GE Office Lighting Application Brochure 1979

7/27/2019 GE Office Lighting Application Brochure 1979

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Office Lighting os et Ferfcrmsnee-Atfecting FoctorThis book et is a condensation of manycomp ex sublects, with an examinat on ol off ce visua tasks. ghlingeconomics, recommended ght ngeve s visua comfort, equiPanenl,syslem des gn and applicalionphotographs. There is a reierenceo o.ogropr\ or l'p rr.idF bd(r ' ovo .lor lhose seek ng lurther detai s onspec f c sublects

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Office lighting os o performonce-offecting foclor cont.PRODUCTIVI-TY AND THE OFFICE WORKERThe fact that most office jobs includeconslderable visual work has made"'ra-v redlize that .r.p.oveo I ghtrng isone way to increase worker efficiency.Th s ls borne out by research nto v sualperlormance and by productivityimprovements resulting lrom lightingimprovernent in offices. There are alsorecent examples of reduced productiv-ity ln offices where ighting has beenreduced. lf increasing illuminat on torecommended leve s is found tomake visua work eas er and quickerto perform, then an economic assess-ment of the cost of th s method spossible.This consists of a comparison betweenthe costs of the lncreased llghtingand the increased value of the olficeoperating at a higher rate of product v ty.These typically indicate that the costdifference between adequate andinadequate ighting rnay be less than1/2 01 1y. ot ialal ofilce cost and thatthe productiv ty qained through improvedlight ng may easlly be as much as 10t mes this much. A significant partof the content of this publ cation is ac ose examlnat on of the relationshipbetween ghting and productivity.OFFICE COSTS: PEOPLE.LIGHTING AND ENERGYContemporary thought on the subjectof ighting ls weighed toward reduc ngthe amount oi I ght to reduce energyusage and cost. There are a number ofplaces in offlce bulldings and manyoperating procedures whereby t maybe possible to save energy and reducedollars in the ighting system. However.'edLL 'g illurr:'alio'or vicual a-tscan lead to productiv ty osses thatrnay lrcrease costs and energy usein the long run There are severalmethods to reduce energy use and costlhat can be mple.nented withoutred!clng llghtlng level. For someoif ces with sub-standard ighting itmay, in fact, be best to ncreaseI ur.ination to achieve the goal ofPRODUCTIVITY OF KEYPUNCH OPERATORS

COST ANALYSIS BASED ON TIME FEOUIREO TOPEFFORM WORK WHEN LIGHTING IS FEDUCEDFFOM 150 TO 50 FOOTCANDLES,LABOFcost FoRFELAiIVE SAME TOTALCOSTTOTAL NETTIME FOR WOFK OF LIGHT COSTsaME {$/so. {$/sa.FC WORK FI /YR) FT./YR) FT_/YF.)150 1.000 $ 91 00 $ 1 20 $ 92.2050 1 136 103 38 0 40 103.781238 +080 11.5850 FCs produces fet loss ol $11.53 per sq fi./year

A st!dy ol keypunch perlormance show,ad anncreas ol 13.6o1, in the time requ red to performthe sam work when I ghling was reducd fromI50 to 50 fooicandLes Using labor cosl only,o..'pgda,g boll e ollLe.o.\'rre dv,q. ight ng cosls s tar ouiweighed by the additlonaabor cost Ior a nel oss of 12.6%4 ($11.s8 - $92 20)

Servicesand Supples

FurnitureandEquipment

Total $ 110.00

Lighting

lower total cost; that is, to have thepresent work load carried by fewerpeople, or to handle an expanding workload without having to ncrease thenurnber of peop e.Re ative to the major cost ncLrrred inoffice operations-the cost of peopleand relat ve to the second largest oificecost-the space tself-the cost ofighting is a smal contributor.What th s breakdown means s that. ilyou are now emp oying a ight leveof 100 looludno e, on leorheas tas",and believe you can save money byreducing to 50, it ls unlikely that anoverall savings will be achieved. n fact,t is more ikely that such an 'economyrnove" will cost rather than save rnoneyTo use an ustrat on based on averagecost figures, you are probab y payingabout 450 Per square loot per yearfor e ectrlcity and amp replacernentand c eaning. Cornbined w th about 350lor an amortized lighting insta lationcost. the approximate total cost of lghtfor 100 footcandles is B0o sq. ft./yr.if you were to cut your ex sting I ghtlevel in half, you would first of a becutt ng only the 450 portion whichrepresents operaling cost: you wouldbe trimming 220 from the total B0C

light cost. The impact of this reduct onon lhe $1 10 00/sq. ft./yr. total oll cecosl is 10 trim it down to $109.78per square foot annua y, a reductionin cost of 0.2 of 1%, with thepotent a] for requirlng rnuch h ghercosts to compensate ior a loss inproductivity.Studies documented later in the textshow that cutt no ioht has reducedp.ooucriv ty as much a" 28o.. S rppo. rnqlhal a 10oo p'oouuliv ly o-5 - e\pe i-enced, the net effect is a loss: the off ce.05' .cpresc_l:19 salar e" ard wages ,$91 , which a 10% product vity dropwou d increase to $99.10 to pay forthe people needed to produce the samework, bringing the total to $1 17.88sq. ft./yr., nc uding the llght ng savings.The $9.10 productiv ty loss does notaccount for any of the cost of additionalspace or equipment required to hand ethe workload11 reduc ng lehl nq on tasks by one'halfowers prodLrcl v ty by on y 1ol., the result iscounter-productive.-Lere are olL er wdv\ lo rodLce I g^' rgcost which do not require a reduct onn lighting, and these will be presented


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0FHCE C(}STS PER 1l(lUR

sLoervi(ion lne wo'( qroup. iob corlptlwaocs and oromolrond, OOOOrlun[teS d e*"1 \Towr lo Personle axperls T,re""'i'...enlal lealures wnich rlllLerceproducriurlv nclJoe o"ice layoul color"o a" leve , privdcy 'L'1ish ngsterroerature. l'Lr ditY a1d lig lti"rggecar-se ot its rmoact on dn office.pu"u, I qhling ray oe lhF leasl expFnsiver""a. ot imp'ov 1q Ihe of'ce elv ro'rn erla,oa, s qnr'rLanlly. ll cd r 1ol only elhancerhe characrer or 'nlFrior spdce, but ol"o",.o it p'ovrdes ll'e illumrnalio']neretsarv lor task oerformance.

:f#li:r"and Productivitv,n.," are n rmerous slLdie. wh cr ooc-ne' he relat o^.nio oet\ ee- .iohl ngand oroduLliv t\ rn o'e erpe'ierce aSociat SeL' i y Adf i\l ation op. alro-lLa'conlinuousl) n onito ed o oo-cliv t)o' " erical wor ke s. producliv lv d'oooed28" whe'liqhl nareve was redJcedo. 00 footco'd es to aoo oii'.atP v50 loolcand.es r30 too udnoleq in drewolacecr And en p oyeFs comp di^ed o'"y" stra 'l dno Leaoacne. durino t*c 'i'*.". ' o'lowe".iqhl lever. Becou-en a-! add t ono \tuor kar\ \tuourd have lohe nir ed to handle the wor l- oad unoetno,eo ,ced lovc of o oo-cl vrlv'nanaqerro-la.ked lhal ll'e o iqr^d ighlevet be resloroo a^d i--od alelv arteprooJ.Iiv ly inc'eaSed lo we lova ll^p

MEASURES OFPRODUCTIVITYThe managerial factors determining jobsatisfactlon and productivity- such as

original production leve and gradual y.Pl . ned lo -orna as rhe ba.k og o'work was dissipated. The task was acler ca operation in which originalquarter y report material on ernployeewage earnjngs was reconc ed withcornputer print out data. The materialhandled was usually typed, butson el .re ha'd wr'tlen Tf'eope'dlio_nvolved 500 employees.A study was r.ade of the effectsof I ght leve on computer keyPunchoperator perforrnance, a repetitive taskand one which ends itself to accuratetechniques of measurement. The study

