GCSE PE

COMPONENT 2 REVISION

Socio Cultural Influences

1 hour paper/60 marks available

Friday 18th May 1pm

Approx Grade Boundaries

/60 1 10

2 19

3 27

4 36

5 39

6 42

7 46

8 51

9 55

SOCIO-CULTURAL TOPIC CHECKLIST

Topic Revised GAP

1. Trends in participation

2. Factors affecting participation

3. Strategies to increase participation

4. Commercialisation

5. Media

6. Sponsorship

7. Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship

8. Violence

9. Drugs

10. Skilful movement

11. Classifying skills

12. Goal Setting

13. Mental Preparation

14. Guidance

15. Feedback

16. Physical Benefits

17. Social Benefits

18. Emotional Benefits

19. Balanced diet

Engagement patterns of different social groups in physical activities and sports

Engagement in physical activity and sport in the UK

Sport England – National organisation working to increase participation and sporting habits for life.

NGBs – National Governing Bodies; organisation responsible for the organisation and administration of

each sport. Eg, FA.

DCMS – Department for Culture, Media and Sport; the governments department responsible for policy

related to sport.

Current Trends

Overall – participation rates are falling and obesity levels are rising.

Sport England – 28% of people in England do less than 30 minutes of physical activity every week.

Age – participation rates fall with increasing age.

Gender – more men participate than women.

Disability – participation rates are low but they are increasing.

Ethnicity – participation amongst black and minority ethnic adults is increasing.

Socio-economic status (social groups) – those of a higher socio-economic status participate in

more physical activity than those of a low status.

Most Popular Sports in the UK

Walking

Swimming

Keep Fit/Yoga

Cycling

Cue Sports

Factors affecting participation

Positive Negative

Age Physical Education available at

school for school-age children

alongside extra-curricular

opportunities.

Improving opportunities for

the elderly eg. walking football.

Older = less able. Not as quick, not

as fit, less flexible etc.

Less free time – jobs/family.

Lack of confidence

Less opportunities.

Gender Opportunities for females

increasing. More media

awareness for womens rugby,

Sports male dominated – media

coverage, playing longer, more role

models, sports organised by men.

football and cricket –

perceived to be make sports.

Females lack confidence, seen as

unfeminine, other interests, not as

many role models.

Ethnicity/Religion Worship commitments,

Dietary requirements may pose

restriction due to energy,

Rules on dress.

Family If parents are physically active

you are more likely to be.

They will support; financially,

transport, commitment.

Sedentary family influences you to

be sedentary.

Little interest/no motivation.

Education Depending on facilities, a

number of sports on offer in

lessons and extra-curricular.

Provide links to community

sport.

Examination years can see a

decrease in participation due to

exam commitments and

stress/worry.

Staff not committed to extra-

curricular.

Time/Work

Committments

Jobs can include physical

activity.

Physical/labour jobs reduce energy

for sport.

Full time work/stressful jobs again

limit time to participate.

Cost/Disposable income Membership fees, cost of equipment, facilities cost, transport – all will

influence your physical activity participation depending on socio-economic

group. Participation could be limited.

Lower socio economic groups;

running, football.

High social economic groups; golf,

skiing, horse riding,

Disability Adapted sports available;

Wheelchair basketball, Boccia.

Increased coverage of

Paralympics.

Number of sports limited.

Lack of confidence.

Lack of role models.

Lack of specialist equipment and

facilities.

Opportunity/access

Environment/climate

If opportunities are available

then access is easy.

Rock climbing, mountaineering,

skiing, kayaking, sailing.

Opportunities within specific areas

of the country can limit opportunity

and access.

Eg; landlocked no watersports.

Media Coverage Allows for role models to be

seen.

Coverage male dominated and only

covers mainstream sports.

Role Models Inspired by household names

performing well. Eg; Olympics

etc.

Limited role models in minority

sports (hockey).

Strategies for Increasing Participation

Promotion – increasing awareness of opportunities and the benefits of participation.

