GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228 م ع(،) جم( نيلينلا ةعماج -ايلعلا...
Transcript of GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228 م ع(،) جم( نيلينلا ةعماج -ايلعلا...
GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228م 2/1/2017 (26ع)،(7مج)جامعة النيلين - مجلة الدراسات العليا
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The Effect of Gum Arabic on Extra Transmission from Polystyrene/Zn++
Hybrid Photonic Crystal
Mubarak Mohammed Ahmed1, Hatim Mohammed Al-khair Dirar
1,2
1Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain
University
2College of Science, Imam Muhammad Ibin Saud Islamic University, KSA
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) photonic crystal doped with Zn++
prepared by foam reaction
method had showed an extraordinary transmission peaks after adding Gum
Arabic .such transmission enhancement can be attributed the strong plasmons-
plaritons coupling. From other hand the enhancement might be due to the
formation of PS/ZnO hybrid photonic crystal as being depicted from the nearest
band edge absorption around 300nm. Hybrid photonic Plasmonic crystals
characterized by strong coupling between photonic and Plasmonic crystals
excitations, dielectric photonic crystal is used as template for deposition of
metal films, the hybridization operation which is depend on the chemical
reaction that is used .In this work foam reaction is used as to fabricate photonic
crystal. Hybrid process might increased or reduced the transmission, by
increasing or reducing reflections, because of the corrugated and formed thin
film metal that make coupling with surface plasmons plaritons modes through a
thin film ,results of bands of increasing transmission and the reflection reduced
,which causes an extraordinary transmission peaks which were shown in this
study .the increasing of the transmission is due to the corrugated layers which is
caused by Zn metal under the polystyrene particles ,these layers make total
internal reflection leads to the increasing of the transmission, and this reduced
reflection on the polystyrene particles which is self-assembled.
The key words: polystyrene photonic crystal, ZnO, foam reaction, extra
transmission, surface plasmons plaritons.
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Introduction:
Colloidal particles has become wide spread approach for fabricating two
dimensional(2D) periodic structures with different topologies, which is being
applicable in different fields such as biosensors or microelectronics [1] where,
the field of photonics is aimed to control light propagation and emission. Over
the last few years two dimensional periodic spheres systems fabricated from
mono-layers (MLs) of dielectric spheres, has acted as photonic crystals
[2].Experimental and theoretical studies were used intensively so as to invent
new devices that modify the emission from thin films of semiconductor nano-
crystals [3] or micro-lens arrays to enhance light extra-action from light
emitting diodes (LEDs) [4] which has been recently manipulated.
Nanostructures materials that based on self-assembly techniques can be used
also fabricate Plasmonic structures. The characteristic of these photonics had
said to be very sensitive to metallic topology as well as the degree of co self-
assembly of the other modified growth techniques, such as electro-chemical
deposition, can be achieved or built structures with novel and high quality
fabrication. The ordered systems of metal nano-voids have an efficient way for
controlling the dispersion relation of surface Plasmon combing both localized
and delocalized plasmons [5,6], also periodic structured metals, which obtained
by this way have been successfully used as substrates for surface enhanced
Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (7) Recently hybrid Plasmonic- photonic crystals
has been used, by combination of photonic and Plasmonic crystals so as to
obtain impressive field enhancement at sub-wavelength scales. In these systems
losses associated with plasmons are suppressed. These structures have a
potential application as waveguides [8], and cascade lasers [9].on the other
hand one can synthesized self-assembled mono-layers of dielectric spheres
deposited over Plasmon supporting substrate where photonic, Plasmonic, and
hybrid modes co-exist [15,16].In this study two dimensional Plasmonic –
photonic polystyrene crystals has been fabricated by using modified self-
assembly foam reaction method. The photonic structure obtained had acquired
enhanced transmission. Hydrogen peroxide is used as foam agent in acidic
medium, when zinc metal was added in the container filled with polystyrene
colloidal, foam reaction was started, Gum Arabic added as foam stabilizer and
emulsifier. Therefore, ZnO is synthesized during the reaction, with variety of
zinc metal amount hybridization operation has been formed, this amazing thing
