Gasoline Engines - jsae.or.jp · This article introduces the main gasoline engines and new engine...
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Copyright© 2015 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved 1 Introduction Global vehicle sales fell heavily due to the global finan- cial crisis that started in the U.S. in 2008, before starting to increase again in 2009 and overcoming the credit cri- sis in Europe in 2010. Sales in 2014 reached an all-time high, buoyed by robust growth in China and low-interest rates and low crude oil prices in the U.S. that created fa- vorable market conditions. At the same time, awareness of the environment and environmentally friendly technology is growing all around the world, leading to the introduction of more stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations in Ja- pan, the U.S., and Europe. At the same time, while other regions have decided to adopt the emissions regulations drawn up by Europe or the U.S., more countries are in- troducing independent regulations, such as those in Chi- na and India. As a result of these trends, technologies to lower engine emissions or boost fuel efficiency are grow- ing in sophistication, affecting for vehicles that automak- ers are launching on a global basis as well as vehicles for emerging markets. This article introduces the main gasoline engines and new engine technologies that were developed and launched between January and December 2014. It also summarizes the trends in the research and development of gasoline engines. 2 Japan 2. 1. Summary The Japanese vehicle market suffered a double blow, from the U.S. financial crisis in 2008 and the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The market has since recov- ered from these substantial drops in sales and recorded a year-on-year increase in 2014, partly due to the last- minute demand that occurred before the consump- tion tax hike in April 1014. In particular, sales of mini- vehicles grew, reflecting the excellent fuel economy and low maintenance costs of these vehicles. Sales of hybrid vehicles were also robust. Most of the new vehicles launched in 2014 were eli- gible under Japan＇s preferential tax scheme for environ- mentally friendly vehicles. The fierce competition in the mini-vehicle market for better fuel efficiency continued, and a number of vehicles launched in 2014 have already exceeded the fuel economy standards for 2020 by more than 20%. A number of new mini-vehicles and hybrid vehicles that use regenerative energy to provide motor assist on acceleration were launched. Other vehicles achieved better fuel economy by refining and combining existing technologies without the use of motors or other electrical devices, such as high compression ratios and improved combustion characteristics, higher engine ther- mal efficiency by reducing losses, lighter body frames, and coordinated control with the transmission, and the like. A number of vehicles installed with downsized tur- bocharged engines were also launched. 2. 2. Trends of each manufacturer Table 1 shows a list of the main new types of gasoline engines that were sold by Japanese automakers in 2014. A summary of the new engines developed by each man- ufacturer is provided below. 2. 2. 1. Daihatsu The Daihatsu Mira e:S is installed with the inline 3-cyl- inder 0.66-liter KF engine (Fig. 1). This engine improves fuel efficiency through a higher compression ratio than the previous engine (11.3 increased to 12.2), re-designed intake port geometry to intensify tumble, and high igni- tion performance spark plugs that expand the range of the flame in the initial stage of ignition. Knocking, which tends to occur at higher compression ratios was prevented by adopting the Atkinson cycle, dual injectors (Fig. 2), and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The Atkinson cycle also reduces pumping loss and the dual injectors stabilize combustion by atomizing the injected fuel into extremely small droplets. Combining these Gasoline Engines
Transcript of Gasoline Engines - jsae.or.jp · This article introduces the main gasoline engines and new engine...