Provision – ensuring facilities, coaches and equipment are available to people.

Access – ensuring that people can engage with physical activity and making it easy for them to access.

National Campaigns

This Girl Can – National campaign to raise female participation in sport. Aims to increase confidence

and encourage participation. See poster campaign for encouragement.

Change4Life – Department of Health initiative to improve children’s diets and increase activity levels.

Adverts, posters etc promote this. Equipment provided to schools.

Sainsbury’ Active Kids – a reward scheme where shoppers are given vouchers for schools. These can be

collected and exchanged for sports and cooking equipment to increase participation and healthy diets.

5 a day – A campaign instigated by the world health organisation that encourages eating 5

fruit/vegetables a day to improve diets and overall health.

Active Communities – a funding programme for communities to increase participation in sport by

developing sports leaders, introducing community sports programmes and facilities and planning for sport

and recreation.

Exam Practice (1,2+3)

1. Identify the most popular physical activity in the UK among adults (1 mark)

2. Identify 4 factors that pose a barrier to participation in physical activity or sport (4 marks)

3. State an example of a national governing body (1 mark)

4. Identify the trend in participation for age (1 mark)

5. Identify the 3 strategies to improve participation in sport (3 mark)

6. Identify the trend for people with a disability over the last 10 years and suggest reasons why

this might have happened (2 marks).

7. In general, women who are from a white British ethnic minority are more likely to participate in

sporting activities than from other ethnic minority groups. Give one reason why this might happen

(1 mark).

8. Describe a strategy to address gender inequality and raise the participation of women in sport (2

marks).

9. Give two different practical suggestions that might lead to an increase in participation for 11–14

year old females. How might you assess whether your suggestions are successful? (4 marks)

10. Describe how socio-economic status impacts participation (2 marks)

11. Participation rates differ between males and females. Describe the trend for participation rates

in this group and explain two reasons why this may happen (3 marks).

12. Explain how your family can influence participation (3 marks)

13. Explain the impact the climate and environment could have on participation (5 marks)

14. Discuss factors that affect participation in physical activity (6 marks)

15. Evaluate potential influences on participation in physical activities (6 marks)

16. Discuss strategies that can be used to increase participation in physical activities (6 marks)

17. Explain the trends in participation in physical activity and sport (6 marks)

18. Discuss possible reasons for the decline in participation rates as you get older (6 marks)

Commercialisation of Physical Activity and Sport

Types of Media

Social (Facebook, Twitter)

Internet (NGB websites, sports leagues)

TV (live coverage, documentaries BBC/Sky, BT Sport)

Newspapers (results, match reports, analysis)

The influence of the media on the commercialisation of PA and sport

Event programming – times of events. Football on Sunday, Olympic Finals at 10pm at night.

Rules of Sport – Goal Line Technology, Hawkeye, TMO.

Structure of Sport – Twenty20 (Cricket), FastNet (Netball)

Razzmatazz – pre match hype; cheerleaders, fireworks etc.

Positives and Negatives of Media on the Commercialisation of Sport

Positives Negatives

Increases participation

Creates funding

Makes sport more entertaining

Makes games fairer (technology)

24 hour worldwide coverage

Promotes role models

Spectator culture rather than participate

Pay per view limits access

Some poor role models highlighted

Controls/changes sport

Commercialisation – the influence of commerce, trade or business on an industry (sport) to make a

profit.

How do they promote sport?

Raise awareness

Introduce new supporters

Creating role models

Making certain sports fashionable

Attract investment

Educate spectators through analysis The Golden Triangle

The term used to show the interdependence and

influence of the three factors of sport, sponsorship

and the media, All these factors influence one

another.

Provides shop window Minority sports get limited coverage.

Under-represented minority groups such

as disabled.

Damaging press coverage – over

sensationalise the negative aspects of

sport.

Examples - Olympics Examples – Poor role models = Saurez.

Pay per view – boxing. Minority groups – disabled.

