GED 554 IT & GIS - Jeodezi Anabilim Dalı · GED 554 – IT & GIS . ... and assess real-world...
Transcript of GED 554 IT & GIS - Jeodezi Anabilim Dalı · GED 554 – IT & GIS . ... and assess real-world...
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Lecture 2 & Exercise I
March 15, 2013
GED 554 – IT & GIS
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Last Week Chapter 1: Course Introduction & Overview
Instructor introduction
Students’ introductions
Course timetable
Biweekly schedule: Friday 2 pm: Geodesy Building (Kandilli Campus)
Course website:
http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/jeodezi/dogru/en/GIS/GIS.html
Course objectives
understanding of fundamental principles of GIS
understanding of Spatial Data analysis techniques and concepts
practice with ESRI product ArcGIS
Definition of GIS
History of GIS
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Plan for Today
Chapter 2: Main Concepts
Components of GIS
GIS data
Data files
Introduction to ArcGIS
Exercise : First GIS Map
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Gerardus Mercator, Belgian cartographer (1569 world map based on a new
projection. It had parallel lines of longitude to aid navigation by sea). He
was the first to use the term Atlas for a collection of maps.
Dr. John Snow, English physician(1854)
Dr. Roger Tomlinson, English geographer, father of GIS, Canada GIS, 1960
Ian McHarg, Scottish architect (1969, Design with Nature) step-by-step
instructions on how to break down a region into its appropriate uses.
Jack Dangermond, founder of ESRI, 1969
Waldo Tobler, American-Swiss geographer, (1970, first law of geography)
Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to
each other.
Michael Goodchild, British-American geographer, emeritus professor of
Geography, UCSB.
First GIS
Spatial
thinking
Geographical
analysis
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cholera outbreak in London (1854)
in three days over 120 people died
John Snow plotted the locations of the
deaths on a map
and found they clustered around a pump in
Broad Street
suggested that the pump be taken out of
service
The first geographical
analysis of disease data
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Spatial Thinking
GIS demands extensive spatial thinking.
Spatial thinking has been receiving increased attention
because of the rapid expansion of geotechnologies
Spatial thinking is thinking that finds meaning in the shape,
size, orientation, location, direction or trajectory, of
objects, processes or phenomena (NRC)
1. One must be able to translate from one dimension to another,
as in creating a two-dimensional map from a 3D earth.
2. One must understand the differences between distance
properties such as adjacency, proximity, similarity, nearest
neighbor.
3. One must comprehend orientation and direction.
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GIS incorporates spatial features with tabular data in order
to map, analyze, and assess real-world problems.
GIS operates on many levels
straight forward mapping
use of spatial and statistical methods to analyze attribute and
geographic information.
Results
derivative information
interpolated information
prioritized information
referenced to locations on the Earth
additional information about the spatial features
location of the university name of the university
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Uses of GIS If you’ve ever used an Internet mapping program to find
directions, congratulations, you’ve personally used GIS.
There are numerous ways in which this technology can
be used. The most common ones are
Management of resources
Investigations of the Earth’s surface
Archeology
Urban & regional planning
Criminology
Oceanography (Fishing, sea surface temperature)
Political Science (Ethnicity)
Health (Spatial epidemiology)
Engineering (Weather monitoring, soils, slopes, infrastructure)
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Components of GIS
which should work harmoniously…
GIS is an integration of five components
Hardware
Software
Data (70% of the time and cost is spent)
People
Methods
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Hardware
…comprises the equipment to support the many
activities needed for geospatial analysis ranging from data
collection to data analysis...
Computers
Networks
Printers
Plotters
Digitizers
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Software
GIS Software
Application package (to create, edit and analyze spatial and
attribute data)
Extensions or add-ons (to extend the capabilities of the GIS
software package)
WebGIS software (to serve data and interactive maps through
Internet browsers)
Database Software
OS Software
Network Software
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Spatial data is the most important and the most expensive
component of a GIS
Geographic data
Geodata
Spatial data
GIS data
refers to data regarding
our planet earth
more general term including
other planets or outer space
Data (core of any GIS) …every dataset that has a
spatial component that
allows to georeference the
described phenomena to a
location or a region on the
Earth.
subsets of geodata
•spatial base data
•thematic data
•temporal data
We can pinpoint a phenomena in space, time and topic.
GeoVite, Institute of Cartography, ETH Zurich
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PEUQUET, D., 2002. Representations of Space and Time. New York/London: The Guilford Press.
