj elikr dlrajt, uojdpekydjot ls l rjsuet kh tcj jgkokdfg
grfsfs wls jxpjgtjm tk cft wkdjo clrmjr tclo djo. Koey fo Jlst Lsfl,
Gjotrle lom Wkutcjlstjro Jurkpj (oko‗Jurkpjlo Zofko), lom tcj
Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs (GFW) wls tcj kppksftj truj. FoJlst Lsfl uojdpekydjot ldkob djo wls jstfdltjm tk rjlgc :.7 pjrgjot,
<.7 pjrgjotlbj pkfots cfbcjr tclo tcj =.> pjrgjot rltj prjmfgtjm hkr
wkdjo fo tcj wkrst-glsj sgjolrfk hkr 9>>6.
Yjdfttlogjs gkostftutj <2‗=> pjrgjot kh BM^ fo dloy gkuotrfjs,
fogeumfob Je Wlevlmkr, Buylol, Clftf, Ckomurls, @ldlfgl, @krmlo,
Ejiloko, Ejsktck, Dkemkvl, Ojple, Ofglrlbul, ]l`fafstlo, lom ]kobl
(Lotkokpkueks 9>>6). Rkdjo dfbrlots lrj trlmftfkoleey jdpekyjm fo
―hjdlej— kggupltfkos sugc ls mkdjstfg wkra lom oursfob lom lrj dkrj
vueojrliej tk jgkokdfg mkwoturos. Lggurltj hfburjs hkr `ki ekssjs ldkobfddfbrlot wkrajrs lrj mfhhfguet tk gkdpfej1 lojgmktjs glo prkvfmj l bjo-
jrle fmjl, ckwjvjr. Hkr jxldpej, fo tcj djtrkpkeftlo lrjl kh Ojw Vkra,
wcjrj hfologfle sjgtkr `ki ekssjs rjlgcjm likut 3>,>>> fo 9>>3, tcj FEK
(9>>6i) subbjsts ft fs slhj tk lssudj tclt lt ejlst =>,>>> mkdjstfg wkrajrs
<<3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 137/188
]liej 8.9 ^rjefdfolry Jstfdltjm Zojdpekydjot Yltjs, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6(pjrgjot)
Yjbfko
Rkdjo
GF ekwjr ikuom
^rjefdfolry
jstfdltj GF uppjr ikuom GF ekwjr ikuom
Rkrem 8.2 2.> 2.7 8.>
Mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs 8.: 3.8 3.2 3.<
Gjotrle lom Wkutcjlstjro Jurkpj
(oko‗JZ) lom Gkddkowjletc kh
Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs 6.8 6.3 <>.9 <>.7 Jlst Lsfl 7.= 7.2 =.> =.8
Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom tcj lgfhfg :.8 :.6 8.< :.9
Wkutc Lsfl :.: :.6 8.= =.=
Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo 6.3 <>.< <>.2 8.:
Dfmmej Jlst <=.> <:.> <8.> 2.7
Okrtc Lhrfgl <=.3 <:.8 <8.: 3.>
Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 3.= 3.3 6.< 2.:
Wkurgj0 FEK 9><>, =8.
Oktj0 GF 4 gkohfmjogj fotjrvle. Wjj FEK 9><>, 26 hkr lo jxpeloltfko kh tcj mjrfvltfko kh tcj prjefdfolry pkfot jstfdltjs lom tcj uppjr lom ek
tcj 9>>6 pkfot jstfdltj.
< < 6
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 138/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 139/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 140/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 141/188
Ekxejy, @kco. <666. ―]cj Letjroltfvj Hjmjrle Iumbjt fo Glolml0 L Ojw Lpprklgc
tk Hfsgle Mjdkgrlgy.— ^lpjr prjplrjm hkr wkrasckp ko ―^rk-^kkr Bjomjr- lom
Jovfrkodjot-Wjosftfvj Iumbjts,— Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj
(ZOM^) lom Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom hkr Rkdjo (ZOFHJD),
Ojw Vkra, @uoj 93‗7>.
DFH (Duetfeltjrle Fovjstdjot Huom). 9>>8. ―Wjomfob Dkojy Ckdj0 l Wgkrjglrm hkr
tcj Yjdfttlogj Fomustry.— Wjdfolr ko ―Wjomfob Dkojy Ckdj0 Yjdfttlogjs
lom ]rlosoltfkole Hldfefjs,— Fotjr-Ldjrfglo Mjvjekpdjot Iloa, Dly <9.
Khrjok, Y., @. Efd, lom E. Buel. <666. ―Wuigkotrlgtjm Rkdjo Rkrajrs fo tcj
Gkotjxt kh tcj Bekile Jgkokdy0 ]cj ^cfefppfoj Glsj.— ^lpjr gkddfssfkojm
iy tcj Lsfl Hkuomltfko, Rlscfobtko, MG.Kkstjomkrp, Y. C. 9>>=. ―Bekilefzltfko lom tcj Bjomjr Rlbj Blp.— Rkrafob
^lpjr 79:8, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Krkzgk, D. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Yjdfttlogjs0 ^rjefdfolry Oktjs likut Wjomjrs
lom Yjgfpfjots fo Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo.— Oktjs prjsjotjm tk tcj
ploje ko Bjomjr Mfdjosfkos kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko lt tcj Zoftjm
Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra, Dlrgc 9.
Kstjrrjfgc, Wclflooj ]. 9>>:. ―Bjomjr lom Fotjroltfkole ]rlmj fo Lsfl0 Glsj
Wtumfjs ko Ckusjckems lom Rkrajrs.— Rkrasckp ko ―Jgkokdfg ^kefgy lomBjomjr Glplgfty Iufemfob fo Jlst Lsfl,— Wurlilyl, Fomkojsfl, Kgtkijr 9:‗98.
Yldärjz, G., M. Dlr Blrgfl, lom @. Dfqujz Dkrlfs. 9>>:. ―Grkssfob Ikrmjrs0
Yjdfttlogjs, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot.— Zoftjm Oltfkos Fotjroltfkole
Yjsjlrgc lom ]rlfofob Fostftutj hkr tcj Lmvlogjdjot kh Rkdjo Rkrafob
^lpjr, Zoftjm Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra.
Wlmkuejt, J., L. mj @lovry, lom W. Eldijrt. 9>>9. ―]cj Ykejs kh Mjstfoltfko,
Bjomjr, lom Ckusjckem Gkdpksftfko fo Jxpelfofob Yjdfttlogjs0 Lo Loleysfs
hkr tcj Mkdfofglo Wfjrrl.— @kurole kh Mjvjekpdjot Jgkokdfgs 83 (9)0 7>6‗93.
Wlotfeeìo, M., lom D. J. Zehj. 9>>8. ―Mjstfoltlrfks y usks mj rjdjsls. »Zol kpkr-
tuofmlm plrl els du`jrjs slevlmkrjüls;— Wjrfj Du`jr y Mjslrkeek 23, Jgkokdfg
Gkddfssfko hkr Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo (GJ^LE), Wlotflbk, Gcfej.
Wjdykokv, D., lom L. Bkrkmzjfsay. 9>>:. ―Elikur Dfbrltfko, Yjdfttlogjs lom
Ckusjckem Fogkdj0 L Gkdplrfsko ijtwjjo Hfefpfok lom Hfefpfol Kvjrsjls
Rkrajrs.— Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko Yjvfjw 76 (<)0 =:‗83.
Wpkttko, Irjoml. <662. ―Hfologfle Fostlifefty Yjgkosfmjrjm0 Krtckmkx ]cjkrfjs
vjrsus Cfstkrfgle Hlgts.— @kurole kh Jgkokdfg Fssujs 7< (<)0 <2:‗6:.
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 LWurvjy.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom,
Rlscfobtko, MG.
”””. 9>>2. ―Iumbjtfob wftc Rkdjo fo Dfom.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot
== (9)0 <9‗<:.
Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos, lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <97
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 142/188
Wwldy, Buruscrf. Dly 9>>=. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Fotjroltfkole ]rlmj ko Bjomjr
Jqulefty.— ^YJD Oktj 38, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.
]luef-Akrpuz, X. <663. ―Lsfl ^lgfhfg Rkdjo Brlppej wftc Hfologfle Grfsfs lom
Bekilefsltfko.— ]cfrm Rkrem Yjsurbjogj 6=0 <‗3.
]rlo-Obuyjo, L. O., lom L. Ijvfbefl-Pldpjttf. 9>>=. ]rlmj lom Bjomjr.
Kppkrtuoftfjs lom Gcleejobjs hkr Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs. Zoftjm Oltfkos
Gkohjrjogj ko ]rlmj lom Mjvjekpdjot (ZOG]LM), Bjojvl.
ZO (Zoftjm Oltfkos). <666. Rkrem Wurvjy ko tcj Ykej kh Rkdjo fo Mjvjekpdjot .
Zoftjm Oltfkos, Mfvfsfko hkr tcj Lmvlogjdjot kh Rkdjo, Mjplrtdjot kh
Jgkokdfg lom Wkgfle Lhhlfrs, Ojw Vkra.
ZOM^ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj). <666. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot
Yjpkrt . Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
vlo Wtlvjrjo, Frjoj. 9>>>. ―Bekile Hfologj lom Bjomjr.— ^lpjr prjsjotjm lt tcj
Fotjroltfkole Lsskgfltfko hkr Hjdfofst Jgkokdfgs (FLHHJ) Gkohjrjogj,
Fstloiue, Lubust <2.
Rkrem Iloa. <666. ―Dlolbfob tcj Wkgfle Mfdjosfkos kh Grfsjs0 Bkkm ^rlgtfgjs fo
Wkgfle ^kefgy.— lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Mjvjekpdjot Gkddfttjj kh tcj Rkrem
Iloa lom tcj Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.
”””. 9>>>. Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9>>>. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty^rjss.
<9= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 143/188
<9:
Lggjss tk hfologj kr grjmft fs grugfle hkr fdprkvfob jgkokdfg wjee-ijfob1
bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko cls cfomjrjm lggjss hkr wkdjo fo tcfs lrjl. ]cj eft-
jrlturj ko tcfs tkpfg fs sefd lom hlees uomjr tcj udirjeel kh tcj dfgrk-
hkuomltfko lpprklgc tk dlgrkjgkokdfgs.< Ft fs gkogjrojm wftc tcj
dfgrkejvje ijclvfkr kh fomfvfmules tclt ejlms tk dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhjgts kh
brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.
Koj kh tcj dlfo lrjls fo wcfgc wkdjo clvj ijjo bfvjo prjhjrjotfle
trjltdjot fs dfgrkgrjmft. Rkdjo‖s ijclvfkrle plttjros wftc rjblrm tk rfsa tlafob lom rjplydjot kh mjit clvj gejlr dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhjgts. Ls oktjm
fo gclptjr 9, wkdjo clvj l ekwjr prjhjrjogj hkr rfsa tlafob tclo djo.
Letckubc tcfs dly rjmugj jgkokdfg brkwtc, ft fdplrts brjltjr stlifefty
tk fovjstdjot lom hfologfle dlrajts. Rkdjo‖s cfbcjr rjplydjot rltj
rjfohkrgjs hfologfleey stlifefzfob ijclvfkr hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdy.
]cj jgkokdfg pktjotfle kh wkdjo jotrjprjojurs fs gurtlfejm wcjo
ilrrfjrs”skgfle vleujs, rjefbfkus okrds, gueturle cjrftlbj, lom fostftutfkole
prlgtfgjs”cfomjr tcjfr lggjss tk hfologj. Letckubc wkdjo jotrjprjojursclvj l ajy rkej tk pely fo strjobtcjofob lom irklmjofob tcj ilsj kh tcj
dlgrkjgkokdy lom fo ikestjrfob fotjroltfkole gkdpjtftfko, tcjy dly
hlgj mfsgrfdfoltfko fo kitlfofob hfologfob tk brkw tcjfr jotjrprfsjs.