Media involvement has influenced the amount of sponsorship and advertising revenue available.

Influence of sponsorship on commercialisation

Types of Sponsorship

Clothing/kit

Stadiums

Equipment

Accommodations and Transport

Competition

Positives and Negatives of Sponsorship on the Commercialisation of Sport

Positives Negatives

Increased funding; better equipment,

facilities and coaching.

Access to competitions.

Allows for full time training.

Financial Security

Promotes the development of new athletes.

Good for the sponsors themselves.

Can create a bad image for sport if

associated with fast food, betting or

alcohol.

Pressure of sponsors.

Sponsorships fragile; injuries.

Narrow range of sports attract sponsors.

Examples;

Arsenal sponsored by Emirates.

Examples;

Olympic – Macdonalds sponsors.

Maria Sharapova – lost sponsorship deals with

drug scandal

The financial support for a sport/sports event/sports organisation/performer by an outside

organisation for the mutual benefit of both parties.

Exam Practice (3,4+5)

1. Define commercialisation (1 mark)

2. Using an example, define sponsorship (2 marks)

3. Identify the 4 types of media (4 marks)

4. Identify 1 positive and 1 negative affect of sponsorship on the commercialisation of sport (2

marks)

5. Describe 3 ways the media promotes sport (3 marks)

6. Describe the golden triangle (2 marks)

7. Explain how media has impacted the commercialisation of sport (4 marks)

8. Discuss the impact media has had on the commercialisation of sport (6 marks)

9. Evaluate the impact of sponsorship on participation in sports (6 marks)

10. Explain how sponsorship promotes the development of elite athletes (6 marks)

Ethical and Socio-cultural issues in Physical Activity and sport

Sportsmanship

Definition – Behaviour that shows fair play and respect for opponents.

Value – Makes the game enjoyable, encourages a good friendly atmosphere, encourages respect, reduces

aggression, allows the game to flow and provides good role models.

Examples –

1. Shaking hands before or after a game with opponents/umpire.

2. Kicking the ball out in football when a player is injured.

3. Help another player up off the ground.

4. Not over celebrating.

5. Apologising when the ball hits the net and still goes over in tennis.

Gamesmanship

Definition – The use of unethical, although not often illegal, methods to win or gain an advantage in a

game or sport.

Reasons – to gain a psychological advantage and try and put opponents off.

Examples –

1. Diving

2. Sledging in cricket

3. Time wasting

4. Not shaking hands

5. Over celebrating

Performance Enhancing Drugs

Why take drugs?

Win at all costs attitude

To gain advantage over opponents

Margins for winning so small

Influenced by peers or coaches

To provide a psychological edge

Drug case studies

Tyson Gay

Maria Sharapova

Russian Olympic team

Lance Armstrong

Drug Effect on Performance Sporting Example Side Effects

Betablockers Control the heart rate

(decreases)

Keep athlete calm and

improve concentration

Snooker. Archery and

shooting.

Dizzy Spells

Tiredness

Stomach issues

Risk of heart attack

Stimulants Speeds up reactions and

increases aggression.

Increases alertness

Helps overcome tiredness.

Sprinters, long distance

cyclists, motor sport drivers

Sleep problems

Stomach problems

Anabolic

Steroids

Train harder for longer

Increase muscle mass

Increased speed of

recovery

Weightlifters, throwers,

sprinters.

Aggression and mood

swings

Liver damage

Heart failure

Impact of drug use

On performers

- Fines, bans, medals and titles removed.

- Lose Sponsorship deals

- Bad reputation – poor role model.

On sport itself

- Bad publicity, bad name for the sport (Tour De France)

- Ruin reputation of country (Russia)

- Question new records of clean athletes.

- Damages sport

- Increase in drug testing and accusations.

Violence in Sport

Reasons Example from Sport

Anger or frustration at poor officiating Getting annoyed at the refs decision, pushing

another player.

Frustration if losing Lashing out when you are behind. Eg, sliding in late

for a tackle.

