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GAS HYDRATES: MYTH OR REALITY

JEAN-PIERRE DEFLANDRE & JACQUES MINE

SPE France Conference - Schlumberger Paris, France – 15 February 2018

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GAS HYDRATES

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OUTLINE

Introduction Origin

Location

What we know about

Production of methane gas hydrates

Natural to anthropogenic dissociation

Signature of an active petroleum system

Concluding comments

Credit: courtesy of Masakazu Matumoto

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GAS HYDRATES

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ORIGIN OF METHANE GAS HYDRATES

Gas migration through water saturated formations (as everywhere)

Specific thermodynamic conditions (not as everywhere)

Biogenic or thermogenic

origin

Source: J-P. Deflandre / Oil & Gas MOOC

Source: Sara E. Harrison Standford University - October 24, 2010

Methane hydrate Source: K. C. Janda

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GAS HYDRATES

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WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION

“The most recent estimates of gas hydrate abundance suggest that they contain perhaps more organic carbon that all the world’s oil, gas, and coal combined,” the US National Energy Technology Laboratory has said.

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GAS HYDRATES

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METHANE GAS HYDRATES

Different types of hydrates or clathrates of gas

1 m3 of CH4 hydrates may contain 164 Nm3 of gas

Biogenic or thermogenic origin

Source: Maslin et al. 2010 Source: USGS

Source: USGS

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GAS HYDRATES

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WHEN CONDITIONS MEET IN PIPELINES…

Gas hydrates are also frequently formed during natural gas production: a risk of

blocking wells, pipelines and production equipment's...

Source: Powerblanquet

Source: Oil & Gas Facilities Vol1/issue 3 - 24 May 2012

Source: N. Daraboina et al. in Fuel 2015

Source: TechnipFMC

HPHT Methanol injection package Source: Calder

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DEEP OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION

The gas hydrates bottom boundary appears as a strong seismic reflector quite parallel to the sea floor commonly called "Bottom Simulated Reflector" or BSR.

Sea floor

D Z !

Water

P & T ok

Off shore seismic acquisition- source Internet

Source: Kvenvolden 1999 adapted from Shipley 1978 Disseminated

Nodules Beams thick layer

Gas hydrates

distribution in

sediments?

Source: USGS

TWT at Blake Outer Ridge

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GAS HYDRATES

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CH4 hydrates

T

DEEP OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION

Challenges while drilling: what is below the BSR?

8 Source rock

Reservoir rock

Caprock: k=0

Geological trap

f ,k

Migration

Expulsion

HC Generation

!

Same for biogenic methane

Thermodynamic trap: accumulation of free gas

below the HSZ

Drilled but not produced

Free CH4

Offshore Nigeria

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GAS HYDRATES

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OUTLINE

Introduction

Production of methane gas hydrates Production mechanisms

Field case and research projects

Natural to anthropogenic dissociation

Signature of an active petroleum system

Concluding comments

March 2013

Copyright@JOGMEC

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GAS HYDRATES

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PRODUCTION: DISSOCIATION SCENARIOS

Temperature (°C)

CH4

+

water

CH4

+

ice

Hydrates

+

ice

Hydrates

+

water

De

pth

(m

)

Equilibrium curve

gas/ hydrates

Hydrates

Dissociated hydrates

Free gas

Gas

Depressurization

BSR

Caprock

Hydrates

Impermeable layer

Steam Gas

Thermal stimulation

Methanol Gas

Injection of inhibitors

Caprock

Hydrates

Impermeable layer

Small drained radius!

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GAS HYDRATES

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MESSOYAKHA (SIBERIA- RUSSIA):1970'S

Production by depressurization and injection of inhibitors (methanol)

Caprock Hydrates Reservoir

GWC

Free gas

Hydrates zone

W109 W121 W150 W142 W7

Hydrates limit

hundreds of wells

1971 production started 1978 Production stopped due to depletion

1980 Production restarted after pressure re-increased because of hydrates dissociation

A conventional reservoir with gas hydrates at the top that dissociate as pressure declines.

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A SERIES OF RESEARCH PROJECTS

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MALLIK WELLS (NORTH CANADA): 1998 - 2002

Well L-38: discovery well (1972)

Well 2L-38 (1998-2002): 1150 m depth - permafrost up to 648 m depth (-1°C) Methane hydrates are located between 897 and 1100 m depth.

Source: Mallik gas project 2002

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G A S HYDRATES

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MALLIK WELL DATA: LOGS AND CORES

Gas hydrate interval: 200 m Free gas layer: 1.5 m thick!

Porosity range 20% to 35%

Hydrate content 25% to 80% of porosity

Structural trap

Thermogenic methane trapped after migration

Source: Mallik gas project 2002

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MALLIK WELL: PRODUCTION TEST RESULTS

No long term production but a series of tests: Depressurization (successful)

Thermal stimulation (successful)

Maximum production: 1500 Nm3/day but declines after 51h.

Permeability higher than expected

Production improvement after fracturing

Ice coating potential problem at low temperature

Economical interest?