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was conducted by General Eleclric wilhovera I methodo ogy overseen andvalidated by a dislingu shed professor,Department of Physioloqy andBiophyslcs at the University of OklahomaCol eqe of Medlc ne.ln the study, prod uct vlty dropped 1 2%when ight evel was owered from T 50footcandles to 50 The reduction inproduct vity was measured by thenumber of keypunch cards processedper hour. n addlt on, reactlons oi thekeypunch operators to reduced ightleve s were carefullv monitored by thesuperv sors and questionnaires given.None of the operators was sat sfiedw th the ower ight level. There werenumerous comp aints of headachesand d scom{ort. The operators ratedthe reduced light ng as belng lesssalis'aclo \ ''1ore'aligLing. paoou( ,nggreater eye discomfort, and requir ngareater effort to perform their work.lf the test had run longer than 5 weeks, itis judged that employee mora eproblems would have eventuallydeveloped. The economic mpllcat onsof thls study are shown in the tab e onpage 4.ln another study the product vlty ofboth older and younger exper encedc erical workers was rneasured underthree levels of lllumlnation: 50. 100 and150 fc. The cler cal task was a commonoffice task which involved locatingspecific numbers on an nvoice. The

'60 '65 '70Wh e the cosls oi I ghling are unquesl onab y rlsing. salary and wage costs are ncreasingeven laster Both the greaier magntude and lhe grealer rale ol increase of ofiice aborcosts lo ight ng cosls are we lustrated when compared direct y on a dollar sca e

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average performance ncreasedsignificant y at the higher illum nat onevels with performance being lowestat 50 fc for all workers. Productiveoutput increased by 5 percent aI10Alc and by 10 percenl at I50 fc. Theolder workers did nol perform as weas the younger workers, but had greateproductivlty gains at higher Leve s.Analyzlng the economics ln a manners rn lar to that on page 4, an increasefrom 50 to 100 lootcandles would thusresult in an additional lighting cost of350 a savings on abor cost of $4.50lor a net savings of $4.15 per squarefoot per year. An increase lrom 50 to150 lootcand es, on the basls oi theresults of thls study. wou d result n aighting cost ncrease ot 700 a aborcost savings ol $9. 12 for a net savingsof $8.42 per square foot per year Thesuole(t vF reaulio'5 ol lhe \tuo'LPr' nthls study are shown on p. 6.Further, the reiationsh p is not lirniteto t rne rate of production, but extendsquality of work as well. n a univers tystudV of check ver f cation as miqhl bedone n a bank, there was a measurabower rate of error with 100 footcandlesve-. Lr , 50 TFe la.,k involvpd -dl! h -qthe amount on handwritten checks withthe amount on a tape-written Listlng winoting those that did not rnatch.

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WAGIS- CI.IRICAt WORKIRSU.S, DEPI OF LABOR

()f INERGY.A\,IRAGI RATI(.5 l(W/ WoRl(iR)lOOic l50sq lr pe, worlier


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Office lighting cs o performonce cffeciing foctor cont.

One of many.f'.-. op-.r:t o.5 recefl ! s!rveyec t. an. !ze mporta.l5ee.o tasks afd ielernr .ee!els ol !m nal on .eed-ad for ltrem A good .ofielal or was lou.d w th the ES reco rrm.nde.l eve l

4 Use non-un lorm ighting y/henpract ca. Depend fg upon roornayout and tasks. operat ng costreductions between 10% and 409'" canbe achieved Not app cab e io h ghd ens ty work areas5. Provide flexib lity n sw lch ng uniformce ng patterns of lumina r-^s toachieve non L-r n form ight ng r-osults nthe space. This perm ls changes lo bemade n desk ocations and worklayoLrl wilhout expens ve relocatlon oflghtlng lixlures

Far Existing Lighling Systems6. Use Watt-Miser or Walt fuliser Ired!ced wattage 1 uorescent amps fora 14% reduct on in energy costs anda 109; reduct on n operat ng costscompared with slandard amps.F xture clean ng at the time oi groupre amping will usua y ncreaseeff ciency enough to compensate forthe reduced ight output of slandardWatt N,4isers There s neg gib e lghlreductlon with Watt Mis-.r ll

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l-ighting PreferencesPersona preferences, wh e subjecliveare an add t ona ind cator ol I ght ngneeds. Light ng preference studies nE!rope sho\,\red most peop e preferredabout 200 footcand es when the ighl ngwas good q!al ty Another Europeanstudy showed that most people n anofl ce situation fe t that I ght nq was therirost mportant among the severaenv ronmenta factorscLERTCAL WORKEFS FEACTTONS TO L GHTINC LEVELS

N t_L{_t M I NATt O[,{ e0STREDUCTIONToday t s not necessaT y trle lhat theo'', ^ .. o o o' g'lr ^gby redLrc ng the a.nount ol ghtingBecaLrse of many advances n amp andf xture des gn s, and in lightingtechn qLres signiiicant econom es cenbe gained in operat nq costs and energV'l 0 Ways To Cut The eostW;thout Gutting The l*ightFar New Or Replacenent LightingSystemsL Use ihe Mlax -N,4iser" sysiem wlihWatt-M ser' I amps andMax -Miser " I ba asts tor bestght nq economicsReplace incandescent downlighis incorridors and lobbies with luminairesfor Ny'u ti Vapor. Lucalox or mercurylamps lo reduce operat ng cosl by309'. to 60:1 .Rap a e d1das .'rl g.1.ral ql-'i.lqw th N,4ax -N,4iser I sysiem(Watt N, ser I amps and Max t\y' ser llba asts) to reduce operating costs by

Use gro!p relamplng to Teduce aborcosts by about 80e;, total ghlingoperat ng costs by about 5:!.Use standard lile incandescent ampsof the next ower waitage to replacelhe less effic enl long-life arnps Thehlgher an-rp cost s moTe than offsetby the reduced energy use lor a totaloperat ng cosl reduction of 10-259i.Use PAF or E iptica Refector(ER)lamps of about one-ha i the wattageto rep ace rel eclor f ood lamps indeep bafiled downlighls .e . 75-wattPAB38 or ER30 replaclng 150-wallR40 ilood: T 50-watt PAR38 or1 20-wati ER40 replacll,]g 300-watt300R f oodi 50-watt ER30 rep acing75 walt R flood. Th s g ves aboutequal ghl Jrorn downlighls wihqrooved or bafiled openincts at anoperat ng cost reduction ranging irom35',: lo 609bUse lower watiage reflector amps toreplace standard incandescent bu bsin non rellector down ghts or opensockets where down ight ng s1p6d6d o ,.0-^a tq20 opd rgd100-watt standard bu b Th s canmean an operat nq cost reduct on oiapprox rnale y 309:.

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(Reduction percentages are based onelectr city @ 4e per KWHFi relamp nglabor cost of $2 50 per amp Jor spoirep acement: 3000 hours of operationiyr.and net lamp pr ces )Add I ona cost saving rnelhods w bedeta led n lhe secl on on lighting systernsp an n ing and mainlenance.r:ca worker5 n the s1!dy d.scr bed on p 5ask-pd 1o rale the lhree rghl ng coni t o.swn ch they worked 50 I00 .nn I50es o. a sca e ra'rq .q belvee. oparo! leI o.3 oi the eilorl lhey le I was expendea n.rt the v s!al work nvo ved Tlre res! ts slroweamprovemerl w lir ' .rhl no eve ncrea:e for abL1 s qf i c:Lnt ! firore w th ol.ler !orker:


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The Need for LightTHE OFFICE SEEING TASKThe two prirnary factors affectlng theneed lor quant ty of light are the difficu tyof the task and its mPortanceTasr oifl c u ty iq .rlo\l allF.led b\contrast and slze of detail. To havecontrast. the deta I of a see ng task mustdiffer in luminance or in color lrom itsbackground; when contrast is greatest,visibility is at maxim urn.

oi ilBd.q !l arir aaxir,-'l dnsrs$tlwld lx k.,, to xloi,l ihlr u$are lik.lt to li.k ottd(ii! dlrd hare

Lisl,t ri!t; ol .olor a,e su{rcienl lorot irnrs od ,iecd noi al!ol prp*r rs do drrk.rrdcol6rs. Id.rt;licrtion t:!tr !l$ b. ob'th{ un: oi a Br}ored blrd r.rosr lllr ioD

LIGHTING ACCORDINGTO THE TASKBy categorlzing tasks accord ng to howdilficult they are to see and to howcritical they are to the office operat on-ta-od d


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TASK EXAMPLESThese photos illustrate spec fic off cetasks, w th the ight evel recommended.

