7/21/2019 Gear Design Book

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T h e T o p T e n o o k s f o r

G e a r n g i n e e r s

Introduction

W hen I w as new

to

gear

engineering,

W

ound th e a rr ay o f g e ar

literature'

carce,

and th e m fo rrn atio n . e attered and co n-

flicting.

After

inve ligating t he ma re ri -

als avaitlab le. 1 et th e g oal of creatin g

anannotated

listing of

t he r ef er en ce .

T he re a re m an y v alu ab le re so urc es, b ut

f or t hi s a rt ic le

m

hav e selected ten o f th e

best. T he. e referen ces. in m y o pinion ,

a re th e m o st u se fu l. an d c ov er th e sc op e

wh ile m i nim iz in g r ed un da nc y.

Dudley GeoI Handbook. 2nd ed D.

P '.

Townsend.

ed

McGraw-Hili.

1991,.

:8l.5

pages.

It ha

b een n early th irty

years iacethe fir

t

edition

of

th e

Gear

Handbook was publ is hed. Ove rt he yea rs .

U te Gear Hafl.dbook has erved as a

valuable re ource for people who de-

ign. m anufacture, and use gears. The

second edition has

been

extensively

re vise d a nd u pd ate d w ith tw o n ew

chap-

ter on gear vibration and noise.

The Gear Handbook shares th e

strengths an d weaknesses of most hand-

books in that it is comprehensive

but

eondersed, Neverthe less ,

it is

a convenient,

in gle o urc e

r o r

information 0 1 1 1 gea rs . .

A~ importaru

feature of th e handbook

is

its

ex te n i ve re fe re nc e l is ts . wh ic h he lp

gear

researchers

locate informat ion.

T h e h an db oo k c omp ris es 2 4 c ha pte rs

wr it ten by 26 con tr ibu to r s. With s o ma ny

a uth ors. so m e re du nd an cy an d in co n is-

t en ci es a re bound to

OCCI.l1.

This is not

necessarily

a.

d i a dv an tag e th ou gh . be -

c au se r epe ti ti on and d iv e rs e op in io n s c an

help

r ea de rs d raw a cc ur at e c on du sio ns ..

A1 though lh e s ec ond ed it io n

is

better

o rg an iz ed t ha n th e f ir s ., th e i nd ex is

till

too

Ii

rn

ited : foreasy acces s to

lnfonnatiou

The Gear andbook c ov ers th e fo l-

I Ro be r t I E ln r ich e Uo

l ow i ng s ub je ct s i n d et ai l:

T he t he or y o f g ea rin g. g ea rty pe s a nd

n om en cl atu re , g ear

a rra ng em en ts g ea r

t oo th d es ig n, a nd d et ai le d c alc ul a ti on o f

geartooth geom etry; G ear to leran es;

Gear ma te ri al s'

Engi ne er in g d raw ing

fo rmanufacn ir ing : 'Gea r

tooth

loads ; Gear

a nd b ea rin g lo ad r atin g; G ea r f ailu re s;

Perform ance tes tmg;

Gear vi

oration

and

n ui e : G ea r lu bric atio n; G ea r rn an ufa c-

h iring in clud in g cu ttin g. die p ro cess-

i ng . s havi ng , r ol li ng , honi ng . a ndg ri nd -

i ng ; Beve l

a nd h yp oid g ea r

malt ufactur-

i

ng ; Cy l ind ri ca l and doub le -enve lop ing

w orm , and w orm g ear m anu factu rin g;

G ea r c uttin g to ols; G ea r in sp ectio n d e-

vices an d

procedures.;

and Tables of

numerical d ata. inclu din g w ire mea-

u re me ntd ata , trig on om etric fu nc tio n .

in vo lu te fu nctio ns. a rc a nd c ho rd

data,

and hardne testing data.

FundamelJtalso/ Gear .Design, R. J

Drago,. Butterworths, 1988,. 560

pages.

