Geant4 - a simulation toolkit -
description
Transcript of Geant4 - a simulation toolkit -
Geant4Geant4- a simulation toolkit -- a simulation toolkit -
Makoto Asai (SLAC Computing Services)Makoto Asai (SLAC Computing Services)
On behalf of the Geant4 CollaborationOn behalf of the Geant4 Collaboration
December 1December 1stst, 2003 , 2003
ACAT03 @ KEKACAT03 @ KEK
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ContentsContents General introduction and brief historyGeneral introduction and brief history
Geant4 kernelGeant4 kernel
GeometryGeometry
PhysicsPhysics
Highlights of the new developmentsHighlights of the new developments
Highlights of user applications Highlights of user applications
User support processesUser support processes
SummarySummary
General introduction General introduction and brief historyand brief history
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What is Geant4?What is Geant4? Geant4 is an object-oriented toolkit for simulation of Geant4 is an object-oriented toolkit for simulation of
elementary particles passing through and interacting with elementary particles passing through and interacting with
matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including
tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. tracking, geometry, physics models and hits.
Geant4's application area includes high energy and nuclear Geant4's application area includes high energy and nuclear
physics experiments, accelerator and shielding studies, space physics experiments, accelerator and shielding studies, space
engineering, medical physics and several other fields. engineering, medical physics and several other fields.
Geant4 is the successor of GEANT3, the world-standard toolkit Geant4 is the successor of GEANT3, the world-standard toolkit
for HEP detector simulation. Geant4 is one of the first for HEP detector simulation. Geant4 is one of the first
successful attempt to re-design a major package of HEP successful attempt to re-design a major package of HEP
software for the next generation of experiments using an software for the next generation of experiments using an
Object-Oriented environment. Object-Oriented environment.
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Flexibility of Geant4Flexibility of Geant4 In order to meet wide variety of requirements from various In order to meet wide variety of requirements from various
application fields, a large degree of functionality and flexibility application fields, a large degree of functionality and flexibility
are provided. are provided.
Geant4 has many types of geometrical descriptions to describe Geant4 has many types of geometrical descriptions to describe
most complicated and realistic geometries most complicated and realistic geometries
CSG, BREP, BooleanCSG, BREP, Boolean
XML interfaceXML interface
The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range
including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes for a including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes for a
large set of long-lived particles in materials and elements, over large set of long-lived particles in materials and elements, over
a wide energy range. The applicable energy range begins, in a wide energy range. The applicable energy range begins, in
some cases, from 100 eV and extends up to the TeV energy some cases, from 100 eV and extends up to the TeV energy
range. range.
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Physics in Geant4Physics in Geant4 It is rather unrealistic to develop a uniform physics model to It is rather unrealistic to develop a uniform physics model to
cover wide variety of particles and/or wide energy range.cover wide variety of particles and/or wide energy range. Much wider coverage of physics comes from mixture of theory-Much wider coverage of physics comes from mixture of theory-
driven, parameterized, and empirical formulae. Thanks to driven, parameterized, and empirical formulae. Thanks to polymorphism mechanism, both cross-sections and models polymorphism mechanism, both cross-sections and models (final state generation) can be combined in arbitrary manners (final state generation) can be combined in arbitrary manners into one particular process.into one particular process. Standard EM processesStandard EM processes Low energy EM processesLow energy EM processes Hadronic processesHadronic processes Photon/lepton-hadron processesPhoton/lepton-hadron processes Optical photon processesOptical photon processes Decay processesDecay processes Shower parameterizationShower parameterization Event biasing technique Event biasing technique
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Geant4 – Its history and futureGeant4 – Its history and future Dec ’94 - Project startDec ’94 - Project start
Apr ’97 - First alpha release Apr ’97 - First alpha release
Jul ’98 - First beta release Jul ’98 - First beta release
Dec ’98 - Geant4 0.0 (first public) releaseDec ’98 - Geant4 0.0 (first public) release
Jul ’99 - Geant4 0.1 releaseJul ’99 - Geant4 0.1 release
……
Jun ’03 - Geant4 5.2 releaseJun ’03 - Geant4 5.2 release
Dec 12Dec 12thth, ’03 - Geant4 6.0 release (planned), ’03 - Geant4 6.0 release (planned)
We currently provide two to three public releases and We currently provide two to three public releases and
bimonthly beta releases in between public releases every bimonthly beta releases in between public releases every
year.year.
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Geant4 Geant4 CollaborationCollaboration
Collaborators also from non-member institutions, including
Budker Inst. of PhysicsIHEP Protvino
MEPHI Moscow Pittsburg University
Helsinki Inst. Ph.
PPARCUniv. Barcelona
HARP
Lebedev
Geant4 kernelGeant4 kernel
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Geant4 kernelGeant4 kernel Geant4 consists of 17 categories.Geant4 consists of 17 categories.
Independently developed and Independently developed and
maintained by WG(s) responsible maintained by WG(s) responsible
to each category.to each category.
Interfaces between categories Interfaces between categories
(e.g. top level design) are (e.g. top level design) are
maintained by the global maintained by the global
architecture WG.architecture WG.
Geant4 KernelGeant4 Kernel
Handles run, event, track, step, Handles run, event, track, step,
hit, trajectory.hit, trajectory.
Provides frameworks of Provides frameworks of
geometrical representation and geometrical representation and
physics processes.physics processes.
Geant4
ReadoutVisuali zation
Persis tency
Run
Event
Inter faces
Tracking
Digits + Hits
Processes
Track
Geometry Particle
Graphic _reps
Material
Intercoms
Global
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Tracking and processesTracking and processes Geant4 tracking is general. Geant4 tracking is general.
