Gate Book- Cse

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SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT STUDIES (AUTONOMOUS)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

GATE BITS SUBJECT-WISE

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Table of Contents

1. GATE Syllabus .. 3

2. Programming and Data Structures... 5

3. Design And Analysis Of Algorithms 57 4. Compiler Design . 69 5. Operating System 90 6. Databases ... 124 7. Software Engineering . 154 8. Computer Networks 160 9. Web technologies. 179 10. Computer Organization.. 185 11. Digital Logic . 237

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GATE SYLLABUS

1. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CS & IT

Engineering Mathematics

Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.

Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random

Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.

Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean

Algebra.

Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions;

recurrence relations; asymptotics.

Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching;

independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism.

Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values

and Eigen vectors.

Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions

of non-linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods;

Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules.

Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral

calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives,

maxima & minima.

GENERAL APTITUDE(GA):

Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,

instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.

Computer Science and Information Technology

Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter

passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees,

Binary search trees, Binary heaps.

Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and

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average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer;

Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing,

Sorting, Searching. Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper

and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete.

Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime

environments, Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of code optimization.

Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency,

Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File

systems, I/O systems, Protection and security.

Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design

(integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files,

indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control.

Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and

feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life

cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation,

maintenance.

Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and

error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets,

IP(v4), Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs,

switches, gateways, and routers. Network security basic concepts of public key and private key

cryptography, digital signature, firewalls.

Theory of Computation: Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and

Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Undecidability.

Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and

sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).

Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU

and data-path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode),

Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, Secondary storage.

Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing.

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Programming and Data Structures

1. Which one of the following is the tightest upper bound that represents the time complexity

of inserting an object into a binary search tree of n nodes?

(A) O(1) (B) O(log n) (C) O(n) (D) O(n log n) (GATE 2013)

Answer: (C)

Explanation: For skewed binary search tree on n nodes, the tightest upper bound to insert a

node is O(n).

2. Which one of the following is the tightest upper bound that represents the number of

swaps required to sort n numbers using selection sort?

(A)O(log n) (B) O(n) (C) O(n log n) (D) O(n2) (GATE 2013)

Answer: (B)

Explanation: The maximum number of swaps that takes place in selection sort on n numbers is

n

3. Consider the following operation along with Enqueue and Dequeue operations on queues,

where k is global parameters

MultiDequeue(Q) {

m=k

while (Q is not empty) and (m >0) {

Dequeue(Q)

m=m-1

} }

What is the worst case time complexity of a sequence of n queue operations on an initially

empty queue?

(A) (n) (B) (n+k) (C) (nk) (D) (n2) (GATE 2013)

Answer: (C)

4. The preorder traversal sequence of a binary search tree is 30, 20, 10, 15, 25, 23, 39, 35, 42.

Which one of the following is the postorder traversal sequence of the same tree?

(A) 10,20,15,23,25,35,42,39,30 (B) 15,10,25,23,20,42,35,39,30

(C) 15,20,10,23,25,42,35,39,30 (D) 15,10,23,25,20,35,42,39,30

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Answer: (D)

Explanation:

Preorder : 30,20,10,15,25,23,39,35,42

Inorder :10,15,20,23,25,30,35,39,42

5. What is the return value of f p,pif the value of p is initialized to 5 before the call? Note that the first parameter is passed by reference, whereas the second parameter is passed by value.

int f(int&x,int c) { c=c-1; if (c==0) return 1; x=x+1; return f(x,c)*x; } (A) 3024 (B) 6561 (C) 55440 (D) 161051 (GATE 2013) Answer: (B)

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Explanation:

Common Data Questions 6 & 7:

The procedure given below is required to find and replace certain characters inside an input

character string supplied in array A. The characters to be replaced are supplied in array oldc,

while their respective replacement characters are supplied in array newc. Array A has a fixed

length of five characters, while arrays oldc and newc contain three characters each. However,

the procedure is flawed

voidfind_and_replace( char *A, char *oldc, char *newc)

{

for (inti=0;i

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(1) oldc= "abc ", newc= "dab" (2) oldc= " cde", newc= "bcd"

(3) oldc= "bca", newc= "cda" (4) oldc= "abc ", newc= "bac "

6. The tester now tests the program on all input strings of length five consisting of characters

a, b, c, d and e with duplicates allowed. If the tester carries out this testing with the four

test cases given above, how many test cases will be able to capture the flaw?

(A) Only one (B) Only two (C) Only three (D) All four (GATE 2013)

Answer: (B)

Explanation: Flaw in this given procedure is that one character of Array A can be replaced by

more than one character of newc array, which should not be so.Test case (3) and (4) identifies

this flaw as they are containing oldc and newc array characters arranged in specific manner.

Following string can reflect flaw, if tested by test case (3).

Likewise single character b in A is replaced by c and then by d. Same way test case (4) can

also catch the flaw.

7. If array A is made to hold the string abcde, which of the above four test cases will be

successful in exposing the flaw in this procedure?

(A) None (B) 2 only (C) 3 and 4 only (D) 4 only (GATE 2013)

Answer: (C)

Explanation: Now for string abcde in array A, both test case (3) and (4) will be successful in

finding the flaw, as explained in above question.

8. What will be output of the following program?

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char inChar=A;

switch(inChar) { case A: print(Choice A\n); case B: case C: printf(Choice B); case D: case E: default: printf(No Choice); }

(A) No Choice

(B) Choice A

(C) Choice A

Choice B No Choice

(D) Program gives no output as it is erroneous (GATE 2012)

Answer: (C)

Explanation:-Since there is no break statement, the program executes all the subsequent

case statements after printing choice A.

9. Supposeacircularqueueofcapacity(n1)elementsisimplementedwithan

arrayofnelements.Assumethattheinsertionanddeletionoperationsarecarriedoutusi

ngREARandFRONTasarrayindexvariables,respectively.Initially,REAR=FRONT=0.Thecond

itionstodetectqueuefullandqueueemptyare

(A)full:(REAR+1)modn==FRONT (B)full:(REAR+1)mod n==FRONT empty:REAR==FRONT empty:(FRONT+1)modn==REAR

(C)full:REAR==FRONT(D)full:(FRONT+1)mod n==REAR

empty:(REAR+1)modn==FRONTempty:REAR==FRONT ( G A T E 2 0 1 2 )

Answer:(A) Explanation:-

Thecounterexamplefortheconditionfull:REAR=FRONTis

InitiallywhentheQueueisemptyREAR=FRONT=0bywhichtheabovefullcondition

issatisfiedwhichisfalse

Thecounterexamplefortheconditionfull:(FRONT+1)modn=REARis

InitiallywhentheQueueisemptyREAR=FRONT=0andletn=3,soafterinsertingone

elementREAR=1andFRONT=0,atthispointtheconditionfullaboveissatisfied,buts

tillthereisplacefor onemoreelementinQueue,sothisconditionisalsofalse

Thecounterexamplefortheconditionempty:(REAR+1)modn=FRONTis


elementREAR=1andFRONT=0,atthispointtheconditionemptyaboveissatisfied,b

utthequeueofcapacityn-1isfullhere

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Thecounterexamplefortheconditionempty:(FRONT+1)modn=REARis


elementREAR=1andFRONT=0,atthispointtheconditionemptyaboveissatisfied,b

utthequeueofcapacityn-1isfullhere

COMMON DATA QUESTIONS 10 & 11

Consider the following C program (2012)

int a, b, c = 0; voidprtFun (void); int main () { staticint a = 1; /* line 1 */ prtFun(); a += 1; prtFun(); printf ( "\n %d %d " , a, b) ; } voidprtFun (void) { staticint a = 2; /* line 2 */ int b = 1; a += ++b; printf (" \n %d %d " , a, b); } 10.What output will be generated by the given code segment? (A) 3 1 (B) 4 2 (c) 4 2 (D) 3 1 4 1 6 1 6 2 5 2 4 2 6 1 2 0 5 2 Answer (C)

Explanation: a and b are global variable. prtFun() also has a and b as local variables. The local

variables hide the globals (See Scope rules in C). When prtFun() is called first time, the local b becomes 2 and local a becomes 4.

When prtFun() is called second time, same instance of local static a is used and a new instance of b is created because a is static and b is non-static. So b becomes 2 again and a becomes 6.

main() also has its own local static variable named a that hides the global a in main. The printf() statement in main() accesses the local a and prints its value. The same printf() statement accesses the global b as there is no local variable named b in main. Also, the defaut value of static and global int variables is 0. That is why the printf statement in main() prints 0 as value of b.

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11.What output will be generated by the given code d\segment if: (GATE 2012) Line 1 is replaced by auto int a = 1; Line 2 is replaced by register int a = 2; (A) 3 1 (B) 4 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 4 2 4 1 6 1 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 1 2 0 2 0 Answer (D) Explanation:

If we replace line 1 by auto int a = 1; and line 2 by register int a = 2;, then a becomes non-static in prtFun(). The output of first prtFun() remains same. But, the output of second prtFun() call is changed as a new instance of a is created in second call. So 4 2 is printed again. Finally, the printf() in main will print 2 0. Making a a register variable wont change anything in output.