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1 Introduction
Globalvehiclesalesfellheavilyduetotheglobalfinan-cialcrisisthatstartedintheU.S.in2008,beforestartingtoincreaseagainin2009andovercomingthecreditcri-sis inEuropein2010.Salesin2014reachedanall-timehigh,buoyedbyrobustgrowthinChinaandlow-interestratesandlowcrudeoilpricesintheU.S.thatcreatedfa-vorablemarketconditions.At the same time, awareness of the environment
andenvironmentally friendly technology isgrowingallaround theworld, leading to the introductionofmorestringent fueleconomyandemissionsregulations inJa-pan,theU.S.,andEurope.Atthesametime,whileotherregionshavedecidedtoadopttheemissionsregulationsdrawnupbyEuropeortheU.S.,morecountriesarein-troducingindependentregulations,suchasthoseinChi-naandIndia.Asaresultofthesetrends,technologiestolowerengineemissionsorboostfuelefficiencyaregrow-inginsophistication,affectingforvehiclesthatautomak-ersarelaunchingonaglobalbasisaswellasvehiclesforemergingmarkets.This article introduces themain gasoline engines
andnewengine technologies thatweredevelopedandlaunchedbetweenJanuaryandDecember2014. Italsosummarizesthetrendsintheresearchanddevelopmentofgasolineengines.
2 Japan
2. 1. SummaryTheJapanesevehiclemarketsufferedadoubleblow,
fromtheU.S.financialcrisisin2008andtheGreatEastJapanEarthquakein2011.Themarkethassincerecov-eredfromthesesubstantialdropsinsalesandrecordedayear-on-year increase in2014,partlydue to the last-minute demand that occurred before the consump-tiontaxhike inApril1014. Inparticular,salesofmini-vehiclesgrew,reflectingtheexcellentfueleconomyand
lowmaintenancecostsofthesevehicles.Salesofhybridvehicleswerealsorobust.Mostof thenewvehicles launched in2014wereeli-
gibleunderJapan＇spreferentialtaxschemeforenviron-mentallyfriendlyvehicles.Thefiercecompetitioninthemini-vehiclemarket forbetter fuelefficiencycontinued,andanumberofvehicleslaunchedin2014havealreadyexceededthe fueleconomystandards for2020bymorethan20%. Anumberofnewmini-vehiclesandhybridvehiclesthatuseregenerativeenergytoprovidemotorassist onaccelerationwere launched. Othervehiclesachievedbetterfueleconomybyrefiningandcombiningexistingtechnologieswithouttheuseofmotorsorotherelectricaldevices, suchashighcompressionratiosandimprovedcombustioncharacteristics,higherenginether-malefficiencybyreducing losses, lighterbody frames,andcoordinatedcontrolwith the transmission,andthelike.Anumberofvehiclesinstalledwithdownsizedtur-bochargedengineswerealsolaunched.2. 2. Trends of each manufacturerTable1showsalistofthemainnewtypesofgasoline
enginesthatweresoldbyJapaneseautomakersin2014.Asummaryofthenewenginesdevelopedbyeachman-ufacturerisprovidedbelow.2. 2. 1. DaihatsuTheDaihatsuMirae:Sisinstalledwiththeinline3-cyl-
inder0.66-literKFengine(Fig.1).Thisengineimprovesfuelefficiencythroughahighercompressionratio thanthepreviousengine (11.3 increasedto12.2), re-designedintakeportgeometrytointensifytumble,andhighigni-tionperformance sparkplugs that expand the rangeof the flame in the initial stageof ignition. Knocking,whichtendstooccurathighercompressionratioswaspreventedbyadoptingtheAtkinsoncycle,dualinjectors(Fig.2),andcooledexhaustgasrecirculation(EGR).TheAtkinsoncyclealsoreducespumping lossandthedualinjectorsstabilizecombustionbyatomizingthe injectedfuel into extremely small droplets. Combining these
Gasoline Engines
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
measureswithlowerrunningresistanceandgreaterre-generationofdecelerationenergythroughanenhancedpowergenerationcontrolenablesthisvehicletoachieveafuelconsumptionof35.2km/lintheJC08testcycle.2. 2. 2. Fuji Heavy IndustriesThenewSubaruLevorgisinstalledwiththehorizon-