It is independent to It is independent to
the particle type the particle type
the physics processes involving to a particlethe physics processes involving to a particle
It gives the chance to all processes It gives the chance to all processes
To contribute to determining the step lengthTo contribute to determining the step length
To contribute any possible changes in physical To contribute any possible changes in physical
quantities of the trackquantities of the track
To generate secondary particlesTo generate secondary particles
To suggest changes in the state of the trackTo suggest changes in the state of the track
e.g. to suspend, postpone or kill it.e.g. to suspend, postpone or kill it.
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Processes in Geant4Processes in Geant4 In Geant4, particle transportation is a process as well, by which In Geant4, particle transportation is a process as well, by which
a particle interacts with geometrical volume boundaries and a particle interacts with geometrical volume boundaries and
field of any kind.field of any kind.
Because of this, for example, shower parameterization Because of this, for example, shower parameterization
process can take over from the ordinary transportation process can take over from the ordinary transportation
without modifying the transportation process.without modifying the transportation process.
Each particle has its own list of applicable processes. At each Each particle has its own list of applicable processes. At each
step, all processes listed are invoked to get proposed physical step, all processes listed are invoked to get proposed physical
interaction lengths.interaction lengths.
The process which requires the shortest interaction length (in The process which requires the shortest interaction length (in
space-time) limits the step. space-time) limits the step.
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CutsCuts in Geant4 in Geant4 A Cut in Geant4 is a A Cut in Geant4 is a production thresholdproduction threshold..
Only for physics processes that have infrared divergenceOnly for physics processes that have infrared divergence Not tracking cut, which does not exist in Geant4Not tracking cut, which does not exist in Geant4
Energy threshold must be determined at which discreteEnergy threshold must be determined at which discrete energy energy loss is replaced by continuous lossloss is replaced by continuous loss Old way: Old way:
Track primary particle until cut-off energy is reached,Track primary particle until cut-off energy is reached, calculate continuous loss and dump it at that point,calculate continuous loss and dump it at that point, stop stop tracking primarytracking primary
Create secondaries only above cut-off energy, or add to Create secondaries only above cut-off energy, or add to continuous loss of primary for less energetic secondariescontinuous loss of primary for less energetic secondaries
Geant4 way: Geant4 way: Specify range (which is converted toSpecify range (which is converted to energy for each energy for each
material) at which continuous loss begins, trackmaterial) at which continuous loss begins, track primary primary particle one more step to make it down to zero rangeparticle one more step to make it down to zero range
Create secondaries only above specified range, or add to Create secondaries only above specified range, or add to continuous loss of primary for less energetic secondariescontinuous loss of primary for less energetic secondaries
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Energy cut vs. range cutEnergy cut vs. range cut 500 MeV/c proton in liq.Ar (4mm) / Pb (4mm) sampling calorimeter500 MeV/c proton in liq.Ar (4mm) / Pb (4mm) sampling calorimeter
liq.Ar
Pb liq.Ar
Pb
Geant3 (energy cut)Geant3 (energy cut) Ecut = 450 keVEcut = 450 keV
Geant4 (range cut)Geant4 (range cut) Rcut = 1.5 mmRcut = 1.5 mm Corresponds to Corresponds to
Ecut in liq.Ar = 450 keV, Ecut in liq.Ar = 450 keV, Ecut in Pb = 2 MeVEcut in Pb = 2 MeV
GeometryGeometry
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VolumeVolume Three conceptual layers Three conceptual layers
G4VSolid -- G4VSolid -- shape, sizeshape, size G4LogicalVolume -- G4LogicalVolume -- daughter physical volumes, daughter physical volumes,
material, sensitivity, user limits, etc.material, sensitivity, user limits, etc. G4VPhysicalVolume -- G4VPhysicalVolume -- position, rotationposition, rotation
Hierarchal three layers of geometry description allows maximum Hierarchal three layers of geometry description allows maximum reuse of information to minimize the use of memory space.reuse of information to minimize the use of memory space.
G4Box
G4Tubs
G4VSolid G4VPhysicalVolume
G4Material
G4VSensitiveDetector
G4PVPlacement
G4PVParameterised
G4VisAttributes
G4LogicalVolume
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SolidSolid Geant4 geometry module supports variety of Geant4 geometry module supports variety of
representations of shapes.representations of shapes. CSG (Constructed Solid Geometry) solidsCSG (Constructed Solid Geometry) solids
G4Box, G4Tubs, G4Cons, G4Trd, …G4Box, G4Tubs, G4Cons, G4Trd, … Analogous to simple GEANT3 CSG Analogous to simple GEANT3 CSG
solidssolids Specific solids (CSG like)Specific solids (CSG like)
G4Polycone, G4Polyhedra, G4Hype, …G4Polycone, G4Polyhedra, G4Hype, … BREP (Boundary REPresented) solidsBREP (Boundary REPresented) solids
G4BREPSolidPolycone, G4BREPSolidPolycone, G4BSplineSurface, …G4BSplineSurface, …
Any order surfaceAny order surface Boolean solidsBoolean solids
G4UnionSolid, G4SubtractionSolid, …G4UnionSolid, G4SubtractionSolid, …
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Physical volumePhysical volume G4PVPlacement 1 Placement = One VolumeG4PVPlacement 1 Placement = One Volume
A volume instance positioned once in its mother volumeA volume instance positioned once in its mother volume G4PVParameterised 1 Parameterized = Many VolumesG4PVParameterised 1 Parameterized = Many Volumes
Parameterized by the copy numberParameterized by the copy number Shape, size, material, position and rotation can be Shape, size, material, position and rotation can be
parameterized, by implementing a concrete class of parameterized, by implementing a concrete class of G4VPVParameterisationG4VPVParameterisation..