12. What does the following fragment of C-program print? (GATE 2011) char c[] = "GATE2011"; char *p =c; printf("%s", p + p[3] - p[1]) ; (A) GATE2011 (B) E2011 (C) 2011 (D) 011 Answer: (C) Explanation: See comments for explanation. char c[] = "GATE2011"; // p now has the base address string "GATE2011" char *p =c; // p[3] is 'E' and p[1] is 'A'. // p[3] - p[1] = ASCII value of 'E' - ASCII value of 'A' = 4 // So the expression p + p[3] - p[1] becomes p + 4 which is // base address of string "2011" printf("%s", p + p[3] - p[1]) ;

13. A max-heap is a heap where the value of each parent is greater than or equal to the value of its children. Which of the following is a max-heap? (GATE 2011)

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Answer: - (B)

Explanation: - Heap is a complete binary tree

COMMON DATA QUESTIONS 14 & 15

Consider the following recursive C function that takes two arguments (2011) unsignedint foo(unsigned int n, unsigned int r) { if (n > 0) return (n%r + foo (n/r, r )); else return 0; } 14. What is the return value of the function foo when it is called as foo(513, 2)?

(A) 9

(B) 8

(C) 5

(D) 2 (GATE 2011) Answer: (D)

Explanation:

foo(513, 2) will return 1 + foo(256, 2). All subsequent recursive calls (including foo(256, 2)) will return 0 + foo(n/2, 2) except the last call foo(1, 2) . The last call foo(1, 2) returns 1. So, the value returned by foo(513, 2) is 1 + 0 + 0. + 0 + 1. The function foo(n, 2) basically returns sum of bits (or count of set bits) in the number n.

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15. What is the return value of the function foo when it is called as foo(345, 10) ?

(GATE 2011)

(A) 345

(B) 12

(C) 5

(D) 3

Answer: (B)

Explanation:

The call foo(345, 10) returns sum of decimal digits (because r is 10) in the number n. Sum of digits for 345 is 3 + 4 + 5 = 12.

16. WhatisthevalueprintedbythefollowingCprogram? (GATE 2010)

#include

intf(int*a,intn)

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{

if(n

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17. The following C function takes a singly-linked list as input argument. It modified the list by moving the last element to the front of the list and returns the modified list. Some part of the code is left blank. (GATE 2010) typedefstruct node { int value; struct node *next } Node; Node *mode )_to_front(Node *head){

Node *p,*q; if((head==NULL) ||(head->next==NULL))return head; q=NULL;p=head;

while(p->next!=NULL) { q=p; p=p->next; } ---------------------------------------- return head; } Choose the correct alternative to replace the blank line.

1) q=NULL; p->next=head; head=p; 2) q->next=NULL; head=p; p->next=head; 3) head=p; p->next=q; q->next=NULL; 4) q->next=NULL; p->next=head; head=p;

Answer: (D) Solution: Here the program wants to make the last node of the list, the first node. Here q is the second last node and p is the last node The second last nodes next should be now NULL so

q->next=NULL.

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p->next should below head node. sop->next=head

Now the head node is p. So head = p. Hence (D) is correct option.

18. ThecyclomaticcomplexityofeachofthemodulesAandBshownbelowis10.Whatisthe cyclomaticcomplexityofthesequentialintegrationshownontherighthandside?

(GATE 2010)

1)19 2)21 3)20 4)10

Answer: (1) Explanation: Cyclomatic complexity is defined as the no. of independent paths form begin to exit in a module. If some dependent sub modules are there in the module then the individual cyclomatic complexities are added & overall sum is reduced by 1. Here CC(complete) = CC(A) + CC(B) 1 So 10+10-1=19 Hence (1) is correct option. 19. What does the following program print? (GATE 2010) #include void f(int *p, int *q) { p = q; *p = 2;} inti = 0, j = 1; int main() { f(&i, &j); printf("%d %d \n", i, j); getchar(); return 0; } (A) 2 2 (B) 2 1 (C) 0 1 (D) 0 2 Answer: (D)

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Explanation: See below f() with comments for explanation. /* p points to i and q points to j */ void f(int *p, int *q) { p = q; /* p also points to j now */ *p = 2; /* Value of j is changed to 2 now */ } 20.The following program is to be tested for statement coverage : (GATE 2010) begin if(a==b){S1;exit} else if(c==d){S2;} else {S3;exit;} S4; end The test cases T1, T2, T3, and T4 given below are expressed in terms of the properties satisfied by the values of variables a_b_cand d. The exact values are not given. T1: a,b,c and d are equal T2: a,b,c and d are all distinct T3: a=b and c!=d T4: a!=b and c=d Which of the test suites given below ensures coverage of statements S1, S2, S3 and S4?

A) T1, T2, T3 B) T2, T4 C) T3, T4 D) T1, T2, T4

Answer: (D) Explanation: The following test cases covers statements. T1: all are equal

S1 executed and then so no other execution. T2: all are distinct

Only S3 executed T3: a=b & c!=d

Only S1 executed T4: a!=b & c=d

Only S2,S4only So to have all statements the option should be either T1,T2,T4or T2,T3,T4 Option (D) is T1,T2,T4 Hence (D) is correct option. Statement for Linked Answer Questions 21 & 22 (GATE 2010)

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A has table of length 10 uses open addressing with hash function h(k)=k mod 10, and linear probing. After inserting 6 values into an empty has table, the table is as shown below.

0

1

2 42

3 23

4 34

5 52

6 46

7 33

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21. Which one oft he following choices gives a possible order in which the key values could have been inserted in the table ? (A) 46, 42, 34, 52, 23, 33 (B) 34, 42, 23, 52, 33, 46 (C) 46, 34, 42, 23, 52, 33 (D) 42, 46, 33, 23, 34, 52 Answer: (C) Explanation: Here for hashing Linear probing is used, i.e. it finds the hash key value through hash function and maps the key on particular position In Hash table. In case of key has same hash address then it will find the next address then it will find the next empty position in the Has Table. Here we check all options: (A) Here 42 will be inserted at the 2nd position in the array next 52, also has same hash address 2. But it already occupied so it will search for the next free place which is 3rd position. So here 52 is misplaced and it is not possible key values. (B) Here 46 is misplaced so it is not possible value. (C) This is same as given hash table. So correct order is 46, 34, 42, 23, 52, 33 Hence (C) is correct option. 22. How many different insertion sequences of the key values using the same hash function and linear probing will result in the hash table shown above ? (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40 Answer: (C) Explanation: Here the given order of insertion is 46, 34, 42, 23, 52, 33 Here 42, 23, 34, 46 are inserted direct using hash function" But to insert 52 we have 6 vacant places." After insertion of 52 at any of the 6 places, we have 5 places"remaining for 33. So total combination. 6 * 5 = 30 possible ways Hence (C) is correct option.

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23.Whatisthenumberofswapsrequiredtosortnelements usingselectionsort,intheworst case? (GATE 2009)

A)(n) B)(nlogn)

C)(n2) D)(n2logn)

Answer: (C)

24. Consider the program below: (GATE 2009) #include int fun(int n, int *f_p){ intt,f; if (n

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In the end 8 is returned so only this will be printed

Hence (B) is correct option. 25. What is the maximum height of any AVL-tree with 7 nodes ? Assume that the height of a tree with a single node is 0. (GATE 2009) (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 Answer: (B) Explanation: AVL tree is a partially balanced tree with the weights assigned to thenodes can be only 1,0 or 1. This weight is assigned on the basis of difference of the no. of children in the left subtree& right subtree. If some other weight is there then we rotate the tree to balance it.

In this tree the height is 3 and it is Also AVL balanced so maximum height will be 3 Hence (B) is correct option. Statement for Linked Answer Question 26 & 27 (GATE 2009) Consider a binary max-heap implemented using an array 26.Which one of the follow9ng array represents a binary max-heap? (A) {25, 12, 16, 13, 10, 8, 14} (B) {25, 14, 13, 16, 10, 8, 12} (C) {25, 14, 16, 13, 10, 8, 12} (D) {25, 14, 12, 13, 10, 8, 16} Answer: (C) Explanation: If the value presented at any node is greater then all its children then the tree is called the max heap. Here we need to draw heap for all options

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Hence (C) is correct option. 27. What is the content of the array after two delete operations on the correct answer to the previous question? (GATE 2009) (A) {14, 13, 12, 10, 8} (B) {14, 12, 13, 8, 10} (C) {14, 13, 8, 12, 10} (D) {14, 13, 12, 8, 10} Answer: (D) Explanation:

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28. Which combination of the integer variables x,y, and z makes the variable a get the value 4 in the following expression? (GATE 2008) a = (x >y)?((x>z)?x:z): ((y >z)?y:z) (A) x= 3,y = 4,z = 2 (B) x = 6,y = 5,z = 3 (C) x= 6,y = 3,z = 5 (D) x = 5,y = 4,z = 5