Rkdjo dly ij uoliej tk djjt tcj eklo rjqufrjdjots kh hkrdle hfologfle
G C L ^ ] J Y 2
Bjomjr lom Hfologj
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 144/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 145/188
wkdjo cls ko gcfem wjehlrj. ]ckdls (<66>, <662) sckws tclt jxtrl
fogkdj hkr wkdjo fo Irlzfe fogrjlsjm gcfem survfvle iy l hlgtkr kh 9> gkd-
plrjm wftc jxtrl fogkdj hkr djo lom tclt tcj jhhjgts ko gcfem outrftfko
wjrj hkur tk jfbct tfdjs ls brjlt. Olrlfo (9>>6) oktjs tclt l dktcjr‖s lggjss
tk grjmft mfrjgtey lhhjgts tcj ckusjckem, wftc pksftfvj fdpefgltfkos hkr gcfe-
mrjo‖s cjletc lom jmugltfko.9 Lt tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, fdprkvjm gcfem
wjehlrj trloseltjs fotk ijttjr cudlo glpftle lom iy jxtjosfko fdprkvjm
jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot (ls feeustrltjm iy hfburj 2.<).
Lggjss tk hfologj lom grjmft jdpkwjrs wkdjo. ]cfs jdpkwjrdjot
fs dlofhjst fo tcj hkrd kh fogrjlsjm jlrofob glplgfty lom gkotrke kh
ckusjckem lssjts, rjsuetfob fo brjltjr lutkokdy lom mjgfsfko dlafobwftcfo tcj ckusjckem (Alijjr <6631 Aclomajr <6631 ^ftt lom Aclomajr
<663). ]cj spfo-khhs hrkd brjltjr jlrofob glplgfty, gkotrke kvjr ckusj-
ckem lssjts, lom vkfgj fo mjgfsfko dlafob lrj hjet lt tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg
ejvje. ]cj prkvfsfko kh grjmft hkr wkdjo cjeps rjmugj pkvjrty iy
joclogfob tcj prkmugtfvfty kh tcjfr jotjrprfsjs lom tcj prkhftlifefty kh
ktcjr jotjrprfsjs fo wcfgc tcjy fovjst (Alur 9>>2). Wkdj stumfjs hfom
tclt brjltjr jdpkwjrdjot lrfsfob hrkd ikrrkwfob joclogjs l wkdlo‖s
lifefty tk sjee lssjts wftckut lsafob cjr cusilom‖s pjrdfssfko1 sugcjdpkwjrdjot fogrjlsjm cusiloms‖ lggjptlogj kh tcjfr wfvjs‖ plrtfgf-
pltfko fo dlrajt-ilsjm jgkokdfg lgtfvftfjs (Lblrwle <662). Rkdjo‖s
fogrjlsjm elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko, prkmugtfvfty, lom jlrofobs joclogj
gkosudptfko lom fogkdj, wcfgc ejlm tk jgkokdfg brkwtc lom pkvjrty
rjmugtfko.
]cj eftjrlturj lesk subbjsts tclt wkdjo‖s stltus wftcfo tcj ckusjckem
fs joclogjm wcjo wkdjo clvj fomjpjomjot lggjss tk hfologfle rjskurgjs
lom lrj liej tk gkotrfiutj tk ckusjckem fogkdj lom wjehlrj iy fogrjls-fob tcjfr ejvje (fh okt tcjfr rlobj) kh jgkokdfg lgtfvfty. Zsfob Dlelwf
ckusjckem mltl, Wwldfoltclo lom Hfomjfs (9>>7) hfom tclt lggjss tk
grjmft fogrjlsjs plrtfgfpltfko fo hlrd lom khh-hlrd sjeh-jdpekydjot hkr
wkdjo fo dlej-cjlmjm ckusjckems lom fo khh-hlrd sjeh-jdpekydjot hkr
hjdlej cjlms kh ckusjckems. Fogrjlsjm lggjss tk grjmft hkr wkdjo glo
tcjrjhkrj clvj l strkob jhhjgt ko oltfkole uojdpekydjot hfburjs. Oloml
(<663, 7=), wck lssjssjm rurle dfgrkhfologj prk`jgts fo Ilobelmjsc,
sckws tclt ―fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s lggjss lom gkotrke kvjr rjskurgjs glo
pktjotfleey leejvfltj tcjfr cjletc prkiejds lom joclogj tcjfr mjgfsfko-dlafob wftcfo tcj ckusjckem.— Fogrjlsjm mjdlom hkr cjletc glrj glo
trloseltj fotk fdprkvjm oltfkole cjletc kutgkdjs, wcfgc glo clvj l
strkob jhhjgt ko brkwtc.
Bjomjr lom Hfologj <92
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 146/188
Aclomajr (<663) jxldfojs tcj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob hrkd tcj
Brldjjo Iloa, tcj Ilobelmjsc Yurle Lmvlogjdjot Gkddfttjj (IYLG),
lom tcj bkvjrodjot YM-<9 prkbrld ko ckusjckem kutgkdjs sugc ls pjr
glpftl spjomfob, ojt wkrtc, ikys‖ lom bfres‖ sgckke jorkeedjot, ikys‖ lom
bfres‖ cjfbct hkr lbj, gkotrlgjptfvj usj ldkob djo lom wkdjo, lom
rjgjot hjrtfefty (tliej 2.<). ]cj rjsuets glo ij suddlrfzjm ls hkeekws0
• ]cj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob iy wkdjo ko pjr glpftl spjomfob (ckusj-
ckem jxpjomfturj) fs rkubcey twfgj ls elrbj ls tcj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob
iy djo1 fogrjlsjm pjr glpftl spjomfob glo tcjrjhkrj clvj l mfrjgt
jhhjgt ko brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^).• L <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo ikrrkwfob iy wkdjo fs lsskgfltjm wftc lo
lpprkxfdltjey => pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo pjr glpftl jxpjomfturj.7
• Ikrrkwfob hrkd Brldjjo lom YM-<9 iy wkdjo cls l brjltjr fdplgt
ko gcfem wjehlrj”plrtfguelrey outrftfko lom sgckke jorkeedjot”tclo
ikrrkwfob iy djo, subbjstfob tclt wkdjo fovjst dkrj fo tcj cudlo
glpftle kh tcjfr gcfemrjo tclo djo mk.
<93 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
]liej 2.< Fdplgt kh <> jrgjot Fogrjlsj fo Ikrrkwfob iy Djo lom Rkdjo ko
Wjejgtjm Ckusjckem Kutgkdjs fo Ilobelmjsc
IYLG Brldjjo Iloa YM-<9
Ckusjckem
kutgkdj
Ikrrkwfob
iy djo
Ikrrkwfob
iy wkdjo
Ikrrkwfob
iy djo
Ikrrkwfob
iy wkdjo
Ikrrkwfob
iy djo
Ikrrkwfob
iy wkdjo
^jr glpftl
spjomfob >.<6 >.76 >.<3 >.=7 >.97 >.=>
Ojt wkrtc >.9> >.>6 >.<: >.<= >.99 >.>9
Ikys‖ sgckke
jorkeedjot ‗>.>3 ‗>.>7 >.>2 >.8< >.96 >.26
Bfres‖ sgckke
jorkeedjot >.9= >.<9 >.7> >.=2 >.>2 >.97
Ikys‖ cjfbct hkr
lbjl ‗9.63 <=.<6 ‗9.63 <=.<6 ‗9.63 <=.<6
Bfres‖ cjfbct hkr
lbjl ‗=.69 <<.87 ‗=.69 <<.87 ‗=.69 <<.87
Gkotrlgjptfvj
usj >.=> ‗>.2= =.9: ‗>.6<
>.3= ‗<.<8
Yjgjot hjrtfefty >.:= >.26 ‗>.2= ‗>.7: ‗>.2= >.:>
Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>><, <8>, gftfob Aclomajr <663.
Oktj0 Hfburjs fo ikem lrj ilsjm ko gkjhhfgfjot jstfdltjs tclt lrj stltfstfgleey sfbofhfglot lt tcj <> pjrgjot ejvje
kr ijttjr.
l. ^jrgjotlbj gclobjs rjpkrtjm hkr ikys lom bfres cjfbct hkr lbj rjprjsjot lvjrlbj fdplgts lgrkss lee tcrjj
dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 147/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 148/188
kh hfologfob). L <666 survjy kh DWJs fo Ajoyl hfoms tclt tcj dlfo skurgjs
kh stlrt-up glpftle lrj pjrskole slvfobs lom hldfey huoms (6>.= pjrgjot kh
foftfle glpftle lom 3>.> pjrgjot kh lmmftfkole glpftle) (FEK 9>>:i, 99).
Olrlfo (9>>6) oktjs tclt wkdjo fo Wkutc Lsfl rjgjfvj ejss tclo <>
pjrgjot kh gkddjrgfle grjmft. Rkdjo fo Ilobelmjsc, wck gkotrfiutj
rkubcey 98 pjrgjot kh tktle mjpksfts, rjgjfvj `ust <.3 pjrgjot kh grjmft.
]cj Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko (FHG 9>>2) oktjs tclt wkdjo fo
tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl lrj dkrj efajey tclo djo tk huom tcjfr
iusfojss stlrt-ups lom jxplosfkos hrkd pjrskole skurgjs.
Wjdfhkrdle hfologfob fs khtjo glrrfjm kut tcrkubc rktltfob slvfobs lom
grjmft lsskgfltfkos (YKWGLs). L typfgle YKWGL gkdprfsjs :‗<> djd-ijrs. Lt rjbuelr djjtfobs lee djdijrs gkotrfiutj l hfxjm ldkuot1 jvjry
djdijr tcjo bjts l turo ls l rjgfpfjot kh tcj gkotrfiutfkos. Fo skdj glsjs,
kutsfmj glsc fs irkubct fo tcrkubc l eklo hrkd l dfgrkhfologj fostftutfko
lom lo fotjrjst rltj fs gclrbjm tk ikrrkwjrs. ]cj FEK (9>>:l, 97) oktjs
tclt YKWGLs ―mk okt wkra ls wjee wcjo jxtjrole glpftle fs fotrkmugjm,
ls tcfs tjoms tk dlaj tcj eudp suds tkk elrbj fo rjeltfko tk tcj djdijrs‖
glplgfty tk rjply.— Fo Ajoyl lo jstfdltjm 28 pjrgjot kh YKWGL gefjots
lrj wkdjo.Okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfkos (OBKs) pely l ajy rkej fo prkvfmfob
lggjss tk hfologj, iktc mfrjgtey ls ejomjrs lom fomfrjgtey ls fovjstkrs fo
dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos. ]cj Rkdjo Jgkokdfg Jdpkwjrdjot Gkoskrt
(RJJG) fo Ajoyl khhjrs hfologfle sjrvfgjs (slvfobs lom eklos) lom trlfofob
fo iusfojss safees tk wkdjo fo tcj Al`flmk Mfstrfgt kh tcj Yfht Xleejy lom
twk mfstrfgts kh Gjotrle ^rkvfogj (FEK 9>>:i). OBKs lrj lesk fovkevjm fo
dfgrkejomfob fo ]lozlofl. Dkst djdijrs kh tcj ]lozlofl Bltsiy ]rust
(]B]) lom tcj Plozfilr Huom hkr Wjeh-Yjeflogj lrj wkdjo. ]B]‖s gefjot ilsj fs 3> pjrgjot wkdjo1 kh tcj lpprkxfdltjey =,>>> djdijrs kh tcj
Plozfilr Huom hkr Wjeh-Yjeflogj, 2> pjrgjot lrj wkdjo (FEK 9>>:g, 79).