Emotional intensity of an important

game/rivalry

A local derby. Everton V Liverpool.

To gain an advantage Bowling beamers in cricket to gain psychological

advantage.

Physical retaliation To a bad (high tackle) in Rugby.

Taunting from crowd/opponents. Abuse and

provocation.

Spectators in the crowd chanting abuse at

you/saying negative things.

Requirement of the sport Body checking in ice hockey.

Exam Practice (7,8+9)

1. Define sportsmanship and provide an sporting example (2 marks)

2. Using a practical example, describe what is meant by the term gamesmanship (1 mark)

3. Identify 3 reasons for violence in sport (3 marks)

4. Jacob wants to increase his muscle mass. Which performance enhancing drug is he most likely to

use (1 mark)

5. Which performance enhancing drug is associated with increasing mental and physical alertness (1

mark)

6. Despite the risks of taking performance enhancing drugs some athletes continue to use them.

Suggest reasons for this (3 marks)

7. What impact does the use of performance enhancing drugs have on sport itself (4 marks)

8. Explain the value of sportsmanship when officiating competitions (4 marks)

9. Explain the value of sportsmanship to sports (4 marks)

10. Explain reasons for violence in sport and how this can be reduced (6 marks)

Characteristics of skilful movement and classification of skills

Definition of motor skill

‘An action or a task that has a target and requires voluntary body movements to achieve it’.

Characteristic of skilful

performance

Explanation Example

Efficiency Performing without wasting any energy A swimmers freestyle technique

doesn’t waste any time or energy.

Pre-determined The performer knows what they are going

to do before they do it.

A dancer knows their routine

before they start.

Fluent The skill is performed in one flowing

movement.

A handstand forward roll is smooth

and not jerky, one flows in to the

other.

Aesthetic The skill/performance looks pleasing to

the eye.

The gymnasts somersault looks

good.

Co-ordinated The skill is controlled and involves using 2

or more body parts at the same time.

A tennis player, successfully hitting

a serve as this involves a throw, hit

and jump.

Characteristic of unskilful

performance

Explanation Example

Efficiency Wasting energy when performing a

skill.

Not being streamlined in the water –

head is out.

Pre-determined The performer doesn’t know what they

are doing/no plan.

Not knowing the routine before and

therefore forget.

Fluent The skill is jerky and doesn’t flow. A backward walkover that stops in the

middle and therefore doesn’t flow.

Aesthetic The skill/performance doesn’t look

very good.

Toes not pointed in Trampolining.

Co-ordinated The skill isn’t controlled. Dribbling in football, not keeping the

ball close to their feet.

Classification of Skills

Environmental Continuum

Open

Characteristics – Affected by the environment

Example – a pass in football as the environment is constantly changing so the movements have to be

adapted.

Closed

Characteristics – Not affected by the environment. Performed the same every time.

Example – A serve in tennis as there is no change in the court and net height.

Difficulty Continuum

Simple

Characteristics – Relatively few decisions have to be made.

Example – Sprint start.

Complex

Characteristics – must be separated into sub routines (broken down into sections) in order to be taught.

Many decisions have to be made to perform the skill.

Example – a slip catch in cricket. Netball interception.

Closed Open

Simple Complex

x

Goal Setting

Why set goals?

Adhere to exercise – by creating a goal it can push people to stick with an exercise programme.

For example, to be able to complete 10 press ups by the end of the month,

Motivate performers – creating a goal can inspire and drive performers to achieve their potential.

For example, setting a goal of completing one extra dead lift can motivate you to do it.

Improve performance – creating goals can lead to a higher level of performance over time.

For example, improving your PB in the 800m by 0.5 seconds.

SMART Principle Example

Specific – Goals should be clear and focused. Improving serving in tennis.

Measurable – Goals should be able to be assessed

so that they can be monitored.

Improving my shooting percentages in Netball to

80%.

Achievable – Goals should be realistic and within

the individual’s capabilities.