Answer: (A) Explanation: a = (x >y)?((x>z)?x:z): ((y >z)?y:z) Expr 1?expr 2 : expr 3 ; Here Expr 1 is a comparison expression whose result may be true or false. If true returned the expr 2 is selected as choice otherwise expr3. Here we want 4 to be printed which is only in option (A) & (D) for y = 4 to be printed. x >y should be false since y is in true part so this expr should be true. So both the conditions are true in option (A) only so correct. We can check. x = 3 y = 4 z = 2 a = (x >y)?((x >z)?x:z) ((y >z)?y:z) First we can check 3 >2 ?3 : 2 thus 3 is selected Then 4 >2 ?4 : 2 here 4 is selected Hence a = 3 > 4?3:4 = 4 Hence (A) is correct option. 30. What is printed by the following C program? (GATE 2008) int f(int x, int *py, int **ppz) { int y, z; **ppz += 1; z = **ppz;

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*py += 2; y = *py; x += 3; return x + y + z; } void main() { int c, *b, **a; c = 4; b = &c; a = &b; printf( "%d", f(c,b,a)); getchar(); } (A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 21 (D) 22

Answer :(B) Explanation: /* Explanation for the answer */ /*below line changes value of c to 5. Note that x remains unaffected by this change as x is a copy of c and address of x is different from c*/ **ppz += 1 /* z is changed to 5*/ z = **ppz; /* changes c to 7, x is not changed */ *py += 2; /* y is changed to 7*/ y = *py; /* x is incremented by 3 */ x += 3; /* return 7 + 7 + 5*/ return x + y + z;

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31. Choose the correct option to fill ?1 and ?2 so that the program below prints an input string in reverse order. Assume that the input string is terminated by a newline character. (GATE 2008) void reverse(void) { int c; if (?1) reverse() ; ?2 } main() { printf ("Enter Text ") ; printf ("\n") ; reverse(); printf ("\n") ; } (A) ?1 is (getchar() != \n) ?2 is getchar(c); (B) ?1 is (c = getchar() ) != \n) ?2 is getchar(c); (C) ?1 is (c != \n) ?2 is putchar(c); (D) ?1 is ((c = getchar()) != \n) ?2 is putchar(c); Answer: (D) Explanation: getchar() is used to get the input character from the user and putchar() to print the entered character, but before printing reverse is called again and again until \n is entered. When \n is entered the functions from the function stack run putchar() statements one by one. Therefore, last entered character is printed first. You can try running below program void reverse(void); /* function prototype */ void reverse(void) { int c; if (((c = getchar()) != '\n')) reverse(); putchar(c); } main() { printf ("Enter Text ") ; printf ("\n") ;

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reverse(); printf ("\n") ; getchar(); } 32. The following postfix expression with single digit operands in evaluated using a stack 823^/23*+ 51* . Note that ^ is the exponentiation operator. The top two elements of the stack after the first* is evaluated are (GATE 2007)

(A) 6, 1 (B) 5, 7

(C) 3, 2 (D) 1, 5

Answer: (B)

Explanation:

Given postfix expression is 823^/23*+ 51* Scanning the string from left to right we push all the digits,& we get any operator we evaluate

the operation between top 2 elements poped from stack. Then the result is pushed again into

stack.

Stack contain 5, 7

Hence (B) is correct option

33.Consider the following C-function in which a[n] and b[n] are two sorted integer arrays and

c[n+m] be another integer array. (GATE 2006)

void xyz (int a[],int b[],int c[]){

inti, j, k;

i=j=k=0;

while((i

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else

c[k++]=b[j++];

}

Which of the following condition (s) hold (s) after the termination of

the while loop ?

I j

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S5: may add or subtract integers and pointers

(A) S1 (B) S2 and S3

(C) S2 and S4 (D) S2 and S5

Answer: (C)

Explanation:

Here pointers are used without initialization also the address pointed by then may be out of

segment of program, so segmentation.

Fault may be there so. S2 correct.

Here no compiler error S1 false.

Correctly done swap procedure but not all valid import pointers so S4 also true.

S2 &S4 are correct.

Hence (C) is correct option.

Common Data Questions 35 & 36 (GATE 2006)

A 3-ary max heap os like a binary max heap, but instead of 2 children, nodes have 3 children, A 3-ary heap can be represented by an array as follows: The root is stored in the first location, a [0], nodes in the next level, from left to right, is stored form a[1] to a[3]. The nodes from the second level of the tree from left to right are stored from a[4] location onward. An item x can be inserted into a 3-ary heap containing n items by placing x in the location a [n] and pushing it up the tree to satisfy the heap property. 35.Which one of the following is a valid sequence of elements in an array representing 2-ary max heap ? (A) 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 (B) 9, 6, 3, 1, 8, 5 (C) 9, 3, 6, 8, 5, 1 (D) 9, 5, 6, 8, 3, 1 Answer: (D) Explanation:

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Here in option (A), (B) and (C), value present at node is not greater then all its children.

Hence (D) is correct option.

36.Suppose the elements 7, 2, 10, and 4 are inserted, in that order, into the valid 3-ary max heap found in the above question, Q. 38. Which on of the following is the sequence of items in the array representing the resultant heap ? (GATE 2006) (A) 10, 7, 9, 8, 3, 1, 5, 2, 6, 4 (B) 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (C) 10, 9, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 2, 1, 3 (D) 10, 8, 6, 9, 7, 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Answer: (A)

Explanation:

Given heap is as follows

To add 7, 2, 10, 4 we add the node at the end of array

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We keep if at right place in the heap tree. Compare elements with its parent node. Since 10 > 6 and 7 >5, we interchange

Since 10 >9, we interchange and we get

n/2=10/2=5 3 is at right position 4 is at right position Hence (A) is correct option. 37. What does the following C-statement declare? (GATE 2005)

Int (*f) (int*)

(A) A function that takes an integer pointer as argument and returns an integer

(B) A function that takes an integer pointer as argument and returns an integer pointer

(C) A pointer to a function that takes an integer pointer as argument an returns

(D) A function that takes an integer pointer as argument returns a function pointer

30

Answer: (C)

Explanation:

Given statement int (*f) (int*)

This is not the declaration of any function since the f has *(pointer symbol) before it. So f is a

pointer to a function also the argument type is int *& the return type is int.

So overall we can say that f is a pointer to a function that takes an integer pointer as argument

and returns an integer.


38.An Abstract Data type (ADT) is (GATE 2005)

(A) same as an abstract class

(B) a data type that cannot be instantiated

(C) a data type for which only the operations defined on it can be

used, but none else

(D) all of the above

Answer: (C)

Explanation:

Abstract Data type :- It is defined as a user defined data type, specified by keyword abstract

& defines the variables & functions, these operations can only use the variables of this data

type.

So option (C) which says that Abstract data type for which only operations defined on it can be

used is correct.

Eg.stack data type

Here operations defined are push & pop. So we can apply only these 2 operations on it.


39.A common property of logic programming languages and functional languages is

(A) both are procedural language (GATE 2005)

(B) both are based oncalculus

(C) both are declarative

(D) all of the above

Answer: (D)

31

Explanation:

-calculus" It provides the semantics for computation with functions so that properties of

functional computation can be studied.

Both the languages require declaration before use of any object.

Both are procedural

So option (D) is correct.

Both the languages are based on calculus, procedural & declarative


40.Which of the following are essential features of an object-oriented programming

languages? (GATE 2005)

1. Abstraction and encapsulation

2. Strictly-typedness

3. Type-safe property coupled with sub-type rule

4. Polymorphism in the presence of inheritance

(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 4 only

(C) 1, 2 and 4 only (D) 1, 3 and 4 only

Answer: (B)

Explanation:

Object oriented programming languages necessarily have features like Abstraction

Encapsulation, inheritance with polymorphism. but OOPL are also strongly-typed since there

are restrictions on how operations involving values having different data types can be

intermixed.

Eg.two integers can be divided but one integer & one string cant.

Hence (B) is correct option.

41.A program P reads in 500 integers in the range (0, 100) representing the scores of 500

students. It then prints the frequency of each score above 50. What be the best way for P to

store the frequencies? (GATE 2005)

(A) An array of 50 numbers

(B) An array of 100 numbers

(C) An array of 500 numbers

32

(D) A dynamically allocated array of 550 numbers

Answer: (A)

Explanation:

Here the no. readable are range 0 to 100 but the output of the program is interested in scores

above 50 so there are 50 values (51 to 100) in this range.

So only an array 50 integers required as we get any no. we increment the value stored at

index.

Array [x 50] by 1.

Hence (A ) is correct option.

42.Consider the following C-program (GATE 2005) double foo (double); /* Line 1*/ int main(){ doubleda_db; // input da db _foo(da); } double foo(double a){ returna; } The above code complied without any error or warning. If Line 1 is deleted, the above code will show (A) no compile warning or error (B) some complier-warning not leading to unitended results (C) Some complier-warning due to type-mismatch eventually leading to unitended results (D) Complier errors

Answer: (C)

Explanation: Here if line 1 which is prototype declaration of the function foo, in C compilation process this would give an compile warning , due to type-mismatch. Since then compiler wont know what is the return type of foo. So unintended results may occur. Hence (C) is correct option.