Ykej kh Dfgrkhfologj
Dfgrkhfologj pelys l grftfgle rkej fo djjtfob tcj ojjms kh ekw-fogkdj
gefjots rjqufrfob sdlee eklos. Dkrrfsko, Yl`u, lom Wfocl (9>>2) kutefoj
tcrjj fdpkrtlot hjlturjs kh dfgrkgrjmft fostftutfkos tclt dlaj tcjd plr-
tfguelrey lggjssfiej tk tcj pkkr0
• ]cjy typfgleey rjpelgj tcj stlomlrm gkeeltjrle rjqufrjdjot wftc fook-
vltfvj gkotrlgtfob lrrlobjdjots tclt prkvfmj strkob fogjotfvjs hkr
eklo rjplydjot.
<7> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 149/188
• ]cjy brjltey sfdpefhy lom strjldefoj eklo lppefgltfkos, mjgfsfkos, lom
mfsiursjdjot prkgjssjs.
• ]cjy hrjqujotey gkupej tcj prkvfsfko kh grjmft wftc dfgrkjotjrprfsj
mjvjekpdjot lom dlolbjdjot trlfofob (sjj Rkrem Iloa 9>><).
]cj Dfgrkgrjmft Wuddft Gldplfbo, lo lmvkglgy brkup ilsjm fo tcj
Zoftjm Wtltjs, jstfdltjs tclt tcj oudijr kh dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos
fogrjlsjm hrkd 23 lbjogfjs sjrvfob 6 dfeefko gustkdjrs fo 9>>> tk dkrj
tclo =9> lbjogfjs sjrvfob likut 8= dfeefko gustkdjrs fo 9>>6. Dloy
dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos lrj suisfmfzjm iy bkvjrodjots, fotjroltfkole
mkokrs, lom prfvltj pcfelotcrkpfsts, ls wjee ls iy gkddjrgfle iloas, fo tcjoldj kh gkrpkrltj skgfle rjspkosfifefty. Jlrey dfgrkgrjmft lbjogfjs kpjr-
ltjm ko l okoprkhft ilsfs lom mfm okt rjqufrj gkeeltjrle. ]cjy rjmugjm rfsa
iy khhjrfob brkup bulrlotjjs, lpprlfsfob ckusjckem glsc hekw, lom ajjp-
fob foftfle eklos sdlee.
Koj kh tcj dlfo fookvltfkos lsskgfltjm wftc dfgrkhfologj fostftu-
tfkos cls ijjo tcj mjvjekpdjot kh brkup-ilsjm ejomfob0 ―Brkup-ilsjm
ejomfob rjpelgjs trlmftfkole gkeeltjrle rjqufrjdjots”ilsjm ko kwojr-
scfp kh elom kr ktcjr pcysfgle lssjts”wftc l brkup-ilsjm ejomfob gkotrlgt, wcfgc usjs skgfle glpftle lom pjjr prjssurj ls l djlos tk prk-
dktj eklo rjplydjot— (Rkrem Iloa 9>><, <<2). ]cfs mjvjekpdjot
lppjlrs tk clvj ijjo plrtfguelrey sfbofhfglot fo hlgfeftltfob ikrrkwfob
iy wkdjo. Ijtwjjo <63: lom <66=, tcj oudijr kh wkdjo ikrrkwfob
hrkd tcj Brldjjo Iloa fogrjlsjm hrkd <>>,>>> tk <.2 dfeefko (Aclomajr,
Aclefey, lom Aclo <66:).
Lt tcj pkefgy ejvje, pkeftfgflos lom tcj mjvjekpdjot gkdduofty
clvj jdirlgjm dfgrkhfologj, wftc tcj prjmfgtliej rjsuet tclt skdj kh fts djrfts clvj ijjo kvjrskem. Fo rjlefty, dkst dfgrkhfologj fostftu-
tfkos lrj wjla, cjlvfey mkokr mjpjomjot, lom uoefajey tk jvjr rjlgc
sglej kr lttlfo fomjpjomjogj. ]k lgcfjvj tcjfr huee pktjotfle tk sjrvj
pkkr ckusjckems, tcjy ojjm tk hueey fotjbrltj wftc tcj dlfostrjld
hfologfle systjd. Mkfob sk rjqufrjs hfologfleey skuom, prkhjssfkole
krblofzltfkos glpliej kh gkdpjtfob wftc gkddjrgfle iloas, lggjssfob
gkddjrgfle eklos, gkeejgtfob mjpksfts (wcfgc rjqufrjs l efgjosj), lom
brkwfob sfbofhfglotey.
Bekileey, wkdjo gkostftutj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey elrbj pjrgjotlbjkh dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos‖ gefjot ilsjs. Rkdjo dlaj up dkrj tclo
3> pjrgjot kh tcj gefjot djdijrscfp kh tcj 7= elrbjst dfgrkgrjmft
fostftutfkos fo tcj wkrem (Dkrrfsko, Yl`u, lom Wfocl 9>>2). L oudijr
Bjomjr lom Hfologj <7<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 150/188
kh stumfjs gftjm fo Dkrrfsko, Yl`u, lom Wfocl (9>>2) subbjst hkur rjl-
skos wcy dfgrkejomjrs tlrbjt wkdjo0
• Rkdjo lppjlr tk clvj cfbcjr rjplydjot rltjs tclo djo.
• Bfvjo tclt wkdjo lrj dkrj grjmft gkostrlfojm tclo djo, tcjy lrj
efajey tk ij dkrj jgkokdfgleey mfslmvlotlbjm lom uoliej tk djjt tcj
rjqufrjdjots (gkeeltjrle, dfofdud eklo ldkuot) kh dkrj hkrdle sup-
pefjrs kh hfologj, sugc ls gkddjrgfle iloas.
• ]lrbjtfob wkdjo mfrjgtey fogrjlsjs tcjfr skgfle lom jgkokdfg jdpkw-
jrdjot, wftcfo iktc tcj ckusjckem lom tcj gkdduofty.
• ]lrbjtfob wkdjo lefbos wftc tcj dfgrkejomjrs‖ skgfle ki`jgtfvj kh fogrjlsfob ckusjckem wjehlrj.:
Fo lmmftfko, skdj dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos hkgus spjgfhfgleey ko
wkdjo.8 Fo lmmftfko tk tcj RJJG Ajoyl cls twk ktcjr dfgrkhfologj
fostftutfkos tclt tlrbjt wkdjo0 tcj Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust (ARH])
lom tcj Rkdjo‖s Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot Gkrpkrltfko (RJMGK) (FEK
9>>:i, 98).
Dfgrkgrjmft cls ijjo wfmjey grjmftjm wftc cjepfob jdpkwjr wkdjoiy fogrjlsfob tcjfr gkotrfiutfko tk ckusjckem fogkdj lom lssjts. Ls
pkfotjm kut jesjwcjrj fo tcfs ikka, wcjo wkdjo clvj brjltjr gkotrke
kvjr lssjts fo tcj ckusjckem, tcjy tjom tk slvj dkrj lom spjom dkrj ko
gcfemrjo. ]cjrjhkrj, lggjss tk grjmft glo lhhjgt oltfkole slvfobs lom cudlo
glpftle. Wkdj stumfjs hfom tclt dfgrkgrjmft sgcjdjs fogrjlsj jdpkwjr-
djot, fogeumfob stltus lom dkifefty (sjj, hkr jxldpej, Clscjdf, Wgcuejr,
lom Yfejy <668). Iut fo skdj glsjs, wkdjo ikrrkwjrs clvj koey plrtfle
gkotrke kvjr eklos kr rjefoqufsc lee gkotrke tk dlej djdijrs kh tcj hld-fey (^ftt, Aclomajr, lom Glrtwrfbct 9>>8). Ktcjr stumfjs pkfot tk mfslp-
pkfotfob rjsuets hkr wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot. Grftfgs oktj tcj elga kh
suistlotfle trlfofob lom suppkrt sjrvfgjs lom tcj hlfeurj tk prkvfmj
wkdjo wftc brjltjr kwojrscfp lom gkotrke fo dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds.2
Ktcjr grftfgfsds fogeumj tcj folifefty kh tcjsj dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds tk
dkvj wkdjo fotk prkhftliej okotrlmftfkole hkrds kh jotrjprjojurscfp
lom tcj dlrbfole jhhjgt ko fogkdj lom ckusjckem mjgfsfko dlafob.
Jdpkwjrdjot rjhjrs tk dugc dkrj tclo fogrjlsfob fogkdj (Alur 9>>2,
<<).3 Ls plrt kh l irklmjr jhhkrt tk rlfsj bjomjr lwlrjojss lom dkifefzjwkdjo, dfgrkgrjmft fostftutfkos gkuem prkvfmj lo jotry pkfot tk strjobtc-
jofob wkdjo‖s ojtwkras lom dkifefty lom fogrjlsfob tcjfr aokwejmbj,
sjeh-gkohfmjogj, lom stltus fo tcj hldfey.
<79 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 151/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 152/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 153/188
ckusjckem wjehlrj fs brjltjr, subbjstfob tclt grjmft dly okt ij pjrhjgtey huo-
bfiej wftcfo tcj ckusjckem— (Dkrrfsko, Yl`u, lom Wfocl 9>>2, <2).
8. Fo skdj glsjs, wkdjo dly ij usjm iy dlej hldfey djdijrs tk sjgurj l eklo.
2. Alur (9>>2, <<) gftjs Gcjstko lom Auco (9>>9), Bkjtz lom Buptl (<668),
lom Dlykux (9>>>) ls grftfgs kh tcj vfjw tclt dfgrkhfologj jdpkwjrs wkdjo.
3. ―Jdpkwjrdjot fs likut gclobj, gckfgj lom pkwjr — (Gcjstko lom Auco
9>>9, <9).
6. Olrlfo (9>>6) jxldfojs mjdlom-sfmj ilrrfjrs lom suppey fssujs lhhjgtfob
wkdjo fo tcjfr qujst hkr hfologj, gftfob l wfmj rlobj kh stumfjs tclt cfbcefbct
tcj vlrfliejs mfsgussjm.
<>. Yjeflogj ko glsj stumfjs dlajs ft mfhhfguet tk mrlw rkiust gkogeusfkos, ls tcj
stumfjs lrj tfdj lom gueturj spjgfhfg lom rjhejgt l plrtfguelr gkuotry‖s stlbj kh
mjvjekpdjot.
<<. Dkrrfsko, Yl`u, lom Wfocl (9>>2) gftj Ilymls, Djyjr, lom Lbufejrl-Lehrjm
(<66=) hkr stumfjs ko Jgulmkr1 Iuvfofg lom Ijrbjr (<66>) hkr ^jru1 Wtkrjy
(9>>=) hkr ]rfofmlm lom ]kilbk1 lom Ielogclrm, Pclk, lom Vfobjr (9>>:) hkr
tcj Zoftjm Wtltjs.
Ifiefkbrlpcy
Lblrwle, I. <662. Ilrblfofob lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos0 Rftcfo lom Ijykom tcj
Ckusjckem . Hkkm Gkosudptfko lom Outrftfko Mfvfsfko (HGOM) Mfsgussfko
^lpjr 92, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.
Lrdjomlrfz mj Lbcfko, Ijltrfz, lom @koltclo Dkrmugc. 9>>7. ―Dfgrkhfologj0
Rcjrj Mk Rj Wtlom;— Fo Hfologfle Mjvjekpdjot lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc0
Jxpelfofob tcj Efoas, jm. Gclrejs Bkkmclrt . Ekomko0 Dlgdfeelo/^lebrlvj.
Ilrrk, Y. <667. Dlgrkjgkokdfgs, =tc jm. Ojw Vkra0 @kco Rfejy lom Wkos.
Ilymls, Dlylml D., Yfgclrm E. Djyjr, lom Ojesko Lbufejrl-Lehrjm. <66=.
―Mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost Rkdjo fo Hkrdle Grjmft Dlrajts0 Yjlefty kr
Ycjtkrfg;— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 99 (2)0 <>27‗39.
Ielogclrm, E., Ik Pclk, lom @. Vfobjr. 9>>:. ―Mk Grjmft Dlrajt Ilrrfjrs Jxfst hkr
Dfokrfty lom Rkdjo Jotrjprjojurs;— Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 2=, Wyrlgusj
Zofvjrsfty Dlxwjee Wgckke Gjotjr hkr ^kefgy, Wyrlgusj, OV.
Ielogchekwjr, M. B., . Ejvfoj, lom M. @. Pfddjrdlo. 9>>7. ―Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj
Wdlee Iusfojss Grjmft Dlrajt.— Yjvfjw kh Jgkokdfgs lom Wtltfstfgs 3: (=)067>‗=7.
Irluostjfo, Jefssl, lom @ldjs Cjfotz. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Ifls lom Gjotrle Iloa kefgy0
Jdpekydjot lom Foheltfko Yjmugtfko.— Rkrafob ^lpjr >80 <, ^keftfgle
Jgkokdy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj, Zofvjrsfty kh Dlsslgcusjtts, Ldcjrst.
Bjomjr lom Hfologj <7:
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 154/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 155/188
Alijjr, O. <663. ―Dkojy Glo‖t Iuy Dj Ekvj; Yj-jvleultfob Bjomjr, Grjmft lom
Jdpkwjrdjot fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— FMW Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 787, Fostftutj kh
Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs, Zofvjrsfty kh Wussjx, Zoftjm Afobmkd.
Alur, L. 9>>2. Rkdjo‖s Jgkokdfg Jdpkwjrdjot0 Djjtfob tcj Ojjms kh Fdpkvjrfscjm
Rkdjo. Ojw Vkra0 Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom (ZOH^L).
Aclomajr, W. Y. <663. Hfbctfob ^kvjrty wftc Dfgrkgrjmft0 Jxpjrfjogj fo Ilobelmjsc.
Rkrem Iloa0 Rlscfobtko, MG.
Aclomajr, W. Y., I. Aclefey, lom P. Aclo. <66:. Brldjjo Iloa0 ^jrhkrdlogj lom
Wustlfolifefty. Rkrem Iloa Mfsgussfko lpjr 7>8, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Aktl, Fol. 9>>2. ―Dfgrkhfologj0 Iloafob hkr tcj ^kkr.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot
(@uoj)0 ==‗=:.
Dlykux, E. 9>>>. ―Dfgrkhfologj lom tcj Jdpkwjrdjot kh Rkdjo0 L Yjvfjw kh
tcj Ajy Fssujs.— Wkgfle Hfologj Zoft Rkrafob ^lpjr 97, Fotjroltfkole Elikur
Krblofzltfko, Bjojvl.
Dkrrfsko, L. 9>>2. ―Mkjs Bjomjr Jqulefty Dlttjr hkr Wclrjm Brkwtc;— Koj-mly
gkursj ko ―Jdpekydjot lom Bjomjr fo tcj Wclrjm-Brkwtc Lbjoml,— Rkrem
Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG, Lprfe 9:.
Dkrrfsko, L., M. Yl`u, lom O. Wfocl. 9>>2. ―Bjomjr Jqulefty, ^kvjrty, lom
Jgkokdfg Brkwtc.— ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr R^W=7=6, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Oloml, . <663. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Rkdjo‖s lrtfgfpltfko fo Grjmft rkbrlds ko tcj
Mjdlom hkr \ulefty Cjletc Glrj fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— Dlrgc <3. @kcos
Ckpafos Iekkdijrb Wgckke kh ^uiefg Cjletc, Iletfdkrj.
”””. <666. ―Rkdjo‖s lrtfgfpltfko fo Yurle Grjmft ^rkbrlddjs fo Ilobelmjsc
lom ]cjfr Mjdlom hkr Hkrdle Cjletc Glrj0 Fs ]cjrj l ^ksftfvj Fdplgt;—
Cjletc Jgkokdfgs lom Jgkokdjtrfgs 3 (:)0 =<:‗93.
Olrlfo, W. 9>>6. Bjomjr lom Lggjss tk Hfologj. Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko, Rlscfobtko, MG.
^ftt, D. D., lom W. Y. Aclomajr. <663. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Brkup Ilsjm Grjmft
^rkbrlds ko kkr Ckusjckems fo Ilobelmjsc0 Mkjs tcj Bjomjr kh lrtfgfplots
Dlttjr;— @kurole kh ^keftfgle Jgkokdy <>8 (:)0 6:3‗68.
^ftt, D. D., W. Y. Aclomajr, lom @. Glrtwrfbct. 9>>8. ―Jdpkwjrfob Rkdjo wftc
Dfgrk Hfologj0 Jvfmjogj hrkd Ilobelmjsc.— Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot lom
Gueturle Gclobj := (=)0 26<‗37<.
Wtkrjy, M. @. 9>>=. ―Ylgfle lom Bjomjr Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj Dfgrk Hfrds Grjmft Dlrajt; Jvfmjogj hrkd ]rfofmlm lom ]kilbk.— Wdlee Iusfojss Jgkokdfgs 97 (:)0
=><‗99.
Wwldfoltclo, Cjdl, lom @fee Hfomjfs. 9>>7. ―Lggjss tk Grjmft lom Rkdjo‖s Rkra
Mjgfsfkos0 Lo Jdpfrfgle Wtumy fo Yurle Dlelwf.— Rkrafob ^lpjr R^ >7‗>=,
Bjomjr lom Hfologj <72
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 156/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 157/188
<76
Bjomjr jqulefty ijgldj l tlrbjt kh bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob koey fo tcj
<63>s.< Bkvjrodjots‖ ojw jdpclsfs ko bjomjr jqulefty, gkddkoey
gleejm bjomjr dlfostrjldfob , josurjs tclt tcj bkle kh bjomjr jqulefty stlys
gjotrle tk lee lgtfvftfjs, pkefgy mjvjekpdjots, rjsjlrgc, lmvkglgy, mflekbuj,
ejbfseltfko, rjskurgj leekgltfko, peloofob, lom prkbrld fdpejdjotltfko
lom dkoftkrfob (Wlrrlh 9>>7). Ls tcj mjhfoftfko fomfgltjs, bjomjr dlfo-
strjldfob bkjs ijykom leekgltfob huoms tk bjomjr-spjgfhfg prkbrlds kr
prk`jgts uomjr l bkvjrodjot mjplrtdjot mjmfgltjm tk wkdjo‖s lhhlfrs. Ft rjhjrs tk l sjt kh pkefgy bufmjefojs lom loleytfgle tkkes tclt lee bkvjrodjot
dfofstrfjs glo usj tk bjojrltj hjlsfiej bjomjr-lwlrj pkefgfjs. Ls Wtktsay
(9>>8, <) oktjs, ―]k ij dkrj usjhue, bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem ij fotj-
brltjm fotk bjomjr iumbjt prkgjssjs fo l wly tclt bjojrltjs tlobfiej
fdprkvjdjots fo pkefgy kutgkdjs.—
]cj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, gkovjojm iy tcj Zoftjm
Oltfkos fo <66: fo Ijf`fob, cjepjm foftfltj bjomjr dlfostrjldfob beki-
leey iy gleefob hkr tcj fotjbrltfko kh l bjomjr pjrspjgtfvj fo iumbjtlrypkefgfjs lom prkbrlds (Wtktsay 9>>8). Wfogj tcjo, lglmjdfl lom vlrfkus
gfvfe skgfjtfjs lom okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfkos (OBKs), jspjgfleey
wkdjo‖s krblofzltfkos, clvj skubct tk foheujogj lom bjojrltj suppkrt
hkr bjomjr dlfostrjldfob fo bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob. Ls l rjsuet, iktc
Bjomjr Iumbjtfob
G C L ^ ] J Y 3
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 158/188
oltfkole bkvjrodjots lom duetfeltjrle krblofzltfkos clvj ijbuo tk prk-
dktj iumbjtlry tjgcofqujs lom djlsurjs aokwo ls bjomjr-rjspkosfvj
bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob (BYBI) kr bjomjr-pjrspjgtfvj iumbjtfob (Wlrrlh
9>>7, 7). ]cfs gclptjr jxldfojs tcj rltfkolej hkr bjomjr iumbjtfob
iy hkgusfob ko BYBI lom fts jxplomfob gkvjrlbj sfogj ft ijblo fo
Lustrlefl fo tcj <63>s. Ft prjsjots tcj loleytfgle lom tjgcofgle tkkes lom
mjsgrfijs tcj lpprklgc usjm iy l oudijr kh duetfeltjrle krblofzltfkos
prkdktfob BYBI.
Rcy lom CkwBjomjr dlfostrjldfob fs l gltleyst hkr gkdprjcjosfvj bjomjr iumbjtfob
tclt bkjs ijykom prkbrlds spjgfhfgleey mjsfbojm tk tlrbjt wkdjo. Jesko
(9>>9l) rjdlras tclt bkvjrodjot iumbjts lrj okt bjomjr ojutrle iut
bjomjr iefom, clvfob mfhhjrjot jhhjgts ko wkdjo lom djo.9 BYBI,
lggkrmfob tk Jesko, ―mkjs okt lfd tk prkmugj l sjplrltj iumbjt hkr
wkdjo. Fostjlm ft lfds tk loleyzj loy hkrd kh puiefg jxpjomfturj, fmjo-
tfhyfob fdpefgltfkos lom fdplgts hkr wkdjo lom bfres ls gkdplrjm tk djo
lom ikys. ]cj ajy qujstfko fs0 wclt fdplgt mkjs tcfs hfsgle djlsurj clvjko bjomjr jqulefty; Mkjs ft rjmugj bjomjr fojqulefty1 fogrjlsj ft1 kr ejlvj
ft uogclobjm;— (9>>9l, <).
Wlrrlh (9>>7, 3) mjsgrfijs BYBI ls l ―sjrfjs kh lmmftfkole lom loleyt-
fgle fostrudjots Qtclt cjepT koj tk uomjrstlom lom dlaj l `umbdjot ko
tcj fdplgt kh bkvjrodjot iumbjt prkbrlds fo rjmugfob tcj bjomjr blp,
tcjrjiy cjepfob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob lom uetfdltjey bjomjr jqulefty.—
]cj ojjm hkr BYBI fs gejlr, bfvjo tcj mfsgussfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty fo
prjvfkus gclptjrs, oldjey, pjrsfstjot bjomjr fojqulefty fo tcj elikr dlr-ajt1 tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty, sugc ls ekwjr
brkwtc lom wjlajr jgkokdfg stlifefty1 tcj jhhjgts ko ckusjckem spjomfob
ko cjletc lom jmugltfko1 lom tcj fomfgltkrs mfsgussjm fo gclptjr 9.
Wtktsay (9>>8) lesk mfsgussjs jxtjroleftfjs ls l `ustfhfgltfko hkr bjomjr
iumbjtfob.
]curkw (<62<) sckws tclt tcj dktfvltfko tk lmmrjss jxtjroleftfjs glo
jogkdplss jqufty ls wjee ls jhhfgfjogy gkosfmjrltfkos. ^uiefg fotjrvjotfko
dly ij `ustfhfjm fh skgfjty dkvjs tk l hlfrjr mfstrfiutfko kh fogkdj kr wjee-
ijfob. Fh bjomjr jqulefty rjsuets fo l dkrj `ust skgfjty, jvjo wftckut jgk-
okdfg brkwtc, puiefg fotjrvjotfko dly ij `ustfhfjm. Iut gckksfob
lpprkprfltj fotjrvjotfkos glo ij mfhhfguet. Kptfkos fogeumj ojw tlxjs, elw
rjhkrds, suisfmfjs, lom fogrjlsjm spjomfob, lee kh wcfgc clvj fdpefgltfkos
hkr hfsgle pkefgy. ―Bkvjrodjots glo suisfmfzj prfvltj lgtfvftfjs tclt rlfsj
<=> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 159/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 160/188
lom fovkevj dloy bkvjrodjot spjomfob lbjogfjs. ]cjy tcjrjhkrj rjprj-
sjot tcj BYBI lpprklgc.
