Distribution, diversity and taxonomy of marine angelfishes ...
Gaps in marine taxonomy resources in Europe
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Transcript of Gaps in marine taxonomy resources in Europe
Gaps in marine taxonomy resources in Europe
Mark J. CostelloMark J. Costello
Chris S. EmblowChris S. Emblow
Philippe BouchetPhilippe Bouchet
Anastasios LegakisAnastasios Legakis
Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand.Auckland, New Zealand.
[email protected]@auckland.ac.nz
Ecological Consultancy Services Ltd Ecological Consultancy Services Ltd (EcoServe), (EcoServe), IrelandIreland
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, FranceParis, France
National and Capodistrian University of National and Capodistrian University of Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece
Taxonomic resourcesTaxonomic resources
• People – taxonomists, identification People – taxonomists, identification skills skills
• Identification guides Identification guides
• Collections of specimensCollections of specimens
• Inventories of speciesInventories of species
This talkThis talk
• Aim – what are gaps in taxonomic resources Aim – what are gaps in taxonomic resources for marine biodiversity in Europe?for marine biodiversity in Europe?
• What we did – project, ouputs, scopeWhat we did – project, ouputs, scope
• ExpectationsExpectations
• What we foundWhat we found
• Implications for research and managementImplications for research and management
The projectThe project = European Register of Marine = European Register of Marine SpeciesSpecies
EU part-funded project
• 22 partner organisations
• 170+ participating scientists
• 385,000 euro, 2 years
• communication with 42 organisations *
• Data management plan
• Intellectual Property Rights Agreement
* Aim of external communications
• data exchange
• awareness of project
• invite end-user comments
• maximise synergy of effort, minimise overlap
• stimulate related activities
• foster collaboration
• promote use of results
ERMS - oERMS - outputsutputs
Web site providing results Book listing marine species * Register of 600 experts (in 37 countries) in European
marine species identification Bibliography of 840 identification guides Gaps in identification expertise and guides, knowledge
of species groups, and marine species collections New scientific society for the long term management of
biodiversity data (intellectual property) Model and foundation for future projects (e.g. Fauna
Europaea, BIOMARE, MARBEF)
* Costello, M. J., Emblow, C and White R. (editors) 2001. European Register of Marine Species. A check-list of marine species in Europe and
a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines naturels 50, 1-463. ISBN 2-85653-538-0; ISSN 1281-6213
ERMS scopeERMS scope
• North Pole to 26North Pole to 26ooNN
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge to Mid-Atlantic Ridge to Black Sea Black Sea
• 0.5 ppt to deep-sea0.5 ppt to deep-sea
ExcludedExcluded
• SaltmarshesSaltmarshes
• Lichens, diatoms, Lichens, diatoms, cyanobacteria, cyanobacteria, bacteriabacteria
Our expectationsOur expectations
• speciesspecies – total 20,000 – 25,000 – total 20,000 – 25,000
• identification guidesidentification guides – decreasing – decreasing adequacy with smaller body size taxaadequacy with smaller body size taxa
• taxonomiststaxonomists - most 60-70 years of age - most 60-70 years of age
• collectionscollections – most in museums – most in museums
How many species?How many species?
• 88 experts compiled 88 experts compiled species listsspecies lists
• No Mediterranean lists No Mediterranean lists for Rotifera and for Rotifera and BrachiopodaBrachiopoda
• No list for non-No list for non-halacarid Acarinahalacarid Acarina
ListedListed
30,000 30,000
+ 4,000 omitted + 4,000 omitted
+ 2,000 to be described+ 2,000 to be described
36,00036,000 total total
• Experts under-Experts under-estimated by 40-60%estimated by 40-60% ! !