43.Postorder traversal of a given binary search tree, T produces the following sequence of

keys10, 9, 23, 22, 27, 25, 15, 50, 95, 60, 40, 29

Which one of the following sequences of keys can be the result of an inorder traversal of the

tree T? (GATE 2005)

33

(A) 9, 10, 15, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 40, 50, 60, 95

(B) 9, 10, 15, 22, 40, 50, 60, 95, 23, 25, 27, 29

(C) 29, 15, 9, 10, 25, 22, 23, 27, 40, 60, 50, 95

(D) 95, 50, 60, 40, 27, 23, 22, 25, 10, 0, 15, 29

Answer: (A)

Explanation:

When we are given any no elements & even any order (preorder or post order) & we need to

calculate inorder, then inorder is simply sorted sequence of the elements.

Here 9, 10, 15, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 40, 50, 60, 95

Hence (A) is correct option.

44.Assume that the operators +, -,# are left associative and ^ is right associative .The order of

precedence (from highest to lowest) is ^,#, +, -. The postfix expression corresponding to the

infix expression a + b#c - d ^ e ^ f is (GATE 2004)

(A) abc#+def ^^ (B) abc#+de^f^

(C) ab+c#de^f^ (D) +a#bc^^def

Answer: (A)

Explanation:

Given expression a + b)c d/e/f

parenthesizing the expression as per given rules.

= ((a + (b)c)) (d/(e/f)))

= ((a + (bc))) (d/(ef/)))

= ((abc)+) (def//))

= (abc)+def//)

So option (A) is correct

You can also solve using stack.


45.Consider the following C program (GATE 2004) main ()

34

{ int x, y, m, n; scanf(%d%d, &x,&y); /*Assume x>0 and y>0*/ m=x; n=y; while (m!=n) { if (m>n) m=mn; else n=nm; } printf(%d,n); } The program computers (A) x'y, using repeated subtraction (B) x mod y using repeated subtraction (C) the greatest common divisor of x and y (D) the least common multiple of x only

Answer: (A) Explanation: Here if m >n then m = m n m 1, E> 0). (GATE 2004)

x=m;

y=1;

while (xy>E)

{ x=(x+y)/2;

y=m/x;

}

print (x);

35

(A) log m (B) m2

(C) m1/2 (D) m1/3

Answer: (C)

Explanation:

Here we take let x = 16

Loop will stop when x y = 0 or >0

Iteration X Y

1 (16+1)/2=8 16/8=2

2 (8+2)/2=5 16/5=3

3 (5+3)/2=4 16/4=4

Here X = Y

Then take X. which is 4.

(m)1/2 = 4 = (16)1/2


47.Choose the best matching between the programming styles in Group 1 and their

characteristics in Group 2. (GATE 2004)

Group-1 Group-2

P. Functional

Q. Logic

R. Object-oriented

S. Imperative

1. Command-based, procedural

2. Imperative, abstract data types

3. Side-effect free, declarative,

expression evaluation

4. Declarative, clausal

representation, theorem proving

36

(A) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1 (B) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1

(C) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2 (D) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1

Answer: (D)

Explanation:

p. Functional Programming is declarative in nature, involves expression evaluation, & side

effect free.

q Logic is also declarative but involves theorem proving.

r. Object oriented is imperative statement based & have abstract (general) data types.

s Imperative :- The programs are made giving commands & follows definite procedure &

sequence.


48)What is printed by the print statements in the program P1 assuming

call by reference parameter passing ? (2001)

Program P1( )

{

_ _ 1__

_ _ __

____1(*)_

_r___ x;

_r___ y;

}

func1(x,y,z)

{

y=y+4

z=x+y+z;

}

(A) 10, 3

(B) 31, 3

(C) 27, 7

(D) None of the above

37

SOLUTION

Since the function fun 1 doesnt return the values of x & y and x & y are not passed by

reference. So in program P1( ) would print x = 10 & y = 3. So 10, 3


49)Consider the following three functions. (2001)

[P1] int *g(void)

{

Int x=10;

return (& x);

}

[P2] int *g(void)

{

int *px;

*px=10;

return px;

}

[P3] int *g(void)

{

int *px

px=(int*)malloc (size of (int));

*px=10;

return px;

}

Which of the above three functions are likely to cause problems with

pointers ?

(A) Only P3

(B) Only P1 and P3

(C) Only P1 and P2

(D) P1, P2 and P3

SOLUTION

38

P1 : Here the function is returning address of the variable x (& x ) but the return type is pointer

to integer not address. So incorrect.

P2 : *px = 0 directly assigned a value but still px doesnt point to any memory location, so

memory initialization or allocation should be done before. So incorrect.

P3: Correction made in P2, memory pre allocated, So correct.


50)Consider the following program (2001)

Program P2

Var n:int:

procedure W (var x:int)

begin

X=X+1

Print x;

end

Procedure D

Begin

var n:int;

n=3;

W(n);

End

Begin \\begin P2

n=10;

D;

end

If the language has dynamic scooping and parameters are passed by reference, what will be

printed by the program ?

(A) 10

(B) 11

(C) 3


39

SOLUTION

n = 10 given but not passed to D. In D, n = 3 & W(n) increments by

1. So n = n + 1 = 4.


51)The results returned by function under value-result and reference parameter passing

conventions. (2002)

(A) Do not differ

(B) Differ in the presence of loops

(C) Differ in all cases

(D) May differ in the presence of exception

SOLUTION

The results returned by function under value & reference parameter passing may differ in

presence of loops.


52)Consider the following declaration of a two-dimensional array in C. (2002)

Char a[100][100]

Assuming that the main memory is byte-addressable and that array is stored starting form

memory address 0, the address of a [40] [50] is

(A) 4040 (B) 4050

(C) 5040 (D) 5050

SOLUTION

Char a[100] [100]

1 char require 1 byte

Total required 10000 bytes.

Memory format is byte addressable

A[0] a[0][50] a[0][99]

. .

. .

. .

A[50][0] a[40][50]

.

40

.

.

A[99][0] a[99][99]

100 bytes per row. I.e 40#100 = 4000

1 byte per column I. e. 50#1 = 50

Total 4050


53) Consider the following C function.(2003)

fl oat f(fl oat x, int y){

fl oat p, s; int i;

for (s=1, p=1, i=1, i

41

1 x 1 + x

4 x3/3! x/4 x4/4! # = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4!

Loop

counter (i)

P S

1 x

1 + x

2 x)x/2 : 1 = x2/2 : 1 1 + x + x2/2

3 x2/2)x/3 = x3/3 : 2 : 1 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3!

4 x3/3! x/4 x4/4! 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4!

Thus it can be checked for every value.

Here the assumption is that the value of y is very large so y " 3

So the series 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3!................3 will have infinite terms & from our previous

knowledge we know that this 3 series is expansion of ex (exponential series) so. 1 + x + x2/2! +

x3/3!...........3 = ex


54)Assume the following C variable declaration (2003)

int)A[10], B[10][10];

Of the following expressions

(1) A[2]

(2) A[2][3]

(3) B[1]

42

(4) B[2][3]

Which will not give compile-time errors if used as left hand sides of assignment statements in a

C program ?

(A) 1, 2, and 4, only (B) 2, 3, and 4, only

(C) 2 and 4 only (D) 4 only

SOLUTION

We have int )* which is an array of 10 integer value pointer whereas B[10] [10] is an array

which stores 10#10 = 100 integers So let us try to solve it eliminating way.

" Option 3 B[1] cant be at the left side since it is 2D array so cant use single index. We need

not necessarily specify the size of first dimension for B[][3]

" Option 4 B[2][3] is assignment to the array B value so possible.

" Option 1 A [2] is also possible to assign some address os integer value

" Option 2 this is some what tricky. Here A[2][3] becomes a 2D array if integer where A [2]

means the 2nd integer in this array and A[2][3]o means 3rd integer in this row. eg. A[2] [3] = 5

means that at second row the third integer value is 5. Hence (*) Is correct option.

55)Let T(n) be the number of different binary search trees on n distinct elements. (2003) Then

T[n] T(k 1)T(x)

k 1

n

=

= /

, where x is

(A) n k + 1

(B) n k

(C) n k 1

(D) n k 2

SOLUTION

43

Binary search tree has a root node & its 2 subtrees. So for every node other than the leaves, all

the elements smaller than the node are its left subtree & all the nodes which have value equal to

or greater than that node are at right subtree. Here the given expression.

T(n) T(k 1)T(X)

K

n

1

=

= /

Figure

n(B) = no. of nodes in left subtree

n(C) " no. of nodes in right subtree

T(n) = n(B) + n(C) + 1

T(n) T(X)T(k 1)

K

n

1

=

= /

Expanding forT (k 1) we get

T(n) T(X) [T(0) T(1) T(2) .....T(n 1)]

K

n

1

= : + +

= 144444444424444444443

/

no. of nodes in left subtree denoted by K

Total nodes = n

So remaining node n (k 1) i.e nodes in the right subtree.

So = n k + 1

So overall we can say that the no. of different BSTs on n different

44

elements.

T(n) T(n k 1)T(k 1)

n

k

1

= +

= /

Hence ( ) is correct option.

56) A data structure is required for storing a set of integers such that each of the following

operations can be done is (logn) time, where n is the number of elements in the set. (2003)

1. Delection of the smallest element.

2. Insertion of an element if it is not already present in the set.

Which of the following data structures can be used for this purpose ?