tallyopposed4-cylinder (“flat4”)1.6-literFB16directinjectionturbo (DIT)engine (Fig.3). Combiningdirectinjectionwithaturbochargergivesthisengineequalor
higherpowerthana2.5-liternaturallyaspiratedengine.Comparedtothepreviousunit, thisengine features im-provedcylinderheadinternalcoolingperformance,multi-stagefuelinjection,improvedcombustioncharacteristicsthroughahigh-tumblecombustionchamber,andalargerEGRcooler. Asaresultof thesemeasures, thisengineachievesacompressionratioof11.0withregulargasolineandfuelconsumptionof17.4km/lintheJC08testcycle.ThenewLegacyfeaturestheflat42.5-literFB25en-
Table 1 Main new gasoline engines in Japan
Manufacturers EnginemodelCylinderarrangement
Bore×stroke(mm)
Displacement(L)
Compressionratio Valvetrain
Maximumpower(kW/rpm)
Maximumtorque(Nm/rpm)
Maininstallationvehicles
Characteristics
Daihatsu KF Inline3
63.0×70.4 0.658 12.2 DOHC4 V 36/6 800 57/5 200 Mirae:S Variable intake valve timing,sparkplugswithhigh ignitionperformance,Atkinson cycle,dualinjectors,cooledEGR
FujiHeavyIndustries
FB16DIT Flat4turbocharged
78.8×82.0 1.599 11.0 DOHC4 V 125/4 800─5 600
250/1 800─4 800
Levorg Directinjection,variableintake/exhaust valve timing, cooledEGR, tumblegeneratingvalves,waterjacketspacer
FB25 Flat4 94.0×90 2.498 10.3 DOHC4 V 129/5 800 235/4 000 Legacy,Outback
Variable intake/exhaust valvetiming
Mazda P3-VPS Inline4
71.0×82.0 1.298 12.0 DOHC4 V 68/6 000 121/4 000 Demio Direct injection,variable intakevalvetiming,Millercycle
Nissan MR16DDT Inline4turbocharged
79.7×81.1 1.618 10.5 DOHC4 V 140/5 600 240/1 600─5 200
Juke Directinjection,variableintake/exhaustvalve timingwithmid-position lock,Millercycle, low-pressure cooledEGR, polishedbore thermal spray cylinderblock, electronic wastegate,variablecapacityoilpump
Suzuki R06A Inline3
64.0×68.2 0.658 11.5 DOHC4 V 38/6 500 63/4 000 Alto Variable intake/exhaust valvet iming, EGR, cyl inder headintegratedwith the exhaustmanifold
R06A Inline3
64.0×68.2 0.658 11.2 DOHC4 V 38/6 000 63/4 000 WagonR Variable intake/exhaust valvetiming
Toyota 1KR-FE Inline3
71.0×83.9 0.996 11.5 DOHC4 V 51/6 000 92/4 400 Passo,Vitz
Atkinson cycle, cooled EGR,variable intake valve timing,cylinder head integratedwiththe exhaustmanifold, waterjacketspacer
1NR-FKE Inline4
72.5×80.5 1.329 13.5 DOHC4 V 73/6 000 121/4 400 Vitz,Ractis
Atkinson cycle, cooled EGR,variable intake/exhaust valvetiming (intake side: electronic),water jacket spacer , 4 -2 -1exhaustmanifold
8AR-FTS Inline4turbocharged
86.0×86.0 1.998 10.0 DOHC4 V 175/4 800─5 600
350/1 650─4 000
NX200 t Atkinsoncycle,direct injection+ intake port injection, twin-scrollturbocharger,water-cooledintercooler, cylinderheadwithintegrated 4 into 2 exhaustmanifold,variablevalve timingwithmid-position lock, sodium-filledexhaustvalves
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
gine(Fig.4).Inadditiontosubstantialenhancementstotheintake,exhaust,andcombustionsystems,thisengineimprovesfuelefficiencybycreatingmoreintenseintaketumbleandadoptingahighercompressionratio.2. 2. 3. MazdaThenewMazdaDemio is installedwith the inline
4-cylinder1.3-literPS-VPSengine (Fig.5). Thisenginefeaturesadifferentcompression ratio to thepreviousSKYACTIV-Gfamilyengines,enablinghighertorque inallenginespeedregions,aswellasbetteracceleration
andfuelefficiency.2. 2. 4. NissanTheNissanJukeisinstalledwiththeinline4-cylinder
1.6-liter turbochargedMR16DDTengine (Fig.6). Thisengine features innovationssuchasahighercompres-sionratio (increasedfrom9.5 to10.5) thanthepreviousengine, apolishedbore thermal spraycylinderblock,redesignedintakeportandpistontopsurfacegeometry,aturbochargerwithalowerrotormomentofinertia,andanexhaustmanifoldintegratedwiththeturbinehousing.