Reduction of memory consumption Reduction of memory consumption G4PVReplica 1 Replica = Many VolumesG4PVReplica 1 Replica = Many Volumes
Slicing a volume into smaller pieces (if it has a symmetry)Slicing a volume into smaller pieces (if it has a symmetry) G4ReflectionFactory 1 Placement = a set of VolumesG4ReflectionFactory 1 Placement = a set of Volumes
Generating a pair of placements of a volume and its reflected Generating a pair of placements of a volume and its reflected volumevolume
Useful typically for end-cap calorimeterUseful typically for end-cap calorimeter G4AssemblyVolume 1 Placement = a set of PlacementsG4AssemblyVolume 1 Placement = a set of Placements
Position a group of volumesPosition a group of volumes
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Smart voxelizationSmart voxelization In case of Geant 3.21, the user had to carefully implement his/her In case of Geant 3.21, the user had to carefully implement his/her
geometry to maximize the performance of geometrical navigation.geometry to maximize the performance of geometrical navigation. While in Geant4, user’s geometry is automatically optimized to most While in Geant4, user’s geometry is automatically optimized to most
suitable to the navigation. - "Voxelization"suitable to the navigation. - "Voxelization" For each mother volume, one-dimensional virtual division is performed.For each mother volume, one-dimensional virtual division is performed. Subdivisions (slices) containing same volumes are gathered into one.Subdivisions (slices) containing same volumes are gathered into one. Additional division again using second and/or third Cartesian axes, if Additional division again using second and/or third Cartesian axes, if
needed.needed. "Smart voxels""Smart voxels" are computed at initialisation time are computed at initialisation time
When the detector geometry is When the detector geometry is closedclosed Does not require large memory or computing resourcesDoes not require large memory or computing resources At tracking time, searching is done in a hierarchy of virtual divisionsAt tracking time, searching is done in a hierarchy of virtual divisions
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Geometry checking toolsGeometry checking tools An An overlappingoverlapping volume is a contained volume is a contained
volume which actually protrudes from its volume which actually protrudes from its mother volumemother volume Volumes are also often positioned in Volumes are also often positioned in
a same volume with the intent of not a same volume with the intent of not provoking intersections between provoking intersections between themselves. When volumes in a themselves. When volumes in a common mother actually intersect common mother actually intersect themselves are defined as themselves are defined as overlappingoverlapping
Geant4 does not allow for malformed Geant4 does not allow for malformed geometriesgeometries
The problem of detecting overlaps The problem of detecting overlaps between volumes is bounded by the between volumes is bounded by the complexity of the solid models complexity of the solid models descriptiondescription
Utilities are provided for detecting wrong Utilities are provided for detecting wrong positioningpositioning Graphical toolsGraphical tools Kernel run-time commandsKernel run-time commands
PhysicsPhysics
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Physics processes in Geant4Physics processes in Geant4 Each process can act at any of three space-time intervalsEach process can act at any of three space-time intervals
In time - At rest (e.g. decay at rest)In time - At rest (e.g. decay at rest) Continuously along a step (e.g. Cherenkov radiation)Continuously along a step (e.g. Cherenkov radiation) At a point - at the end of the step (e.g. decay in flight)At a point - at the end of the step (e.g. decay in flight)
““Along step actions” are applied cumulatively, while others are Along step actions” are applied cumulatively, while others are selectively applied.selectively applied.
A process can have more than one types of action according to its A process can have more than one types of action according to its nature.nature. For example, Ionization process has Along and End step For example, Ionization process has Along and End step
actionsactions Tracking handles each type of action in turn. Tracking handles each type of action in turn.
It loops over all processes with such a type of action.It loops over all processes with such a type of action. The motivation for creating these categories of actions is to keep The motivation for creating these categories of actions is to keep
the tracking independent of the physics processes.the tracking independent of the physics processes. All seven combinations of actions are possible.All seven combinations of actions are possible.
The traditional Continuous, Continuous-Discrete, Discrete and The traditional Continuous, Continuous-Discrete, Discrete and AtRest are found in these cases.AtRest are found in these cases.
The ordering of processes is important in some cases.The ordering of processes is important in some cases. e.g. Multiple scattering affects the step length.e.g. Multiple scattering affects the step length.
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Electromagnetic processesElectromagnetic processes Gammas : Gammas :
Gamma-conversion, Compton scattering, Photo-electric Gamma-conversion, Compton scattering, Photo-electric effecteffect
Leptons (e, Leptons (e, ), charged hadrons, ions :), charged hadrons, ions : Energy loss (Ionisation, Bremstrahlung) or PAI model Energy loss (Ionisation, Bremstrahlung) or PAI model
energy loss, Multiple scattering, Transition radiation, energy loss, Multiple scattering, Transition radiation, Synchrotron radiation, Synchrotron radiation,
Optical photons : Optical photons : Cerenkov, Rayleigh, Reflection, Refraction, Absorption, Cerenkov, Rayleigh, Reflection, Refraction, Absorption,
ScintillationScintillation High energy High energy Alternative implementation Alternative implementation
Standard EM package ignores the binding energy of Standard EM package ignores the binding energy of electron to an atom, while Low Energy EM package takes it electron to an atom, while Low Energy EM package takes it into account.into account.