(A) A heap can be used but not a balanced binary search tree

(B) A balanced binary search tree can be used but not a heap

(C) Both balanced binary search tree and heap can be used

(D) Neither balanced binary search tree nor heap can be used

SOLUTION

Both the tasks can be performed by both the data structures but heap is a data structure where to

perform these function every element has to be checked so O(n) complexity. But the balance

binary search tree is efficient data structure since at every decision it selects one of its subtree to

no. of elements to be checked are reduced by a factor of 1/2 every time.

n/2! = x

x = logn


57) Let S be a stack of size n $ 1. Starting with the empty stack, suppose we push the first n

natural numbers in sequence, and then perform n pop operations. Assume that Push and Pop

operation take X seconds each , and Y seconds elapse between the end of the one such stack

operation and the start of the next operation. For m $ 1, define the stack-life of mcs the time

45

elapsed from the end or Push (m) to the start of the pop operation that removes m from S . The

average stack-life of an element of this stack is (2003)

(A) n(X + Y)

(B) 3Y + 2X

(C) n(X + Y) X

(D) Y + 2X

SOLUTION

Here each of PURSH & POP operation take X seconds & Y seconds are elapsed between two

consecutive stack operations. m is the life time of element in stack. So m X is time for push.

m X is time for pop.

m Y is time for intermediate

So total m(2X + Y)

Average stack life ( )

m

= m 2X + Y

= 2X + Y

= Y + 2X


58) Consider the C program shown below.

#include

#defi ne print(x)printf(%d,x)

int x;

void Q (int z){

z+=x; print(z);

}

void p (int)y){

int x=)y+2;

Page 13

www.gatehelp.com CS Topicwise 2001-2010

Programming & Data

46

Structure

Q(x);)y=x-1;

print(x);

}

main (void){

x=5;

p(&x);

print(x);

}

The output of this program is

(A) 12 7 6 (B) 22 12 11

(C) 14 6 6 (D) 7 6 6

SOLUTION

Figure

Here X is the global variable so still 5. Figure Here this is global X whose xy has been changed

to 6 so 6 is printed 12 66


First x=5 Then by function p(&x)

X =5+2=7 Then by function Q(x)

z =z+x

=7+5=12

Here x is global variable so still it is 5. Return to function p(&x)

Y =7-1=6

print x =7

return to main

Print x =6

Here this is global x whose *y ahs been changed to 6 so 6 is printed.

59) Consider the function - defined below.(2003)

struct item {

int data;

struct item)next;

};

47

int f (struct item )p){

return ((p==NULL)||(p>next==NULL)||

((p>datanext>data)&&

f(p>next)));

}

For a given linked list p, the function f return 1 if and only if

(A) the list is empty or has exactly one element

(B) the elements in the list are sorted in non-decreasing order of data value

(C) the elements in the list are sorted in non-increasing order of data value

(D) not all elements in the list have the same data value

SOLUTION

Here the return 1 any 1 of the following should be correct.

(A) P == NULL i.e the list is empty (ends)

(B) P " next = NULL i.e have one element.

(C) P " data

48

temp =a;

a =b;

b =temp;

}

In the order to exchange the values of two variables x and y .

(A) call swap (x,y)

(B) call swap (&x,&y)

(C) swap (x,y) cannot be used as it does not return any value

(D) swap (x,y) cannot be used as the parameters are passed by value

SOLUTION

Here the function takes the arguments by value.

" Option (A) sends parameter by value but only the local variable

a & b will be exchanged but not the actual variables x & y so

incorrect.

" Option (B) is incorrect sending address of x & y .

" Option (C) swap (x,y) is usable there is no need to return.

" Option (D) is the opposite statement of option (A), it says that the values are passed by value

so wont swap so the option is correct.


62) A single array A [1........MAXSIZE] is used to implement two stacks. The two stacks grow

from opposite ends of the array. Variables top 1 and top 2 (top 1

49

Here the stack will be fuel if both top 1 & top 2 are at the adjacent index values i.e. their

difference is 1.

So top 1 = top 2 1

Here (D) is correct option.

63) The best data structure to check whether an arithmetic expression

has balanced parenthesis is a

(A) queue

(B) stack

(C) tree

(D) list

SOLUTION

Balanced parenthesis in an equation are such that the no. of opening and closing parenthesis and

in correct order should be there. We can check balancing using stack. When we get any opening

parenthesis then we push that in the stack & if we get a closing one then we pop the stack. After

the complete scanning of input string if

stack is found empty then the arithmetic expression is balanced.


63) Consider the following C function

int f(int n)

{static int i=1;

if (n>=5) return n;

n=n+i;

i++;

return f(n);

}

The value returned by f(1) is

(A) 5 (B) 6

(C) 7

50

(D) 8

SOLUTION

Here i is an static variable, so if it is once initialized it cant be initialized again during its scope

n is incremented by 1 & f(n) is called then. The final return is when n>=5 i.e. n returned then

Step Call n i

(1) 1 1 1 condition false n < 5

(2) 1 + 1 = 2 2

(3) 2 2 2 false n < 5

(4) 2 + 2 = 4 3

(5) 3 4 3 false n < 5

(6) 4 + 3 = 7 4

(7) 4 7 4 true return n = 7

So return value is 7.


64) Consider the following program fragment for reversing the digits in a given integer to

obtain a new integer. Let ....... n d d d. = 1 2 m

int n, rev;

rev=0;

while(n>0){

rev=rev)10+n%10;

n=n/10;

}

The loop invariant condition at the end of the ith iteration is

(A) n = d1d2......dmi and rev = dmdm1......dmi+1

(B) n = dmi+1.....dm1dm or rev = dmi .....d2d1

(C) n =Y rev

(D) n = d1d2....dm or rev = dm......d2d1

SOLUTION

Here after every iteration one digit is reduced from n since n = n/10 so unit place is removed.

51

This unit place is then added into the previous reverse sum (rev) after multiplying rev by 10. So

1 digit is incremented every iteration.

So at the ith iteration n should have m i digits d1d2.....dmi & rev

have dmdm1..........dmi+1

i n rev

1 d1d2....dm1 dm

2 d1d2......dm2 dmdm1

So on.


65)Consider the following C program segment. (2003)

char p[20];

char)s= string;

int length=strlen(s);

for (i=0;i

52

66) A circularly linked list is used to represent a Queue. A single variable p is used to access the

Queue. To which node should p point such that both the operations enQueue and deQueue can

be performed in

constant time ? (2003)

(A) rear node

(B) front node

(C) not possible with a single pointer

(D) node next to front

SOLUTION:

Here due to circular connection the rear & front are connected. Here if we point P to rear the P

"next point to front node & P " data will point to rear value while inserting at rear following

sequence of operations done.

These operation done is 0(1) time So constant complexity.


67) Suppose the numbers 7, 5, 1, 8, 3, 6, 0, 9, 4, 2 are inserted in that

order into an initially empty binary search tree. The binary search

tree uses the usual ordering on natural numbers. What is the inorder

transversal sequence of the resultant tree ?(2003)

(A) 7 5 1 0 3 2 4 6 8 9

(B) 0 2 4 3 1 6 5 9 8 7

(C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(D) 9 8 6 4 2 3 0 1 5 7

SOLUTION

We can solve it in shortcut that the first given element in 7, so we need to choose that particular

option in which 7 is at the right place i.e. all the elements on its left should be smaller than it &

all the elements on the right should be equal & greater than it. So this rule is followed in option

C only. The method to make BST for given inputs is 7, 5, 1, 8, 3, 6, 0, 9, 4, 2.

53

To make in order of a binary search tree.

(i) Start with the root node.

(ii) Scan its left subtree,

(iii) If the node in subtree has any left child then store the node in stack & repeat this step for its

left child unit no. left child of any node.

(iv) If leaf reached then print the node & pop the stack, print the poped value.

(v) Check its right subtree & repeat step (III) for it.

(vi) When stack empty then stop

54

So here inorder is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Actually a fact can be remembered that inorder traversal

of a BST leads to a sorted sequence of elements.

Hence (C) is correct option

67) Consider the following 2-3-4 tree (i.e., B-tree with a minimum degree of two in which each

data item is a letter. The usual alphabetical ordering of letters is used in constructing the

tree.(2003)

What is the result of inserting G in the below tree ?


SOLUTION

55

2-3-4 B-tree means the min degree of a node is two & it can be max 4 So maximum of 3

elements can be there in a node.

Here in this node the no. of element >3. So we need a split or rotation. Since the adjacent child

has no. of element n 2 2 # = 4 = 2 so we apply a right rotation. So here.


68) The following numbers are inserted into an empty binary search tree in the given order: 10,

1, 3, 5, 15, 12, 16. What is the height of the binary search tree (tree height is the maximum

distance of a leaf node from the root) (2003)

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 6

SOLUTION

56

Given are 10, 1, 3, 5, 15, 12, 16

The height of the leaf node (5) is high 3. Hence (B) is correct option.

57

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS

1.Consider a linked list of n elements. What is the time taken to insert an element after an element

pointed by some pointer?