Fig. 1 Daihatsu 0.66-liter KF engine （4）
Fig. 2 Daihatsu dual injectors（4）
Dual injector
Fig. 3 Fuji Heavy Industries 1.6-liter FB16 DIT engine（4）
Fig. 4 Fuji Heavy Industries 2.5-liter FB25 DIT engine（4）
Fig. 5 Mazda 1.3-liter P3-VPS engine（4）
Fig. 6 Nissan 1.6-liter MR16DDT engine（4）
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Theseenhancementshavetheeffectof improvingbothaccelerationandfuelefficiency.Inaddition,low-pressurecooledEGRis introducedupstreamoftheturbochargercompressorafter theexhaustgas fromthecatalyst iscooled, thereby improving fuelefficiency in the turbo-chargeroperationrangebyreducingknockingandtheexhaustgastemperature.2. 2. 5. Suzuki Motor CorporationThenewSuzukiAltoisinstalledwiththeinline3-cyl-
inder0.66-literR06Aengine (Fig. 7). Thisengine im-provesfuelefficiencybyincreasingthecompressionratio(from10.5to11.5),adoptingvariablevalvetimingontheexhaustsideaswellastheintakeside,installinganEGRsystem, and redesigning the intakeandexhaustportgeometry.Inaddition,thesizeandweightoftheenginewerereducedbyadoptingacylinderhead integratedwith theexhaustmanifoldandasimplercatalystcasestructure.Combinedwithalighterbody,high-efficiencycontinuouslyvariabletransmission(CVT),andlowerrun-ningresistance,thisengineachievesafuelconsumptionof37.0km/lintheJC08testcycle.TheWagonR isalso installedwiththe inline3-cylin-
der0.66-literR06Aengine. Theengine in thisvehiclefeaturesrefinementsto increasethermalefficiencysuchas ahigher compression ratio, improved combustioncharacteristics,andlowerfrictionloss.Itcombinesthesewithageneratorwithamotor function (ISG),which ispoweredbyregenerateddecelerationenergy toassistacceleration, therebyachievingfuelconsumptionof32.4km/lintheJC08testcycle.Thebelt-drivenISGstarterfunctionalsoreducesnoiseonenginere-startwhentheidlingstopsystemisoperating.2. 2. 6. ToyotaTheinline3-cylinder1.0-liter1KR-FEengine(Fig.8)in-
stalledinvehiclessuchastheToyotaPassoandToyotaVitzadopts theAtkinsoncycleandcooledEGRprevi-ouslyadoptedinhybridvehicleenginestoreducepump-ingloss.Thisenginealsousesawaterjacketspacertooptimizethecylinderwall temperatureandreduceme-chanicalloss.Duetoacombinationofotherrefinements,suchasredesignedintakeportandcombustionchambergeometry to intensify tumbleandachievehigh-speedcombustion,aswellasahighercompressionratio, thisengineachievesamaximumthermalefficiencyof37%.Asaresult,thePassoachievesfuelconsumptionof27.6km/lintheJC08testcycle.Theinline4-cylinder1.3-liter1NR-FKEengine(Fig.9)
installedintheVitz,Ractis,andthelikealsoadoptstheAtkinsoncycleandhighcompressionratio (13.5) fromhybridvehicleengines. Italso featureselectroniccon-tinuouslyvariablevalve timingon theexhaustside toimprovecoldstartcapabilityand fuelefficiency in lowloadengineoperation regions. Combining thesemea-
Fig. 7 Suzuki 0.66-liter R06A engine （4）
Fig. 8 Toyota 1.0-liter 1KR-FE engine（4）
Fig. 9 Toyota 1.3-liter 1NR-FKE engine（4）
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
sureswithcooledEGRandhigh-tumbleintakeports,theresultinghigh-speedcombustionexpandsboththeEGRandknocking limits. Finally,resin-coatedbearingsandothertechnologiestoreducefrictionlossgivethisengineamaximumthermalefficiencyof38%.ThenewLexusNX200t is installedwith the inline