'HIa Tyrre is a distinctjve sais-3iriiid..l for inv!ices,pplr.:troi< whe,! Loldnes' is dE' r!drldble rn a Puerto

The secretartr s do ng producl oi work in which the ab i1y 10 see q! ck Jrand easi y al day long becomes mportanl lo the lotal 01t ce

Drail r!l is o.e ot lhe mosl cr iical and d tfic!11 see fq tasks in the o11ce Ic:r s lor the h ohest leve s ot quallly llght ng

somanvmisbeks?dd'a ]r'Ii {rloir a.ni+ b ytur 1d lois

n exam n no prooi sheels bejorc pr nt nq. tlre aavert ser agency or pri.l shopmt]sl search for m nlle l aws srch as broken el1ers spots and co or d slorl o200 ioolcand es oi good co or qta ly gh1 is recommended

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Fo!r eve s ()1 diff c! ty lor lasks comrnon y lounr:l n offices The correspond f!lrecommeide.j evels are shown Thc typ ng prov des a reierence

Af erample oi th,a d iJ crll k nds ol tasks lound ln drall ig roonrs the traci.gpaper over the co.to!r map red!ces i1s conlrast greal y


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Ihe need for light cont.

THE TOTAL VISUALENVIRONMENT: HOWQUALITY OF LIGHTAFFECTS THE WORKERThe qual ty of ight s the sum of ight ngd slr bution. fixture location and thecharacter of the ght reflect ng surfaces.t w determlne visLlal comlort, taskv sibil ty and the aesthetic appeal ofthe ofiice.The eye. like a carnera ls coanposedof sensors and mechanisms. The eyel dis open almost continuously dur ng ourwak ng hours. The retina sensesrru tip e images contlnuous y ln timeand the images are transmltted by theopt c nerve to the bra n where oblectsd o pe aiveo l_e o O v1o L..o^tlnLrous y, ike the F stop of a camera,to requ ate the amount of I ght adrn ttedto stirrulate the photoreceptors rodsand cones oi ihe ret na. And the lensoperates to focus for dlstance w thinthe iield of view.The better the brightness balance n theenv ronment. the fewer adiustmentsrkepyeisreqLtao onaLa l ca uoO qhLnes. O 116 on e DpLAAo' , oa.i'iat a'." dL'c L'1e pl'rr' e d^oclilator musc es for the pup lto workexcessivelY.Veiling Ref leclion As ltAffects Task VisibilityVeiling reflection results when a ightsource s rellected as an maqe in avlsual task The effect is obvious ong ossy nraterials but s also present nprint nq, tyPing and handwr tingespecially pencr on matte fln sh paper'The veil cast over a task n this manner) )o'nel ^'rP . o Lol e J o oo ndi -cern ble BLlt the ve ling reflect ons st Icause subslantial losses ln task contrastand thus. n task vrs bility This effectcan be measured in teraas of the amountof I umlnation needed Llnder a referencetype ol llghting sphere ighting -toproduce equal vis bil tY Thus whenvelling reflect ons ncrease theequivalent sphere i um nat on decreasesESI MEASURESVEILING REFLECTIONESI Equiva ent SPhere I luminationis a relatively new concePt wh cllprovides a means for meas'.lring andTO

s a aboratory source that s conslstentand eas Ly repeatable-it s not an ldealI ghting system for a room. t providesa standard cor.par son w th the veilingref ect ons from fixtures n an actLraloffice. n the above example, the tasks as v slble under 100 footcandles witha fixture ref ecting in it as lt wou d beunder 20 footcandles ot sPhere

lu mination.A qulck ook at the geornetry of thesemirror ike image reilections showsthat the Iocatlon of f xtures. task surfacednd e\ o I. mporla-l lo oa . o_ nq fooptim u m ESFor years. ighting designers haveknown to avoid locating lixtures n the'ofiending zone" that area of thecei ing defined by project ng thereflected v ewing ang e of the task(See pq T I ) But without ameasurement technique. the degree oflrrprovement ga ned was largelyguesswork Now. ES suPPl esthen ed,Lro ol , "ib,r I lo.,' due lo .ail 'orefLections lt has shown. that nonuniform. task oriented ght ng can bevery eflective. that the w de y accepteduniform I ghting technlque can causegreat var ation n ES among workstations, and that ihe bal wlng andpo ariz nq tyPes ol d str bui on can beetfect ve if applied ProPerlY.Theuse ol ESI-both to measure ightin exist ng nstallat ons and to predictlght ng quality in designs underron ido'dlon fo _ow on I r''on ia rather comp ex process. Offjce rghtingplanners woLtld do we lto see a I ghtingcon L'ld'l dbo .l l'p Ll ril" o'ol l'technique in analyz ng the r lghtlngneeds since ES aaay or may not beappropriate to cons der in a glven seeng s tuat on.Reflected Glare As lt AtfectsVisual ComtortU nllke veil ng refLection, rellected g areapp ies to reflection n any shiny sur-faces that can create d straction ordiscomtort within the v sual field Thesurlace may be a shinY desk toP f n shg ossy keys on an office mach ne or ashiny desk accessory. This glare cairsesoss ol concentratlon and redLlct onof v sLra corrlort.

The lop phoiograplr shows a sma br ghl so!rcen reci y n lhe otfend nq zoneThe mlddte pholograph shows lhe lask !nrrnatedby a sphere so!rce. wh ch wou d prod!ce sor'Fbriqhlness n the olle.dlng zoneThe botlom pholograph ustrates the e(lecl ol ilirldirected al penc ste.ographic.oles iromlavorab e angles oiher than the ottend .q zonFI e the m rror angle at wh ch thllng equlpmenrcan ref ecl as a brighl mage on the lask)predicting I ghting qual ty as it relatesto veillng ref ecl on. What the lorm uladoes s to modify the nLlmber of actualfootcandles according to the characteristlcs ol I ght on the task So, forexampJe, a typical recessed I uoresc-ontighting fixture delivering I00 actualfootcandles may deliver as few as2O footcandles ES at sorae ocat onsa.rd as much as T 20 footcandles ESI atothers-pr mar Ly depending on whethera iixtLrre s reflected ln the task atthe location rneasuTedA sphere source (actua ly a uniforra ybrlght hemisPhere Placed over thetask) is the standard lght sourceagainst which rea office spaces aremeasured for task vlsibiLity The sphere


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Veiling Refleclion,/Ollending Zone/ r----7

-- 60 - 80% RellectanU-U r/GlareSources

20-95% 'Refleclance

25 - 450/oReflectance

A rrtirfsN.lat o. orllr-- k rl ol sirhere so!,ce !se!ln llrf aboralor! io !ni fale laiks lo'


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need for light cont.

VlsLral Comiorl Probabi ily syslem produces rat ngs lor ghling equipment according to a iiil!re sallor producing g are A i xture wi ord nar ly nol be a problem n a room where il has a VCP ot 70 or

Light distr bution and reflectances ofsurfaces within the room determinelhe briqhtnesses of the surface

As lt AlfectsComlortrp( I glar e con F. . as ls ia-e e .o-directly from a light sourcen the norrnal f eld of v ewthe width ol peripheraand the norma movement of thea great deal of our sur-

including light iixtures anddlscomfort effect of brightis not a harsh or obvlousbut is a general sensat on ol tooi.nposlng itsetf on theduring a day's work. lt is oftenas a complaint ol too muchBut the problem s one of poorqua ity, not excessive light ngly lt s rr -di PCLeo I ohl. romingexcessive y bright fixtures orthat are not proper y shieldednormal ang es of view, that I ghteyes direct y as wel as the seelngThe resultlng discomfort andd stract on can take its toll onproductiv ty.General y, the gu de for protectlng theeyes frorn dlrect glare of I ghl fixturess to prov de shielding within a zone of45'from the hor zontal. This is relerredto as the qlare zone "

VCP-DESIGN TOOL FOROEALING WITH GLAREThere is a system that allows us todentlfy direct g are irom fixtures andpredict whether a I ght ng system undercons derat on will prov de visualcomfort. lt is called Visual ComfortProbability (VCP) and is describedfurther on page 13 VCP f gurespertaininO to spec f c fixtures aredva lablF' om I vtura TanUfaCI- et'Brightness Balance As ltAflee ts Visual ComlortThis is the relationship among the roomqurrd/ e o. q'ltner5e, in he wOr"o' .lield oi view. f they vary excesslvely.vi.Jal d s o-nlort oan e'u I ldca ly.there shou d be a maximurn 3 to 1 rat obetween the task and near darkersurfaces: dark desk tops are frequent yused wh ch are 10 ti.nes darker than thewhite piece of paper on it, and wl Ifrequently cause vision fatlgue ordlsco.nfort. ln genera , lt is recommended that the background be sl ghtlydarker than the task; th s means that avery ight desk top can also be unco.nlortab e. Brightness ratio also appllesto the surlaces in the rest of the roorn.such as walls. f oor and furn ture, witha maximur. of 5 to 1 between the taskand these more remote surfaces.