To increase the number of shots on target from

8 in the first half to 10 in the second half.

Recorded – Measurements should be logged to

track progress.

A weightlifter should record the weight, sets and

reps during each session.

Time Bound – Short term goals are more

achievable and lead up to long term goals.

Improve bowling technique by next week.

Mental Preparation

Description Practical Examples Effects

Imagery The creation of pictures

in the performers mind.

Imaging success before

a cup final. Before a

penalty shot.

Improve concentration by blocking

out distractions.

Increase confidence by visualising

success.

Can help relax/control stress.

Mental Rehearsal Going through the

activity in your mind to

form a mental image.

Can involve internal and

external imagery.

Imaging yourself

performing a routine.

A racing driver imaging

they are driving the

course from the outside

Help focus.

Speeds up reactions

Motivates

Reduces anxiety

Increases confidence

Selective Attention Concentrating only on

the relevant information

and blocking out

distractions.

A golfer blocking out

the distraction of the

crowd and movement of

objects around them.

Eliminate distractions and

therefore improve focus on

important information.

Easier for more experienced

performers.

Positive Thinking Thinking positively or

positive self-talk

regarding successful

past performances.

Thinking about winning.

You can do it.

We’ve beaten them

before.

Remember the goal you

scored last time.

Improves motivation/psyches you

up

Imagine success can calm you down

Improves performance, play better

if you are thinking positively.

Increases confidence if you picture

yourself playing well.

Guidance

Description Example Advantages Disadvantages

Visual Uses a demonstrate,

video, chart or drawing

to show a picture of

what is required to

correctly perform a

skill. Helps in creating

a mental image of what

to do.

Demonstration of a

badminton serve.

Drawing a centre

pass formation for

netball.

Video playback of

technique.

Watching another

player

- Good for

beginners

- Technical model

to copy.

- Quick and

effective.

- Hard to get feel

for the skill.

- Demonstration

could be wrong.

- May be too

complicated.

Verbal Describing or

explaining how to

perform a skill. Often

associated with tactics

and positional play to

advanced performers.

Telling a player to

drop back and

defend.

Telling someone to

bend their knees

when shooting.

- Immediate and

quick

- Can be used

alongside visual

- Good for fine

tuning skills

- Might be the wrong

information.

- Can lead to

misunderstanding

and confusion.

- Cannot easily

create a mental

picture of

movement

requirements.

Manual Providing physical

support from a coach

to guide the

performer,

Supporting a

gymnast over the

vault. Supporting a

handstand. Putting

the goal shooter

into the right

position.

- Helps develop

confidence

- Increases safety.

- Helps develop

the right ‘feel’ to

the skill

(kinaesthesis)

- Can reduce fear

in dangerous

situations.

- Safer for the

performer so

increases

confidence.

- If too much help

given they won’t

get the right ‘feel’

for the skill.

- Eg, riding with

stabilisers

different to

without. Swimming

with armbands

different without.

- Over reliant on the

support.

- Dangerous if

incorrect.

Mechanical Using equipment to

guide the performer.

A novice swimmer

using a float.

Feedback

Description Positives/Negatives Example

Positive Reinforces skill learning and

gives information about a

successful outcome.

+ Motivates the individual, more

likely to repeat the skill.

-Could reinforce incorrect

movement,

Teacher saying well done

when a pass in Rugby is

performed correctly.

Negative Gives information about an

unsuccessful outcome.

+ Can be used to build new

strategies and correct poor

techniques. Can motivate to do

better.

- Can demotivate individuals if

consistently getting negative

feedback, more likely to give

up.

Telling a badminton player

that their grip is

incorrect.

Intrinsic A type of continuous

feedback that comes from

within the performer.

+ Allows them to adapt and

improve performance as they

know how it should feel.

-Can get frustrated with

performance if they know they

keep making mistakes.

For example, a gymnast

knowing that their legs

are straight.

A sprinter knowing that

their start position isn’t

quite right.