(well abandoned in 2002 – other research projects until 2008 )

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NORTH SLOPE CANADA: PRODUCTION R&D TESTS WITH CO2

Dissociation Huge amount of water to manage 0,87 m3 per m3 of gas hydrates

Safety / Environmental issues

Management of the hydrate dissociation by injecting CO2

Source: Maribus

… a way to store CO2

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NANKAI TROUGH

Subduction of the Philippine Sea

Plate beneath Japan.

A rough estimate by Japan’s National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology pegs the total amount of methane hydrate in the waters surrounding Japan at more than 247 TCF, or enough gas to supply nearly a century’s worth of Japan’s needs.

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NANKAI TROUGH

Required indicators to delineate methane hydrates: Existence of BSRs Distribution of turbiditic sand layers High amplitude reflector High velocity anomaly

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GAS INITIALLY IN PLACE

Original methane gas in place = Total rock volume x Net/gross ratio x Porosity x Methane hydrate saturation x Volume ratio x Cage occupancy

40 trillion cubic feet (1.1 trillion cubic metres)

of methane hydrates located in Japan’s eastern

Nankai Trough alone.

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NANKAI PHASE 2: MARCH 2013 MAY 2017 PRODUCTION TESTS

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced that it intends to create a private commercial gas hydrate sector by 2027, but there are still many challenges to be overcome and tests are in very early stages, so it may be too soon to trumpet the rise of a new domestic energy source for Japan just yet. Source: Offshore Technology M. Lempriere June 2017

March 2013

Chikyu deepwater drilling vessel

Copyright@JOGMEC

2017 other active countries

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OUTLINE

Introduction

Production of methane gas hydrates

Natural to anthropogenic dissociation Facts

Fears

Signature of an active petroleum system

Concluding comments

© maribus (after IFM-GEOMAR) Methane bubbling from permafrost gas hydrate

accumulations in sediments around gas production well.

Source: WUWT 2014

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GAS HYDRATES DISSOCIATION SCENARIOS

Source: WUWT 2014

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TRIGGERING SCENARIOS: LOCAL IMPACT

© maribus (after IFM-GEOMAR)

Source: NGI

The Storrega slide: role of hydrates? Rock mass: 5500 km3

Path length: > 800 km Waves: 10-30 m Norway 5-12 m Scotland

Climate sensitive

Source: Maslin 2004 adapted from Kvenvolden 1998

Subsea slide

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GAS HYDRATES

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MASSIVE HYDRATES DISSOCIATION AND GLOBAL WARMING

Source SWERUS-C3 Program

East Siberian Arctic Ocean (ESAO)

Sea floor uplift after heavy loading of last Ice Age

Western Svalbard from CAGE Illustration of H. Patton

Source: Prof Paul Beckwith refers to Peter Wadhams Paul Beckwith - University of Ottawa - Ontario - Canada

East Siberian Artic Shelf August 2014 ice melted & water temperature above 0°C at seafloor

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GLOBAL WARMING AND SO ON…

Permafrost thaw ponds -Hudson bay - Canada – University of Alaska

Permafrost crater – Yamal peninsula– Russia Source: Photograph: Vasily Bogoyavlensky/AFP/Getty Images

Alaskan lake methane emission

Permafrost thawing / water melting

…but 1.5 trillion tons of carbon stored in. Methane entering atmosphere estimated at 50 billion tons a decade due to the thawing trend, may be faster (a year ?).

Tens of craters with up to 50 m diameter and 80 m deep

Thousands close to explode

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GAS HYDRATES

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HOW MUCH SEEPAGE TODAY?

Source: WoodsHole Oceanic Institution /Oceanus magazine

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GAS HYDRATES

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OUTLINE

Introduction

Production of methane gas hydrates

Natural to anthropogenic dissociation

Signature of an active petroleum system Mud volcanoes

Pockmarks

Concluding comments

Illustration by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Presentation of Jacques Miné

(Total)

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CONCLUDING COMMENTS

For sure huge amount of carbon in gas hydrates (mainly methane)

Production on the way (2027 at industrial scale for Japan?)

Methane emissions / Satellite monitoring (same for CO2)

Zero artic sea-Ice “Blue ocean” by 2020 / 2030? methane release from shallow water depth as in ESAO.

Facts and fears… make your own opinion

Still a lot to understand especially regarding timing and issues

Bermuda triangle…?