is shown from the characterization of thin film constructed on the glass
substrate, by self-assembly method ,in the second part polystyrene photonic
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crystal opal is infiltrated with ZnO that has been preparated in our laboratory by
hydrothermal method, also the characterization of the thin film which deposited
on the substrate show the extra-ordinary transmission spectrum as the result of
hybridization operation between Plasmonic and photonic crystals. Flat metallic
films can support surface plasmons plaritons (SPPs), which are occurred
according to coherent oscillations of surface charge density bound at the metal
surface [12 ], or even excited through prism or grating-based coupling schemes
.Nano-structured metallic films may also give rise to local surface plasmons
resonances which, in contrast with propagating surface plasmon plaritons, are
confined around the nano-structure, and display higher local field intensity [13 ]
.Two dimensional photonic crystal with mono-layers of spheres also support
guided resonances by coupling of leaky modes of the irradiative modes of the
surrounding environment[ ],photonic and Plasmonic have a resonant
phenomena, which are characterized by peculiar spectral features ad selectivity.
In particular, they display or show a strong sensitivity in term of wavelength
shift lead to changes in the refractive properties of the local surrounding
environment. Lassiter et. al. (2010) some recent studies [ 15,16] have
demonstrated the very promising potentials of hybrid Plasmonic-photonic
platform based on metallo- dielectric nano-structures. The potential interplay
between Plasmonic and photonic crystals resonance, 2D nano-structured
metallo –dielectric Plasmonic-photonic crystals have been successfully
synthesized by self- assembly techniques, of a dielectric photonic crystal
structure, mono-layers of colloidal spheres on a metallic film. Such hybrid
structures show very high quality factor Plasmonic-photonic resonant modes,
which have high degree of tenability and strong sensitivity to external materials
deposited on the dielectric photonic crystals or opals. Therefore, Plasmonic-
photonic structures based on periodic nano-structure, which can be easily
fabricated through self-assembly technique [17]. Here in his study
experimentally hybrid photonic-Plasmonic crystals which has been fabricated
with above modified method, in this method opal photonic crystal was formed
via foam reaction, two experiments, in the first one hybridization occurred
during the chemical reaction this is shown by characterized thin film that
formed on glass substrate, here ZnO was formed during the foam reaction, but
in the second one ZnO was doped in the colloidal solution of polystyrene ,and
the foam reaction was done only by adding foam agent which is hydrogen
peroxide in acidic medium, also hybridization operation was occurred. The field
of Plasmonic has an interesting area for fundamental studies, and with important
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applications possibilities in fabrication of photonic crystals. Plasmonic crystals
are a particular relevance because of large field enhancements and extraordinary
transmission that rise form Plasmonic interaction between periodic arrays of
metallic elements [12] .Surface plasmons are coherent oscillations of electrons
at metal-dielectric interface, that exist either in localized or propagating forms
[12].The applications plasmons have a wide ranging like biological and
chemical sensors, waveguide [18], Raman scattering [19], Optical
modulation[20], Bragg reflector[21],photo-detection[22], lasers[23],and solar
energy generation[24].Plasmonic interaction can be modified by the mean of
controlling the shapes and sizes of the metal structures[25] and the type of
metal[26]. L. Landstrom et. al.(2009) synthesized close packed monolayer of
amorphous silica or polystyrene micro-spheres deposited on quartz using
colloidal suspensions ,the mono-layers were covered with different metals (Ag,
Au ,Ni),also they used standard evaporation techniques, they study zero
collected transmission with covering the upper half of single spheres, while the
lower is uncoated they noted that films deposited onto the microspheres arrays
exhibit a poly/nano crystalline structure which may alter the optical properties
of the metal relative to bulk values used in calculations. In the present study
polystyrene spheres were used for fabricating photonic crystal by new method,
which is foam reaction, by using foam agent like hydrogen peroxide or sodium
peroxide in acidic (hydrochloric acid) medium of polystyrene colloidal solution
different vials, and Zn metal was added, the cleaned glass slides immersed in
the vial vertically for few time the ejected and characterized by 1240 UV-Vis
spectrometry, for optical properties of transmission and absorption spectra.