Bjomjr pkefgy lom bjomjr fdplgt loleysfs lesk lhhjgt tcj rjvjouj sfmj
kh tcj iumbjt. Wtktsay (9>>2) oktjs tclt fo dloy mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,
wkdjo lrj mfsgrfdfoltjm lblfost hkr tlx purpksjs.7 Wcj gftjs tcj prlgtfgj
kh ―lssfbofob, hkr tlx purpksjs, lee oko-wlbj fogkdj tk tcj cusilom,
rjblrmejss kh wck kwos tcj prkpjrty (jdikmyfob tcj lssudptfko tclt l
wkdjo‖s prkpjrty ijekobs tk cjr cusilom)1 kr lssfbofob elrbjr leekwlogjs
tk djo, rjmugfob tcjfr jhhjgtfvj tlx rltj1 kr lppeyfob l rjmugjm tlx rltj
ko tcj sldj fogkdj— (Wtktsay 9>>2,<=).
Wtktsay (9>>8) prjsjots twk cypktcjtfgle jxldpejs kh bjomjr loleysfsfo l oltfkole iumbjt tclt jxpefgftey lmmrjss tcj bjomjr mfdjosfko kh tcj
pkefgy, tcj djlos kh jxjgutfko, tcj rjskurgjs ojjmjm, lom tcj pjrhkrd-
logj fomfgltkrs (tliej 3.<). Cjr jxldpejs feeustrltj wclt BYBI gkuem
ekka efaj fo prlgtfgj.
Gkosfmjr tcj sldpej ki`jgtfvj kh ―jxplom prfdlry jmugltfko.— ]cj
BYBI lpprklgc gcleejobjs tcj lssudptfko tclt lo jxplosfko fo prfdlry
jmugltfko wfee ij mfstrfiutjm jquleey lgrkss tcj pkpueltfko. L bjomjr-
rjspkosfvj iumbjt tcjrjhkrj rjspkoms tk tcj fojquleftfjs fo prfdlry jmu-gltfko hkr bfres.
Fo prlgtfgj, tcj BYBI lpprklgc mjdloms dloy rjskurgjs, fogeumfob
prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob tkkes lom tcj trlfofob kh iumbjt khhfgjrs.
Dkrjkvjr, tcj bjomjr survjys ojgjsslry hkr peloofob lrj efdftjm fo tcjfr
sgkpj lom gkvjrlbj. ]cjsj gkogjros rjprjsjot sjrfkus efdftltfkos hkr
mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs. Letckubc dloy fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos hlgfef-
tltj tcj prkgjss iy prkvfmfob tjgcofgle lom hfologfle cjep, ―Qsugc prk-
brldsT glookt gkvjr tcj gkst kh trlfofob kh l vlst oudijr kh stlhh fo tcjbkvjrodjot iumbjt prjplrltfko prkgjss, jspjgfleey lt tcj ejvje kh spjom-
fob lbjogfjs kh gjotrle bkvjrodjot lom sjvjrle ekgle bkvjrodjots ls wjee
ls tcj gkst kh gkomugtfob djlofobhue survjys— (Wlrrlh 9>>7, <<).
Wlrrlh (9>>7) jdpclsfzjs tcj fdpkrtlogj kh prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob
tkkes hkr tcj fotrkmugtfko kh BYBI (ikx 3.9). ^rjiumbjtfob tkkes fogeumj
l bjomjr gkst-ijojhft loleysfs lom jdpclsfzj l plrtfgfpltkry lpprklgc tk
iumbjt prjplrltfko, rjhejgtfob tcj foheujogj kh bkvjrodjot jxpjomfturj
ko tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko. ^kstiumbjtfob tkkes hkgus ko tcj fdplgt kh
bkvjrodjot prkbrlds hkr tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko lom tcj gkotrfiutfko kh sugc prkbrlds tk fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty1 tcjsj tkkes lesk foheujogj
huturj prjiumbjtfob tkkes.
Bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem hkrd plrt kh tcj dlgrkhfsgle hrldjwkra kh tcj
jgkokdy, lom fts dfgrkjgkokdfg mfdjosfkos sckuem jogkdplss spjomfob
<=9 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 161/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 162/188
<== Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
Ikx 3.9
Loleytfgle lom ]jgcofgle ]kkes kh Bjomjr-YjspkosfvjBkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob
]cj loleytfgle lom tjgcofgle tkkes kh bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob
fogeumj tcj hkeekwfob0
• Bjomjr-lwlrj djmfud-tjrd jgkokdfg pkefgy hrldjwkra . ]cfs tkke lssudjs lom
lmvkgltjs hkr tcj prjsjogj lom fotjbrltfko kh l strkob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob pke-
fgy fo mjvjekpfob tcj djmfud-tjrd hfsgle pkefgy hrldjwkra, tcrkubc joblbfob
ekgle bkvjrodjot lutckrftfjs, trlmftfkole ruejrs, gfvfe skgfjty krblofzltfkos,
OBKs, gkdduofty-ilsjm krblofzltfkos, lom mkokr lbjogfjs ko iktc tcj rjv-
jouj lom jxpjomfturj sfmjs. ]cj tkke fs ilsjm dlfoey ko tcj jvkevfob oktfko kh
plrtfgfpltkry iumbjts, wcfgc fovkevj ijojhfgflrfjs lom lhhjgtjm brkups fo tcj
mjsfbo lom fdpejdjotltfko kh pkefgy, prkbrlds lom prk`jgts, mjgjotrlefzltfko
kh hfologfle lutckrfty, tcj jdpkwjrdjot kh ekgle gkdduoftfjs, lom gkkpjrltfko
wftc ajy stlajckemjrs.
• Bjomjr-lwlrj pkefgy lpprlfsle . ]cfs tkke sjrvjs tk lpprlfsj hrkd l bjomjr pjr-
spjgtfvj, tcj pkefgfjs lom prkbrlds huomjm tcrkubc tcj iumbjt, wcfgc lsas, ―Fo
wclt wlys lrj tcj pkefgfjs lom tcjfr lsskgfltjm rjskurgj leekgltfkos efajey tk
rjmugj kr fogrjlsj bjomjr fojqulefty;— ]cj tkke rjhjrs dlfoey tk tcj looule
iumbjt prjplrltfko prkgjss iy bkvjrodjot khhfgfles joblbjm fo tcj iumbjt
dlolbjdjot systjd.
• Bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm ijojhfgflry lssjssdjot . ]cfs tkke fs l djlos iy wcfgc tcj
vkfgj kh tcj gftfzjo glo ij cjlrm. Fo tcjsj jxjrgfsjs, tcj lgtule kr pktjotfle ijo-
jhfgflrfjs kh puiefg sjrvfgjs lrj lsajm tk lssjss ckw hlr puiefg spjomfob fs djjt-
fob tcjfr ojjms, ls tcjy pjrgjfvj tcjd. L bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm ijojhfgflrylssjssdjot glo ij gkomugtjm tcrkubc kpfofko pkees, lttftumj survjys, brkup
mfsgussfkos, kr fotjrvfjws.
• ^uiefg jxpjomfturj fogfmjogj loleysfs. ]cfs tkke jstfdltjs tcj mfstrfiutfko kh bkv-
jrodjot jxpjomfturjs ldkob djo lom wkdjo mfrjgtey fovkevjm fo bkvjro-
djot kpjrltfkos kr fddjmfltj ijojhfgflrfjs kh bkvjrodjot prkbrlds.
• Bjomjr-lwlrj iumbjt stltjdjot . ]cfs tkke fs tcj bkvjrodjot rjpkrt tclt rjvfjws
tcj iumbjt usfob skdj kh tcj likvj tkkes lom suddlrfzjs fts fdpefgltfkos hkr
bjomjr jqulefty wftc mfhhjrjot fomfgltkrs, sugc ls tcj sclrj kh jxpjomfturj tlr-
bjtjm tk bjomjr jqulefty, tcj bjomjr ilelogj fo bkvjrodjot `kis lom trlfofob
gkotrlgts, kr tcj sclrj kh puiefg sjrvfgj jxpjomfturj usjm dlfoey iy wkdjo.
Wkurgj0 Wlrrlh 9>>7, 6.
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 163/188
lom rjvjoujs. ]cj dlgrkhfsgle lspjgt kh bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem lmmrjss
tcj jhhjgt kh bjomjr fojqulefty ko jgkokdfg stlifefty lom fts rldfhfgltfkos
hkr tcj elikr lom hfologfle dlrajts. Lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, BYBI
jogkdplssjs spjomfob lom rjvjoujs. Hkr jxldpej, brjltjr spjomfob ko jmu-
gltfko lom cjletc prkbrlds gkuem prkdktj bjomjr jqulefty. Fo lmmftfko,
Wtktsay (9>>8, <8) subbjsts tclt ―bjomjr iumbjtfob dfbct clvj lmvfgj tk
khhjr ko tcj djlos kh hfologfob l mjhfgft, tcj usj kh puiefg lssjts, kr tcj mfvf-
sfko kh rjspkosfifeftfjs ldkob mfhhjrjot ejvjes kh bkvjrodjot.—
Gkuotry JxldpejsWfogj tcj dfm-<63>s, bkvjrodjots lom gfvfe skgfjty fo dkrj tclo =>
gkuotrfjs clvj trfjm bjomjr iumbjtfob, wftc fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos
pelyfob l suppkrtfob rkej. ]cjsj jhhkrts clvj hkgusjm prjmkdfolotey ko
jxpjomfturj, letckubc skdj clvj hkgusjm ko rjvjouj.
Yjhkrds mfhhjr lgrkss gkuotrfjs, rjhejgtfob gfrgudstlogjs. Wtktsay
(9>>8) rjhjrjogjs Iumejomjr lom Cjwftt (9>>9) ls prkvfmfob tcj dkst
gkdprjcjosfvj survjy ko bjomjr-iumbjtfob foftfltfvjs. ]liej 3.9 suddl-
rfzjs tcjsj foftfltfvjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs.Fo lmmftfko, tcj Rkdjo‖s Iumbjt Brkup fo tcj Zoftjm Afobmkd gkd-
djots ko tcj hfsgle pkefgfjs fo jlgc looule iumbjt. Fo Djxfgk OBKs wkra
wftc hjmjrle lom stltj bkvjrodjots tk suppkrt bjomjr jqulefty lom
pkvjrty rjmugtfko wftc lglmjdfg rjsjlrgc.
Lggkrmfob tk Wtktsay (9>>8), tcj foftfltfvjs clvj jxpjrfjogjm dfxjm
rjsuets. Fo skdj glsjs, tcjy clvj hlfejm tk tlaj ckem, mjdkostrltfob tcj ojjm
hkr strkob pkeftfgle suppkrt lom tcj fotjbrltfko kh foftfltfvjs fotk tcj bjojrle
iumbjt prkgjss. ]k suddlrfzj Wtktsay (9>>8), bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem0
• Ij fogkrpkrltjm fotk stlomlrm iumbjt prkgjssjs, sk tclt ft ijgkdjs
hueey fostftutfkolefzjm.
• Lmmrjss spjgfhfg bkles, sugc ls rjmugfob fojquleftfjs fo jmugltfkole
lttlfodjot, tclt clvj gejlr ijojhfts lom glo ij djlsurjm usfob jvjo
grumj tkkes lom mltl.
