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Transcript of Gender and Development: Introducing the Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base Johannes...
Gender and Development:Introducing the Gender,
Institutions and Development Data Base
Johannes Jütting and Denis Drechsler
OECD Development Centre
Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Oslo 9 March 2007
2
Gender Equality MattersI
Measuring Gender Equality: The GID-Data BaseII
Improving Gender Equality: What Can be Done? III
Next Steps IV
3
I) Gender equality matters…
Gender equality = women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights and for contributing to, and benefiting from economic, social, cultural and political development.
Gender equality is an important goal in itself (MDG 3)…
… and also contributes to the achievement of other objectives:
- stimulate growth and reduce poverty
- reduce inequities
- contribute to child development
4
… but what determines it?
Causalities between development and gender inequalities not clear
2 main schools of thinking
- Modernisation-neoclassical approach
- Feminist thesis
Measurement problems: What? How?
5
Main messages
Apart from having an intrinsic value, gender equality is an untapped source that can boost economic growth
Improving gender equality needs to start with changing mindsets
Both messages are relevant for OECD and non-OECD countries
OECD countries: aging population, decline in the dependency ratio, double dividend from gender equality: increasing work force and improving demographics
Non-OECD countries: better human development, higher female labour force participation, more sustainable growth
6
Challenge in OECD countries:Reverse declining fertility
Source: OECD (2005)
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
USA
OECD-27
EU-19
replacement level of 2.1
Japan
7
More women employed = More babies born
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Cross-country correlation between women employment rates and fertility rates between 1980 and 1999
Source: OECD (2005)
8
Previous analyses have mostly looked
at women employment rates…1980 2000
USA
SWE
SVK
PRT
POL
NZL
NOR
NLD
MEX
KOR
JPNITA
ISL
IRL
HUN
GBR
FRA
FIN
ESP
DNK
DEU
CZE
CHECAN
AUT
AUS
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
20 30 40 50 60 70Employment rates of women
Tot
al f
ertil
ity r
ate
USASWE
PRT
NZL
NLD
KOR
JPNITA
IRL
GRC
GBRFRA
FIN
ESP
DEU CHE
BEL
AUT
AUS
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.4
20 30 40 50 60Employment rates of women
Tot
al f
ertil
ity r
ate
Source: OECD (2005)
9
…while people’s mindsets are equally, if not more, important.
10
Gender equality can be a powerful source of economic development…
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
OECD-TOP EAP-OECD EAP non-OECD SA
GDP pc (in '000) Women in paid labor, non agricultrual sector (in %)
Source: Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base, OECD (2006).Note: OECD-TOP refers to United States, Ireland, Norway, Iceland
11
…and can directly impact countries’ growth rates
0
1
2
3
4
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East/North Africa
(perc
en
t)
Actual growth rate
Projected growth rate
Source: “Engendering Development”, in World Development Report 2000/01, “Attacking Poverty”, Washington: World Bank.
Growth effect of closing the gender gap in schooling.
12
II) Measuring Gender Equality: The GID Data Base
A new tool for researchers and policy makers to: quantify and measure gender equality
build indicators of gender equality
compare the status of women across countries
analyse obstacles to gender equality
Covers 161 countries and has 60 indicators
Includes institutional variables that range from intra-household behaviour to social norms
13
Methodological Framework
Political Empowerment (C)e.g. seats in parliament held by women
Social Institutions (A)e.g. Family Code, Physical Integrity, Civil Liberties, Ownership Rights
Economic Role of Women (D)e.g. share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector
Access to Resources (B)e.g. Health, Education
Input Variables Output Variables
Source: Own Illustration.
14
GID-Indicators : Social Institutions
Physical Integrity
Legislation punishing acts of violence against women
Prevalence of female genital mutilation
Missing Women
Family Code Marriage before the age of 20
Acceptance of polygamy within a society
Parental authority granted to father and mother equally
Inheritance practices in favour of male heirs
Ownership Rights
Women’s access to land ownership
Women’s access to bank loans
Women’s access to property other than land
Civil Liberties Freedom of movement
Obligation to wear a veil in public
15
Social Institutions and Female Labour Force Participation
ZWE
ZMB
YEM
VNM
VEN
URYUSAGBR
UAE
UKR
UGA
TUR
TUN
TGO
THA
TZA
SYR
CHE
SWE
SDN
LKAESP ZAF
SVK
SEN
SAU
RUS
ROUPRTPOL
PHL
PER
PRYPAN
PAK
OMN
NOR
NGA
NER
NIC
NZL
NLD
NPL
NAM
MMR
MOZ
MAR
MEXMUSMRT
MLTMLI
MYS
MWI
MDG
LUX
LBY
LBNKWT
KORKEN
JOR
JPNITA
ISRIRL
IRN
IDN
IND
ISL
HUN
HND
HTI
GNB
GRC
GHA
DEUFRA
FIN
FJI
ETH
EST
ERI
GNQ
SLV
EGY
ECU
DOM
DNKCZE
CUB
CIV
CRI
COL
CHNCHL
TCD
CAF
CAN
CMR
BFA
BGR
BRA BWA
BOL
BENBEL
BGD
BHR
AUT
AUSARMARG
AGO
DZA
ALB
020
4060
0 .2 .4 .6 .8Institutions
Fitted values WWORKING (non-agri %)
Source: GID Database
16
Social Institutions: Income Perspective
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
LIC HIC (non OECD) LMC UMC HIC OECD
Family Code Physical Integrity Civil Liberties Ownership Rights
Scale: 0 (minimum) to 1 (maximum) = level of discrimination through social institutionsSource: GID Database
17
Social Institutions: Regional Perspective
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
SA MENA SSA EAP ECA LAC OECD
Family Code Physical Integrity Civil Liberties Ownership Rights
Scale: 0 (minimum) to 1 (maximum) = level of discrimination through social institutionsSource: GID Database
18
The GID Data Base Online
http://www.oecd.org/dev/institutions/GIDdatabase
19
III) Improving Gender Equality: What Can be Done?
OECD countries: Change mindsets Adapt policies to allow better work-family balance Specific instruments: taxes, allowances, leave provision
etc.
Non-OECD countries: Improve data collection and monitor progress Better understand local specificities Ensure effective design and implementation of laws Strengthen women’s voice Communicate benefits of reforms
20
IV) Next Steps
Consolidate the data base Data quality and variable selection
Composite indicators
Conduct country case studies
What social institutions impact gender equality?
How can they be measured?
Outreach and networking activities
International organisations and local statistical offices
Advocacy in donor and partner countries