Materials and Experimental Details
Specific weight of polystyrene latex was dissolved in acetone as a chosen
solvent, the solution subjected to a continuous steering; hydrogen peroxide is
added as a foam agent and pillowed by Zn++
solution, also small amount of
Gum Arabic was used in the colloidal of polystyrene as a foam stabilizer and
emulsifier, after white foam was obtained, the PH of the colloidal solution was
chosen such that the foam will continue rising. The glass slides were cleaned by
well known route of cleaning, the glass ware immersed at tilting angle and kept
for few days, in the presence study the time is varied between 12 hours and ten
days .After that the glass was removed and dried in air, after drying the
formation of Bragg reflections was detected. The samples were collected and
characterized by transmission spectra experiments, also absorption spectra used
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to characterize the film that formed on the glass slides. By using 1240 UV-Vis
spectrometer, in the present study two main experiments was used, the first one
foam reaction as new method for synthesizing photonic crystal is used,
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and Zn metal was added to the colloidal crystal of
polystyrene, metal weight is varied and also the PH, ZnO was added in the
colloidal solution of polystyrene spheres instead of Zn metal .In the second part
of the experiment, foam reaction here is done only by adding H2O2 as foam
agent, but polystyrene colloidal solution was doped with ZnO prepared by
hydrothermal method, in those two experiments self-assembly method is used
and glass substrates were immersed vertically with small tilting angle. High
extraordinary transmission was showed in photonic microspheres that formed,
indicated that the thin film of photonic crystal was covered with Zn metal or
ZnO during the foam reaction which was used .On the other hand, when Zn
metal was substituted with ZnO that we prepared by hydrothermal method is
doped with polystyrene colloidal crystal, the thin film that was fabricated also,
and the extraordinary transmission is shown.
Result and Discussions
In this work photonic crystal was fabricated by self-assembly method,
polystyrene spheres were used as synthesizing nano particles, by using foam
reaction method, which can lead polystyrene particle to rise up from the bottom
of the vial as bottom- up technique, and also to support these particle with
energy so as to deposit on the glass substrate that immersed vertically in the vial
such as to achieve self-assembly deposition for polystyrene spheres ,in first
part Zn metal was added with two different amounts .0.12gram, and
0.16gram, L. Landstron and co-workers(2009) different of(SiO2) or polystyrene
spheres deposited the mono-layer covered with metals (Ag, Au, Ni) the
characterization showed an extraordinary transmission peaks results of the
polycrystalline structures[], but in present work only one peak of an
extraordinary transmission spectrum results of mono-crystalline structure.(
Sergei G. Romanov et. al. ,2012), prepared metal-dielectric structure by
deposition method , they obtained transmission and reflection spectra that
increased the transmission peak and reduced the reflection, also extraordinary
transmission one is shown by others. In the present paper figures (1) and (2)
showed the extraordinary transmission, in the first experiment sample is
without Gum Arabic but in second experiment it used. In figure (3) comparison
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between spectrum 1and 2 was done, in figure three and four a different
extraordinary transmission and extraordinary absorption spectra respectively
show the effect of Gum Arabic. The extraordinary transmission spectra are very
high when Gum Arabic is used. The same effect is shown in figure four, the
spectra of thin film that formed when ZnO was added with different
concentrations to the colloidal of polystyrene as shown in figures (6, 7). The
extraordinary transmission spectra that showed results from hybridization
process that occurred between photonic and Plasmonic crystal during
fabrication process, in figure (5) and (6) Zn metal with amount o.16 gram is
added to the colloidal solution ,when the slide is removed from the vial after
12hour and dried ,the characterization of the spectrum show extraordinary
transmission spectra, when another glass was immersed in the same vial after 12
hours of the beginning of the reaction ,removed after 4days the characterization
of it show photonic crystal transmission, results that there is no hybridization
process, this means Zn metal nano particles size were become large and became