• Mrlw ko gfvfe skgfjty hkr suppkrt lom lssfstlogj tk suioltfkole ejvjes
kh bkvjrodjot wcjrj rjejvlot.
• Gkvjr iktc spjomfob lom rjvjouj.• Lvkfm sjttfob spjgfhfg bkles hkr spjomfob ko wkdjo-rjeltjm ki`jgtfvjs
(uoejss iumbjts lrj sjvjrjey gkostrlfojm lom sugc spjomfob fs wjee ijekw
wclt lo uogkostrlfojm iumbjt wkuem ktcjrwfsj gckksj), ijglusj mkfob
sk tjoms tk rjmugj hejxfifefty, dlafob tcj iumbjt prkgjss ejss jhhjgtfvj.
Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <=:
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 164/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 165/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 166/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 167/188
Wplfo
(9>>7)
Lomleusfl
Dlomltj bjomjr loleysfs fo lee
elws kh tcj prkvfogj (pjr Elw
<3/9>>7).
Hkrdjm gkddfttjj gkdprfsfob
jqule oudijr kh djo lom wkdjo
hrkd tcj rjbfkole bkvjrodjot.
Dlmj dlomltkry tcj gkeejgtfko kh
bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm mltl lomtcjfr prjsjotltfko wftc tcj looule
iumbjt.
]cj Ilsquj Gkuotry Rk
wftc l prfvltj gkdploy
tfko kh dltjrfles ko bjo
djot cls okt eluogcjm
mltfob bjomjr loleysfs
Wwjmjo
(9>>7,
9>>=‗>6)
Yjqufrj lee dfofstrfjs tk mjvjekp
pjrhkrdlogj djlsurjs lom
jxtjrole jvleultfkos jvjry
sjgkom yjlr.
Lppkfotdjot kh strltjbfgleey pelgjm
bjomjr jqulefty gkkrmfoltkrs1
krblofzltfko hkr gkkrmfoltfko fo lee
dfofstrfjs jstliefscjm1 trlfofob
prkvfmjm hkr tcj Bjomjr Jqulefty
Zoft1 prkbrld kh gkotfoukus
trlfofob lom suppkrt hkr lee khhfgfles
fovkevjm fo bjomjr-rjeltjm wkras
jstliefscjm.
Yjsuets wjrj prjsjotjm t
Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko, ilsjm ko Wtktsay 9>>8.
< = 6
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 168/188
Gkogeusfko
Fo tcfs gclptjr, wj jxldfojm tcj gkogjpt kh bjomjr iumbjtfob. Ls gleejmhkr fo <66: lt tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo,
fotjbrltfob l bjomjr pjrspjgtfvj wftc iumbjtlry pkefgfjs lom prkbrlds fs
fostrudjotle fo lgcfjvfob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob”l bekile strltjby tk
prkdktj bjomjr jqulefty. Wfogj <66: oltfkole bkvjrodjots lom duetfelt-
jrle krblofzltfkos clvj cjepjm mjvjekp lom prkdktj iumbjtlry tjgc-
ofqujs aokwo ls BYBI. ]cj fdpjtus hkr bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob wls
mfsgussjm lblfost tcj ilgamrkp kh gkotfoufob fojquleftfjs fo ajy skgfle,
jgkokdfg, lom pkeftfgle fomfgltkrs, wcfgc prkvfmjm tcj fdpjtus hkr bkv-jrodjot fotjrvjotfko.
]cj eftjrlturj, jgckjm iy pkefgy dlajrs lom loleysts, mjgrfjs tcj bjo-
mjr iefomojss kh dkst pkefgfjs. Bjomjr iumbjtfob rjqufrjs lssjssfob tcj
fdplgt kh pkefgy mjgfsfkos ko bjomjr fojqulefty. Mkjs ft rjmugj bjomjr,
fogrjlsj, kr ejlvj fojqulefty uogclobjm;
Rj lesk mfsgussjm lpprklgcjs tk bjomjr iumbjtfob, hkgusfob ko tcj
jxpjomfturj sfmj lom jxldfofob prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob bjomjr tkkes.
^rjiumbjtfob tkkes jdpclsfzj tcj plrtfgfpltkry lpprklgc tk iumbjtfob1
pkstiumbjtfob tkkes hkgus ko tcj fdplgt kh bkvjrodjot prkbrlds ko bjo-
mjr jqulefty lom ko wkdjo fo plrtfguelr.
]cj gclptjr gkogeumjm wftc lo jxldfoltfko kh bjomjr iumbjtfob fof-
tfltfvjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs. Wfogj <63=, skdj => gkuotrfjs clvj
trfjm skdj hkrd kh bjomjr iumbjtfob, prfdlrfey ko tcj jxpjomfturj sfmj.
]cj jxpjrfjogj cls ijjo dfxjm, wftc dkst foftfltfvjs hlfefob tk ijgkdj
plrt kh tcj fostftutfkole hlirfg.
Oktjs
<. Lustrlefl wls tcj hfrst gkuotry tk fotrkmugj bjomjr sjosftfvj iumbjtfob, fo
<63= (Ejlmijttjr 9>>7).
9. ―Rclt fs gejlr fs tclt tcjrj fs ok sugc tcfob ls l bjomjr-ojutrle bkvjrodjot
iumbjt. Hkr fostlogj, guttfob ilga ko gejlo wltjr spjomfob dly mfsprkpkr-
tfkoltjey clrd wkdjo lom bfres ijglusj tcjy typfgleey ijlr tcj tfdj lom
pcysfgle iurmjo kh prkvfmfob gejlo wltjr tk ckusjckems wcjo ft fs okt rjlmfey
lvlfeliej. Wfdfelrey, fogrjlsfob sgckke hjjs dly mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey rjmugj bfres‖
kppkrtuoftfjs tk lttjom sgckke, `ust ls rjmugfob l tlx grjmft hkr gcfem-glrj
jxpjosjs dly mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey iurmjo wkdjo, wck lrj rjspkosfiej hkr tcj
brjltjr sclrj kh gcfem-rjlrfob lgtfvftfjs— (Wtktsay 9>>2, <=).
7. Wektsay lesk oktjs tclt dloy fomfrjgt tlxjs dly ij iflsjm lblfost djo. Jxgfsj
tlxjs ko legkcke, tkilggk, lom bldiefob lhhjgt dlej-mkdfoltjm lgtfvftfjs.
<:> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 169/188
Ifiefkbrlpcy
Iumejomjr, M., lom B. Cjwftt, jms. 9>>9. Bjomjr Iumbjts Dlaj Dkrj Gjots0Gkuotry Wtumfjs lom Bkkm ^rlgtfgj. Ekomko0 Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.
Jesko, M. 9>>9l. ―Bjomjr Yjspkosfvj Iumbjt Foftfltfvjs0 Wkdj Ajy Mfdjosfkos
lom ^rlgtfgle Jxldpejs.— ^lpjr prjsjotjm lt tcj gkohjrjogj ko ―Bjomjr
Iumbjts, Hfologfle Dlrajts, Hfologfob hkr Mjvjekpdjot,— Cjforfgc-Ikjee
Hkuomltfko, Ijrefo, Hjirulry <6‗9>.
”””. 9>>9i. ―Fotjbrltfob Bjomjr fotk Bkvjrodjot Iumbjts wftcfo l Gkotjxt
kh Jgkokdfg Yjhkrd.— Fo Bjomjr Iumbjts Dlaj Gjots0 Zomjrstlomfob Bjomjr
Yjspkosfvj Iumbjts, jm. M. Iumejomjr, M. Jesko, B. Cjwftt, lom ].
Duackplmcyly. Ekomko0 Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.
Aelsjo, W. <66=. ―–Dfssfob Rkdjo Yjgkosfmjrjm.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 99 (2)0
<>8<‗2<.
Ejlmijttjr, C. 9>>7. Bjomjr Iumbjtfob. Rclt Fs Ft; Mjplrtdjot hkr Fotjroltfkole
Mjvjekpdjot, Ekomko. cttp0//www.mhfm.bkv.ua/likutmhfm/krblofsltfko/
phdl/phdl-bjomjr-iumbjt.pmh.
Yld, D. 9>>9. ―]cj Bjomjr Fdpefgltfkos kh ^uiefg Wjgtkr Mkwosfzfob0 ]cj
Yjhkrd ^rkbrld kh Xfjtold.— Rkrem Iloa Yjsjlrgc Kisjrvjr <2 (9)0 <82‗36.
Wlco, M. J., lom W. M. Vkuobjr 9>>7. ―Jstfdltfob tcj Fogfmjogj kh Fomfrjgt ]lxjs
fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs.— Fo ]cj Fdplgt kh Jgkokdfg ^kefgfjs ko ^kvjrty lom
Fogkdj Mfstrfiutfko0 Jvleultfko ]jgcofqujs lom ]kkes, jm. H. Ikurbufboko lom
E. L. ^jrjfrl ml Wfevl. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss hkr tcj Rkrem Iloa.
Wlrrlh, H. 9>>7. ―Bjomjr Yjspkosfvj Bkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr
R^/>7/37, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.
Wjo, B. 9>>>. ―Bjomjr Dlfostrjldfob fo Hfologj Dfofstrfjs.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot
93 (2)0 <726‗6>.
Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/979,Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.
”””. 9>>2. ―Iumbjtfob wftc Rkdjo fo Dfom.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9)0
<9‗<:.
]curkw, E. G. <62<. ―]cj Fogkdj Mfstrfiutfko ls l ^urj ^uiefg Bkkm.— \ulrtjrey
@kurole kh Jgkokdfgs 3: (9)0 792‗78.
Zoftjm Oltfkos. <66:. Yjpkrt kh tcj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, Ijf`fob,
Wjptjdijr =‗<:. Zoftjm Oltfkos0 Ojw Vkra.
Rkrem Iloa. 9>><. Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot”tcrkubc Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Yfbcts,Yjskurgjs, lom Xkfgj. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.
Vkuobjr, W. M. <666. ―]cj Yjeltfvj ^rkbrjssfvfty kh Wkgfle Wjrvfgjs fo Jgulmkr.—
^uiefg Hfologj Yjvfjw 92 (7)0 7<>‗:9.
Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <:<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 170/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 171/188
<:7<:7
]cfs vkeudj prkvfmjs l hrldjwkra hkr gkosfmjrfob tcj fotjrsjgtfko kh
bjomjr rjeltfkos lom dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy0 jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs.
]cj sui`jgt wls hfrst irklgcjm koey rjgjotey1 tcfs vkeudj prjsjots tcj
prkbrjss tclt cls ijjo dlmj fo l hjw yjlrs. ]cj loleysfs fs tfdjey bfvjo
tcj hkgus ko Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkle 7 (DMB 7), wcfgc mjles
wftc prkdktfob bjomjr jqulefty lom jdpkwjrfob wkdjo.
]cj lfd kh tcfs gclptjr fs twkhkem. Hfrst, ft prjsjots l suddlry kh tcj
prjgjmfob jfbct gclptjrs, krblofzjm lrkuom hkur tcjdjs. Wjgkom, wj oktjtcrkubckut tcj ikka tclt mltl lom mfsgussfko wjrj okt suhhfgfjotey mjvje-
kpjm fo l oudijr kh ajy lrjls. Rj tcjrjhkrj gkogeumj tcfs vkeudj iy sub-
bjstfob kppkrtuoftfjs hkr huturj rjsjlrgc.