‘‘Standard’ for applications that do not need to go below 1 Standard’ for applications that do not need to go below 1 KeVKeV
‘‘Low Energy’: down to 250eV (e+/Low Energy’: down to 250eV (e+/), O(0.1), O(0.1m) for hadronsm) for hadrons
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Multiple Multiple scatterinscatterin
gg
Angle (deg)
Examples of Examples of comparisons:comparisons:
15.7 MeV e- 15.7 MeV e-
on gold foil on gold foil
Modelling & Modelling & comparisons:comparisons:
L. UrbanL. Urban
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Hadronic and Photolepton-Hadronic and Photolepton-hadron processeshadron processes
Each hadronic process may have one or more cross section Each hadronic process may have one or more cross section
data sets, and final state production models associated with it. data sets, and final state production models associated with it.
Each one has its own energy range of applicability.Each one has its own energy range of applicability.
The term “data set” is meant in a broad sense to be an The term “data set” is meant in a broad sense to be an
object that encapsulates methods and data for object that encapsulates methods and data for
calculating total cross sections.calculating total cross sections.
The term “model” is meant in a broad sense to be an The term “model” is meant in a broad sense to be an
object that encapsulates methods and data for object that encapsulates methods and data for
calculating final state products.calculating final state products.
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Parameterization and data driven Parameterization and data driven modelsmodels
Parameterization models on the flyParameterization models on the fly high energy inelastic (Aachen, CERN)high energy inelastic (Aachen, CERN) low energy inelastic, elastic, fission, capture (TRIUMF, UBC, CERN, low energy inelastic, elastic, fission, capture (TRIUMF, UBC, CERN,
SLAC)SLAC) Parameterization models for stopping particlesParameterization models for stopping particles
base line (TRIUMF, CHAOS)base line (TRIUMF, CHAOS) mu- (TRIUMF, FIDUNA)mu- (TRIUMF, FIDUNA) pi- (INFN, CERN, TRIUMF) pi- (INFN, CERN, TRIUMF) K- (Crystal Barrel, TRIUMF)K- (Crystal Barrel, TRIUMF) anti-protons (JLAB, CERN)anti-protons (JLAB, CERN) Electromagnetic transitions of the exotic atom prior to capture; Electromagnetic transitions of the exotic atom prior to capture;
effects of atomic binding. (Novosibirsk, ESA)effects of atomic binding. (Novosibirsk, ESA) Data driven modelsData driven models
Low energy neutron transport (neutron_hp),Low energy neutron transport (neutron_hp), Radioactive decay (DERA, ESA)Radioactive decay (DERA, ESA) photon evaporation (INFN)photon evaporation (INFN) elastic scattering (TRIUMF, U.Alberta, CERN)elastic scattering (TRIUMF, U.Alberta, CERN) internal conversion (ESA) internal conversion (ESA) etc..etc..
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Theory driven modelsTheory driven models Ultra-high energy modelsUltra-high energy models
Parton transport model (U.Frankfurt, in discussion)Parton transport model (U.Frankfurt, in discussion) High energy modelsHigh energy models
‘‘Fritjof’ type string model (CERN)Fritjof’ type string model (CERN) Quark gluon String model (CERN)Quark gluon String model (CERN) Pythia(7) interface (Lund, CERN)Pythia(7) interface (Lund, CERN)
Intra-nuclear transport models (or replacements)Intra-nuclear transport models (or replacements) Hadronic cascade+pre-equilibrium model (HIP, CERN)Hadronic cascade+pre-equilibrium model (HIP, CERN) Binary and Bertini cascade models (HIP, CERN, Novosibirsk, Binary and Bertini cascade models (HIP, CERN, Novosibirsk,
SLAC)SLAC) QMD type models (CERN, Inst.Th.Phys. Frankfurt)QMD type models (CERN, Inst.Th.Phys. Frankfurt) Chiral invariant phase-space decay model (JLAB, CERN, ITEP)Chiral invariant phase-space decay model (JLAB, CERN, ITEP) Partial Mars rewrite (Kyoto, Uvic, in collaboration with FNAL)Partial Mars rewrite (Kyoto, Uvic, in collaboration with FNAL)
De-excitationDe-excitation Evaporation, fission, multi-fragmentation, fermi-break-up (CMS)Evaporation, fission, multi-fragmentation, fermi-break-up (CMS)
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Hadronic Model InventoryHadronic Model Inventory
1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV 1 TeV
LEP
HEP ( up to 20 TeV)
Photon EvapMultifragmentFermi breakup
Fission
Evaporation
Pre-compound Bertini cascade
Binary cascade
QG String (up to 100 TeV)
MARS
FTF String (up to 20 TeV)
High precision neutron
At rest Absorption
K, anti-p Photo-nuclear, electro-nuclear
CHIPS (gamma)
CHIPS
LE pp, pn
Rad. decay
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VerificationVerification The verification effort of the geant4 hadronic working group is The verification effort of the geant4 hadronic working group is
grouped into several sections:grouped into several sections: Inclusive cross-sectionsInclusive cross-sections Thin target comparisonsThin target comparisons Verification of model componentsVerification of model components Code comparisons (least effective)Code comparisons (least effective) Complete application testsComplete application tests Robustness.Robustness.
A few examples of each are given in the following slides.A few examples of each are given in the following slides.