bulk or might become small amont. Therefore, the enhancement arises because
of confined effect of the apertures in the arrays; these apertures might be as the
result of Gum Arabic. This affect on interference and diffraction of the surface
wave excited by light incident on the performed metal surface, Plasmonic
crystal may further enhance the extraordinary transmission through the metallic
film that formed, and the metallic particle acts as oscillator and corresponding
resonance behavior determined the properties of the crystal that performed
results of combination of photonic- Plasmonic crystal. Such Plasmonic
resonance induced charges pile on the surface of the metals, and those charges
induce electromagnetic fields on the surroundings of the surface and fields are
enhanced [28]. This enhancement is very important for many photonic
applications, such as spectroscopy and sensing because the plasmons have
sensitivity to a very small charge on the dielectric function of the surroundings,
which can produce a large spectral shift.
Conclusions
In the present work photonic crystal was fabricated with a new method which is
foam reaction, during the process Zn metal is added, the hybridization process
occurred between the metal particles and the polystyrene latex, the
characterization of the thin film show an extraordinary transmission and
ordinary one also, this is according to the foam reaction condition and the
amount of metal or metal oxide that was added.
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Tra
nsm
issio
n
Wavelength(nm)
hybrid plasmon-photonic nogum
Figure(1):Extraordinary transmission spectrum result of doping polystyrene
spheres with ZnO prepared by hydrothermal method ,the foam reaction without
gum Arabic and without adding Zn metal
Figure :( 2) Extraordinary transmission spectrum result of doping polystyrene
spheres with ZnO, the foam reaction without adding Zn metal but in presence of
gum Arabic
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Transmission
wavelength(nm)
hybrib+gum
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Tra
nsm
issio
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wavelength(nm)
hybrid without gum(black)
hybrid with gum(red)
Figure (3): An extraordinary transmission spectra of polystyrene spheres doped
with ZnO, black without gum, red with gum
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-0.05
0.00
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0.25
0.30
Ab
so
rptio
n
wavelength(nm)
(without gum)
(with gum)
Figure (4): An extraordinary absorption spectra of polystyrene opal photonic
crystal doped with ZnO :( black) in absence of gum Arabic, (red) in presence of
gum Arabic
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Tra
sm
issio
n
wavelength(nm)
after 12hours(ma8)
Figure(5):extraordinary transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal
prepared through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with
amount equal to 0.16gram the deposition time 12 hours
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nsm
issio
n
wavelength(nm)
after4 days(mb8)
Figure(6): ordinary transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal
prepared through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with
amount equal to 0.16gram the deposition time is 4days
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105
B
A
(ma4)
Figure(7): transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal prepared
through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with amount equal to
0.12gram the deposition time 12 hours
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issio
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wavelength(nm)
4days(mb4)
Figure(8): transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal prepared
through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with amount equal to
0.12gram the deposition time 4 days
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nsm
issio
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wavelngth(nm)
10daysmc4)
Figure(9): transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal prepared
through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with amount equal to
0.12gram the deposition time 10days
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T%
wavelength(nm)
12hours( black)
7days( red)
10days(blue)
Figure(10):samples ma4,mb4,mc4.: ordinary transmission spectrum of
polystyrene photonic crystal prepared through foam reaction by adding foam
agent and Zn metal with weight equal to 0.12gram the deposition time 12 hours
,7days,10days, the spectra are black, red, and blue respectively.
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