4-cylinder2.0-liter turbocharged8AR-FTSengine (Fig.10).Thisenginecombinesacylinderheadwithaninte-grated4into2exhaustmanifoldwithatwin-scrollturbo-chargertoimprovelowendtorqueandoptimizetheex-hausttemperature.Inaddition,thecombinationofdirectinjection,injectionintotheintakeports,andhigh-tumble,enablehigh-speedcombustion.Theenginealsofeaturesbetterresponsethroughawater-cooled intercoolerthatisattacheddirectly to theengine,better fuelefficiencyin lowengineloadoperationregionsandcoldstartper-formancethroughtheuseofcontinuouslyvariablevalve
timingwith amid-position lock system, andvarioustechnologies to reduce friction loss suchasavariablecapacityoilpumpandtheadoptionofsurfacetreatmentonthepistonskirts.Theresultisimprovementsinbothpowerandfuelefficiency.
3 U.S.
3. 1. SummaryTheU.S. economywas robust in 2014, spurring a
continuing increase invehiclesalesdueto low interestratesandfallinggasolineprices.Themarketessentiallyrecoveredtopre-financialcrisislevels.Salesofsmallandmediumsizedvehicleswereparticularlystrong.As theU.S.phases inmore stringent fuel economy
regulationsover thenext fewyears,2014sawvariousinnovationstoimprovefuelefficiency,suchasdownsizedturbochargeddirectinjectionenginesandcylinderdeac-tivationinlargerdisplacementengines.3. 2. Trends of each manufacturerTable2showsa listof themainnewtypesofgaso-
lineenginesthatweresoldbyU.S.-basedautomakersin2014.Asummaryofthenewenginesdevelopedbyeachmanufacturerisprovidedbelow.3. 2. 1. ChryslerThehigh-performanceV86.2-literHemiengine (Fig.
11) installed in theDodgeChallengerandCharger fea-turesvarious technologies to improve fuel efficiency,suchasasupercharger,water-cooledintercooler,sodium-filledexhaustvalves,andvariablecapacityelectricwaterpump. Theenginehasamaximumpowerof527kWandamaximumtorqueof881Nm.
Table 2 Main new gasoline engines in the U.S.
Manufacturers EnginemodelCylinderarrangement
Bore×stroke(mm)
Displacement(L)
Compressionratio Valvetrain
Maximumpower(kW/rpm)
Maximumtorque(Nm/rpm)
Maininstallationvehicles
Characteristics
Chrysler 6.2 LHEMI V8supercharged
103.9×90.9 6.166 9.5 OHV2 V 527/6 000 881/4 000 Challenger,Charger
Supercharger , water-cooledintercooler,sodium-filledexhaustvalves, powdermetal forgedc onnec t i ng r od s , v a r i ab l ecapacityelectricwaterpump
Ford 2.3 LEcoBoost
Inline4turbocharged
87.5×94.0 2.260 9.5 DOHC4 V 231/5 500 434/3 000 Mustang D i r e c t i n j e c t i o n , tw i n - s c r o l lturbocharger, variable intake/exhaustvalvetiming,cylinderheadintegratedwiththeexhaustmanifold
2.7 LEcoBoost
V6twinturbocharger
83.0×83.0 2.699 10.0 DOHC4 V 242/5 750 509/3 000 F150 Directinjection,twin-turbocharger,variable intake/exhaust valvetiming, cylinderhead integratedwiththeexhaustmanifold
GM LT1 V8 103.2×92.0 6.162 11.5 OHV2 V 339/6 000 624/4 600 Corvette Direct injection, OHV variable valvetiming,single-bankcylinderdeactivation,powdermetalforgedconnectingrods
Fig. 10 Lexus 2.0-liter 8AR-FTS engine（4）
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3. 2. 2. FordFordaddedan inline4-cylinder2.3-literengine (Fig.