Shadows Allect Both TaskVisibility & Visual ComlortShadows cast on the visual task w Ireduce its lum nance or irnpair effect veseeing. Sharp-edged shadows especia lyare dlsturbing and distracting (thoughthey are sometlmes used deliberately tocreate dramatic effect). Generally, thernore directlons that I qht comes fromand the more highly reflective the roomsurJaces (serving as secondary lightsources), the fewer shadows therewill be.

nEFLECTANCES 80/50,'20L(IMlNAIRES LENGTHWISE I IJMINALFES CROSSW]SE

L 13 0 1600 0 100 r30 16.020 2A20 302A 4A 71 74 79 A266 68 72 7564 65 6a 706s {i6

67 7A64 6568 716.1 6663 6430 2030 3030 .1030 60

72 7a 79 8l66 68 72 7463 65 67 6961 62 63 6562 63

70 73 76 7965 67 68 7063 64 64 6561 62 61 624A 2A40 3040 6040 80

T367636159

67 6963 6461 627669656261

78 AO65 6662 6260 60

72 7466 6863 6462 6261 6l60 3060 4060 6060 80

6a 70 73 7564 65 67 6961 62 62 6460 61 60 6167 69 70 T364 65 65 6762 62 62 6261 61 60 60

100 40100 60100 80100 10068 69 T164 64 6562 61 6261 60 60

67646261

67 6865 6463 6362 626a 6963 6461 6260 60

Ralios wo!ld normally be ach eved by observ ng


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Lighting TechniquesMAXI MIZING VISUALCOMFORTA method lor assess ng v sual comfort-which takes into acco!nt iixture brightness at differenl anqles of view, fixtures ze, room size, fixture mount nqheight, illumination evel and roomsLrrface reflectances is known asVisual Comfort Probability (VCP). Thesecondit ons are applied to a series ofcomp ex ca culations based onextens ve research. The result is a tablefor a ighting fjxture that shows the VCPnumber according to room dimens ons,such as the one on the opposite page.A major iixture manufacturers haveVCP tables available for f uorescentllghting equ pment. W th these nocalc r at o^\ d o 'ece-sar\ only 'i^dingthe VCP number n the table lor aparticular roorr size The target is aVCP of 70 or higher. While the 70 doesnot guarantee that no one will be!ncomfortable, go ng we lbelow 70usually results in some compiaint ofexcessive brightness. VCP ls approvedby the llluminating Engineering Societyfor evaluat ng glare of a proposed light-ng syslern before it is instal ed.MINIMIZING VEILINGREFLECTIONSf ght from any source is reflected in thetask as an i.nage, the contrast of thetask wlllprobably be reduced. Look fora flxture at the mirror angle of v ew ngto determine whether veil ng reflectionswil be a prob ern. ln fact, use a rnirrorat the work locat on, lookinq into lt atthe normal v ewing angle to see whethert ref ects a f xture or window. Thesetechniques wil minimlze such ve lingreflections:. Use low gloss paper, inks andball-point pens instead of g ossypaper and pencils.. lf work positions are f xed. put

lighting onLy over the working edgeof the desk and/or beyond theends ol the desk. This can beparticular y appropriate n pr vateolf ces. Where uniforrn ight ng is used.orient viewing paralle to, and workpositions in between. rows ofluminaires ln the qeneral office ordrafting room (unless the draftingboards are tilted steeply. n whichcase there shoLrld be no veilingref ection prob em) .

A part cu arly low br ghtness Iixt!shaped a uminLrm rel ectors The re creaies th s effect by controll ng the direclion of qhl wilh parabo cVCP is 84

:,tj,!i--F.r*,rrr.A clstorn des oned !nit provides llght from a most perlecl ocat ons tor m n mizing vei ng rel ect onsiqhlinq qives the occupanl a pleasanl. we ba anced v sLra i e dlf the above suggest ons areimpractical, cons der generalI ghting w th bat'wing or polar zingdislnbut on.Use ES data lrom a consu tantor iixture rnanufacturer for aproposed I ahtinq ayout.


14/28

Lighting techniques cont.

The right room surface reflectances areessential to obtain the brightnessrelationships required for visual comfort.These are the reco rn men datio ns for

CONTROL OF WINOOWWALL BRIGHTNESSThe same brightness limits should beapplied to window wal s as to fixturesto maintain visual comfort. Dayllght canprovide useful illumination if desks nearwindows are oriented to keep elcess vebrightness well out of the field of viewfor all desk locatjons. n new buildingdesign, an investigation of the heatgain/heat loss transmission of windowsversus the light contribution of windowsshou d be rnade. ln such comparisons,glazing is usually found to be energy-neffjcient. Large glass areas jncreasebuilding heat loss in cold months-whichmust be offset by higher fue consumption of the heating plant and theyincrease building heat gain in warmweather-which usually necessitates'I]ore power usage for ai'condit oning.So the building designer should calculatewhet.er the lghting ene'gv \avingsgained by the use of natura light will benullified by increases in energy usagefor heating and cooling. The design ofwindow walls should also take intoaccoJnr compass orie-tatio.. bJild ngoverhangs, window depth, and the needfor blinds, shades, drapes, or reducedlight-transmission glazing.

CONSIDER NON-UNIFORMLIGHTINGNon uniform lighting, when correctlyappljed, has the potential tor slgnificantreduction in operating cost and improve-ment in the appearance of the office.Most general offices have unllorm llght-ing, because the user wants to anticipatelighting needs anywhere that desks rnaybe moved wlthin the room. Yet, wherecertain conditions are present, adequatetask illuminatlon can be provided wlthnon-uniiorm lighling, at up to hall theoperating cost requircd fat a generallighting system. lf the work positions arenot close together (generally not lessthan 12. in each direction), and lf.e ocdlion o'work positions s i-4e-quent, non uniform lighting shou d beconsjdered. Flexibility of a non-uniformsystern can be greatly enhanced with aceiling-fixture plug-in system or byswitching lamps or fixtures within auniform layout.The ceiling fixture plug-in system givesan office the flexibility it needs for nonuniform lighting. When t becomesnecessary to re position work stations.the lightlng can be modified withoutmajor changes: simply unplug, relocatefixtures as desired, and plug n-

SurfaceCeilingWallsFurniture tops

Refleclances.70 to .90.40 to .60.25 to.45.25 Io .45.20 Io .40Oilice machines & equipmentFloorsMost suppliers (materials and equipmentmanufacturers) can give you thereflectance frqur e 'or p"oducts o' their swhich you may be considering (forexampTe, is the blue you want to usebetween .40 and .60 in reflectance?).Llterally hundreds ol colors and valuesare available in these ranges to allowthe des gn latitude desirab e ioraesthetic and psychological purposes.Reflectances outslde these ranges mayprovide dramatic eifects, but should beused with care to avoid creating visualdiscomfort. The best use of colors out-side the recommended range is asaccents, ' smal' areas that are not tnthe immediate task surrounding.

A non uniiorm ayoul ol 4lamp 2 ft. x 4Jt lluores-cenl lroifers s shown for an oliice. The numbersshown are footcand es, with ESI valles n

14

IMPORTANCE OFSURFACE REFLECTANCES

160(120)

17 4(162)

142(152)


15/28

High-low bal asts for fluorescent lampsare presently available that permitoperation at fu I or one-half wattage andght output. Th s glves a high degree offlexib ity to a non-unlform lightingarrangement and eliminates theappeardnce proo e'n- wilh larrps beingturned off or removed.Localized task light ng built into thework station is current y attracting agreat deal oi interest. There areadvantages of reduced energy !se inbeing able to reduce the generalil umination but potential d sadvantagesin creating severe shadows andreflections on the work. Several furniture.nanutactJ.crc are c --ently developi-gsuch approaches but, at this time, thetechn que must be chosen wlth greatcare since there has been so ittleexperience with it.Addlng wall wash and focal Pointlighting to task I ght ng (especially in theprivate office) is helpfu ln maintaining acomfortable brightness balance andlnterestlng surroundings.Lighted Walls BalanceI llu mination,Enhance AppearanceOne of several methods for achievingproper brightness ratios s perimeter wallghting wlth a syste.. designed for thepurpose. General lighting equipment canalso light the walls adequately if the endsof ight fixture rows are 6-- to 12 ' from thewa and if the nearest row paralLed to thewall is 12-- to 30 away. Wall color andfin sh a so affect lighting balance, with orw thout perimeter I ahtinq.The use of wall lighting can glve theroom designer more freedorn in selecting-ate ro,- and I nisre". For examp e.darker wall coverings, wood pane ing orpaint can be used ln a roorn withoutunfavorab y affecting brightness ratlo.Conversely. knowledge oi thereflectances of room surfaces permits

the wall lighting to be planned for enoughillumination to balance brightness.qe ecrive'll-'ii-atior of wa l- lighting asingle wall, for example, to raise itsbrightness in relat on to other roomsurfaces-can be used to createdramatic effect and a polnt of visualfocus. t can also serve a functionaleffect ln illuminating a display wal ,oJl etin board or engineer'^g -.tr.rctional chalk board.When used in coniunction wjth nonuniform lighting, wali lighting can preventlrnbalance of brightness and its resultingvisual d scomfort. at the same tirneproduc nq a much better look ng space.For good results with wall ighting, it isparticularly irnportant to deslgn thebrackets, corn ces, etc., with proportionswhich will nsure good effic ency andreasonable d stribution of il um nation onthe surfaces to be ighted. Electrlfiedtrack on (or recessed into) the ceilinguses adjustable ncandescent spot andllood amps, that results in very ilexibleaccent and wal -wash llghting.

lncandescent downlightscan createintereslinqsca op eriects when p acd near a wa!|.

