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![Page 1: Gas Turbine Technology : Flying Machine to Ground Utilities P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A White Collar Power Generation.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649da05503460f94a8b1dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gas Turbine Technology : Flying Machine to Ground Utilities
P M V SubbaraoProfessor
Mechanical Engineering Department
A White Collar Power Generation Method…
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Progress in Rankine Cycle
Year 1907 1919 1938 1950 1958 1959 1966 1973 1975
MW 5 20 30 60 120 200 500 660 1300
p,MPa 1.3 1.4 4.1 6.2 10.3 16.2 15.9 15.9 24.1
Th oC 260 316 454 482 538 566 566 565 538
Tr oC -- -- -- -- 538 538 566 565 538
FHW -- 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 8
Pc,kPa 13.5 5.1 4.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.4 5.4 5.1
,% -- ~17 27.6 30.5 35.6 37.5 39.8 39.5 40
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The most Unwanted Characteristic of Rankine Group of Power Generation Systems
• The amount of cooling required by any steam-cycle power plant is determined by its thermal efficiency.
• It has nothing essentially to do with whether it is fuelled by coal, gas or uranium.
• Where availability of cooling water is limited, cooling does not need to be a constraint on new generating capacity.
• Alternative cooling options are available at slightly higher cost.
• Nuclear power plants have greater flexibility in location than coal-fired plants due to fuel logistics, giving them more potential for their siting to be determined by cooling considerations.
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Cooling Problems !!!!
• The bigger the temperature difference between the internal heat source and the external environment where the surplus heat is dumped, the more efficient is the process in achieving mechanical work.
• The desirability of having a high temperature internally and a low temperature environmentally.
• In a coal-fired or conventionally gas-fired plant it is possible to run the internal boilers at higher temperatures than those with finely-engineered nuclear fuel assemblies which must avoid damage.
• The external consideration gives rise to desirably siting power plants alongside very cold water.
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Steam Cycle Heat Transfer
• For the heat transfer function the water is circulated continuously in a closed loop steam cycle and hardly any is lost.
• The water needs to be clean and fairly pure.
• This function is much the same whether the power plant is nuclear, coal-fired, or conventionally gas-fired.
• Cooling to condense the steam and surplus heat discharge.
• The second function for water in such a power plant is to cool the system so as to condense the low-pressure steam and recycle it.
• This is a major consideration in siting power plants, and in the UK siting study in 2009 all recommendations were for sites within 2 km of abundant water - sea or estuary.
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Water, Water & Water ….!!!!!
• A nuclear or coal plant running at 33% thermal efficiency will need to dump about 14% more heat than one at 36% efficiency.
• Nuclear plants currently being built have about 34-36% thermal efficiency, depending on site (especially water temperature).
• Older ones are often only 32-33% efficient.
• The relatively new Stanwell coal-fired plant in Queensland runs at 36%, but some new coal-fired plants approach 40% and one of the new nuclear reactors claims 39%.
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History & Repetition• 1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman,
for the first true gas turbine. • His invention had most of the elements present in the
modern day gas turbines. • The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage. • 1872: The first true gas turbine engine was designed by Dr
Franz Stikze, but the engine never ran under its own power.
• 1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited.
• Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 11 hp (massive for those days).
• He further developed the concept, and by 1912 he had developed a gas turbine system with separate turbine unit and compressor in series, a combination that is now common.
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• 1914: Application for a gas turbine engine filed by Charles Curtis.
• 1918: One of the leading gas turbine manufacturers of today, General Electric, started their gas turbine division.
• 1920: The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by Dr A. A. Griffith.
• 1930: Sir Frank Whittle patented the design for a gas turbine for jet propulsion.
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THE WORLD‘S FIRST INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE SET – GT NEUCHÂTEL
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4 MW GT for Power Generation
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First turbojet-powered aircraft – Ohain’s engine on He 178
The world’s first aircraft to fly purely on turbojet power, the Heinkel He 178.
Its first true flight was on 27 August, 1939.
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Steam Turbine Vs Gas Turbine : Power Generation• Experience gained from a large number of exhaust-gas turbines for
diesel engines, a temp. of 538°C was considered absolutely safe for uncooled heat resisting steel turbine blades.
• This would result in obtainable outputs of 2000-8000 KW with compressor turbine efficiencies of 73-75%, and an overall cycle efficiency of 17-18%.
• First Gas turbine electro locomotive 2500 HP ordered from BBC by Swiss Federal Railways
• The advent of high pressure and temperature steam turbine with regenerative heating of the condensate and air pre-heating, resulted in coupling efficiencies of approx. 25%.
• The gas turbine having been considered competitive with steam turbine plant of 18% which was considered not quite satisfactory.
• The Gas turbine was unable to compete with “modern” base load steam turbines of 25% efficiency.
• There was a continuous development in steam power plant which led to increase of Power Generation Efficiencies of 35%+
• This hard reality required consideration of a different application for the gas turbine.
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Anatomy of A Jet Engine
1 2 34 5 6
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Variation of Jet Technologies
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Thermal Energy Distribution
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Ideal Jet Cycles
T0
2
3
4
5
Direction
1
6j
TurboJet
6f 7f
6p 7p
Turbofan
Turboprop
~1970sAero Rejected Engines & Aero Derivative Engines
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Brayton Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
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pv & Ts diagrams
SSSF Analysis of Control Volumes Making a Brayton Cycle:
CV
outin
CV WgzV
hmgzV
hmQ
22
22
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CV
outin
wgzV
hgzV
hqCV
22
22
Specific Energy equation of SSSF :
No Change in potential energy across any CV
CVoutin whhqCV
,0,0
Calorically perfect and Ideal Gas as working fluid.
CVoutpinp wTCTCqCV
,0,0
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)( 010212 TTchhw pcomp 1 –2 : Specific work input :
2 – 3 : Specific heat input :
3 – 4 : Specific work output :
4 – 1 : Specific heat rejection :
)( 020323 TTchhq pin
)( 040343 TTchhw ptur
)( 010414 TTchhq pout
Isentropic Processes:
1
01
02
01
02
T
T
p
p 1
04
03
04
03
T
T
p
p
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01040203 & pppp Constant Stagnation Pressure Processes:
1
04
031
01
02
04
03
01
020
T
T
T
T
p
p
p
pr p
01
1
00102
TrTT p
0
031
0
0304
T
r
TT
p
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)()( 01020403
01020403
TTTTc
hhhhwww
p
compturnet
)1(1
)()(
0010
003
010103
03
TTc
TTT
Tcw
p
pnet
)( 0103
0103
T
TTTcw pnet
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)( 010030203 TTchhq pin
)(
0103
010
0301003
TTc
TT
TTc
q
w
p
p
in
netth
11
11
10
0
pin
netth
rq
w
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11
10
0
p
th
r
010030
001
0
030
0010
003
1)1(
)1(1
TTcTT
c
TTcw
pp
pnet
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10 20 30
th
pr0
Pressure Ratio Vs Efficiency
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netw
pr0
Pressure Ratio Vs Specific Workoutput
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 10 20 30Pressure ratio
th
wnet
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 10 20 30Pressure ratio
1872, Dr Franz Stikze’s Paradox