Data
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Data (80% of data has a location component)
Vector Data
Raster Data
Attribute Data
Metadata
Spatial Data
represented as points, lines and polygons
cell-based data
additional information in tabular format
Documentation of GIS datasets (coordinate
system, when the data was created, when it was
last updated, who created it and how to contact
them
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People
GIS Professionals (database and applications developers)
Non GIS Professionals (decision makers, end users)
Other GIS Professionals (scientists, researchers)
Well-trained GIS professionals are essential to the GIS
process.
Education and continuous networking with other GIS
professionals is essential.
It is the person who turns spatial data into
spatial knowledge and communicates that
knowledge to others so that more informed
decisions can be made! (ESRI)
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Methods
Specifications
Standards
Procedures, protocols
Policies (legal, ethical, technical, etc)
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Questions a GIS can answer
Location: “What is at?”
Condition: “Where is it?”
Trends: “What has happened since?”
Patterns: “What spatial patterns exist?”
Modeling: “What if?”
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GIS Concepts
Geographical Information = Spatial Information +
Semantic Information
about
Geographical Object = Metrics + Topology + Order + Semantics
tangible entity (buildings, roads, forest areas)
intangible entity (administrative boundaries, flight routes)
…any entity having a certain shape and position on/over/under the Earth surface.
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Geographical objects are modeled into
three fundamental geometric shapes
Points (telephone poles)
Lines (streets)
Polygons(land parcels)
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Spatial Relationship
O-4 connects İstanbul and Ankara
Ankara is contained in the Central
Anatolia region
O-4 has length and direction
Istanbul is adjacent to the
Marmara Sea
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GIS functions
Capture
Store
Answer questions
Analyze
Display
Output
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Capture (direct collection, data transfer)
Primary Data Acquisition (high cost)
remote sensing
photogrammetry
LIDAR
field measurements (GPS, surveying)
Secondary Data Acquisiton (low cost)
digital
map and plan (scanning, digitizing)
paper files (keyboard entry)
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Fieldwork (GPS, Surveying)
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Global Positioning System
Network of 24 satellites (with spares)
Developed by Department of Defense
Operational 24 hours/day
Available worldwide
Land, sea and air
Works in all weather conditions
It is FREE!!
GPS is a constellation of 24 (currently 31) satellites
that is used to calculate your position.
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Photogrammetry is the science and technology of making
measurements from pictures, aerial photographs, and images.
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Remote sensing is the science of acquiring
information about the Earth's surface
without actually being in contact with it.
This is done by sensing and recording
reflected or emitted energy and
processing, analyzing, and applying that
information.
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LIDAR LIDAR can measure the distance to, or
other properties of, targets by illuminating
the target with laser light and analyzing the
backscattered light.
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Cost
Quality
Data Quality
quality of GIS information depends on quality of data…
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Store Two fundamental models for storing geographic data
VECTOR MODEL
Discrete objects are represented by points, lines and polygons
Continuous fields are represented by irregular tessellations of
triangles (TINs)
RASTER MODEL
Discrete objects and continuous fields are represented by an
array of square cells (pixels)
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How should objects be coded?
cells
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Vector model
Geographic information has dimension.
Areas (2D), Lines (1D), Points (0D)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Vector data model
Advantages High Precision in locating where objects are
Less Disk space
Maps are more aesthetically pleasing
Disadvantages Expensive to gather and clean data (digitizing)
Expensive and time consuming to explicitly define topology
Complex operations may be computationally time consuming
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Raster model
•Raster Topography
•Regular tessellations
(mosaic), e.g. DEM
(Digital Elevation
Model)
•Vector Topography
•Irregular tessellations,
e.g. TIN (Triangular
Irregular Network)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Raster data model
Advantages Layer overlays are fast and simple
topology is explicitly defined
gathering raster data from scanning or remotely sensed images is cheap and fast
Disadvantages Resolution of dataset will determine what features are represented by the
coarse raster cells
If fine resolution, will take up large amounts of disk space
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The mixed pixel problem
W GW
W W G
W W G
W GG
W W G
W G G
W GE
W E G
E E G
Water dominates Winner takes all Edges separate
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Vector Data Structure
Each point (within a line or polygon) has a X, Y location
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Raster Data Structure
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Summary
GIS = MAP + DATABASE
Vector Raster
Discrete Obj. Cont. Fields (TIN)
Table
Point Line Polygon Triangle
Cell Column Row
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Output
Format
Paper maps
Images (jpg, gif, pdf, bmp, etc.)