Extrinsic Feedback that comes from

external sources such as

sound and vision.

+ Can improve performance if

coach is giving correct

information.

+ can boost confidence if you can

see it/hear praise.

-Can reduce confidence if you

see/hear the other team doing

well.

-Performer can become

dependent on it and not think for

themselves.

A goalkeeper seeing the

ball go into the net.

Knowledge of

Results

Information relating to the

end result (of a game or skill)

+Supports learning in early stages

of skills.

-Can demotivate.

Goalkeeper saves the

penalty

Landing the dismount

from the bars well.

Knowledge of

Performance

Feedback about the quality of

performance and how well the

movement is executed.

+ If movement is good performer

will feel satisfied which will boost

confidence.

+ Will help to create a picture of

what is correct and associate

future performances with that

picture.

A coach telling a skier

they need to transfer

their weight.

A coach talking to the

high jumper about their

take off.

Exam Practice (10,11,12,13,14+15)

1. Using a practical example, explain the term complex skill (1 mark)

2. Describe the characteristics of an open motor skill (1 mark)

3. Explain how imagery can help a sports performer mentally prepare for effective performance (3

marks)

4. Explain what is meant by the word kinaesthesis (1 mark)

5. Identify the 2 continuums used to classify skill (2 marks)

6. A coach provides information to a javelin thrower about their technique. What 2 types of

feedback is this? (2 marks)

7. What is meant by selective attention when a performer prepares for competitive performance (1

mark)

8. Describe, using examples, 2 effects of mental rehearsal (2 marks)

9. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance (4 marks)

10. Identify 1 advantage of verbal guidance (1 mark)

11. Using relevant data, explain how the SMART principle could be applied (5 marks)

12. Give 2 examples of visual guidance (2 marks)

13. For a named physical activity, explain how each of the characteristics of skilful performance can

be met (5 marks)

14. Describe 3 characteristics of someone who is unskilled in physical activity (3 marks)

15. Suggest reasons why performers set goals? (3 marks)

16. Compare knowledge of performance of knowledge of results (2 marks)

17. Discuss how guidance methods can be used to improve performance (6 marks)

18. Explain how the different types of feedback can be used to motivate a sports performer and

ensure improved future performances (6 marks).

19. Discuss the use of target setting to improve performance (6 marks)

20. Explain how you use mental preparation techniques to optimise performance in sports (6 marks)

Health, fitness and well-being

Health – a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of

disease.

Well Being – the feeling or mental state of being contented, happy and healthy.

Fitness – a person’s capacity to carry out life’s activities without getting too tired. The body’s ability to

function efficiently and effectively.

Sedentary – inactivity. Associated with sitting down a lot.

A Healthy, Balanced lifestyle

Physical

Benefits of PA Consequence of Inactivity

Prevents Injury Flexibility is increased through exercise therefore

reducing the risk of injury.

Increase risk of injury More likely to suffer stresses and strains as

ordinary activities are inactive. Muscles and joints

will be weak, poor flexibility and stability.

Decreases risk of CHD/reduces blood

pressure Exercise will help keep the heart and blood supply

healthy. Flowing blood will prevent and help to

remove any blockages in arteries and veins which will

maintain good blood pressure.

Increases risk of CHD/high blood pressure Poor blood and O2 circulation. This will be a result of

fatty deposits which will block arteries causing blood

pressure to increase.

Increases bone density Resistance training such as lifting weights stimulates

the bone building process. Bone secrets collagen

when put under stress which makes the bones

stonger.

Lower bone density Little or no exercise will mean bones do not

strengthen or grow and therefore are more fragile

and at risk of fracturing.

Prevents obesity Calories and stored fat are burnt often reducing or

maintaing body weight. Energy is used.

Increase risk of obesity Calories are not used therefore fat builds up in the

body. Energy isn’t used.

Reduces risk of type 2 diabetes Blood sugars used when exercising, providing energy.