A coniin!ous row oi i uorescent amps uses lhewa ior ndirecl liqht nq

When overhead li3hting is restr cted to j!sl the laarea. the remalnder of ihe room cou d become tdark lor visual comiort Fluoresceni I ght ng behlhe cornice board ghls the wa more effeciive yand al less cosl than cont nuing the overheadichlinq


16/28

Lighting techniques conl.Lighting lor Aestheticsn overall lighting design, aestheticconsiderations can be fully as importantas tech" cal consider ations in acl- evingan end result which wlll optimize workerperformance. Lighting has the potential

Lighting lor SafetyAs lighting applies to office safety, itwould affect prirnarily hallways,stairways, entrances and approachesfrorn employee parking areas, where itca- both redJce lhe I kelihood o' I'ipp ngor sllppino and serve as a deterrent tocrimes of assault and robbery. Adequateamounts of light and adequate uniformityof light are the irnportant considerationshere.

for enhancing the visual appeal ofspaces because of lts ability to renderform, texture and color in a variety ofways. Light can work ior or against you.t can heighten or wash out texture. lt

can beautify form or distort it. lf thelighting is thoughttully and creativelyplanned, interior spaces can be morepleasant, interesting places to work andvis t.

Selecting Lighting forArchitectural CompatibilityWhen appearance is a primaryconsideration, the preferred fixture typesoften include incandescent spots,f luorescent downlighting, uplighting,recessed modular cei ing fixtures suchas the increasingly popu ar 5- x 5coffered designs whjch serve to break uparge expanses ol flat ceiling and give asense of human scale to large offices.

A serles of ow-wallage rel eclor amps grazing the wa strik ng y brings oul lhe texrure


17/28

lmplementing Office Lighting TechniquesCHOOSING THE LIGHTSOURCEFluorescent lamps are LrsLrally the mostpractical source of general illumination foroflices, because oi lhe r low brightness,high effic ency, long I fe, and ow overallcosr ol lig'r'. Ihe 10-warl ' uorcscprl slhe most popu ar for the off ce and isava lab e as either a 4 foot lamp or a2-io01, U-shaped amp. The lour loot amps ava able in these opt onslI Sl"1da d ve sro'r l\/a 1 ghle'2. Watt-Miser 35 waits instead oi 40.ght o!tpr.rt reduced n sameproport on. avai able rn variety ofcolors.3. Walt-M ser ll-35 watts instead of40, ght output about the same asl\,4ainlighter, available in Lite Whitecolor on y (sarne appearance asCoo White).4. Staybr ght hiqher liqht outputthrough lile, sllght y h gher wattagethan Ny'a nlighter.The U-shaped amp s in 3s/s"- or 6'-legspace versions, and is more efl cient thana pair of 20-watt flr.rorescents. Eight-lootSlim lne lamps are also iound in office useand are also aval able in Watt-Miser andWatt-Miser ll versions.The cho ce of f uorescent amp co ornvolves these factors: efficiency, color-rendering propert es and atraosphere ortype of wh teness crealedbytheamps. The most appropr ate co ors offluorescent amps for off ces are1. Coo Wh te: Most wide y Lrsed, h gheff ciency. cool type atmosphere.can be used for rnost work ng

De !xe Cool White Exce lent colorrendeflnq: 30o/. lower elficiencyihan coo wh tei for best appearnceof peop e and furnishingsWarm Wh te: Widely used: h gheflic ency. warm atrnosphere. canbe used for most working officesDe Lrxe Warm White Exce lentcolor ( ke incandescent arnps):309'o ower eff c ency than warrn

whitei for recept on ar--as.ounges. cafeterias. etc5. Chroma.50: Exce entcoor verycoo atmosphere. s mLr ates actraday ght same effic ency as de Lrxeco ors: use where co orI r,-.,dl,o. -p.' ... i.advertis ng or print ng concernsSlrong laaap colors generally sho!ldnot be used because they d stort co orsand prov de no particular seeing benef t

Watl-Miser lluorescent lamPS . . .are reduced wattage lamps forreplacement of 40 watt rapid start and B-ioot Sl rnllne ar.ps. The wattagereduct on ranges from about T 0')i, to 20%respectively for those arnps (dependingon f xture type) and s accompan ed bya red!ctron in ight output. sl ghtly lessthan the redLrct on in wattage WhencoLrpled with a good marntenanceprogram. the use of Watt Vllser lampscan rnean a large reduct on in operat ngcosts with no reduction n I ght output(See p. 19)Inca ndescent lamps . . .are only about one-fourth as eff cient asstandard f uorescent amps and cannoteconom cal y provide the levels requ red- go'e d ot'c. ql-ti'g Do^'l g'r 'qshou d never be used over desks.because it can create d sturb ngshadows and ref ections. However

incandescent amps can be used veryeffect ve y for h gh ightlng features n lho{f ce and for ighting non work ng areasThe ER (el ptica ref ector)ncandescent lamps w I prodirce thesame Lghl o!tput n baff ed downlghls as do convent onal ref ector ampsof twice the watlage.Lucalox @ high pressure sodiumla mps -..are start ng to see use n sorne ofi cespaces because ol their very hlghumens per watt efficlency 3591, highefor the 150-watt Lucalox versus standard40 watt fluorescents This can trans ateto a 10''; to 25'rl, ower operat ng cost.depending on el--ctrical energy rates AprereqLr site lo the use oi LLrcalox light nis the se ection oi room co ors under thevery waTm color of this source. Fordown ight ng. Lucalox s over 400!! mor.,,i i^-l .h-n i-, d.da


18/28

implementing office lighting techniques cont.WHICH LIGHTINGFIXTURES:Select on of I ghting fixtures can beairned for several oblectives: etficiency.cost, visual comfort, appearance andmainta nabil ty. There are trade offsassociated with any select on .e.. aiixture selected primarily ior efilc encymay not be a fixtLrre preferred on thebasis of appearance. Within theI mitatlons oi the I 9ht source selected,cornmerc a ly available flxtLrre designsoffer a wide var ety ol distributionpatlerns and intens t es, as wel asnsta at on opt ons.Fixtures To U se WhenCost Elliciency ls ThePrime ConsiderationCost savings can take several formswhen applied to light ng flxtures: theymay be selected on the bas s of lowntilia cost, ease of lnstal at on, ease olrelocat on (rnodular. p ug-in unlts), h gheff c ency lor east number oi un ts andeast energy use. heat transfercapabilities (for coordinat on

with bu d ng therma design)and ow d rt accurnu ation/easeof c eaning features (for reducedmaintenance costl. Manufacturersiterature will nd cate the des gnorientat on of thelr various lixtures. Theeast costly lighting system wi lgenerallybe the most eflicient one: for this reasonoperating costs rnust be exarnined for acornplete picture of costs.LIGHT FIXTURE SHI ELDI NGFOR VISUAL COMFORTEven though cost efficiency is oftenthe prime cons deration, the llghtlngdes gner should be aware that visualCom'o la-d vi\ b ity ca- -dve n oreef'ec t thdn e\penoit rJps ro f!turesamps and electriclty. Because vlsualcomfort and visibi ity so strong y inf u-ence productivity-or ack of it theyare by far the rnalor determinantsof overall cost efJic ency in the offlceThe best design, of course, is the onethat meets visual cr teria at the lowestoverall cost.