A. O (1) B. O (n) C. O (log2 n) D .O (n log2 n)

Answer A

2.An algorithm is made up of two independent time complexities f (n) and g (n). Then the

complexities of the algorithm is in the order of

A. f(n) x g(n) B. Max ( f(n),g(n)) C. Min (f(n),g(n)) D. f(n) + g(n)

Answer B

3.Two main measures for the efficiency of an algorithm are

A. Processor and memory B. Complexity and capacity C. Time and space D. Data and space

Answer C

4.The total number of comparisons in a bubble sort is

A. 0(log n) B. 0(n log n) C. 0(n) D. None of the above

Answer B

5.Time complexities of three algorithms are given. Which should execute the slowest for large

values of N?

A. ( 1 2 ) O N B. O(N) C. O(log N) D. None of these

Answer B

6.The upper bound of computing time of m coloring decision problem is

A. O(nm) B .O(nm) C. O(nmn) D. O(nmmn)

Answer C

7.The space factor when determining the efficiency of algorithm is measured by

A. Counting the maximum memory needed by the algorithm

B. Counting the minimum memory needed by the algorithm

C. Counting the average memory needed by the algorithm

D. Counting the maximum disk space needed by the algorithm

58

Answer A

8.If the address of A[1][1] and A[2][1] are 1000 and 1010 respectively and each element occupies 2

bytes then the array has been stored in _________ order.

A. row major B. column major C. matix major D. none of these

Answer A

9.The time factor when determining the efficiency of algorithm is measured by

A. Counting microseconds

B. Counting the number of key operations

C. Counting the number of statements

D. Counting the kilobytes of algorithm

Answer B

10.The Worst case occur in linear search algorithm when

A. Item is somewhere in the middle of the array

B. Item is not in the array at all

C. Item is the last element in the array

D. Item is the last element in the array or is not there at all

Answer D

11.A list of n strings, each of length n, is sorted into lexicographic order using the merge-sort

algorithm. The worst case running time of this computation is

A. O (n log n) B. O (n2 log n) C. O (n2 + log n) D. O (n2)

Answer A

12.Which of the following case does not exist in complexity theory

A. Best case B. Worst case C. Average case D. Null case

Answer D

13.The minimum number of multiplications and additions required to evaluate the polynomial P =

4x3+3x2-15x+45 is

A. 6 & 3 B. 4 & 2 C. 3 & 3 D. 8 & 3

Answer C

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14.The concept of order Big O is important because

A. It can be used to decide the best algorithm that solves a given problem

B. It determines the maximum size of a problem that can be solved in a given given amount of time

C. It is the lower bound of the growth rate of algorithm

D. Both A and B

Answer A

15.The worst case running time to search for an element in a balanced binary search tree with n2n

elements is

A. T(nlogn) B. T(n2n) C. T(n) D. T(logn)

Answer C

16.Which of the following sorting algorithm is of divide-and-conquer type?

A. Bubble sort B. Insertion sort C. Quick sort D. All of above

Answer C

17.The quick sort algorithm exploit _________ design technique

A. Greedy B. Dynamic programming C. Divide and Conquer D. Backtracking

Answer C

18.The number of distinct simple graphs with up to three nodes are

A. 15 B. 10 C. 7 D. 9

Answer C

19.The number of unused pointers in a complete binary tree of depth 5 is

A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32

Answer C

20.A given connected graph G is a Euler graph , if and only if all vertices of G are of

A. Same degree B .Even degree C .Odd degree D. Different degree

Answer B

21.What is the maximum number of nodes in a B-tree of order 10 of depth 3 (root at depth 0) ?

A. 111 B.999 C. 9999 D. None of the above

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Answer D

22.One can convert a binary tree into its mirror image by traversing it in

A. Inorder B. Preorder C. Postorder D. Any order

Answer C

23.Graphs are represented using

A. Adjacency tree B. Adjacency linked list C. Adjacency graph D. Adjacency queue

Answer B

24.The data structure required for breadth first traversal on a graph is

A. Queue B. Stack C. Array D. Tree

Answer A

25.Number of edges of a complete binary tree with 16 leaf nodes are

A. 14 B. 30 C. 32 D. 28

Answer B

26.Tree

A. Is a bipartite graph

B. With n node contains n-1 edges

C. Is a connected graph

D. All of these Answer D

27.If every node u in G is adjacent to every other node v in G, A graph is said to be

A. Isolated B. Complete C. Finite D. Strongly Connected

Answer B

28.Consider the following pseudo-code :

If (A > B) and (C > D) then

A = A + 1

B = B + 1

Endif

The cyclomatic complexity of the pseudo-code is

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Answer D

29.Leaves of which of the following trees are at the same level ?

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A. Binary tree B. B-tree C. AVL-tree D. Expression tree

Answer B

30.The Inorder traversal of the tree will yield a sorted listing of elements of tree in

A. Binary tree B. Binary search tree C. Heaps D. None of the above

Answer B

31.One can make an exact replica of a Binary Search Tree by traversing it in


Answer B

32.Let A be an adjacency matrix of a graph G. The th ij entry in the matrix K A , gives

A. The number of paths of length K from vertex Vi to vertex Vj.

B. Shortest path of K edges from vertex Vi to vertex Vj.

C. Length of a Eulerian path from vertex Vi to vertex Vj.

D. Length of a Hamiltonian cycle from vertex Vi to vertex Vj.

Answer B

33. A graph in which all nodes are of equal degree is called

A. Multi graph B. Non regular graph C. Regular graph D. Complete graph

Answer C

34. The time complexity to build a heap of n elements is

A. 0(1) B. 0(lgn) C. 0(n) D. 0(nlgn)

Answer D

35. Given a binary tree whose inorder and preorder traversal are given by

Inorder : EICFBGDJHK

Preorder : BCEIFDGHJK

The post order traversal of the above binary tree is

A. IEFCGJKHDB B. IEFCJGKHDB C. IEFCGKJHDB D. IEFCGJKDBH

Answer A

36. The running time of the following sorting algorithm depends on whether the partitioning is

balanced or unbalanced

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A. Insertion sort B. Selection sort C. Quick sort D. Merge sort

Answer C

37. In worst case Quick Sort has order

A. O (n log n) B. O (n2/2) C. O (log n) D. O (n2/4)

Answer B

38. The sorting technique where array to be sorted is partitioned again and again in such a way

that all elements less than or equal to partitioning element appear before it and those which are

greater appear after it, is called

A. Merge sort B. Quick sort C. Selection sort D. None of these

Answer B

39. The best average behaviour is shown by

A. Quick Sort B. Merge Sort C. Insertion Sort D. Heap Sort

Answer A

40. Quick sort is also known as

A. Merge sort B. Heap sort C. Bubble sort D. None of these

Answer D

41. Assuming P ? NP, which of the following is TRUE?

A. NP-complete = NP B. NP-completenP=theta C. NP-hard = NP D. P = NP-complete

Answer B

42. If there is an NP complete language L whose complement is in NP ,then complement of any

language in NP is in

A. P B. NP C. Both A and B D. None of these

Answer B

43. Both P and NP are closed under the operation of

A. Union B. Intersection C. Concatenation D. Kleene

Answer D

44. If every node u in G is adjacent to every other node v in G, A graph is said to be

A. Isolated

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B. Complete

C. Finite

D. Strongly Connected

Answer:B

45. Which of the following sorting algorithms has the lowest worst case complexity?

A. Merge sort

B. Bubble sort

C. Quick sort

D. Selection sort

46. Randomized quicksort is an extension of quicksort where the pivot is

chosen randomly. What is the worst case complexity of sorting n

numbers using randomized quicksort?

(a) O(n) (b) O(n log n) (c) O(n2) (d) O(n!)

47. Level of any node of a tree is

A. Height of its left subtree minus height of its right subtree

B. Height of its right subtree minus height of its left subtree

C. Its distance from the root

D. None of these

48. The total number of comparisons in a bubble sort is

A. 0(log n)

B. 0(n log n)

C. 0(n)

D. None of the above

49. Time complexities of three algorithms are given. Which should execute the slowest for

large values of N?

A. ( 1 2 ) O N

B. O(N)

C. O(log N)

D. None of these

50. The quick sort algorithm exploit _________ design technique

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A. Greedy

B. Dynamic programming

C. Divide and Conquer

D. Backtracking

51. A sort which relatively passes through a list to exchange the first element with any

element less than it and then repeats with a new first element is called

A. Insertion sort B. Selection sort

C. Heap sort Quick sort

52. The pre order and post order traversal of a Binary Tree generates the same output.

The tree can have maximum

A. Three nodes

B. Two nodes

C. One node

D. Any number of nodes

53. A search technique where we keep expanding nodes with least accumulated cost so far

is called

A. Hill climbing

B. Branch and bound

C. Best first

D. Divide and conquer

54. The spanning tree of connected graph with 10 vertices contains

A. 9 edges B. 11 edges C. 10 edges D.10 vertices

55. The post order traversal of a binary tree is DEBFCA. Find out the preorder

traversal.

A. ABFCDE

B. ADBFEC

C. ABDECF

D. ABDCEF

56. Which of the following statements are TRUE?

(1) The problem of determining whether there exists a cycle in an undirected graph is in

P.

(2) The problem of determining whether there exists a cycle in an undirected graph is in

NP.