R aym on d D rag o's

book

is a

w ell o rg an iz ed , c omp re he nsiv e tre at-

men t

of

g ea r th eo ry . g ea r fa bric atio n

and inspection, gear failure and load

ca pa city e va lu atio n. an d g ea r lu brica -

tion. M o

t

c hap te r in clu de e xte nsiv e

reference b t . and bibliographies. [

e sp ecia Uy lik e th e b ib li.o gra ph y th at is

g ro up ed b y ma nu fa ctu rin g method.

One ofthe strengths of Fundamen-

tals of Gear Design is its em ph asis on

A merican G ear

M anufacturers A so-

dation ta nd ar ds a nd p ra ctic es. T his is

im po rta nt b ec au se g ea re ng in ee r s ho uld

b e aw are o f th e ex cellent in form ation

ava il ab le t hr ough AGMA.

The book contains g oo d d es cr ip -

tion s an d

illustration

of gear failure

modes.

However, I prefer tile term

SHOPFLOOR

Add ress your geari;ng ques-

tio nsto o lu r pa ne l o f experts ,

Wri te

10

them

caire

o f ,S ,h op

IF loo r. O ea ll T ec hno logy . Ip l,.O.

IBo.xI1426. E lk Glrove Vi llag ,e . IlL

60009

,olrcall ,o ur e dito ria l s tO lti

S it

J O t 437-6604.

scuffing over the acthor's term s.

frost ing and scoring.

T he c ha pter o n v aria ble . sta tic, a nd

low-cycle

loading

is u ni qu e F o r

a

gear

text , because it treats both bending yield

an d co ntact y ield an aly se. T he ch ap ter

a J

in clu de s a n a na l) '

i

o f s ub su rf ac e

s tr e s es , wh ic h

is

usefu l fo r de te rmin ing

case

depth

fo r c as e b ar den ed g ea rs ..

R o be rt E n ;ic h e U o

is r he princlpo in

GEAR 1: N. a sear

COI S/I/ril f(

firm in

Mbafl} . CA. HI isa

m em ber of A GM A.

ASME, and a Registered

Professional Engineer ill

the Stat ,,/Caii/limla.

MAV/JUNE 1882

1 3

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Drago s discu sian ongear lubricants

i. one ofthe best I have seen.

Gear .Dr i Jle Sys tems ,.

P ..Lynwander,

Marcel Dekker, 1983.415 pages.

m

like th i book becau e it contalnsprac-

tical information for the gear engi-

neer and for anyone else who is re-

sponsible for the specification and

operation

of gear systems.

Gear Drive Systems empha ize

the gearbox

application

and

discu e

installation. operation. maintenance,

troubleshooting. failure analysis, and

economics. For the beginning gear

engineer, there

i

a good overview of

types and arrangements of gear drives,

gear tooth geometry and kinematics,

and gearbox load rating. Bearings,

seals. lubrication ysterns, material

neer apportion the profile shift between

the pinion and the gear a that specific

sliding is reasonably controlled.

Tile chapter on load rating treats the

ISO-Maag method for calculating pit-

ting resistance and bending t rength . .and

taag s method forcalculating scuffing

resistance whichi based on Blok s criti-

cal

ternperamre

criterion.

The chapter on gear

drive dj

cusses

gear tooth profile and helix modifica-

tions, and the chapter on gear materials

and heat treatment covers the selection

and heat treatment of DIN steels.

An important feature of the book is

the English, German, French, and Ital-

ian dictionary of gear geometry term .

T he Geome tr y o f In JlOU li eGe ar s, J. R.

Colbourne, Springer-Verlag. 1987,

and heat treatment, and rnanufactur- 532 pages. This is the best textbook

ing methods areal covered. on gear geometry currently available.

Operators of gear drive ystems will An the equations are derived from first

appreciate the chapter on gearbox

in tal-

lation, which discusses coupling and

system alignment and (he chapter an

gearbox operation. which di c us s e ac-

ceptance testing, initial startup. and c on -

dition monitoring. The last chapter cov-

ers maintenance andfailure analysis,

M aag Gear Book .