The lighting design feature whichnfiuences visual comfort most is f xtureshield ng-the various ouvers. lensesand other mater als that contro the ghtlrom iixtures. The three des gn trade-ofismost often cons dered in se ectingsh elding are visua comfort. efliciencyand fixture cost. Unfortunate y, theshielding media norma ly thought to bemost eff c ent are ofien accompaniedby undesirable by-products n terms oiglare. Fixtures with no shielding baref uorescent lamps are the ultirnateexamp e of this. Conversely, shieldingwith good visLral corniort may be poorn terms of outright transrnission ofLrrF-s. Tr . becar>e good I g-t sight that is re-directed away frorn theeyes. and th s often results in ightabsorption in the fixture. Comparisonsof visual comfort and efficlency areshown for a number of sh e dingmaterials n the adlacent table.There are a so trade-ofJs n terms ofinitial cost. Slnce a liigures shown areapproximate, the comparison is bestused by reiat ng the f gures to eachother

MAINTENANCEThe light ng syster| should be able toperform ts function of prov d ngadequate ight at minimur| cost throughts year to-year operation. W thout aprograrn of maintenance, the I ght ngsystem will deprec ate to the po nt wheret could be de iver ng as I tt e as one-halfthe origina li9ht, due to dirt, ampdeprec ation and burn-outs not prornpt yrep aced.

Maintainability OfLighling Fixtu re sFor greatest ease of ma ntenance, a lightllxtrrre shor d be access file anddesigned so that dlrt wil not accurnulaterapidly Shieid ng materia s should beeasy to wipe ofi or, il they are to beremoved Jor c eaning, the doors shou dbe eas ly removed. Access bil ty to theamps s facil tated by doors which areireely-but safe y hinged and latchedwith devices that atch and re ease'e"drly "nd s- ely. lhe a.Ilpl-oderpdrlrcrla ly i'a'lLrore.Lenl I xtureshould neither be too t ght (mak ngremoval dlfiicu t) nor too loose (poss blycaus ng breakage).

OTHER FIXTURECONSIDERATIONSOther ilxture design consideralions mightlnclude fire rating, appearance,cleanabillty, color stability, dimensionalslabllity, reilecied glare, hiding power,avai able size, type oi dlstributionrequired, and so forth. Fixtures providinga bat-wing or polarizing distribution oilghr lo'educe veiling reilecrionq areavai able in numerous types, including flatpanels for troflers. These should beevalJaled on lhe sane basrs ac above, t1addilion to their ability to improveEquivalent Sphere lllumination.See page 13.


19/28

FLUORESCENT LAMP

lRecommended perioa lor economrcal group reP acemenll

MORTALITY-Genera I Lighting Types

The perlormance al4O walt I !orescent i?mps thr.r!!lh the r ies represenled by the monal ty cirrve at eil. show ng lhe nLrmberof burnouls 1o be expecled n a Large qroup ol !amps and lhedeprec at on c!rve al r ghl show ng the reducl oi n Lghi Groupre amp n9 sho!ld be perrormed berore b!rnouts an.l ghtoop,a o,or \o

F ^n-ozcf.o 5l)FzUJOfr60

10090

z 80lr,/=_^ /u2 60UJ(.)cc 5U

4A30

PERCENT RATED LIFE80% I00".,"

PERCENT RATED LIFE

FLUORESCENT LUMEN MAINTENANCE (Slandard White)\\

-r,FOR LIGHTINGMAINTENANCE, CONSIDERGROUP RELAMPINGThe cost of light can be reducedsigniflcantLy by better ightingmaintenance. Group relarnpinq canmean an mrnediate reduct on in laborcosts of between 1/5th and 1/l0th thecost-per larnP for rePlacement olind vidua amPs at b!rn-out This isbecause the t me needed for someoneto replace a sing e lamP s muchgreater than that invo ved ior eachlamp in an orqan zed rePLacementof all the amps at one tirne, whetherfunctionlng or not. The rnost econom catirne to re amp can be Predicted onthe basis or the known rate of burnoLl, dl d ce la PornL 1 InP I 'a oigroLrp of larnps Ordinarily, the mosteconomlca grouP relamP ng Per ods at about 60% of rated I ieGroup relamP ng can comPensaie forthe reduced ight oLltput experienced withWalt-Miser fluorescenl lam ps; pern'ritting

costs to be reduced without redLlcing lightleveis. Group relamping with Watt-N'4iseramps can prov de even more light withsubstantjal operatlng cost reduction BothWalt-tViser and Watt-Miser ll amps areavailable ln four-foot Rapid Start, Slir.line,High Output and Power Groove deslgnsA computer Proqram has beenaleveloped that can determlne the mosteconom cal group re arnp ng nterval forthe office owner or manager t s basedon al the Pertinent varlab es laborcosts lamp cost lamP Ilfe burninqhours. etc The Program is aval ab ethrough any GE Lamp oll ce (see outsldeback cover)

C lea nin gS gnificant ight losses will result fromdi( accurnulat on on lamps, ref ectorsand sh e d ng materials f regu arclean ng is not done. Even in very cleansituations where there is I ttle dirt n thneighborhood and the air systern usesflltering light output can drop by 5 o',, peyear. n dirt er s tuatlons muchgreaterlosses can occur Cleanlng s usuallyneeded no more than once a Year noless than once every three years Slncegroup re amp ng s often mosteconomical n offlces every three yearthls could co ncide with c eaning andreduce the labor cost

b


20/28

.tl-: .:-The visual environment for generaoilices s of extreme importance,because of rnanagement s investment athe performance of people who workthere Even though lighting n an ex stingenvironment may seem adeqLtate. newight ng that provides sulfic entum nation of good qua ity w oltenstimu ale mprovements in empioyeeperforrnance wOrth far more than thecost of the systelrt. The general off cecan be tho!ght ol as a prodLrct on areaJor the process ng of paper. And, assuch shou d have ictht nA des qned tomake that prodLlct on as efficient asPoss ib le.

The2 b,! il liri!res.oordifate we wthtrc5 !!5modL es llre re!r.55 a1 the per nret-ar of rt.c firt!re:rng -ps ,nrprov f-o ! i!a conrf.n

\

Ov.'.riread Shtin.t s pro! .1,44 oI v o!.r lfe workst:l !f: bLrl eno!!h sp I s o!!r .1o the a : e at I chr t.r tretralf.lhe e l.l.reover nj.rr..r.r lamp il.wr ot i! tj r,rr ah1

tlrrerf iork-p rler! t,, . h rti !f J..n. qhl ntr :1.-. n o:ir .rlt-a.l !e.ppro:.h I ghts the !ro.rir!rfr.c:i lfjr lhe ea:t..sl. afl pcrm tj chir,.r-4r.lr th. t.rl, I..r na._! !o!r.-ps LA.l!.r f.rifrrlrors .rri ser.r-p ret eft !.s t . e:lie.i elj.fo.i br qhlf.ss rh.l ! ! !La ,r ..rmfo.trb e{lrLrf rhe ..r rr.] s.r'Tir.e rff.r.ra.ce! h.!e l,--:

l.!

&'=.,: ,.1';;0


21/28

Recessed 4-1ool il!oresceni iroffers withpr smat c pane s have become tiie rnoslpop!lar approach to orf ce light ng beca!seof the h gh efficjency and long te of the 40watt f !orescent amP and the h qhe11 c ency ol lhe pr snrat c pane Care m!sttre taken. however lo select panels lhat .jonoi prod!ce d sconrJort I are (U se VCPcr teria in selecting i

Larg,. Lrm n.,!s areas cai be a.acoLrst c prob em f lhe ! thtsir eld ng materia s a so d surlac-alhal wi rei ec1 sound Hereo!vered paneis were Lrscd that w lltransmll so!nd nlo the Larnp cavifiwhere lhe aco!st c treatmcnt

rrorCertore ceenergyconsumptonwilhoulred!cn!lgh1.35watt!\rattMserMampsrepace'istandard40wstr arnps and the I rtr;" " "un ng "v" " tn. ncreased to nrake !p for the redL'ed qhl o!tp!1 olthe walt N'4 serroi"r "p"tuil"q.".t" o" th s bu d;9 were re.ltrced s g nir canl v when t was !ro!p reLanrp-''l w rh W'tt N'l ser


22/28

Lighiing opplicotions cont.

LIGHTING FOR PRIVATEOFFICESPrivate offices are used Jor desk work.conferring and thinking, and the ightingneeds to be appropr ate for all thesefunctions.Whprpt edccl . nal\eOlo.d_ion.ighting equ prnent can be positioned\^here I will produce n-ore rluri-dtro-on the desk top than eisewhere in theroom. Ve(ical surfaces should not beneglected, however, slnce they canbecorne dark and vlsLlally uncomfortablew th non-symmetrical ighting.Environmental I ghting techniques cancreate a more p eas ng visualsurrounding as wel as a morecomfortable one. L ghting for the deskshould genera y be centered over theoccupant's head, rather than over thedecl. -o lhar ligh' .o ir.e el e.t on. rthe seeing task are minimized.ncandescent downlights shou d not beused over a working area, because theyproduce harsh shadows and br ght

The ow brlghtness oi parabo c wedge louvers de-emphas zes the ce ng The drapes are ttghtedfrom a pocket w th ll!ores.eni amps.