New GIS data stored into various formats
Medium
Paper
Desktop data – single user
Network data – multiple users
Internet data – public use
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Error Sources
data acquisition
device/instrument errors
data entry errors
image interpretation error
data conversion
instrument inaccuracies
device/instrument operator
manuscript used
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data storage
digital representation limits
disk storage limits
used by huge raster formats
data processing
rounding off error
digital representation
error propagation law
information derived by mathematical operations no more
accurate than original information
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Answer Questions
What is where, identify specific features (graphics to theme query database)
Where is what, identify features based on known
conditions (database to query graphıc database)
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Analysis
Proximity (What is the total number of customers within
10 km of this store?)
Overlay (What roads are within what counties?)
Network (Find shortest route)
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Display
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Each feature is linked to a single entry (record, row) in a data table.
Each column (field) holds a single attribute for all features.
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Feature class (GIS layer)
A feature class is a collection of features with same geometry and the same attribute table.
A layer is a collection of vector or raster data within a shared geographic area.
A record is a row within an attribute table.
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Map of 30 states, 500 cities - how many total features,
tables, records?
# of feature classes (layers) ? 2 (states, cities)
# of features ? 30 + 500 = 530
# of attribute tables ? Don’t know
# of total records ? 30 + 500 = 530
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ESRI’s ArcGIS
ArcGIS consists of
ArcMap: visualization & analysis (mapping)
ArcCatalog: data browser (management)
ArcToolbox: tools for conversion etc. (geoprocessing)
Different levels of functionality
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ArcGIS has 3 licensing level: light - advanced - professional
All support data creation, management, analysis, storage
All can work with the same data formats
All share a common interface / same look and feel
The higher the functionality, the higher the buying price
ArcView
ArcMap
ArcCatalog
ArcToolbox
ArcEditor = ArcView +
ArcInfo = ArcEditor +
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ArcGIS extensions
Spatial Analyst
3D Analyst
Geostatistical Analyst
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ArcMap
Visualize
Create
Solve
Present
Develop
Edit
Query
Analyze
Chart
Report
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ArcCatalog
Explore the data
Browse maps and data
Manage data sources
View and create documentation
(metadata)
Search for maps and data
Use data in ArcMap and ArcToolbox
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ArcToolbox Geoprocessing
Data management
Analysis
Conversion
Two versions of ArcToolbox
For ArcInfo ~150 tools
For ArcView ~20 tools
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Need Help
Contents tab
Index tab
Search tab
Other
What’s this?
Tool tips
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ArcGIS data formats (in ArcCatalog view)
A shapefile is a way of storing
GIS data inside a file. Almost all
GIS software can understand.
A geodatabase is a way of
storing GIS data inside a
database. The geodatabase
adds 'intelligence' to your data
and gives you the ability to model
your 'world' in a better way.
more information
http://www.esri.com/library/whitep
apers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf
http://www.esri.com/software/arc
gis/geodatabase.html
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Shape file components
Required files
.shp - the file that stores the feature geometry
.shx - the file that stores the index of the feature geometry
.dbf - the database of attributes
Optional files
.sbn and .sbx - store the spatial index of the features
.fbn and .fbx - store the spatial index of the features for shapefiles that are read-only
.ain and .aih - store the attribute index of the active fields in a table or a theme's attribute table
.prj - the file that stores the coordinate system information
.shp.xml - metadata for the shapefile
.atx - attribute index for the .dbf file in the form of <shapefile>.<columnname>.atx (ArcGIS 8 and later)
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Geodatabase
feature dataset ( = folder for feature
classes)
feature class (many features)
features (single point, line, ...)
.mdb is a single file in windows but we need
ArcGIS to look inside
It keeps automatically track of a feature’s
length/area
It can also store tables, rasters, topology,
networks Feature
datasets
Feature
classes
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layer files (.lyr) [a container file]
.lyr files store only the appearance (line thickness,
symbol type, color of features, etc.)
They don’t contain any actual spatial data - just a how
to draw them
Don’t mix up with the GIS layer-(feature class) concept
More about it later - for now: keep in mind: no data!
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ArcMap document file (.mxd) [another container file]
.mxd files do NOT contain any data, only links to
data files
map document files store “appearances” only:
symbol type, color of features, etc. per layer
think: many .lyr files
layout (printing), more
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Exercise Section
First GIS Map
See installation guide (pdf)!
Open ArcMap
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What is next?
Chapter 3: Datum and Projections