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Proton reaction Proton reaction total total
cross-section: cross-section:
J.P.Wellisch
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Pion production examples, QGS:Pion production examples, QGS:Rapidity distributions and invariant Rapidity distributions and invariant
cross-section predictions in quark gluon string cross-section predictions in quark gluon string modelmodel
100 GeV pi+ on Gold
400GeV protons on Lithium
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Forward peaks in proton Forward peaks in proton induced neutron induced neutron
productionproduction
Beryllium
Aluminum
Iron
Lead
256 MeV dataNeutrons at 7.5deg.
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Production from 730 MeV p Production from 730 MeV p (Bertini Model)(Bertini Model)
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Low energy neutron capture:Low energy neutron capture:gammas from 14 MeV capture on gammas from 14 MeV capture on
UraniumUranium
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Nuclear interactions with Geant4 Nuclear interactions with Geant4 versus experimentversus experiment
Phantom and experimental results from H.Paganetti, B.Gottschalk, Medical physics Vol. 30, No.7, 2003
10-9 p
C/i
ncid
ent p
roto
n
Channel
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Atlas HEC (e/Atlas HEC (e/ ratio) ratio)
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CMS ECAL + HCAL testbeamCMS ECAL + HCAL testbeam GEANT3 - GEANT4 comparison GEANT3 - GEANT4 comparison
100 GeV pi+ ECAL+HCAL
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"Educated guess" physics lists"Educated guess" physics lists In Geant4, the physics lists serve the same purpose as the In Geant4, the physics lists serve the same purpose as the
"packages" (GHEISHA, FLUKA, GCALOR) in geant3."packages" (GHEISHA, FLUKA, GCALOR) in geant3. Conceptually, the two are identical.Conceptually, the two are identical. Both ways provide the physics and its modeling to an application.Both ways provide the physics and its modeling to an application. Each "package" is built of a complete and consistent set of Each "package" is built of a complete and consistent set of
modelsmodels In Geant4, the number of "packages" is quite large. Each option In Geant4, the number of "packages" is quite large. Each option
comes with trade-offs in descriptive power and performance.comes with trade-offs in descriptive power and performance. It simply became clear that writing a good physics list is not trivial, in It simply became clear that writing a good physics list is not trivial, in
particular when hadronic physics is involved.particular when hadronic physics is involved. It is nice to be able to exploit the full power in the flexibility and It is nice to be able to exploit the full power in the flexibility and
variety of hadronic physics modeling in geant4, but being forced variety of hadronic physics modeling in geant4, but being forced to do so is not what we want.to do so is not what we want.
It is also nice to have the physics transparently in front of the It is also nice to have the physics transparently in front of the user and to exploit it in the best possible way, but being forced to user and to exploit it in the best possible way, but being forced to understand everything is (very understandably) not what people understand everything is (very understandably) not what people want, either.want, either.
We have systematically accumulated experience with various We have systematically accumulated experience with various combinations of cross-section and models over the past years. Today combinations of cross-section and models over the past years. Today we provide a set of physics lists institutionalizing this knowledge.we provide a set of physics lists institutionalizing this knowledge. "Educated guess" physics lists"Educated guess" physics lists
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 3939
Use-case driven packagesUse-case driven packages LCG simulation project.LCG simulation project. HEP calorimetry. HEP calorimetry. HEP trackers. HEP trackers. 'Average' collider detector 'Average' collider detector Low energy dosimetric Low energy dosimetric
applications with neutrons applications with neutrons low energy nucleon low energy nucleon
penetration shielding penetration shielding linear collider neutron fluxeslinear collider neutron fluxes high energy penetration high energy penetration
shieldingshielding medical and other life-saving medical and other life-saving
neutron applicationsneutron applications low energy dosimetric low energy dosimetric
applications applications
high energy production high energy production targetstargets
e.g. 400GeV protons on C or e.g. 400GeV protons on C or BeBe
medium energy production medium energy production targetstargets
e.g. 15-50 GeV p on light e.g. 15-50 GeV p on light targetstargets
LHC neutron fluxes LHC neutron fluxes low background experimentslow background experiments Air shower applications (still Air shower applications (still
working on this)working on this)
Each package has several Each package has several physics lists suitable to the physics lists suitable to the use-caseuse-case
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 4040
DecayDecay A decay table is associated to the definition of each particle type.A decay table is associated to the definition of each particle type.
A track can have a decay channel. If it has, it exactly decays A track can have a decay channel. If it has, it exactly decays
through this channel without randomizing by the decay ratio.through this channel without randomizing by the decay ratio.
This allows the user to import decay chains generated by This allows the user to import decay chains generated by
physics generators such as Pythia, and rely on Geant4 physics generators such as Pythia, and rely on Geant4
tracking for such unstable particles.tracking for such unstable particles.
Primary particle list
B0
K0L…
B0 G4Track
K0L…
“pre-defined”decay channel
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 4141
Optical processesOptical processes Geant4 has a particle named “Optical Photon”, which is Geant4 has a particle named “Optical Photon”, which is
distinguished from gamma. It interacts by optical processes.distinguished from gamma. It interacts by optical processes. Geant4 is an ideal framework for modeling the optics of Geant4 is an ideal framework for modeling the optics of
scintillation and Cerenkov detectors and their associated light scintillation and Cerenkov detectors and their associated light
guides. This is founded in the toolkit's unique capability of guides. This is founded in the toolkit's unique capability of
commencing the simulation with the propagation of a charged commencing the simulation with the propagation of a charged
particle and completing it with the detection of the ensuing particle and completing it with the detection of the ensuing
optical photons on photo sensitive areas, all within the same optical photons on photo sensitive areas, all within the same
event loop. event loop. This functionality is now employed world-wide in experimental This functionality is now employed world-wide in experimental
simulations as diverse as ALICE, ANTARES, AMANDA, Borexino, simulations as diverse as ALICE, ANTARES, AMANDA, Borexino,
Icarus, LHCb, HARP, KOPIO, the Pierre Auger Observatory, and Icarus, LHCb, HARP, KOPIO, the Pierre Auger Observatory, and
the GATE (Imaging in Nuclear Medicine) Collaboration. the GATE (Imaging in Nuclear Medicine) Collaboration.