12)toitsglobalEcoBoostseries.IntheU.S.,thisengineis installed in theFordMustang. In thesamewayastheexistingmembersoftheEcoBoostseries,thisenginefeaturesbasicspecificationssuchasdirectinjection,con-tinuouslyvariableexhaustvalvetiming,andacylinderheadintegratedwiththeexhaustmanifold.Incombina-tionwithatwin-scrollturbocharger,thisengineachievespowerperformanceatleastequivalenttotheV63.7-liternaturalaspiratedengineused inthesamemodelof theMustang,withexcellentfuelefficiency.TheV62.7-literEcoBoostengineshowninFig.13was
installedintheF-150pick-uptruck.Inadditiontodirectinjection,continuouslyvariableexhaustvalvetiming,andacylinderhead integratedwith theexhaustmanifold,thisenginealsoincludesaplasticoilpan.Whileprovid-ingpowerat leastequivalent toaV63.5-liternaturalaspiratedengine, fuelefficiencywasalso improvedbytheadoptionofan idlingstopsystemanda lightweightaluminumbody.3. 2. 3. GMTheChevroletCorvette is installedwith the6.2-liter
LT1engine (Fig.14). Whileretainingthe90-degreeV82-overheadvalve(OHV)basiclayoutof itsfamoussmallblockpredecessor,thisenginealsofeaturestechnologiestoimprovefuelefficiencysuchasdirectinjection,ahighcompression ratio, continuouslyvariablevalve timing,andsingle-bankcylinderdeactivation. Thesemeasureshaveimprovedbothpowerandfuelefficiency.
4 Europe
4. 1. SummaryTheU.S.financialcrisis in2008andEuropeancredit
crisis in2010resulted incontinuedfalls invehiclesalesinEurope.However,salesfinallyroseonayear-on-yearbasisin2014forthefirsttimeinsevenyears.Althoughthemarketrecoveryisgradual,salesofvehiclesinstalledwithdownsizedengines to improve fuelefficiencyandreduceCO2continue toberobustandhaverisensub-stantially.Aparticulartrendin2014wasthelaunchofanumberof3-cylinderdownsized turbochargeddirectinjectionengines.4. 2. Trends of each manufacturerTable3showsalistofthemainnewtypesofgasoline
enginesthatweresoldbyEurope-basedautomakers in2014.Asummaryofthenewenginesdevelopedbyeachmanufacturerisprovidedbelow.4. 2. 1. BMWTheBMWi8plug-inhybridisinstalledwiththeinline
3-cylinder 1.5-liter turbochargedB38A15engine (Fig.15). Tunedtodifferentpowerlevels,thisengineisalsoinstalled in the218iActiveTourerandMini. PartofBMW＇sso-calledTwinPowerTurboseriesofengines, itfeaturesdirect injection,acontinuouslyvariablevalveliftmechanism, continuously variable exhaust valvetiming,andthermalspraybores. Thealuminumturbo
Fig. 11 Chrysler 6.2-liter Hemi engine（4）
Fig. 12 Ford 2.3-liter EcoBoost engine（4）
Fig. 13 Ford 2.7-liter EcoBoost engine（4）
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housingiswater-cooledandintegratedwiththeexhaustmanifold, thereby improving fuelefficiencybyreducingweightandpromotingthewarm-upprocess.The4-cyl-inder2.0-literB48A20engine (Fig.16)usesatwin-scrollturbochargerthatachieveshigherefficiencybyrestrict-ingexhaustinterference.Thisengineisalsousedinthe2SeriesActiveTourerandMini.4. 2. 2. DaimlerTheMercedes-AMGGTisinstalledwiththeV84-liter