Increase risk of type 2 diabetes The body cannot produce enough insulin to deal with

the elevated levels of blood sugar. Therefore blood

sugars not used and store as fat.

Improves posture Exercise srengthens muscles around spine and core.

Improves flexibility around spine. Regular exercise

mobilises the back which reduces back pain.

Poor posture Muscles are weak around spine and core can result in

reduced flexibility of the spine and back pain.

Increases fitness The more active you are the greater levels of fitness

you will have. Eg, better cardiovascular endurance.

Reduced fitness levels Inactive people will have lower energy levels, will get

out of breath very quickly, will be tired quickly and

overall slower.

Emotional

Benefits of PA Consequence of Inactivity

Increases self esteem and confidence. Exercise can make you feel more confident in the way

you look. It releases serotonin (molecule of

happiness) which make you feel better. It also burns

stored fat in the body.

Decreases self esteem and confidence. Lack energy, have a poor body image. Could be

associated with obesity so are unhappy with how they

look.

Stress management Stresses of everyday life can be forgotten or

released through exercise. For example, a doctor.

Endrophins are also released which make you feel

better.

Stress is not well managed. People may dwell on lifes difficulties and may not

have enough outlets to get rid of stress.

Positive body image Being happy with the way you look. This is more likely

to happen with exercise as your body will be more

toned.They feel that they look good to themselves

and others. This will increase self esteem.

Negative body Image Poor self image can reduce self esteem. People can

feel inadequate as a result of being

under/overweight.

Increase Enjoyment

Social

Benefits of PA Consequence of Inactivity

Increase friendship Exercise provides an opportunity to meet new

people.Often those who have similar interests. For

example, joining a new Netball club.

Small friendship groups A sedentary lifestyle can result in not going out very

much and not meeting/socialising with people. This

could be associated with low self-esteem and will

restrict opportunities. Increases sense of belonging Provides the opportunity to feel part of a team. For

example a running club. If you feel like you belong to

something you are less likely to feel isolated.

Provides collective identity.

Feeling Isolated Feeling alone because you are not part of any

group/community.

Reduced loneliness This can occur by increased social opportunities.

Friendships are developed that are then taken

outside of the sports setting; awards evenings, end

of season party etc.

Loneliness A lack of people to talk to and socialise with as you

are at home, on the sofa.

Links to Age

Biggest effects of a sedentary lifestyle will be seen post 30.

Emotional and social effects more likely to be seen when working, due to less time available.

Less opportunities for the elderly.

Social benefits most likely to be seen during education. Time and opportunities at their highest.

Exam Practice (16,17+18)

1. Define health (1 mark)

2. Define fitness (1 mark)

3. Define well-being (1 mark)

4. Give a practical example of how exercise can improve fitness (1 mark)

5. Give a practical example of how exercise can improve well-being (1 mark)

6. Give a practical example of how exercise can improve health (1 mark)

7. What is meant by the term sedentary lifestyle (1 mark)

8. Explain how exercise reduces the risk of obesity (3 marks)

9. Explain how participating in physical activity reduces the risk of CHD (3 marks)

10. How can physical inactivity reduce self-esteem (2 marks)

11. Describe the social benefits of joining a new sports team (3 marks)

12. Explain how physical activity can increase the sense of belonging (2 marks)

13. Explain why opportunities for social benefits for physical activity reduce as you get older (2

marks)

14. Explain how a lack of exercise causes poor posture (3 marks)

15. Explain how physical activity can support in the management of stress (2 marks)

16. Explain why physical inactivity causes a greater risk of injury (3 marks)

17. Analyse how physical activity can benefit emotional health (4 marks)

18. Discuss the benefits of physical activity on the well-being of an individual (6 marks)

19. Explain the long and short term benefits of exercise (6 marks)

20. Analyse the implications of leading a sedentary lifestyle (6 marks)

Diet and Nutrition

A Balanced Diet – eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions. It involves matching energy

output with energy input.