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 4242
Optical processesOptical processes Optical photons are generated if one or more of following Optical photons are generated if one or more of following
processes are activated.processes are activated. Cerenkov radiation, Cerenkov radiation, Transition radiation, Transition radiation, ScintillationScintillation
Optical processes built in Geant4Optical processes built in Geant4 Absorption, Absorption, Rayleigh scatteringRayleigh scattering Boundary Processes (reflection, refraction)Boundary Processes (reflection, refraction)
Optical properties, e.g. dielectric coefficient and surface Optical properties, e.g. dielectric coefficient and surface
smoothness, can be set to a volume.smoothness, can be set to a volume.
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 4343
Shower parameterization Shower parameterization frameworkframework
Geant4 includes a built-in framework for shower Geant4 includes a built-in framework for shower
parameterization scheme. Currently, the user has to concrete parameterization scheme. Currently, the user has to concrete
his/her own parameterization assigned to a logical volume, his/her own parameterization assigned to a logical volume,
which is then called as an “envelop”.which is then called as an “envelop”. Regardless of the existence of granular daughter geometry, Regardless of the existence of granular daughter geometry,
a particle comes into the envelop can be fully treated by a particle comes into the envelop can be fully treated by
the shower parameterization process. the shower parameterization process. The user still have a dynamic choice to take his/her The user still have a dynamic choice to take his/her
parameterization or to follow the ordinary tracking in the parameterization or to follow the ordinary tracking in the
granular geometry.granular geometry. The shower parameterization process can directly contact The shower parameterization process can directly contact
to a sensitive detector associating to the volume to to a sensitive detector associating to the volume to
produce more than one distributed hits.produce more than one distributed hits.
Highlights ofHighlights ofnew developmentsnew developments
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 4545
Event biasing in Geant4Event biasing in Geant4 Event biasing (variance reduction) technique is one of the most Event biasing (variance reduction) technique is one of the most
important requirements, which Geant4 collaboration is aware important requirements, which Geant4 collaboration is aware
of.of. This feature could be utilized by many application fields such as This feature could be utilized by many application fields such as
Radiation shieldingRadiation shielding DosimetryDosimetry
Since Geant4 is a toolkit and also all source code is open, the Since Geant4 is a toolkit and also all source code is open, the
user can do whatever he/she wants.user can do whatever he/she wants. CMS, ESA, Alice, and some other experiments have already CMS, ESA, Alice, and some other experiments have already
had their own implementations of event biasing options.had their own implementations of event biasing options. It’s much better and convenient for the user if Geant4 itself It’s much better and convenient for the user if Geant4 itself
provides most commonly used event biasing techniques.provides most commonly used event biasing techniques.
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Current features in Geant4Current features in Geant4 Partial MARS migration Partial MARS migration
n, p, pi, K (< 5 GeV)n, p, pi, K (< 5 GeV) Since Geant4 0.0Since Geant4 0.0
General particle source moduleGeneral particle source module Primary particle biasingPrimary particle biasing Since Geant4 3.0Since Geant4 3.0
Radioactive decay moduleRadioactive decay module Physics process biasing in terms of decay products and Physics process biasing in terms of decay products and
momentum distributionmomentum distribution Since Geant4 3.0Since Geant4 3.0
Cross-section biasing (partial) for hadronic physics Cross-section biasing (partial) for hadronic physics Since Geant4 3.0Since Geant4 3.0
Leading particle biasingLeading particle biasing Since Geant4 4.0Since Geant4 4.0
Geometry based biasingGeometry based biasing Weight associating with real volume or artificial volumeWeight associating with real volume or artificial volume Since Geant4 5.0Since Geant4 5.0
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Geometrical importance Geometrical importance biasingbiasing
Define importance for each Define importance for each geometrical regiongeometrical region
Duplicate a track with half (or Duplicate a track with half (or relative) weight if it goes relative) weight if it goes toward more important region.toward more important region.
Russian-roulette in another Russian-roulette in another direction.direction.
Scoring particle flux with Scoring particle flux with weightsweights At the surface of volumesAt the surface of volumes
I = 1.0 I = 2.0
W=1.0W=0.5W=0.5
P = 0.5
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Cuts per RegionCuts per Region Geant4 has had a unique and uniform production threshold (‘cut’) Geant4 has had a unique and uniform production threshold (‘cut’)
expressed in length (range of secondary).expressed in length (range of secondary). For all volumesFor all volumes One cut in range for each particleOne cut in range for each particle
By default is the same cut for all particlesBy default is the same cut for all particles.. Consistency of the physics simulatedConsistency of the physics simulated
A volume with dense material will not dominate the A volume with dense material will not dominate the simulation time at the expense of sensitive volumes with simulation time at the expense of sensitive volumes with light material.light material.
Yet appropriate length scales can vary greatly between different Yet appropriate length scales can vary greatly between different areas of a large detectorareas of a large detector E.g. a vertex detector (5 E.g. a vertex detector (5 m) and a muon detector (2.5 cm).m) and a muon detector (2.5 cm). Having a unique (low) cut can create a performance penalty.Having a unique (low) cut can create a performance penalty.