Weaker listsWeaker lists
Preliminary listsPreliminary lists• Crytophytes Crytophytes • heterotrophic heterotrophic
euglenoidseuglenoids• HaptophytesHaptophytes• PrasinophytesPrasinophytes
Compiled from literatureCompiled from literature• Apicomplexa (free-living Apicomplexa (free-living
species)species)• Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates • KathablepharidsKathablepharids
• PlacozoaPlacozoa• Ctenophora Ctenophora • RotiferaRotifera• HirudineaHirudinea• ThermosbaenaceaThermosbaenacea• Isopoda – excluding Epicaridea Isopoda – excluding Epicaridea • BrachiopodaBrachiopoda• AppendiculariaAppendicularia• CephalochordataCephalochordata
Geographic coverage may be Geographic coverage may be incompleteincomplete
ProtistsProtists• Ciliates – aloricate oligotrichsCiliates – aloricate oligotrichs• Ciliates – Chonotricha Ciliates – Chonotricha • Ciliates – folliculinidsCiliates – folliculinids• Ciliates – RhynchodidaCiliates – Rhynchodida• Amoebae – testateAmoebae – testate• ApusomonadsApusomonads• Choanoflagellates Choanoflagellates • Euglenids - kinetoplastids Euglenids - kinetoplastids • BicosoecidsBicosoecids• Labyrinthulids Labyrinthulids • ThaustrochytridsThaustrochytrids• Stramenopiles incertae sedisStramenopiles incertae sedis• ThaumatomonadsThaumatomonads• Protista incertae sedis Protista incertae sedis
(heterotrophic species) (heterotrophic species) • Amoebae – nakedAmoebae – naked• XenophyophoraXenophyophora
Non-protist Non-protist • MesozoaMesozoa• GnathostomulidaGnathostomulida• EuphausiaceaEuphausiacea• HemichordataHemichordata• Fungi Fungi • PoriferaPorifera• SiphonophoraSiphonophora• ChilopodaChilopoda• DiplopodaDiplopoda• InsectaInsecta• PhoronidaPhoronida
Geographic coverage Geographic coverage completecomplete
• ForaminiferaForaminifera
• ActiniariaActiniaria• AntipathariaAntipatharia• HydrozoaHydrozoa• Octocorallia Octocorallia • ScleractiniaScleractinia• Cubozoa Cubozoa • ScyphozoaScyphozoa
• Ascidiacea Ascidiacea • ThaliaceaThaliacea• PiscesPisces• TetrapodaTetrapoda• Bryozoa Bryozoa • Cycliophora Cycliophora • Entoprocta Entoprocta • EchinodermataEchinodermata
Other taxaOther taxa• Macroalgae Macroalgae • Seagrass Seagrass
• ChaetognathaChaetognatha• MyxozoaMyxozoa• GastrotrichiaGastrotrichia• Cephalorhyncha Cephalorhyncha
(= Loricifera, (= Loricifera, Priapulida, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Kinorhyncha, Nematomorpha)Nematomorpha)
• TardigradaTardigrada• EchiuraEchiura• SipunculaSipuncula• PentastomidaPentastomida• Mollusca Mollusca
ArthropodsArthropods • PycnogonidaPycnogonida• RemipediaRemipedia• BranchiuraBranchiura• CladoceraCladocera• MystacocaridaMystacocarida• Copepoda Copepoda • TantulocaridaTantulocarida• CirripediaCirripedia• Decapoda Decapoda • MysidaceaMysidacea• IsopodaIsopoda• Insecta Insecta • StomatopodaStomatopoda • Acarina Acarina • OstracodaOstracoda• Amphipoda Amphipoda • Cumacea Cumacea • TanaidaceaTanaidacea
WormsWorms • CestodaCestoda• Nemertea Nemertea • Acanthocephala Acanthocephala • TurbellariaTurbellaria• AspidogastreaAspidogastrea• Digenea Digenea • MonogeneaMonogenea• OligochaetaOligochaeta• NematodaNematoda• PolychaetaPolychaeta• Pogonophora Pogonophora
Rates of species Rates of species discovery discovery
Aves, birds
0
100
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Osteichthyes, fish
0
500
1000
1500
1747 1797 1847 1897 1947 1997Year
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1750 1850 1950
Year
Mammalia
0
100
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
All species
Major benthic, some Major benthic, some pelagicpelagic
Siphonophora
050
100150
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Amphipoda
0
500
1000
1500
1747 1797 1847 1897 1947 1997
Year
Polychaeta
0500
10001500
2000
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Mollusca
0
2000
4000
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Myxozoa
0
200
400
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Meiofauna Meiofauna parasitesparasites
Harpacticoida
0
1000
2000
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Nematoda parasitic
0
200
400
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Turbellaria
0
1000
2000
1747 1768 1789 1810 1831 1852 1873 1894 1915 1936 1957 1978 1999
Year
Bryozoa in Europe and New Bryozoa in Europe and New ZealandZealand
0
200
400
600
800
1750 1850 1950
Year
Number of Bryozoa described
Europe
New Zealand
Coverage of identification Coverage of identification guidesguides
• 842 guides842 guides
• 43% published in 43% published in special series (e.g. special series (e.g. Synopses British Synopses British Fauna)Fauna)