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(3) If a problem A is NP-Complete, there exists a non-deterministic polynomial time

algorithm to solve A.

A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 and 3 only

57. A binary tree can easily be converted into q 2-tree

A. by replacing each empty sub tree by a new internal node

B. by inserting an internal nodes for non-empty node

C. by inserting an external nodes for non-empty node

D. by replacing each empty sub tree by a new external node

58. Which of the following sorting procedures is the slowest?

A. Quick sort

B. Heap sort

C. Shell sort

D. Bubble sort

59. The pre-order and post order traversal of a Binary Tree generates the same output.

The tree can have maximum

A. Three nodes

B. Two nodes

C. One node

D. Any number of nodes

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A. A B. B C. C D. D

61. Two isomorphic graphs must have

A. Equal number of vertices

B. Same number of edges

C. Same number of vertices

D. All of the above

62. If each node in a tree has value greater than every value in its left subtree and has

value less than every in the its right subtree ,the tree is called

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A. Complete tree B.Full binary tree

C. Binary search tree D. Threaded tree

63. A simple graph in which there exists an edge between pair of vertices is called

A. Regular graph B. Planner graph

C.Euler graph D. Complete graph

64. The best average behaviour is shown by

A. Quick sort B. Merge sort

C.Insertion sort D. Heap sort

65. Which of the following sorting algorithm is of divide-and-conquer type?

A. Bubble sort

B. Insertion sort

C. Quick sort

D. All of above

66. The recurrence relation capturing the optimal execution time of the Towers of Hanoi

problem with n discs is

A. T(n) = 2T(n - 2) + 2

B. T(n) = 2T(n - 1) + n

C. T(n) = 2T(n/2) + 1

D. T(n) = 2T(n - 1) + 1

67.

A. A B. B C. C D. D

68. The goal of hashing is to produce a search that takes

A. O(1) time

B. O(n2 ) time

C. O(log n ) time

D. O(n log n ) time

69. One can make an exact replica of a Binary Search Tree by traversing it in

67


70. When converting binary tree into extended binary tree, all the original nodes in binary

tree are

A. internal nodes on extended tree

B. external nodes on extended tree

C. vanished on extended tree

D. None of above

71. The postfix form of A*B+C/D is

B. AB*CD/+

72. For the bubble sort algorithm, what is the time complexity of the best/worst case?

(assume that the computation stops as soon as no more swaps in one pass)

(a) best case: O(n) worst case: O(n*n)

(b) best case: O(n) worst case: O(n*log(n))

(c) best case: O(n*log(n)) worst case: O(n*log(n))

(d) best case: O(n*log(n)) worst case: O(n*n)

Answer : A

73. For the quick sort algorithm, what is the time complexity of the best/worst case?

(a) best case: O(n) worst case: O(n*n)

(b) best case: O(n) worst case: O(n*log(n))

(c) best case: O(n*log(n)) worst case: O(n*log(n))

(d) best case: O(n*log(n)) worst case: O(n*n)

Answer : D

74. In an arbitrary tree ( not a search tree) of order M. Its size is N, and its height is K.

The computation time needed to find a data item on T is

(a) O(K*K)

(b) O(M*M)

(c) O(N)

(d) O(K)

Answer : C

A. *AB/CD+

C. A*BC+/D D. ABCD+/*

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75. When we organize our data as an ordered list, what is the time complexity of

inserting/deleting a data item to/from the list?

(a) O(length_of_list*length_of_list)

(b) O(length_of_list)

(c) O(log(length_of_list * length_of_list))

(d) O(1)

Answer : B

76. Five statements about B-trees are below. Four of them are correct. Which one is

INCORRECT?

(a) All B-trees are also search trees

(b) The word B-tree stands for balanced tree

(c) The word B-tree also stands for binary tree

(d) All leaves of a B-tree must be on the same level

Answer : C

77. For any B-tree of height H (H>1), after inserting a new key, is it possible for a key, K,

which was located in a leaf-node to move up to the root in this regard which of the

following is correct?

(a) Cant be defined without data (b) Never

(c) Yes, only if H=2

(d) Yes

Answer : D

78. When we say the order of a tree is M, we mean

(a) Every non-leaf node must have M subtrees

(b) Every non-leaf node must have M keys

(c) Every non-leaf node can have at most M subtrees

(d) Every non-leaf node can have at most M keys

Answer : C

79. T is a search tree of order M, its size is N, and its height is K. The computation time

needed to INSERT/DELETE a data item on T is

(a) O( 1 )

(b) O( M )

(c) O( Log K )

(d) O( K )

Answer : D

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80. Suppose that we have a data file containing records of famous people, and we need to

build a hash table to find a record from the person's birthday. The size of the hash table is

4096. The following are hash functions which convert a birthday to an integer. Which of

the following function is the best?

(a) h1( day/month/year ) = day + month + year

(b) h2( day/month/year ) = day + month*31 + year

(c) h3( day/month/year ) = (day + month*31 + year*365) mod 4096

(d) h4( day/month/year ) = (day + month*31 + year*365) mod 4093

Answer : D

COMPILER DESIGN

1.Which of the following statements is false ? (A) An unambiguous grammar has same left most and right most derivation (B) An LL(1) parser is a top-down parser (C) LALR is more powerful than SLR (D) An ambiguous grammar can never be LR (K) for any k SOLUTION So (A) & (C) are, true. An ambiguous grammar cant be LR (K) So option (A) is false since an unambiguous grammar has unique right most

derivation & left most derivations but both are not same. Hence (A) is correct

option

2. Dynamic linking can cause security concerns because (A) Security is dynamic

(B) The path for searching dynamic libraries is not known till run time.

(C) Linking is insecure (D) Cryptographic procedures are not available for dynamic linking

SOLUTION Dynamic linking is type of linking in which libraries required by the program are linked during

run time. But at this time cryptographic procedures are not available, so make this process

insecure. Hence (D) is correct option.

3. Which of the following suffices to convert an arbitrary CFG to an LL(1) grammar? (A) Removing left recursion alone

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(B) Factoring the grammar alone (C) Removing left recursion and factoring the grammar (D) None of this

SOLUTION If a grammar has left recursion & left factoring then it is ambiguous. So to convert a CFG to

LL(1) grammar both removal of left recursion & left factoring need to be done. Hence (C) is correct option.

4. Assume that the SLR parser for a grammar G has n1 states and the LALR parser for G has n2 states. The relationship between n1 and n2 is (A) n1 is necessarily less than n2 (B) n1 is necessarily equal to n2 (C) n1 is necessarily greater than n2 (D) None of the above

SOLUTION SLR parsue is less range of context free languages than LALR but still both n1 & n2 are same for SLR & LALR respectively. Hence (B) is correct option.

5. In a bottom-up evaluation of a syntax directed definition, inherited attributes can (A) always be evaluated (B) be evaluated if the definition is L-attributed (C) be evaluated only if the definition has synthesized attributes (D) never be evaluated SOLUTION Every S (synthesized) -attributed definitions is L- attributed. So in a bottom-up evaluation of

SDD inherited attributes can be evaluated only if the definition has synthesized attributes.


6. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) In statically typed language, each variable in a program has a fixed type (B) In up-typed languages, values do not have any types (C) In dynamically typed languages, variables have no types (D) In all statically typed languages, each variable in a program is associated with values of

only a single type during the execution of the program

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SOLUTION (1) True for statically typed languages where each variable has fixed type. Similarly (4) is also

correct. (2) True, in un-typed languages types of values are not defined.

But option (C) is false, since in dynamically typed language variables have dynamically

changing types but not that they have no type.


(B) {s' " eS}and{}

(C) {s' " }and{S' " }

(D){s' " eS , S ' " }and{ S' " }

SOLUTION:D

8. Consider the grammar shown below.

S " C C C " eC | d

The grammar is (A) LL (1) (B) SLR (1) but not LL (1) (C) LALR (1) but not SLR (1)

(D) LR (1) but not LALR (1)

SOLUTION

Given grammar

S " CC

C "cC d it cant be LL since C " cC is recursive. LR(1) also known as CLR parser, and every CF

7.Consider the grammar shown below

S " | EtSS' |

S' " eS |!