Hkur tcjdjs wjrj gkosfmjrjm fo tcfs vkeudj. ]cj hfrst gkogjros tcj
jstliefscdjot kh l ilgabrkuom hkr jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs”tcj
wcy lom ckw kh tcj sui`jgt. Rj lrbuj tclt bjomjr fs l vlefm loleytfgle glt-
jbkry fo jgkokdfgs lom tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy wkuem ij joclogjm
iy tlafob ft fotk gkosfmjrltfko. Rj sckwjm tclt sfogj tcj <62>s dlgrk-jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot cls lhhjgtjm djo lom wkdjo mfhhjrjotey fo tcj
mjvjekpfob wkrem. Gkotfoufob wftc dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgfjs tclt lrj bjo-
mjr iefom fs fojhhfgfjot, ijglusj mkfob sk rjtlrms brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot
okw lom fo tcj huturj.
G C L ^ ] J Y 6
Gkogeusfko
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 172/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 173/188
gkeeltjrle, jmugltfko, lom safees. Koj foftfltfvj tclt cls cjepjm fogrjlsj
lggjss tk hfologj hkr tcj pkkr lom hkr wkdjo fo plrtfguelr fs dfgrkhf-
ologj. Wkdj stumfjs lesk grjmft ft wftc jdpkwjrfob wkdjo wftcfo tcjfr
gkdduoftfjs lom ckusjckems. ]cj hkurtc tcjdj gkosfmjrjm tcj gkoojg-
tfkos ijtwjjo bjomjr rjeltfkos lom iumbjtfob. Rj oktjm tcj gkogjro
jxprjssjm fo tcj eftjrlturj lom fo pkefgy gfrgejs rjblrmfob tcj bjomjr-iefom
olturj kh dkst bkvjrodjot pkefgfjs. Rj lesk mfsgussjm tcj prkbrjss tclt
cls ijjo dlmj fo tcfs lrjl lom jxpekrjm bjomjr fojquleftfjs tclt gkotfouj
tk jxfst fo ajy skgfle, jgkokdfg, lom pkeftfgle fomfgltkrs. Bjomjr-rjspkosfvj
bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob fs l rjeltfvjey ojw gkostrugt lom l grftfgle gkdpk-
ojot kh bjomjr dlfostrjldfob, tcj bekile strltjby hkr prkdktfob bjomjrjqulefty.
Jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs rjdlfos l wkra fo prkbrjss. Mjspftj sfb-
ofhfglot rjsjlrgc ko tcj fotjrrjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo‖s jdpkwjr-
djot lom jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot, tcjrj fs l ojjm hkr hurtcjr
loleysfs. ^jrsfstjot bjomjr fojquleftfjs”plrtfguelrey fo mjvjekpfob
jgkokdfjs lom wftc rjspjgt tk elikr dlrajt fomfgltkrs”rjprjsjot l irlaj
ko jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot. Rkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot pkefgfjs
ojjm tk ij dfomhue kh ckusjckem myoldfgs lom tcjfr irklmjr dlgrkjgk-okdfg fdplgt. Fosuhhfgfjot lttjotfko cls ijjo mfrjgtjm tk tcjsj fssujs.
Dugc cls ijjo dlmj kh tcj fdprkvjdjots fo gcfem wjehlrj stjddfob
hrkd wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot wftcfo tcj ckusjckem”`ustfhfliey sk. Iut
dugc rjdlfos tk ij ejlrojm likut tcj rkej kh ktcjr glusle hlgtkrs, sugc ls
plrjots‖ jmugltfko ejvje1 tcj ekobjvfty kh fdprkvjdjots1 lom tcjfr fdpef-
gltfkos hkr brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.
Rj oktjm tclt fo dloy pkkr ckusjckems, djo dlaj tcj cjletc glrj
spjomfob mjgfsfkos hkr tcjfr wfvjs. Vjt wj mk okt aokw fh tcjrj fs l gluslerjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo kvjrlee oltfkole cjletc kutgkdjs lom gkotrke kvjr
spjomfob ko cjletc. ]cj sldj qujstfko lrfsjs wftc rjspjgt tk kvjrlee
oltfkole slvfobs vjrsus bjomjr gkotrke kh slvfobs mjgfsfkos. Iktc lrjls
rjqufrj hurtcjr rjsjlrgc.
Dkst stumfjs ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs hkgus ko mjvjekpjm
gkuotrfjs. Iy gkotrlst, vjry efttej fohkrdltfko ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs
fo slvfobs fs lvlfeliej ko mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs. ]cj elga kh fohkrdltfko
cls fdpefgltfkos hkr wkdjo‖s lggjss tk hfologj lom tcjfr lifefty tk ikrrkw.
Dkrj fohkrdltfko lom ijttjr loleysfs kh tcj fohkrdltfko lerjlmy lvlfeliejlrj ojjmjm.
Yjsjlrgc cls jstliefscjm tclt tcj cfbc fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlom hkr
jmugltfko lom cjletc glrj ldkob wkdjo lom bfres fdpefjs tclt jgkokdfg
prkspjrfty wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft tcjd iy jxplomfob tcjfr
Gkogeusfko <::
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 174/188
lggjss tk tcjsj sjrvfgjs1 rjgjssfkos clvj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ojbltfvj
jhhjgt. Lmmftfkole rjsjlrgc fo tcfs lrjl fs wkrtc pursufob.
Fo dloy glsjs, lssjssfob tcj sckrt- lom ekob-tjrd jhhjgts kh pkefgfjs
lfdjm lt jdpkwjrdjot fs stydfjm iy fosuhhfgfjot kr pkkr-qulefty mltl.
Letckubc suistlotfle prkbrjss fo mltl gkdpfeltfko cls ijjo dlmj, dloy
qujstfkos rjdlfo uoloswjrjm. ]cj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx
(BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) fomfgltkrs gkd-
pfejm iy tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos clvj ijjo grftfgfzjm ko sjvjrle brkuoms. Hkr
jxldpej, tcj BMF hlfes tk rjhejgt dloy mjvjekpdjot-rjeltjm prkiejds
hlgjm iy wkdjo, sugc ls lggjss tk outrftfko, ckusfob, lom gektcfob. Ft lesk
hlfes tk mfhhjrjotfltj ijtwjjo djo‖s lom wkdjo‖s mfspksliej fogkdjs.]cjsj grftfgfsds prkvfmj lrjls hkr hurtcjr rjsjlrgc. Huturj fovjstfbltfko
gkuem hkgus ko lm`ustfob tcj BMF hkr fomfvfmule mfspksliej fogkdjs lom
prkiejds hlgjm iy wkdjo. ]cj BJD cls ijjo grftfgfzjm hkr usfob fotjr-
oltfkole mltl1 oltfkole mltl wkuem ijttjr rjhejgt tcj rjlefty ko tcj brkuom.
Gkeejgtfob lom loleyzfob sugc mltl rjprjsjot lrjls hkr huturj rjsjlrgc.
Dkrj irklmey, mkdjstfg wkra lom gcfem-rjeltjm lgtfvftfjs lrj elrbjey
uolggkuotjm hkr fo oltfkole fogkdj stltfstfgs, dlafob ft clrm tk fotjrprjt
grkss-gkuotry brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt stltfstfgs fo tjrds kh kvjrlee wjehlrj.Huturj rjsjlrgc hkgusfob ko wlys tk lggkuot hkr wkdjo‖s uoplfm wkra
wkuem ij cjephue fo lmmrjssfob tcjsj sckrtgkdfobs. Koj dust ijlr fo
dfom, ckwjvjr, tclt mltl gkdpfeltfko fs jxpjosfvj, fo tjrds kh iktc tfdj
lom rjskurgjs1 bltcjrfob mltl hkr fts kwo slaj fs okt gkst-jhhjgtfvj.
]cj eftjrlturj ko bjomjr rjeltfkos lom lggjss tk hfologj gkuem ij hlr
ijttjr mjvjekpjm. Dkst grkss-gkuotry mltlilsjs mk okt trlga bjomjr fo
iloafob sjrvfgjs, cldpjrfob rjsjlrgc fo tcfs fdpkrtlot lrjl. Huturj
rjsjlrgc gkuem hkgus ko dkrj systjdltfg jxpekrltfko kh bjomjr mfsgrfdf-oltfko fo tcj grjmft dlrajt lom mjvjekpdjot kh grkss-gkuotry mltlilsjs
tclt trlga bjomjr fo iloafob sjrvfgjs.
]k gkogeumj, gurrjot mltl lom rjskurgj gkostrlfots ejlvj dugc rkkd
hkr hrufthue rjsjlrgc. Dloy kh tcj jdpkwjrdjot stumfjs lrj ilsjm ko glsj
stumfjs. Letckubc tcjsj stumfjs clvj ijjo ijojhfgfle fo subbjstfob gkrrj-
eltfkos, tcjy lrj rjstrfgtjm iy tfdj lom pelgj. Yjgjot wkra fo mjvjekp-
djot jgkokdfgs usfob rlomkdfzjm gkotrke trfles dly prkvj fdpkrtlot hkr
jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs. Letckubc sugc trfles lrj okt wftckut tcjfr
grftfgs, tcjfr djtckmkekby lppjlrs tlfekr-dlmj tk lmmrjss dloy kh tcjfdpkrtlot bjomjr-ilsjm qujstfkos tclt rjdlfo uoloswjrjm.