turbochargedM178engine (Fig. 17). Thisengine fea-turestwoturbochargersprovidedbetweentheVbanks(Fig.18),directinjectionwithpiezoinjectors,adrysumplubricationsystem,closeddeckcylinderblock,andtheNanoslidecylinder linercoating. Theresult isacom-pact lightweightenginewithhighpowerand low fuelconsumption,which iscapableofachieving650Nmortorquebetween1,750and4,750rpm.4. 2. 3. Opel
Table 3 Main new gasoline engines in Europe
Manufacturers EnginemodelCylinderarrangement
Bore×stroke(mm)
Displacement(L)
Compressionratio Valvetrain
Maximumpower(kW/rpm)
Maximumtorque(Nm/rpm)
Maininstallationvehicles
Characteristics
BMW B38A15 Inline3turbocharged
82.0×94.6 1.499 11.0 DOHC4 V 170/5 800 320/3 700 I8 Direct injection,variable intake/exhaust valve timing, variablevalvelift100/4 400 220/1 250─
4 300218iActiveTourer,Mini
B48A20 Inline4turbocharged
82.0×94.6 1.998 10.2 DOHC4 V 170/5 000 350/1 250 225i,Mini Direct injection,variable intake/exhaust valve timing, variablevalvelift
Daimler M178 V8twinturbocharger
83.0×92.0 3.982 10.5 DOHC4 V 375/6 250 650/1 750─4 750
AMG-GT Direct injection,water-cooledinter coo ler , s tee l thermalspray cylinder core, dry sumplubrication,variablecapacityoilpump
Opel LE1 Inline3turbocharged
74.0×77.4 0.999 10.5 DOHC4 V 85/5 200 170/1 800─4 500
Adam Direct injection, variable intake/exhaust valve timing, cylinderheadintegratedwith theexhaustmanifold,variablecapacitywaterpump,powdermetal forgedconnectingrods,variablecapacityoilpump
PSA 1.2EB2 Inline3turbocharged
75.0×90.5 1.199 10.5 DOHC4 V 96/5 500 230/1 750 308，C3 Direct injection,variable intake/exhaust valve timing, sodium-filled exhaust valves, variablecapacity oil pump, timingbeltdrive
Volvo Drive-ET6
Inline4supercharger+turbocharger
82.0×93.2 1.969 10.3 DOHC4 V 225/5 700 400/2 100─4 800
S60，V60，XC60
Supercharger+ turbocharger,direct injection,variablecapacityoilpump,electricwaterpump
Fig. 14 GM 6.2-liter LT1 engine（4）Fig. 15 BMW 1.5-liter B38A15 engine（4）
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
TheOpelAdamis installedwiththe inline3-cylinder1.0-literturbochargedLE1engine(Fig.19).Thisisanewmemberof theEcotecengineseriesdevelopedbyGMandOpel.Itfeaturesdirectinjection,continuouslyvari-able intakeandexhaustvalve timings,acylinderheadwithan integratedexhaustmanifold,variablecapacityoilpump,oiljets,andothertechnologiestoimprovefuelefficiencyandpower,whilereducingnoise.4. 2. 4. PSA Peugeot CitroenThePeugeot308andCitroenC3areinstalledwiththe
inline3-cylinder1.2-liter turbochargedEB2engine (Fig.20).ThisisthelatestadditiontothePureTechengineseriesconsistingof1.0-literand1.2-liternaturallyaspi-
ratedengineswith intakeport injection. TheEB2fea-turesdirect injection,ahigh-speedturbo (270,000rpm),cylinderheadwithan integratedexhaustmanifold,andsodium-filledexhaustvalvesto increaseoutputandfuelefficiency.4. 2. 5. VolvoTheVolvoS60,V60,andXC60are installedwiththe
inline4-cylinder2.0-liter turbochargedT6engine (Fig.21), amemberof theDrive-Eengine series. TheT6shares thesameboreandstroke forbothgasolineanddieselvariants,achievingdifferentpowerlevelsthroughcombinationwithsupercharging. Themaximumpowerof theT6 is 225kW,which it achievesbycombiningdirect injectionwithbotha turbochargerandasuper-charger.