Maag Gear

Com-

pany, 1990,435 page. This book has

been in great demand ever incethe

German version.

M oag -T a c he nb uc h,

was released in 1963. A revised edition

of the German version came out in

1985, and the first English version

Moog Gear Book, in 1990.

The

Maag Gear Book

gives a good

overview of European practices and

ISO methods for gear design and

analysis, including gear geometry.

load rating. application of gear drive ,

gear couplings, in pection, gear ma-

terial . and heat treatment.

The M aag G ear Book is well orga-

nized with helpful table and graphs of

data. The chapter on gear geometry gives

the essential equations for gear tooth data

and includes the best treatment I have

seen on profile shift (addendum modifi-

cation). The charts called contact

COIl-

dition diagram ..will help the gear engi-

4 G EART E C H Na LOG Y

principles and reduced to useful design

algorithms. The dear, straightforward

presentation makes compl icated gear ge-

ometry seem simple. P art ] covers spur

gears, and P art WIcovers helical gears.

Celbourne gives a design procedure

for internal gearsets mat treats fiUet inter-

ference, tip

uuer fe rence , ax ia l

and radial

as. ernbly, and manufacturing problem

uch as tip trimming and cutter rubbing.

He explain gear cutting, including

.hobbing and shaping with pinion and

rack cutlers. Manufacturing engineer

will be interested in his discussion of

hobbing machines.

The last chapter covers calculating

contact stress and bending stress

in

heli-

cal gear teeth. and suggests everal im-

provements over AGMA procedures ..

An important feature of the book

is its many numerical example. which

gear engineers will find ..helpful for

checking their work and validating

computer programs.

T he G eom etr y o f In vo lu te Gears

will

be extremely useful to graduate stu-

dents, practicing gear engineers. and

gear researchers.

Gears

fo r

Small

Mechtmisms,

W. O.

Davis, N.A.G. Press Ltd., (London),

2nd ed., l~ O. 344 pages. One of the

bel way to learn about involute gears

is to study non in vol ut eg ea rs . Thi s book

pre ent the theory of both involute

and cycloidal gears. It covers the theory

and practice ofthe design ofvery small

gear, including friction and efficiency

of tooth action.

W t

also covers the de-

ign oftools for cutting and generating

gear teeth and production and testing

of gears used in watches. recording

i ns tr umen ts .a ut oma ti c c on tr ol mecha-

nisms, and similar devices.

Davis s book deals with the special

problems presented

by

fine pitch gears

thai. are not solved

by

scaling down

copie of powert ran

mi

siongears, The

reader will gain an appreciation for the

features and Iimitations of involute and

cycloidal gearing. Extremes in the de-

. i gn of involute gears, for example,

spurpinions with as few as three teeth,

are also explored.

There are good discussions on the

dynamic characteri tics of gear trains,

transmi sian error, and resonant vibra-

tion. Also included is the metrology of

fine pitch gears, design of gear trains.

and the e timation of gear tooth load

capacity, Although the book is rela-

tively old, most of the material is still

relevant to current gear engineering.

T.he

ExactOrver-Wi.re

MeasuremerJlo

Screws, Gears , Splin.es, a.nd lJi:orms,

W. F. Vogel, Wayne State Univel sity

Press, 1973, 230 pages. The indirect

determinacion of gear tooth thickness

by

the measurement over wires (pins)

or balls

i .3

popular techrnique,and

gear engineer . should under tand the

theory and cal.culations underlying th i

method. It is e pecially important to

understand the Iimitarions of wire mea-

surements; for example. odd-tooth he-

lical gears cannot be accurately mea-

sured with only two wires. Vogel shows

that they can be accurately measured

with three wires under certain condi-

tions. or with one wire with the gear

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mounted on an arbor. or with two balls

under certain condition ..

Vogel give the derivation of the

equations for the over-wire mea ure-

rnent of involute spur an d helical gear .