Components of a balanced diet

Function/Approx % Foods found in Aid to Sportsperson

Carbohydrates 70% Provide energy

Store of energy as Glycogen

Fruit, cakes, beer,

sweets, granulated sugar

and bread, pasta rice,

potatoes.

Ready source of energy when muscles

need it. Athletes training hard use

carbohydrates quickly so diet should be

high in this food type.

Proteins 20% Growth and Repair of tissues,

enzymes and hormones

Meat, fish, pulses (chick

peas, lentils and beans),

nuts, eggs and poultry

Builds muscle and repairs tissue within

body. Essential after injury to heal

quickly. Sportspeople who have large

muscles need extra protein.

Fats

15% Source of energy for

endurance (slow release)

Provides insulation

Milk, cheese, butter, oils,

chocolate, fatty meats,

soya beans and corn.

Increase size and weight of body

beneficial to performers with extra bulk

e.g. Shot putter. Excess weight can inhibit

performance though.

Vitamins

Helps general health – vision, skin

condition, forming of red blood

cells and clotting, good condition of

bones and teeth

Fruit – vitamin C

Liver, carrots – Vitamin A

Whole grain, nuts – Vit B1

Vegetable oil – Vitamin E

General health is important to perform

well. When training hard vitamins from B

group are used up more so need

replenishing.

Minerals

Calcium helps growth of bones,

Iron helps making red blood cells

and the way blood is carried by

haemoglobin.

Milk and salt water fish

(iodine), red meat, liver

and green vegetables

(iron), cheese and cereal.

Increase oxygen carrying capacity to

working muscles. Iodine aids growth,

essential for athlete’s energy production.

Iron helps produce red blood cells so

carry more oxygen around body preventing

fatigue. Calcium helps blood to clot, aiding

recovery and strengthens bones and

muscles.

Fibre Aids digestion. Helps the intestines

function properly.

Beans,, cereals and whole

grains.

Less Cholesterol in the body makes the

heart more efficient

By keeping digestive system functioning

regularly the body retains less waste

Water

Two-thirds of the body is water

Need to replenish water which is

lost in urine, sweat and

condensation when we breathe.

Support chemical reactions in the

body.

Fluids and foods

Water allows blood to flow more easily –

important when exercising as the body

demands more oxygen, nutrients, heat

control and waste removal. Lubricates

joints.

The effect of diet and hydration on energy use in Physical Activity

Energy balance – intake of energy should match the energy they will use to train. If incorrect they may

gain or lose weight. (Consider; duration and intensity of event).

Carbo loading – increasing the amount of carbohydrates consumed prior to an event can increase glycogen

stores which will slow down fatigue. Glycogen (stored energy) can be refuelled during exercise with gels

and drinks.

Sports Drinks – can contain sugar (glucose) and salts (electrolytes) that will provide energy and keep

hydrated. These will be needed prior to, during and after an event and will need to be adjusted according

to the climate.

Effects of Dehydration

Increased heart rate

Increase in body temperature

Loss of motivation

Fatigue

Muscle cramps

Thirst

Decrease in sweating

Death

Exam Questions (19)

1. Outline the components of a balanced diet (7 marks)

2. What is meant by the term ‘balanced diet’ (1 mark)

3. Which component of a balanced diet aids the digestive system (1 mark)

4. When is energy balance achieved (1 mark)

5. What are carbohydrates stored as in the body? (1 mark)

6. Which component of a balanced diet should make up the biggest portion of what we eat? (1 mark)

7. Why is hydration important in a balanced diet? (3 marks)

8. Which component of a balanced diet would encourage a quicker recovery (1 mark)

9. Using sporting examples, why are carbohydrates and proteins an essential part of the athletes

diet (2 marks)

10. What is the approximate percentage and role of each macro nutrient (3 marks)

11. How and why would an athlete maximise carbohydrate stores before a competition (3 marks)

12. Explain the differences between the diet of an endurance and a power athlete (4 marks)

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