• 58% Northern 58% Northern EuropeEurope
• 26% Mediterranean26% Mediterranean
• 11% Lusitanian - 11% Lusitanian - MacronesiaMacronesia
Trends in publications of Trends in publications of guidesguides
0
10
20
30
40
50
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Publications per year
Number of publications
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
NematodaForaminifera
Copepoda OstracodaNemertea
Plathelminthe Isopoda
GastrotrichaTanaidacea
HydrozoaPolychaeta
FungiAmphipoda
AcanthocephBryozoa Tunicata
AlgaePorifera
MolluscaChelicerata
ChaetognathaScyphozoa
OligochaetaEchinodermat
DecapodaPisces
CumaceaBrachiopoda
ReptiliaMysidaceaCirripediaAnthozoaHirudinea
BranchiopodCtenophora
AvesStomatopoda
Mammalia
Ratio identification guides to number of species
More guides/number species for more conspicuous taxa
ExpertiseExpertise
• Database 1,200 persons in 38 Database 1,200 persons in 38 countries (29 European countries)countries (29 European countries)
• 614 respondents 614 respondents
• 80% employed in public sector 80% employed in public sector (including universities)(including universities)
Identification & taxonomic Identification & taxonomic expertise by taxaexpertise by taxa
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
No. of species
No
. o
f i
den
tifi
cati
on
exp
erts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
No
. o
f t
axo
no
mic
exp
erts
Identification experts Taxonomic experts
Linear (Identification experts) Linear (Taxonomic experts)
Positive but poor correlations between species/taxa and number of identificiation and taxonomic experts
Age structure of all Age structure of all expertsexperts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Age - years
No.
of
resp
onde
nts
Average age = 47
Range 23 to 89
Taxonomists older than identification experts (=ecologists?)
State of specimen State of specimen collectionscollections
• 500 questionnaires500 questionnaires
• 80 institutes responsed80 institutes responsed• ½ in universities !½ in universities !
Private
Government
Society, NGO
University
State of specimen State of specimen collectionscollections
• 60% managed by < 4 staff60% managed by < 4 staff
• ½ global coverage of ½ global coverage of species species
• ¼ limited to national ¼ limited to national species species
• 60% have type specimens60% have type specimens
• 8 institutes > 10,000 8 institutes > 10,000 specimensspecimens
• 60% institutes < 1,000 60% institutes < 1,000 specimensspecimens
How well catalogued?How well catalogued?
• 20% - none 20% - none • 36% - complete36% - complete• 40% - no electronic 40% - no electronic • 10% - full electronic10% - full electronic
Expectations and Expectations and findingsfindings• speciesspecies
– 20,000 to 25,00020,000 to 25,000
• taxonomiststaxonomists – most 60-70 years of most 60-70 years of
ageage
• identification guidesidentification guides – decreasing adequacy decreasing adequacy
with smaller body size with smaller body size taxataxa
• collectionscollections – most in museums most in museums
• 36,000 !36,000 !
• Average age 47Average age 47
• True, but also less for True, but also less for southern European seassouthern European seas
• Most in universities, all Most in universities, all poorly resourced, poorly resourced, catalogues insufficientcatalogues insufficient
ConclusionsConclusions
• High rates discovery in these taxaHigh rates discovery in these taxa – most diverse least least well knownmost diverse least least well known
– thousands species remain to be discoveredthousands species remain to be discovered
• Know less conspicuous taxa leastKnow less conspicuous taxa least– more guides required in these groupsmore guides required in these groups
• More ident’ guides for southern European More ident’ guides for southern European speciesspecies
• No evidence of taxonomists going extinctNo evidence of taxonomists going extinct
• Collections not limited to museums, most Collections not limited to museums, most poorly cataloguedpoorly catalogued – Awareness, knowledge inaccessible as not in Awareness, knowledge inaccessible as not in
databases databases
How to fill gaps?How to fill gaps?
1.1. Revise and expand checklist (ERMS 2.0)Revise and expand checklist (ERMS 2.0)
2.2. Fund guides to southern European taxaFund guides to southern European taxa
3.3. Focus taxonomic and ecological studies Focus taxonomic and ecological studies on least well known taxa in least well on least well known taxa in least well studied placesstudied places