He also give a complete general theory

o:fwi re a nd ball measurement th

at

can

be

ued forthe e act measurement of gen-

eral screws, of either involute or

noninvolute profile.

S te el S eie ctio n ~A

ardd e

orllllprollin

P er fo rma .n ce a nd P ro fits ,. R. F. Kern

and M. E o Sue s, John WUey. 1979,

445 pages. This book bridges the gap

between metallurgical theory and real-

world application .. Kern and Sues

present guideline for designing com-

ponent to reduce distortion and avoid

cracking

during

heat

treatment,

elect-

in g a llo ys , and specifying heat treat-

ment. They al explain how produce

gears, haft springs. and fa tener and

how de ign against surface fatigue,

bending fatigue, (high and low cycle).

subcase fatigue and scuffing,

All the major heat treatments are di -

cussed,

includingthrough

hardening

an d

case hardening by carba ri zing , n it ri ding ,

and induction hardening.

The chapter on electing steels for

carburized gears emphasizes the impor-

tance of hardenability and gives guide-

lines for proper teel election to obtain

adequate

ca e

and core bardenability.

Written for engineers. and shop per-

sonnet Stee} Selection i an excellent

resource for the gear engineer.

Th.e.lnj1 uellce o/Microsl r tlcture l tile

P roper tie s o jCa se -Ca r. bu ri ze d Compo -

Ilel.lis ,G. Parri b, A M.1980, 236

pages, This book is a must

for

the gear

engineer who designs carburized gear .

It gives an in-depth

di

cu. ion of the

complexitie and the significance of the

following microstructural features: In-

ternal oxidation. decarburization, car-

bides, retained austenite. grain size,

rnicrocracking, microsegregation, non-

metaillic inclusion. core properties and

case depth, optimum ca e depth. tem-

pering.

refrigeration.

grinding bums.

residual sires .. and

hO I

peening.

The clear, concise writing makes

the book a joy to read. and the contents

make it a valuable resource for gear

engineers. quality a urance personnel.

and gear failure analysts.

Machille ry V ib ra tio n - Meamremen t

olidAIIOlysis V . Wowk ,

McGraw-Hili,.

[991,358

page. here has been a COil

tinuing

trend toward higher peed me-

chanical ystems, and a greater empha-

sis o n refiab i.fity , efficien cy , an d co n-

trolling vibration. There have also been

tremendous advances in the technology

of

vibration measurement in th e past

f lf te en ye ar s, B ec au

emodemgearboxe

must be reliable.efficient and quiet,

it

is

imperative that gear engineers be

knowledgeable in gear vibration.

Machillu} Vibrati01I

i s an excel lent

instructional tool for teaching how to

take vibration measurements and in-

terpret the result .The book

i

Intended

for operation and maintenance per

011.-

nel and assume that the reader has no

prior knowledge of vibrations. How-

ever, an undergraduate corn e in vi-

bration theory would be useful.

Wowk describes the basic concepts

of vibration theory, including mass, stiff-

ness. damping. amplitude.

frequency.

phase. time versu frequency domains.

displacement, velocity. acceleration ..

steady tale versu transient vibration.

natural frequency. and re onance. He

focuses on conventional instruments to

measure machinery vibration, sach as

I.he

fast Fourier

transform

(FFT)

pec-

trum analyzer. Di placement. velocity,

and acceleration transducers arc dis-

cussed

s o. th at

the reader will gain a

working knowledge of the capabilitie

and limitations of each transducer.

Wowk also. presents several inter-

esting case histories that illustrate typi-

cal vibration problems. including im-

balance. mi alignment resonance, cavi-

ration ancl G il whirl. and excitation from

gears. bearing . pumps, and motors,

After studying thi book.

the

reader

will

have knowledge of the technique

and instrumentation required to olve

common vibration problems ..

CIRCLE A17 on READ.ER IREPLY CARD

M AYIJUNE 9 9 5