Requests from ATLAS, BABAR, CMS, LHCb, …, to allow several cutsRequests from ATLAS, BABAR, CMS, LHCb, …, to allow several cuts Enabling the tuning of production thresholds at the level of a Enabling the tuning of production thresholds at the level of a
sub-detector, i.e. sub-detector, i.e. regionregion.. Cuts are applied only for gamma, electron and positron.Cuts are applied only for gamma, electron and positron.
‘‘Full release’ in Geant4 5.1 (end April, 2003)Full release’ in Geant4 5.1 (end April, 2003) Comparable run-time performance compared to global cuts.Comparable run-time performance compared to global cuts.
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RegionRegion Introducing the concept of Introducing the concept of
region.region. Set of geometry volumes, Set of geometry volumes,
typically of a sub-system;typically of a sub-system; Or any group of volumes;Or any group of volumes;
A cut in range is associated to a A cut in range is associated to a
region;region; a different range cut for each a different range cut for each
particle is allowed in a region.particle is allowed in a region. Typical UsesTypical Uses
barrel + end-caps of the barrel + end-caps of the
calorimeter can be a region;calorimeter can be a region; ““Deep” areas of support Deep” areas of support
structures can be a region.structures can be a region.
Region B
RegionB
DefaultRegion Region B
Region B
Region A
CC
Highlights ofHighlights ofUsers ApplicationsUsers Applications
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Geant4 in HEPGeant4 in HEP
ATLAS (CERN-LHC)ATLAS (CERN-LHC)
22 x 22 x 44 m22 x 22 x 44 m33
15,000 ton15,000 ton
4 million channels4 million channels
40 MHz readout40 MHz readout
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View of CMS muon system
Sliced view of CMS barrel detectors
View of 180 Higgs event simulated in CMS Tracker detector
CMS
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A Typical event in the Testbeam
Red lines: Charged particleGreen lines : Optical Photons.
LHCb
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Geant4 for beam Geant4 for beam transportationtransportation
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 5656
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 5757
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 5858
Gamma ray astronomy from 15 keV to 10 MeV Launched 17 October 2002 Length 5 m, diameter 3.7 m, mass 4 tons
INTEGRALINTEGRAL
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INTEGRAL in the ESA/ESTEC test center
INTEGRAL Geant4 model byINTEGRAL Geant4 model byUniversity of University of SouthamptonSouthampton
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 6060
Space Environments Space Environments and Effects Sectionand Effects Section
International Space Station (ISS)International Space Station (ISS)
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Space Radiation: Solar Events Space Radiation: Solar Events of October-November 2003!of October-November 2003!
The effects of space radiation on spacecraftand on astronauts can be simulated with Geant4
Images by the ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft
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ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section
DESIREDESIRE (Dose Estimation by Simulation of the (Dose Estimation by Simulation of the ISS Radiation Environment)ISS Radiation Environment)
KTH Stockholm, ESTEC, EAC, NASA JohnsonKTH Stockholm, ESTEC, EAC, NASA Johnson Prediction of the ambient energetic particle Prediction of the ambient energetic particle
environment (environment (SPENVISSPENVIS & additional models) & additional models) Construction of COLUMBUS geometry in Construction of COLUMBUS geometry in
Geant4Geant4 Radiation transport, including secondary Radiation transport, including secondary
particle production, through the geometryparticle production, through the geometry Calculation of astronaut radiation dosesCalculation of astronaut radiation doses
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User SupportUser Support
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User SupportUser Support Geant4 Collaboration offers extensive user supports.Geant4 Collaboration offers extensive user supports.
DocumentsDocuments
ExamplesExamples
Users workshopsUsers workshops
Tutorial coursesTutorial courses
HyperNews and mailing listHyperNews and mailing list
Bug reporting system Bug reporting system
Requirements tracking systemRequirements tracking system
Daily “private” communicationsDaily “private” communications
New implementation - Technical ForumNew implementation - Technical Forum
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Documents for usersDocuments for users One introduction and Five user manualsOne introduction and Five user manuals
http://wwwasd.web.cern.ch/wwwasd/geant4/http://wwwasd.web.cern.ch/wwwasd/geant4/G4UsersDocuments/ Overview/html/index.htmlG4UsersDocuments/ Overview/html/index.html
Installation guideInstallation guide User's guide for application developersUser's guide for application developers
For a user who develops a simulation application using For a user who develops a simulation application using Geant4 Geant4
User's guide for toolkit developersUser's guide for toolkit developers For a user who develops a module which alternates or For a user who develops a module which alternates or
enhances some of geant4 functionalities enhances some of geant4 functionalities Physics reference manualPhysics reference manual
Detailed description of each physics process with Detailed description of each physics process with information of referencesinformation of references
Software reference manualSoftware reference manual LXR source code browser maintained by TRIUMF and KEK.LXR source code browser maintained by TRIUMF and KEK. Materials of past tutorials / presentations, HyperNews and Web Materials of past tutorials / presentations, HyperNews and Web
pages maintained by developers also available via Geant4 pages maintained by developers also available via Geant4 official Web page.official Web page.
"Geant4 general paper" - NIM A 506."Geant4 general paper" - NIM A 506.
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ExamplesExamples Along the code releases, Geant4 provides examples which help Along the code releases, Geant4 provides examples which help
user's understanding of functionalities of Geant4 and are user's understanding of functionalities of Geant4 and are
reusable as "skeletons" of user's application.reusable as "skeletons" of user's application.