E " b

In the predictive parse table M of this grammar the entities M(S) and M[S1,$] respectively are

(A) {s' " eS }and{S' " }

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grammar is CLR grammar. So (A) is false but (C) & (D) can be correct. This grammar is CLR and also reducible to LALR without any conflicts. So (D) is false. Only need to check for SLR(1) or LR(0) This grammar is not SLR. Hence (C) is correct option

9. Consider the translation scheme shown below S " TR R "+ T {print (+);}R | T " num {print (num.val);} Here num is a token that represents an integer and num. val represents the corresponding

integer value. For an input string 9 + 5+ 2, this translation scheme will print

(A) 9 + 5 + 2 (B) 9 5 + 2 +

(C) 9 5 2 ++ (D) ++ 9 5 2

SOLUTION

S " TR R "+ T {pr int(' + ');}R

T " num{print(num.val);}

Given string 9 + 5 + 2

S " TR

T + TR {print(+);}

T + T + T {print(+);}

9 + T + T {print(9);}

9 + 5 + T {print(5);}

9 + 5 + 2 {print(2);}

So ++ 952 is printed


10. Consider the syntax directed definition shown below S " id: = E " newtemp ();

gen(t . place . place;);

.place t}

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" .place .place;}

Here, gen is a function that generates the output code, and newtemp is a function that returns

the name of a new temporary variable on every call. Assume that t1s are the temporary variable names generated by newtemp. For the statement X: = Y + Z , the 3-address code sequence generated by this definition is (A) X = Y + Z (B) t1 = Y + Z; X t1 (C) t1 = Y; t2 = t1 + Z; X = t2 (D) t1 = Y; t2 = Z; t3 + t2; X = t3

SOLUTION In 3-address code we use temporary variables to reduce complex instructions so here

t1 = Y t2 = Z t 3 = t 1 + t2 x = t3


Solve the problems and choose the correct answers. The following program fragment is written in a programming language that allows variables

and does not allow nested declarations of functions.

global inti void

int i print i

print } main () { (i ) }

11. If the programming language uses static scoping and call by need parameter passing

mechanism, the values printed by the above program are (A) 115, 220 (B) 25, 220

(C) 25, 15 (D) 115, 105

SOLUTION In static scoping the variables are initialized at compile time only

74

So i = 100 & j = 5

P (i + j) = P (100 + 5) = P(105)

So x = 105

x + 10 = 105 + 10 = 115 So 115 & 105 will be printed. Hence (D) is correct option.

12. If the programming language uses dynamic scoping and call by name parameter passing

mechanism, the values printed by the above program are (A) 115, 220 (B) 25, 220

(C) 25, 15 (D) 115, 105

SOLUTION In dynamic scoping, the local values are considered & variables are initialized at run time. Since x = i + j & in P (x)

i = 200 & j = 20 x = 200 + 20 = 220 & printing (x + 10)

x = i + j + 10 = 10 + 5 + 10 = 25

Hence (B) is correct option

13. Consider the following class definitions in a hypothetical object oriented language that

supports inheritance and uses dynamic binding. The language should not be assumed to be

either Java or C++, thought the syntax is similar

Now consider the following program fragment: P x =new Q(); Q y =new Q();

75

P z =new Q(); x. f (1);((P) y). f (1);z.f(1); Here ((P) y) denotes a typecast of y to P. The output produced by executing the above program

fragment will be (A) 1 2 1 (B) 2 1 1

(C) 2 1 2 (D) 2 2 2

SOLUTION 1. Px = newQ(); 2. Qy = newQ(); 3. Pz = newQ(); 4. x : f(1); print 2 # i = 2 5. ((P) y) : f(1); 6. z : f(1) print 2 # i = 2 but line 5. will print 2 because typecast to parent class cant prevent over ridding. So function

f(1) of class Q will be called not f(1) of class P . Hence (D) is correct option.

14. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using shared, dynamically linked libraries

as opposed to using statically linked libraries? (A) Smaller sizes of executable (B) Lesser overall page fault rate in the system (C) Faster program startup (D) Existing programs need not be re-linked to take advantage of newer versions of libraries SOLUTION The advantages of shared dynamically linked libraries include. (A) smaller size of executable since less data (B) lesser overall page fault rate. (C) No need for re-linking if newer versions of libraries are there. But since compilation time doesnt include linking so a long linking time required during

runtime in DLL ' s so slow startup. Hence (C) is correct option.

15. Which of the following grammar rules violate the requirements of an operator grammar? P,

Q, R are non-terminals, and r, s, t are terminals

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. (i) P " QR (ii) P " Q s R

(iii) P " (iv) P " Q t R r (A) (i) only (B) (i) and (iii) only (C) (ii) and (iii) only (D) (iii) and (iv) only

SOLUTION (I) P " QR is not possible since two NT should include one operator as Terminal. (II) Correct (III) Again incorrect. (IV) Correct. Hence (B) is correct option.

16. Consider a program P that consists of two source modules M1 and M2

contained in two different files. If M1 contains a reference to a function

defined in M2, the reference will be resolved at

(A) Edit-time (B) Compile-time

(C) Link-time (D) Load-time

SOLUTION The two modules needed to be linked since definition exist & M2 & M1 refers it. So during

linking phase M1 links to M2. Hence (C) is correct option.

17. Consider the grammar rule E " E1 E2 for arithmetic expressions. The code generated is

targeted to a CPU having a single user register. The subtraction operation requires the first

operand to be in the register. If E1 and E2 do not have any common sub expression, in order to

get the shortest possible code (A) E1 should be evaluated first (B) E2 should be evaluated first (C) Evaluation of E1 and E2 should necessarily be interleaved (D) Order of evaluation of E1 and E2 is of no consequence

SOLUTION E1 is to be kept in accumulator & accumulator is required for operations to evaluate E2 also. So

E2 should be evaluated first & then E1, so finally E1 will be in accumulator, otherwise need to

use move & load instructions.

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18. Consider the grammar with the following translation rules and E as the start symbol.

E " E 1 #T value = .value * .value}

.value = .value}

" .value = .value + .value}

.value = .value}

"num .value =num.value}

Compute E . value for the root of the parse tree for the expression: 2 # 3 # & 5 # 6 & 4. (A) 200 (B) 180

(C) 160 (D) 40

SOLUTION The parse tree would be.

Now we evaluate bottom up

78

LL " left to right left most derivation no ambignity should be there SLR or LR(0) L to R reverse right sentential form create LR(0) items. CLR or LR(1) create LR(1) items no bound LALR reduced CLR if while reducing any conflict found then not LALR Hence (C) is correct option.

19. The grammar A " AA |( A)| is not suitable for predictive-parsing

79

because the grammar is (A) ambiguous (B) Left-recursive (C) right-recurisve (D) an operator-grammar SOLUTION The grammar is definitely left & right recursive but it is not suitable for predictive parsing

because it is ambiguous. Hence (A) is correct option.

20. Consider the grammar E " E + n | E # n | n For a sentence n + n, the handles in the right-sentential form of the reduction are

(A) n, E + n and E + n # n B) n , E + n and E + E # n

(C) n , n + n and n + n # n (D) n , E + n and E # n

SOLUTION Given grammar

E " E + n E " E # n E " n

String = n + n # n Right sentential so right most non terminal will be used. E " E # n {E " E # n}

E + n # n {E " E + n}

n + n # n {E " n}

So during reduction the order is reverse.

So {E " n , E " E + n, E " E # n}


21. Consider the grammar

S " (S)| a Let the number of states in SLR(1), LR(1) and LALR(1) parsers for the grammar n1 n2 and n3

respectively. The following relationship holds good (A) n1 < n2 < n3 (B) n1 = n3 < n2

(C) n1 = n2 = n3 (D) n1 $ n3 $ n2 SOLUTION The no. of states for SLR(1) & LALR(1) are equal so n 1 = n3, but CLR(1) or LR(1) will have no.

of states greater than LALR & LR(0) both.

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22. Consider line number 3 of the following C-program.

Identify the compilers response about this line while creating the object-module (A) No compilation error (B) Only a lexical error (C) Only syntactic errors (D) Both lexical and syntactic errors

SOLUTION There are no lexical errors for C because all the wrong spelled keywords would be considered

as identifiers until the syntax is checked. So the compiler would give syntax errors.


Data for Q. 23 & 24 are given below. Solve the problems and choose the correct answers. Consider the following expression grammar. The semantic rules for expression calculation are

stared next to each grammar production.

E " number Eval number val

E E .val E .VAL E .val

E # E E .val E .VAL E .val

;

23. The above grammar and the semantic rules are fed to a yacc tool (which is an LALR(1)

parser generator) for parsing and evaluating arithmetic expressions. Which one of the following

is true about the action of yacc for the given grammar? (A) It detects recursion and eliminates recursion (B) It detects reduce-reduce conflict, and resolves (C) It detects shift-reduce conflict, and resolves the conflict in favor of a shift over a reduce

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action (D) It detects shift-reduce conflict, and resolves the conflict in favor of a reduce over a shift

action SOLUTION Yace tool is used to create a LALR(1) parser. This parser can detect the conflicts but to resolve

the conflicts it actually prefers shift over reduce action. Hence (C) is correct option.

24. Assume the conflicts part (a) of this question are resolved and an LALR(1) parser is

generated for parsing arithmetic expressions as per the given grammar. Consider an expression

3 # 2 + 1. What precedence and associativity properties does the generated parser realize? (A) Equal precedence and left associativity; expression is evaluated to 7 (B) Equal precedence and right associativity, expression is evaluated to 9

(C) Precedence of 'x' is higher than that of +, and both operators are left associative;

expression is evaluated to 7

(D) Precedence of ' # ' is higher than that of #, and both operators are left associative;

expression is evaluated to 9

SOLUTION The grammar has equal precedence and it is also ambiguous. Since LALR(1) parser prefer shift

over reduce so + operation will be executed here before ). 2 + 1 = 3 & 3 # 3 = 9 also the

operators are right associative. Hence (B) is correct option.

25. Consider the following grammar.

S " S * E S " E E " F + E E " F

F " id Consider the following LR(0) items corresponding to the grammar above. (i) S

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