A .emode ed des gners oflice w th ex st ngl!!orescent ghtirg and track-mo!nted spot-ighling on lhe ce nq well above the open wooclbailles thal concealthem irom norma v ew

of a h gh ce ng otf ce w th a suspendedjramed gr d ol parabo c wedle ouvera space between the gr d a.d rhe wal slows th-. amps above to sp il ghl ofro rhe wat s

Tlre Il!oresceit ceil n9 pane ghls on y the workarea but lhe rema nder oi tlre room keeps acorniorlab e trrioht.ess wilh wa !rn nat on' d q'. ror-.,-, q q. r'a t.o.


23/28

Open bollom parabolic a uminum ref ectors in 2 by 2 recessed !n ts present aow br girtness al norma v e!! ng afg es ror a ow key gh1 ng efiect Two ModU Line Lamps are used.

LIGHTING FOR PUBLICAREAS,Lobbies and Reception AreasF rst impressions are mportant. Thiswarrants carefu plann ng for bLrildinglobb es and reception rooms. Lobbyl:q-- ng shou d be p.nned 'o a d'e.plpd.dnl I ansilio'f or build 'g e'te orlo nter or, or the reverse, both day andn ght. lt can be hazardous to enter thegloon'r of a poorly lighted building obbywith eyes adapted to several thousandfootcandles of daylight. Or it may bepa nfu to eave a dim. dinoy buildinqobby and encounter bright su nshine witheyes that are dark-adapted.

Warnr delLrxe merc!ry vapor amps create a p easingatmosphere n th s lobby recept o. area and r-.dLrce operatingcosl lo abo!t one third llrat oi nca.descenl The 4Q0-walt amp s

A highly eiieclive .thling nsta alion ihat puts ght on the desk iron-rannconspic!o!s dark ouver f Lrorescent unit ocated over lhe occ!pant sedge or the desk. L ghi is also provided on vert cal sLrfaces lromn.andes.ent wal washers

(Above) Luca ox . arnDs Droduce qht at abo!t one f fth theoperaling cosl ol ncandescenl .lL e lo the r mrch !realerefi c ency a.n nrLrch longer I Ie Here 400 watt Llca or s !sed

:


24/28

Lighting cpplicciions cct-lt.

Corridors And StairsCorridors are important to the overaatmosphere ol a bu ding. They are anlmportant part oi the transition from theoutslde of a build ng to the work ngspaces inside Sta rs need adequatelight ng from several direciions to makethemadequatelyvsbe.

Corridor ght ng shou d be keyed" tothe off ces served. The br ghtness of thewalls, ce I ng, and f oor are important inthe re at onsh p of office to corr dorbrightness. Wall ighting makes corr dorsbrighter, and gives a cheerfu . spac ousfeel ncl-.\qq'work areas lo avo d suddcn changes n br ghiness onthe vert ca 5!rja.es wh ch are mosl prom nenl n theileld ol!iew

.: . _ _ _ - - - -*::'

,4,.3rt

(Above) A ser es 01 we sh c dea PAF amps gra.es thetextured wall lor ellec1 b!t a so qhls th-. sta rs for qoodv s b tY ol the sleps

(F ghl) A dramat c eileci s somel mes applop. at-. and thescPAB .lown qlrls .reate f(erest nar patlcrns on thc 1oo.

., ]-..:,!


25/28

l-i{iiifl!NG FDne fi h,l F E H trtir: e iE fn O O lruiiVisua tasks in conference Tooms canvary from casual (eye contact withmeet ng partic pants) to demanding(prolonged design conferences). Otherv sual tasks encountered inc ude v sualpresentations, charts, product d splaysand sildes or movies.Flex b ty in light ng can great ye,peoile (o^tprerco room fu ( I on.Higher leve s of comfortable illurn nalionare conducive to a stimulat ngatmosphere and alertness on the part ofndividuals participat ng. Lower evels ofcontrolled ighting are needed, howeverwhen sl des and rnovies are shown.

O

F exib e ghllng was deve oped tor th s board room tlral invo ve.overhead f uorescent ght ng both oi the cove and above thelolvers. down ght ng above lhe o!vers and wall llqlrt ng virtua -!an-v ght ng s tuat on can be mel willr comb nalions of theseThe three rlght lrand p ctu.es slro!! r "berore photograph oi aconierence roorn thted w th recesscd fL!orescent on v (iop) thenthe re ghl ig that uses parabo ic wcdge o!ver s!sp-'nded be owrluorescent amps and 75 walt Cool Beani PAR L amps lhat directLight throLrgh the o!vers {Cool Beanr rcnioves mosl ol the he:tIrom the ght ol th s ampr Flroresccnt !h1in! (cent-',) is torgenera !ser down ght ng lbotloml for proieLtea v s!a aids Trref !orescent amps 3r-. sw lclled n steps and thc down !hl!i are ona dimnrer to co.tro the eve oi ll!rn nat on


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Lighting opplicotions cont.

LIGHTING FOR DRAFTINGROOMSDraft ng s one of the rnost demandingvisua tasks. This s recogn zed by thecurrent recom men dation of 200footcand es of illumination for draft ngrooms. twice the recommended levelfo noderdle la-k\ ^ ge.e a ot-.c,Cornplaints of trou blesom e shadowsare heard less frequent y n draftingd eds liqhled lo rFco.''r-e-ded eveMore lght supplied fTom more sourcesminim izes shadows.

-::*-:. :'.,.: r'

rt

Two-ieet by fo!r ieel recessed lrofiers w lh forr 40 watl ft!orescentamps ighi tlre drafting area Note fewer lixr!resare lsed I the ess cr t ca reiere..-..rea

Parabo c wedge ed I xtrrre prodlce 200loolcand es of excepliona y ow brlqhtness !m nation.

1

ff:,:'- . ..:

The lighted ce n9 !ses il!ores.ent amps above : p asli. cub-a o!vers rharsh e.i the amps from d rect g are and perm t air lrom the room to be arawn overlhe la..ps and ba asl ho!s ngs to plck up m!ch oi the tight n! heat and red!cethe coo ng a r nee.ls

2 by 2 J xt!res w th high ntensily discharge amps cai prov clebr oht. ettic ent qht nq for drait na

26


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LIGHTING FOR OFFICEBUILDING EXTERIORSThe after-dark appearance of buildings isimportant lor reasons of safety. secur ty,and Jor identify ng the company.Efiic ent light sources should beselecled for the job. Appropriateqhtino methods inc ude:T. Un form floodlighting of theexterior.Non uniform ight ng to emphaslzearch tectural f eatures.nterior lighting circuits lelt 'on" lnthe evening.An interior lighting systemdesigned speciiica ly for use afterdark.

OTHER IOFFICE NFORMATION ONLIGHTINGA recent energy manageanentpubllcation issued as an aidprlmar y for new construct on is''Energy Managernent and theLighting of Off ice Buildings,"published by the llluminatingEnglneering Soc ety ( L E.S. ).This pub ication. along w th the'Amer can National Standardpractlce for Off ice Lighting,"avallab e through .E.S., and theother publ cations mentionedbe ow, are usefu tools for relatingenergy management and llght ngdes gn and operations for officebui dings.Additional Reference: La mps fo'the off ice

GE pub ication264 5579

100-wait Lucalox Lamps n I xtures mounted between the beamsprovide eli cient ghling. that results in low operating costs jor the rnanyhours ol !se sen by th s park ng struclure

(Above) The andscape and facade ght ng ior this ow r se bu ldingvery effect ve securily ght ng measures as well as a means oi bu ddentificat on. Anyofe approaching the b! ld ng s very easily seen n

The nter or wal wash llghling provides a verllca surlace brightnessaga nsl which anyone approaching the b!lldlng or ns de the obby cbe seen. Downlighls that ghl lhe floor woLld nol be necessary ailer

2

3

Flules of Thumb for Office Lighl ng,260-5266I F S Handbook


28/28

GENERAL ELECTRICLAMP SALES DISTRICTS AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERSSALES DISTRICTS(To Obtain Sales and Technical lnlormation) DISTRIBUTION CENTERS(To Order Lamps and lo Obtain Shipping lntormalion.Loca Warehouse Slocks rnainlaind al those Poinls)