<:8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 175/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 176/188
Ikefvfljmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2, :3
okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot kh wkdjo fo, <>: h
Iksjrup, J., 3, 86, 2>‗2<IYLG (Ilobelmjsc Yurle Lmvlogjdjot
Gkddfttjj), <93‗<96Irlzfe
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob
wkdjo‖s lggjss tk, <92okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot
kh wkdjo fo, <>: h
IYFMBJ, 7=Irugj, @., 8Iugcdlo, G., 27iumbjtfob. Wjj bjomjr iumbjtfobIumejomjr, M., <=:iuhhjr cypktcjsfs, <<9Iurafol Hlsk, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo gkotrke
kh lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs fo, <7, 3<o<Iuruomf, lbrfgueturle wkrajrs fo, <>3o7
G
Âlb˓ltly, O., 2, 3, <8, <2o<, 7:‗78Gldjrkko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo gkotrke
kh lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs fo, <7Glolmflo Fotjroltfkole Mjvjekpdjot
Lbjogy (GFML), 7:Glrfiijlo. Wjj Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom
Glrfiijlo, lom spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsgltjbkry kh jgkokdfg loleysfs, bjomjr ls, 8‗2Gjotrle Lsfl. Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lom
Gjotrle Lsfl, lom spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsgcfemrjogkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr, :9‗:=hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s
lggjss tk, <98 h, <92, <7=o9dltjrole jmugltfko lom fogkdj,
ijojhfts kh, <<Gcfol
mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm fo, <<9kutskurgfob tk, <<9
Gcrfstflofty lom bjomjr, 28
GFW (Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs). Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lomGjotrle Lsfl
Gkeefjr, ^., 33Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs
(GFW). Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lomGjotrle Lsfl
gkomftfkole glsc trloshjrs hkr jmugltfkokh bfres, :2
gkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr,:<‗:3, :=‗::t
Gkrejy, D., 66Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, jmugltfko lom bjomjr
fo, :8, :3grjmft. Wjj hfologj, bjomjr lom lggjss tk
M
mltlilsjs hkr djlsurfob bjomjr fojqulefty,97, 98, 93‗7:, 73‗=:, <:8
Mjltko, L., =6, :8mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm fo Gcfol, <<9Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys (MCW),
ZOFGJH, :>‗:<Mjodlra. Wjj Wglomfolvflmjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr. Wjj jgkokdfg
brkwtc lom bjomjr fssujsMCW (Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys),
ZOFGJH, :>‗:<mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs, 68, <>2o9M`fikutf, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo
jmugltfko fo, :3Mkeelr, M., 88, 2=‗22, 26‗3>, 3<o8mkdjstfg prkmugtfko, uoplfm
djlsurjdjot lom vleultfko kh,:‗=8o<‗9, 9:, 98‗92
wkdjo‖s EH^Y lhhjgtjm iy rjspkosfifeftyhkr, 36, <>=‗<>:
Mrlpjr, J., 29Murrlot, X., 86‗27, 26Mwyjr, M., 8
J
Jlst Lsfl lom ^lgfhfg. Wjj leskspjgfhfg gkuotrfjs
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <=bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3bekilefzltfko fo, <<<EH^Y fo, 6<‗67sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo
fo, <>9, <>7, <>=trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom elikr
dlrajt fo, <<=uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63wlbj rltjs fo, <><
Jlstjro Jurkpj lom Gjotrle Lsfl. Wjj leskspjgfhfg gkuotrfjs
jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <7bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3
<:3 Fomjx
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 177/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 178/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 179/188
BFM (Bjomjr, Fostftutfkos, lomMjvjekpdjot) mltlilsj, KJGM,
97, 77‗7:, 7= h, 7: h Befga, ^., :8bekilefzltfko, 7, <<<‗<9=
mjhfojm, <<<hfologfle grfsfs kh 9>>2‗>6 lom,
<<‗<9>, <<6t elikr dlrajt lom, <<9‗<<7dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh jdpekydjot,
36, 6> h, <<7, <<= h trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom, <<<,
<<7‗<<=, <<:t, <<8 h, <9<
wlbj rltjs, <<=‗<<2BO . Wjj brkss oltfkole prkmugt Bkemijrb, Efoml, <<2Brldjjo Iloa, <93‗<96, <7<BYGI (bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot
iumbjtfob), <=>. Wjj lesk bjomjriumbjtfob
Brjjo Yjvkeutfko, <<9brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^)
hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfobwkdjo‖s lggjss tk, <93
fohkrdle sjgtkr jdpekydjot lspjrgjotlbj kh, <<9
rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj kh, <<3trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom, <<<wlbj rltjs lom, <<8
brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^)lvjrlbj lgtule lom gkuotjrhlgtule
looule brkwtc, <= h jmugltfkole lttlfodjot kh wkdjo
lom, 2:‗8:, 2: h, 28t
fogeusfko kh uoplfm mkdjstfgprkmugt fo, 9:Brkwo, G., <8, <2o<Bultjdlel
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :8okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra,
jdpekydjot kh wkdjofo, <>: h
Buylol, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3
C
Clmmlm, E., :>Clfejeue, W., 79Clftf, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj
kh BM^ fo, <<3Clrmfob, W., 8
CMF (Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx), 97,7>‗7< h, =8o:
CMY (Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt)(ZOM^, <66:), 96‗7>, 79
cjletcgcfem cjletc lom dltjrole jmugltfko,
rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo, <<gkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr,
:9‗:=, :8hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s
lggjss tk, <98 h bjomjr fojqulefty lhhjgtfob, <9bekile hfologfle grfsfs lhhjgtfob, <<3
cfbc fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlomhkr, <::‗<:8
ckusjckem gkotrke kvjr spjomfob ko, <::efhj jxpjgtlogy/dkrtlefty rltjs iy
bjomjr, <9, 97, 9=t, :3, 83,2=, 28t, 22
djlsurfob rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjojqule kppkrtuofty lom jgkokdfgbrkwtc, 97, 9=t
Cjwftt, B., <=:Cfee, L., <7Cfomufsd lom bjomjr, 22CFX/LFMW lom bjomjr fojqulefty, <9, <=7t Ckmmfoktt, @., :>Ckomurls, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj
kh BM^ fo, <<3ckusjckems
gkdpksftfko lom myoldfgs,=6‗:<, :<‗:7 h
jgkokdfg uofts, rjgkbofzjm ls, 8hfologj, wkdjo‖s stltus lom
lggjss tk, <92cjletc, ckusjckem gkotrke kvjrspjomfob ko, <::
OCJ, <, 8, <8, 9:, :>Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (CMF),
97, 7>‗7< h, =8o:Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt (CMY)
(ZOM^, <66:), 96‗7>, 79Cudlol, G., 83
F
Fgjelom. Wjj WglomfolvflFGEW (Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr
Wtltfstfgflos), 92FMW (Fostftutj hkr Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs), 7=FHG (Fotjroltfkole Hfologj
Gkrpkrltfko), <7>
Fomjx <8<
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 180/188
FH^YF (Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy YjsjlrgcFostftutj), :9
FEK. Wjj Fotjroltfkole Elikur KrblofzltfkoFDH (Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom), 88Fomfl
jgkokdfg brkwtc lom bjomjrfssujs fo, 22‗23
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjsfo, ::, :8, :2, :3
bjomjr iumbjtfob fo, <=2t Brjjo Yjvkeutfko fo, <<9kutskurgfob tk, <<9
fomfbjokus pjkpejs
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :8okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot
kh wkdjo fo, <>: h Fomkojsfl
ckusjckem myoldfgs fo, :<dfbrltfko hrkd, <<7
fomustrfle sjgtkr, bjomjr lom jdpekydjot fo, <><, <>9
fohkrdle sjgtkr jdpekydjot, 92, 93t,=:o<, =8o7, <<9, <<2, <9<o<
Fostftutj hkr Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs (FMW), 7=Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr
Wtltfstfgflos (FGEW), 92Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko
(FHG), <7>Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc
Fostftutj (FH^YF), :9Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko (FEK)
ko jmugltfko lom lggjss tkelikr dlrajt, 67
ko bjomjrjm mfvfsfko kh elikr, 36
ko bekile hfologfle grfsfs, <<3ko EH^Y, 67KJGM BFM mltlilsj lom, 7=ko YKWGLs, <7>ko stltus kh jdpekydjot, <>:ko uojdpekydjot rltjs, 68uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko,
vleultfko kh, 9:ko wlbj rltjs, 66
Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom (FDH), 88Fseld lom bjomjr, 28, 26
@
@ldlfgl, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3
@krmlo, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3
@õttfob, @. ^., 2>
A
Alaud Yurle Iloa, Bclol, <77Ajoyl
lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs, bjomjrfojquleftfjs fo gkotrkekh, <7, 3<o<
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3hfologfob
bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo, <77dfgrkgrjmft fo, <79prkvfmjrs kh, <7>
elikr dlrajt, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, 33
Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust (ARH]), <79Aclomajr, W. Y., <93Afob, J., <7Afobmko, B. B., ::Akrzjofjwfgz, Y. ^., 86‗27, 26ARH] (Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust), <79Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, elikr dlrajt, bjomjr
fojquleftfjs fo, 36
E
elikr dlrajt, 7, 32‗<>6, <:=mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,
fmjotfhyfob bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfkofo, 3<o9
jmugltfko lom, <<, 33‗36, 67‗68, 67t,6= h, 6: h, 6:t
jdpekyjrs, wkdjo ls, <7 h jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr fojqulefty fo,
<7 h, <9:, <77‗<7=jxfstjogj kh lom rjlskos hkr bjomjr
fojqulefty fo, 33‗36
jxpkrts, jgkokdfg brkwtc,lom bjomjr, 23‗26,<<=, <<:t, <<8 h
bjomjrjm mfvfsfko kh elikr, 32‗33, 36bekilefzltfko lom, <<9‗<<7fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <9fohkrdle sjgtkr, 92, 93t, =:o<, =8o7,
<<9, <<2, <9<o<dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh, 36, 6> h,
<<7, <<= h, <<3‗<9>plrtfgfpltfko rltjs, 6>‗67, 6< h, 6<t, 69t
pkpueltfko/jdpekydjot rltfks, 63, 66 h sjgtkrle loleysfs kh, <><‗<>=, <>9 h,
<>7t, <>= h, <>: h stltus kh jdpekydjot, <>=‗<>2, <>8t trlmj efijrlefzltfko lhhjgtfob,
<<<, <<7‗<<=uojdpekydjot rltjs, 68‗63, 68 h, 62t,
63 h, 66t, <<3‗<9>, <<6t
<89 Fomjx
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 181/188
uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfkodjlsurjdjot lom vleultfko kh,
:‗=8o<‗9, 9:, 98‗92wkdjo‖s EH^Y lhhjgtjm iy
rjspkosfifefty hkr, 36, <>=‗<>:wlbj rltjs, 23‗26, 66‗<><,
<>> h, <<=‗<<2ykutc uojdpekydjot, 62‗63, 63 h
Eldpfjttf, @. L., :3Elk ^jkpej‖s Mjdkgrltfg Yjpuiefg, bjomjr
fojquleftfjs fo jmugltfko fo, :8, :3Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom Glrfiijlo. Wjj lesk
spjgfhfg gkuotrfjs
jgkokdfg brkwtc lom bjomjr fo, 22,26, 3<o2
hfologfob, ijojhfts kh wkdjo‖slggjss tk, <7=o9
bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3EH^Y fo, 6<‗69dfbrltfko hrkd, <<7sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo fo, <>9uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63
Ejiloko, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3
Ejsktckjmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj kh BM^ fo, <<3
Ejwfs, D. L., :8‗:2EH^Y (elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj),
6>‗67, 6< h, 6<t, 69t efhj jxpjgtlogy/dkrtlefty rltjs iy bjomjr,
<9, 97, 9=t, :3, 83, 2=, 28t, 22eftjrlgy rltjs, 67‗6=, 6= h Ekgacjjm, D. J., :8‗:2
D
dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy. Wjj bjomjr lomdlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy
Dlmlblsglr, jmugltfko lom bjomjr fo, :3dlfostrjldfob bjomjr, 9, 92, 77,
=8o=, <76‗<=>Dl`al, E., 29Dlelwf
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3
hfologj, wkdjo‖s stltus lomlggjss tk, <92
ckusjckem myoldfgs fo, :<Dlrgclom, D. C., 2>dlrftle rfbcts lom jgkokdfg
brkwtc, 2:, 28t, 22Dlurftlofl, jmugltfko lom bjomjr fo, :3DgGelhhjrty, I., :9, :=
DMBs (Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles),xff, 7, <=, 33, 67, <>7, <>3o:,
<:7, <:=djlsurfob bjomjr fojqulefty, 9, 9<‗=3
mltlilsjs hkr, 97, 98, 93‗7:, 73‗=:, <:8mfslbbrjbltfko kh mltl, 9:‗98, 7:‗78bjomjr stltfstfgs, gkogjpt kh, 98‗92, 93t djtckms hkr jobjomjrfob
dlgrkjgkokdfgdkmjes, 7:‗78, 72t
rjlskos hkr, 9<‗98, 99 h, 9=t rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo jqule kppkrtuofty
lom jgkokdfg brkwtc, 99‗97,
99 h, 9=t uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko, 9:,
98‗92, =:‗=8o<‗9Djxfgk
jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2bjomjr iumbjtfob fo, <=:
dfgrkgrjmft, <9:‗<98, <7>‗<79Dfgrkgrjmft Wuddft Gldplfbo, <7<Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl. Wjj lesk
spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsjmugltfko, bjomjr fojqulefty
fo, <7‗<=, <2o=jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr
fojqulefty fo, <7hfologfob, prkvfmjrs kh, <7>bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3CMF fo, 79EH^Y fo, 6<‗69eftjrlgy rltjs, 6=sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo
fo, <>9, <>=
uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh jdpekydjot, 36,6> h, <<7, <<= h, <<3‗<9>
Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles (DMBs),xff, 7, <=, 33, 67, <>7,<>3o:, <:7, <:=
Dfogjr, @., 8Dkemkvl, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj
kh BM^ fo, <<3Dkobkefl, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo
jmugltfko fo, :3
Dkotfje, ^. @., :6Dkkrj, B., 29Dkrkggk, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo
jmugltfko fo, :3Dkrrfsko, L., <7>, <79, <77dkrtlefty rltjs/efhj jxpjgtlogy
iy bjomjr, <9, 97, 9=t, :3,83, 2=, 28t, 22
Fomjx <87
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 182/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 183/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 184/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 185/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 186/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 187/188
8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 188/188