Three levels of examplesThree levels of examples
Novice examples : Novice examples :
Demonstrate most basic featuresDemonstrate most basic features
Extended examples : Extended examples :
Highlight some functionalities / use-cases in detailHighlight some functionalities / use-cases in detail
Some examples require external package(s)Some examples require external package(s)
Advanced examples :Advanced examples :
Most realistic applicationsMost realistic applications
User's contributionsUser's contributions
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Geant4 users workshopGeant4 users workshop Users workshops were held or are going to be held hosted by Users workshops were held or are going to be held hosted by
several institutes for various user communities.several institutes for various user communities.
KEK - Dec.2000, Jul.2001, Mar.2002, Jul.2002, Mar.2003, KEK - Dec.2000, Jul.2001, Mar.2002, Jul.2002, Mar.2003,
Jul.2003Jul.2003
SLAC - Feb.2002SLAC - Feb.2002
Spain (supported by INFN) - Jul.2002Spain (supported by INFN) - Jul.2002
CERN - Nov.2002CERN - Nov.2002
ESA/NASA - Jan.2003, May.2004ESA/NASA - Jan.2003, May.2004
dedicated to space-related usersdedicated to space-related users
Helsinki - Oct.2003Helsinki - Oct.2003
Local workshops of one or two days were held or are Local workshops of one or two days were held or are
planned at several places.planned at several places.
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 7070
Geant4 tutorials / lecturesGeant4 tutorials / lectures In addition to the users workshops, many tutorial courses and In addition to the users workshops, many tutorial courses and
lectures with some discussion time slots were held for various lectures with some discussion time slots were held for various user communities.user communities. CERN School of ComputingCERN School of Computing Italian National School for HEP/Nuclear PhysicistsItalian National School for HEP/Nuclear Physicists MC2000, MCNEG workshop, MC2000, MCNEG workshop, IEEE NSS/MIC IEEE NSS/MIC KEK, SLAC, DESY, FNAL, INFN, Frascati, Karolinska, KEK, SLAC, DESY, FNAL, INFN, Frascati, Karolinska,
GranSasso, etc.GranSasso, etc. ATLAS, CMS, LHCbATLAS, CMS, LHCb Tutorials/lectures at universitiesTutorials/lectures at universities
U.K. - ImperialU.K. - Imperial Italy - Genoa, Bologna, Udine, Roma, TriesteItaly - Genoa, Bologna, Udine, Roma, Trieste
Near future tutorial coursesNear future tutorial courses KEK (Dec. 8KEK (Dec. 8thth-11-11thth, 2003) , 2003) Vanderbilt Univ. TN. USA (Jan. 11Vanderbilt Univ. TN. USA (Jan. 11thth-13-13thth, 2004), 2004) SLAC (Mar. 8SLAC (Mar. 8thth-10-10thth, 2004), 2004)
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 7171
HyperNewsHyperNews HyperNews system was set up in April 2001 HyperNews system was set up in April 2001
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 7272
HyperNewsHyperNews 19 categories 19 categories Not only “user-Not only “user-
developer”, but also developer”, but also
“user-user” “user-user”
information exchanges information exchanges
are quite intensive.are quite intensive.
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 7373
HyperNews is quite activeHyperNews is quite active
Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03Geant4 : a simulation toolkit - M.Asai (SLAC) - Dec 01, 2003 @ACAT03 7474
Technical ForumTechnical Forum In the Technical Forum, the Geant4 Collaboration, its user In the Technical Forum, the Geant4 Collaboration, its user
community and resource providers discuss:community and resource providers discuss: major user and developer requirements, user and developer major user and developer requirements, user and developer
priorities, software implementation issues, prioritized plans, priorities, software implementation issues, prioritized plans, physics validation issues, user support issuesphysics validation issues, user support issues
The Technical Forum is open to all interested parties The Technical Forum is open to all interested parties To be held at least 4 times per year (in at least two locales)To be held at least 4 times per year (in at least two locales)
The purpose of the forum is to:The purpose of the forum is to: Achieve, as much as possible, a mutual understanding of the Achieve, as much as possible, a mutual understanding of the
needs and plans of users and developers. needs and plans of users and developers. Provide the Geant4 Collaboration with the clearest possible Provide the Geant4 Collaboration with the clearest possible
understanding of the needs of its users.understanding of the needs of its users. Promote the exchange of information about physics Promote the exchange of information about physics
validation performed by Geant4 Collaborators and Geant4 validation performed by Geant4 Collaborators and Geant4 users.users.
Promote the exchange of information about user support Promote the exchange of information about user support provided by Geant4 Collaborators and Geant4 user provided by Geant4 Collaborators and Geant4 user communities.communities.
Next Technical Forum meeting @ CERN on February 5Next Technical Forum meeting @ CERN on February 5thth, 2004., 2004.
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SummarySummary Geant4 is a worldwide collaboration providing a tool for Geant4 is a worldwide collaboration providing a tool for
simulation of particles interacting with matter.simulation of particles interacting with matter. Geant4’s object-oriented modular structure allows a large Geant4’s object-oriented modular structure allows a large
degree of functionality and flexibility.degree of functionality and flexibility. Geant4 can handle most complicated and realistic geometries.Geant4 can handle most complicated and realistic geometries. Geant4 provides sets of alternative physics models so that Geant4 provides sets of alternative physics models so that
users can choose appropriate models.users can choose appropriate models. Geant4 is being used by not only high energy and nuclear Geant4 is being used by not only high energy and nuclear
physics but also accelerator physics, astrophysics, space physics but also accelerator physics, astrophysics, space science and medical and other applications.science and medical and other applications.
Geant4 Collaboration offers extensive user supports.Geant4 Collaboration offers extensive user supports.
http://cern.ch/geant4/http://cern.ch/geant4/