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www.ifpschool.com

@IfpSchool

Find us on:

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jean-pierre.deflandre@ifpen.fr

Thank you for your attention

FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH

METHANE EMISSIONS

Jacques Miné

Conférence SPE France – 15 Février 2018

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP WATER ENVIRONMENTS

● High biodiversity and low biomass

● Absence of light, co-existence of two benthic ecosystems:

- Detrital-based ecosystems: Ecosystem reliant on a source related

to a photosynthetic process. The organic material comes from the

primary chlorophyllian production occurring at the surface ocean’s

surface and from the continental sediment transported by the rivers

- Chemosynthesis-based ecosystems: Ecosystem associated with

methane–rich fluids or gases which rise to the water-sediment

interface. It comprises communities grouped together above of

active “pockmarks” or some other features as mud-volcanoes.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND DETRITUS BASED

ECOSYSTEM

CHEMO-SYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS

• Located near places with cold fluid emissions

(methane or sulphides) from which they are

nourished (generally by symbiosis with

methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacteria)

• ‘ Oasis ’ of life with high densities of adapted

species: mytilids (mussels), vestimentiferous

worms, shrimps, holothurians, bacteria,…

Composition of chemo-synthetic fauna within an active site

Tube Worms (in

symbiosis with sulfo-

oxidizing bacteria)

Bivalves

Vesicomyidae (in

symbiosis with

sulfo-oxidizing

bacteria)

Bivalves Mytilidae (in symbiosis with methane-

using and sulfo-oxidizing bacteria)

EXAMPLES OF WIDE BIODIVERSITY WITHIN A POCKMARK

Holothurides, shrimps, mytilidae

“Bush” of vestimentiferous

worms

USE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FROM FLUIDS BY

CHEMIOSYNTHETIC FAUNA WITHIN A “POCKMARK”

Distribution of habitats along dive tracks

Map realized using ArcView GIS/ Adelie software

ArcGIS-ADELIE softwares

Charlou et al. 2004, Ondréas et al.2005

Olu-Le Roy et al. 2007 (Marine Ecology)

252.4 µmol.l-1

Massive hydrates Reduced

sediment and

hydrate/gas

escape

39.2 µmol.l-1

Adult siboglinids

1.1-0.2 µmol.l-1

Dead vesicomyidsLiving vesicomyids

high density - low density

Young siboglinids

4.45-1.55 µmol.l-1

Mytilids

33.7-1.6 µmol.l-1

high density

CH4

3 sites3 sites

1 site

2 sites

CH4 level controls mytilid distribution

Habitat chemical characterisation

Olu-Le Roy et al. 2007 (Marine Ecology)

GEOPHYSICAL SIGNATURE OF A MUD-VOLCANO :

HAAKON MOSBY MUD VOLCANO (NORWAY)

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Gas plume

Gas hydrates

SEISMIC SIGNATURE OF A POCKMARK

13

A. Gay 2002

IDENTIFICATION OF COLD WATER CORRALS (GEOPHYSICS AND BIOLOGY)

0 2km

N

APPLICATIONS

15

• Protection of the habitats

• Avoidance (ex: pipeline routes)

• Geochemical prospecting

PROTECTION OF THE HABITATS

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● Chemosynthetic communities protected in the Gulf of Mexico since 1998

● Pockmarks : Identified Features identified by the EU Habitats Directive (Annex 1) as “ submarine structures made by gas leaking”

● Pockmarks: Examples of two major areas protected in UK (Special Areas of Conservation):

- Scanner pockmarks complex (Witch Ground Basin- North Sea)

- Braemer pockmarks complex (Northern North Sea)

● More attention given to cold corals :

- Mediterranean sea (Barcelona Convention)

- Norway

- OSPAR List of threatened and/or declining species and habitats

- …

Scanner P.

Braemer P.

Cold coral, Bay of Biscaye

(Ifremer)

AVOIDANCE

LOCATION OF THE GAS-PIPELINE BLOCK 17 – ANGOLA LNG

GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING

PETROLEUM SYSTEM VERSUS SEABED SEEPAGES

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MDAC : Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonates

Seabed gas seapage - Norway

Martin Hovland 2012

MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – BACKSCATTERING

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Backscattering anomalies drapped on

geomorphology anomalies

MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – BACKSCATTERING

E. Cauquil

BATHYMETRY

3D SEISMIC AND MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER –

22

E.Cauquil

MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – WATER COLUMN IMAGING

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D. Levaché et E.Cauquil

Mark of exact core location

Schematic of the piston core operation at the seabed

GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION - PISTON CORING PROCEDURE

ISOTOPE RATIO FROM HEADSPACE GASES ON SELECTED SAMPLES

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All the gases analyzed have a biogenic origin (d13 C1 -71 -75)

Biogenic

ThermogenicEastern Mediterranean sea

D. Levaché

HEAD SPACE GAS ANALYSIS

Ethane/Ethylene ratio vs. Total alkane gas

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

10000.00

0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00 1000000.00

Total alkane gases (ppmV)

Eth

an

e/E

thyle

ne

BP 1993

Amoco 1998

Texaco 2000

Total Fina Elf 2002

X*Y = 100

Ethane/Ethylene = 1

PossibleProbable sure

Background

Biogenic gases

Mixing gases

Thermal gases

D. Levaché

Merci pour votre

attention

Special Thanks to K. Olu (Ifremer) ,

D. Levaché & E.Cauquil (Total)

SPARE

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Above, left to right – corer recovered to vessel (piston trigger visible above water), slotted in cradle, inclined back onto the deck horizontally …

Below, left to right – corer on deck, separated from weight (yellow ‘bomb’), liner pulled out of barrel, 1-m sample visible on base of liner )

CORING AND SAMPLING

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