5 Trends in Research and Development
5. 1. Research system establishmentIn Japan, theResearchAssociation ofAutomotive
InternalCombustionEngineswasestablished in2014.
Fig. 16 BMW 2.0-liter B48A20 engine（4）
Fig. 17 Daimler 4-liter M178 engine（4）
Fig. 18 Daimler M178 turbocharger（4）
Fig. 19 Opel 1.0-liter LE1 engine（4）
Fig. 20 PSA 1.3-liter EB2 engine（4）
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This isa framework forcooperativeresearchbetweenindustry,academia,andthegovernmenttoexaminesub-jectsrelatedtointernalcombustionengine(ICE)combus-tiontechnologiesandemissionstreatmentsystems. ItsestablishmentreinforcesICEresearchandshouldhelptopromotethedevelopmentofenginetechnology.5. 2. Downsized turbocharged enginesCenteredonEurope,downsizedturbochargedengines
arebecomingmorewidespreadasameansof improv-ing fueleconomythroughhighermechanicalefficiency.Researchintotheseenginesislookingforanexplanationfor thesuddenpre-ignitionphenomenonthatoccursatlowenginespeedhigh-loadregions,which isone issuepreventing improvements in torque. A largenumberof reportswerepublished in2014examining the rootcauses of thisphenomenon throughvisualizationandanalysis.5. 3. Homogenous charge combustion ignition (HCCI)
technologyHCCI isregardedasapromisingmeansofreducing
NOxandachievinghighlyefficientcombustionbyreduc-ingthecombustiontemperature.Forthisreason,ithasbeenthesubjectoflong-termresearchefforts.Current-ly,researchisexaminingissuesrelatedtopracticaladop-
tionsuchasexpandingtheactualusageregionsanden-suringtherobustnessofignitionandcombustion.Someresearchanddevelopmentisproceedingwithatargetedadoptionscheduleafewyearsinthefuture.5. 4. Thermal efficiency improvementThe latest report into improving thermal efficiency
includes achieving a thermal efficiency ofmore than45%bycombiningahighcompressionratioandmassiveEGRandoptimizingthebore/strokeratio(5).Itishopedthat thisresearchwillmovetowardpracticaladoption.Research is also continuing to examine exhaustheatrecoverybyhigh-responseheatshieldingorthermoelec-tricelementswith theaimof simultaneouslyreducingcooling lossandknocking. Oneparticular focus is thedivergencebetweenexpectedefficiencygainsandactualresults. Atthesametime,advances in instrumentationtechnologyarenot limitedtothevisualizationofsingle-cylinderengines.Reportshavealsodescribedamethodofdirectlyobservingthecombustionchamberofanac-tualengine,whichshouldhelptospeedupresearchanddevelopment.
References(1) Proceedings of the Spring andAutumnCon-
gressesof theSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan
(2) SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,NewEngineDevelopmentsSymposium (symposiumNo.15-14)
(3) 23rdAachenColloquiumAutomobileandEngineTechnology,2014
(4) Websites,PRmaterials,andtechnicalreportsofeachcompany
(5) Tagishietal,Proceedingsof theSocietyofAu-tomotiveEngineersofJapanNo.121-14,pp.1-4,20145712
Fig. 21 Volvo 2-liter Drive-E T6 engine