Cily zlP Area lelephone ztPALBANY, N.Y. Dr:/e L"'r am, N "ATLANTA. GA I 0 O le/ D rre ,l FComme'c'al& lnor,l rr

. 12110 (518)783.6188/89.P.O. Box 13469 30324 1404) 262-6257QA4) 262 625421227 t3A1) 242 57AO332 6200874 5180376'6585376 6585671 6390

1401 Parkr Foad .. .. . P.O. Box 742750 nduslral Place-P.O Box 257,\eko1 Lppe rd 5 i/d-\_70 P \e r'ie* A r'd., -o-.a-1d", N.v1001 Tuckaseegee Fd. . ... . P.O Box 341444201 Sollh Pu aski Road49 Cenlra Ave.ue

(716) 874.5180(404) 262 62sA(341) 242 5TA0

332'6200874.5i80376 6585254 6161559.3600

. P O. Bot 2422 44112 l'2161 266-44046500 Cedar Sqngs Fd. .. ..PO.Box35425 752356501 Slapelon Drlve Norlh .. .. . 8021615135 Ham'lon Avenue 482037402 Neuhals Ave ....PO Box12911 77017CincrnnaliDislr crr, 49 centralAye, clnc.nar, oho .. ...45202535 East 14lh Ave . N Kansas Ciry, Mo .... .. 641162747 Sourh lMalr Alenue ...PO.Box22073900402021 Soulh Lalham Steel 34i093655NW 71srSr. .. .. PO Box 4708578100 Wesl Forist Ave .. .. .. P.O Box 2998501 54lh Avenle No. . PO Borl278

33147532015544007101 (201) 622.8000

1415034324Consuner ProduclsBALIIMOHE, Mo. .. 1401 Parker Road ... .. ... p.ii e;" z;iiBOSTON, i,lAss. ... 50 lndusrrial Place-P.o Box 257,N"$4o ljppe 'aI V"\'BUFFALO, N.Y. ... 770 nveryiew Blvd, Tonawanda N.Y ...CHARLOTTE, N.C. .1001 TJ!\d.eeqee Fd

cHrcAGo, rrl. ai:i r,an" woia no, s;rr;, 5;?,. ii till]CINCINNATI, OHIO . .. Kenwood Prolessonal 81d9,9a0l herood PoooCommerc a & ndLsr -lCon,Lme ProoLL(!CIEVELAND, OHIO ..1705NobleFd ..... .. P.O Box 2494Comme c" & lndJ I "Con5J_ et P odJcr,DALLAS, TEXAS .. .. 6500 Cedar Spri.as Bd ... P.O Box 35425

021641415024204282346017645242

44112

s0216482037T45546205

358 5321320 3597956.020064+3264559.3600

4710123725"2677

693 3811462-3860535 515r

02r64 (617)14150 1716)2A234 (7O4)60632 (312145202 (5r3)

(617)(7i61t7a4)t7a4)(312)

DENVES, COLODETROIT, MICH,HOUSTON, TEXAS . ...1200aaockFoad,slle210 .. ..INOIANAPOLIS, lNo. 2511 E 46th Slreel, Slite Q2 P.O Box 55650.. 6501 Slaplelon Drive, Nonh .. .. ..15135 H.m llon Av-pnue

. 219 E. 42nd SlreelConmerc a & nduslral

(513) 745 5730(513) 745-5733266-4256266 4264358.5321320 3597956-0200932 6472547 5513547-5511471 4123725 2677774.9016774 9015693.3611462,3860

1214)(303)(313){713){513)

{816)1213)1901)

{305)(4r4)(612)

(2r6){216)\214)(303)(313)(713)(317){317)(816)(2131(90r)(901)(305)(414)(612)

CommerciaL& lndlstaConsumer Producls . .KANSAS CtfY, MO. 535 Easl 1 4rh Ave , N (ansas Ciry Mo. ..64116LOS ANGELES. CALIF. .2T4TSouthMalAvenle .. ....... 90040MMPH|S, TENN. ... .2011 S. Latham Sr ... ... P.O. Box 9335 38109Co- ercrol8 I o!.(,dConsJme, Prod.crMlAMl, FLA. .. 3655 N W. Trsl Si . PO Box 470857 33147MILWAUKE, WlS. 8100 Wost Flo.isl Ave PO Box 299 53201MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. .8501 54lh Avenue, No , New Hope, M nn. . 55428NEwaFK, N.J. 6 vera.d Foad , "in". "",*. i? """ l:t' :;:1:Comme,. aiA l.drgl aConsumer Prod!ctsNEW HAVEN, CONN, . 1 45 Orange ave -P O Box 546,We q".p- Cor 'NEW OFLEANS, LA 701 Edward Ave., Haraha., LA,Mai P.o. Box 10236, Jetlerson, LoLisrana

133 Boyd Slreel(201) 822 3960(201) 322 3960 N.Y. Disir. Crr. 75 11 Woodhaven Bvd, Gendare N v .. 11227 t2t2) unu uooo J6s161012310017

't32121122794623 {415) 436-9450(415) 436 947019406 1215) 688-59001510615230

(504) 733 9200(212) 896 6000

(212) 896 6000(415) .136 9433

(215) 688 5900(412) 665-3750

(503) 22i-5120(3O1) 242 5140(801) 972-5606(206) 292.6831(314) 997 84131716) 374 5130(813) 988 7351(301) 242 5700

t2a3) 932 2274 lva I P O Box 10236. Jefierson. LA(504) 733,9200 7511 Woodhaven Boueva.d, G endae N.Yl.212) 754-30241212) 75A 21aA(315) 456 2975(2121 896 6000 75 11 Woodhaven Bollevard, GrendaLe, N Y999 9a1h A\enr

Commec" & .d- !-Cons0rer Prod!clsPOaTLAND. OFE. .4930 Th.d Ave. So P O Box 3877 98124Commer.r:lA l.d"sl aCon>Lmer ProdJ.ls

Co.eLrF D'odL. sNEW YOFK, N.Y. ... .. 100 E wood Davis Fd. N Syracuse, N.Y. . ..NEW YORK, N,Y. 88'36 77lh Avenle, Glendae, N.Y .. ..oAKLAND. CALIF- .. 999 98lh Avenle .... .. Po. Box 24354Co e rdr3 hdl51,dCor.Ln e P'ooL!r5PHILAOELPHIA. PA, 1000 Conlrne.l Orive-P O Box 299h | 9 ol orl"lrr PaPITTSBUFGH, PA, 600N Be lAvenue, Crnege Pa. .... ..

FICHMOND, VA. .. 20i5 Slaples Mlll Rd, Foom 425SAI T I AKE CITY. UTAH r'5W 500 SoLr-SEATTLE, wAsH. ... isio iti,a A'""," s",i; ""%"9:":ti9Coaae,." & rdJ:r'cConsJmer Prod,crEsT. LOUIS, MO. !5)0 Fdi. pw Av.,SyAACUSE, N-Y.. .. ..l00ElwoodDavsFoad N Syracuse, N.Y.TAMPA, ILA. .. . I l0 \o 5 j6 5 .wasHrNcroN, D.c. .. rior p"*"ina po uo, rolil "o*'uu"uBollr o e Md

1000 Conrlne.ralFd P.O Box 299.

(4r2)566 4300/06(412)566 4307/8 Ponhnd Dsrr cir.2800N w Nela srreet Po eox 10006 972t01206) 292 6836(206) 292 6838(804) 355 3289 ealmore Dislr Q\t Pa Bat t427 Batimore Md.(81)1) 972-5606 1775W 1500 South Mal PO Box 26548232348412593124 4930 Th id Avenle S.llh P.O Box 3877 98124(206) 292 6836{206) 292-683863132 1314) 997 3413 1530 Fa rviw Avenue .... .6313213212 1315) 456 2975 B!1lalo Dislr. Clr. 770 Fvervew Blvd. Ton.wznda, N Y r415033617 {813) 988-7351 11101 Nodh 46th St 33617 PO Box16626 336S7Frr 37134

1940615230

11221

21221

21227 (301) 864 105 Batmore Dislr. c1r. 1401 Parker Fd P.A Bax7421 21227ln addition lo the Sales District Headquafters cilies listed above, GE Lamp Sales Represenlalives are residentin 100 other cilies. Consult your lelephone direclory under General Electric Company Lamp Producls Division.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANYLIGHTING BUSINESS GROUPGENERAL OFFICES: NELA PARK, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44112

GE Office Lighting Application Brochure 1979

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Transcript of GE Office Lighting Application Brochure 1979