Galileo of the manuscript of Vincenzo Viviani s Grati ...€¦ · the time of his death (1642)...

Galileorsquos legacy a critical edition and translationof the manuscript of Vincenzo Vivianirsquos GratiAnimi Monumenta

STEFANO GATTEI

For John Heilbronhoc parvum sed toto donatum corde

grati animi monumentum

Abstract Having been found lsquovehemently suspected of heresyrsquo by the Holy Office in 1633 atthe time of his death (1642) Galileorsquos remains were laid to rest in the tiny vestry of a lateralchapel of the Santa Croce Basilica Florence Throughout his life Vincenzo Viviani Galileorsquoslast disciple struggled to have his masterrsquos name rehabilitated and his banned works reprintedas well as a proper funeral monument erected He did not live to see all this come true but hisefforts triggered a mechanism that eventually led to the fulfilment of his wishes A key elementof his project was the transformation of the facade of his palace into a private (but publicly ren-dered) tribute to Galileo with two long inscriptions celebrating Galileorsquos achievements andcalling Florencersquos attention to the need to pay a proper tribute to him Shortly afterwards herevised the text and circulated it in print This article presents the first critical edition and anno-tated translation of Vivianirsquos original manuscript long thought to be lost and describes its rolein Vivianirsquos lifelong struggle for Galileorsquos intellectual legacy as well as its impact on futurehistoriography

Galileo Galilei passed away on 8 January 1642 in his Villa lsquoIl Gioiellorsquo in the hills ofArcetri just a few kilometres to the south of Florence city centre In his (second andlast) will dated 21 August 1638 he expressed the wish to be buried in the SantaCroce Basilica where his father Vincenzo and other members of his family were buried1

Accordingly the day after his death the body was quietly moved to Santa Croce andlaid to rest ndash not with his father and ancestors2 in the central nave of the basilica

California Institute of Technology USA Email sgatteicaltecheduMy profound gratitude to John L Heilbron who generously revised mywork to Concetta Luna who kindly

read the whole article and greatly improved on it to Noel M Swerdlow with whom I discussed aspects ofVivianirsquos life and work and to James R Voelkel who offered a number of useful suggestions My fatherpassed away while I was working on this article now that I see it through the press just as at those painfulmoments my thoughts are for him1 See Le Opere di Galileo Galilei Edizione Nazionale (editor in chief Antonio Favaro) revised and enlarged

edn 20 vols Florence G Barbegravera 1968 (henceforth OG plus volume number) vol 19 p 522 This wasGalileorsquos second will in his first made on 15 January 1633 (a few days before he left Arcetri for Romewhere he was going to meet the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition) he left his heirs to decide in which churchto bury him see ibid p 5212 Galileorsquos mother Giulia Ammannati (1538ndash1620) was buried in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine

in Florence on 10 August 1620 see OG 19 no 28 p 443

BJHS of 48 2017 copy British Society for the History of Science 2017doi101017S0007087417000073

at httpswwwcambridgeorgcoreterms httpsdoiorg101017S0007087417000073Downloaded from httpswwwcambridgeorgcore IP address 3420972109 on 28 Apr 2017 at 043227 subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use available

however but in the tiny vestry of a chapel on the right-hand side of the transept Giventhe circumstances no grand ceremony was held nor were official speeches or commem-orations delivered the casket was accompanied by Galileorsquos son Vincenzo the parishpriest of San Matteo in Arcetri Galileorsquos last pupil Vincenzo Viviani EvangelistaTorricelli and a few relatives The Grand Duke was in Pisa and did not attend theburial nor did other prominent members of the court or any other dignitaries fromthe city of Florence Needless to say no high representatives of the Church hierarchieswere there eitherThere were good reasons for that of course Galileo died while under house arrest

having been found lsquovehemently suspected of heresyrsquo3 and forced to recant hisCopernican sins Discretion was advised in order not to annoy the Church hierarchieswho could prevent the burial of Galileorsquos body in the basilica In fact as soon asGiordano Bolognetti the Vaticanrsquos nuncio in Florence got to know about the GrandDukersquos plan to have a proper funeral monument erected in Santa Croce he hurried toinform Francesco Barberini ndash Pope Urban VIIIrsquos cardinal-nephew ndash who in turn gaveprecise instructions to Giovanni Muzzarelli the Florence inquisitor Barberinirsquos letteris worth reading in full

Most Reverend Father

Monsignor Assessor read aloud before His Holiness Your Reverencersquos letter announcing thedeath of Galileo Galilei and mentioning what he believed should be done both about the tomband the funeral service Having listened to the opinions of these Most Eminent people HisBeatitude decided that you with your usual adroitness should be sure to let it come to theGrand Dukersquos ears that it is not good to erect mausoleums to the corpse of someone whowas sentenced by the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition and died while enduring the sentencebecause decent people might be scandalized to the detriment of His Highnessrsquos piety But incase you could not prevent this plan you should pay attention that the epitaph or inscriptionwhich will be placed on the tomb should not include words that might offend this Tribunalrsquosreputation And you should treat him who will deliver the funeral eulogy similarly too payingattention to read and examine it carefully before it is delivered or printed His Holiness entruststhe wise discretion of Your Reverence with sorting out this matter And may God preserve you

From Rome 25 January 1642As the brother of Your Reverence

Cardinal Barberini4

3 Sergio Pagano I Documenti Vaticani del Processo di Galileo Galilei (1611ndash1741) new augmentedrevised and annotated edn Vatican City Archivio Segreto Vaticano 2009 no 114 p 164 lsquovehementesospetto drsquoheresiarsquo4 OG 18 no 4197 pp 379ndash380 lsquoMolto Reverendo Padre Da Monsignor Assessore egrave stata letta avanti la

Santitagrave di N Signore la lettera di V Rev in cui gli dava avviso della morte di Galileo Galilei e accennava ciograve chesi crede debba farsi et intorno al suo sepolcro et allrsquoossequio e S Beatitudine col parere di questi mieiEminentissimi ha risoluto che ella con la sua solita destrezza procuri di far passare allrsquoorecchie del GranDuca che non egrave bene fabricare mausolei al cadavero di colui che egrave stato penitentiato nel Tribunale dellaSanta Inquisitione et egrave morto mentre durava la penitenza perchegrave si potrebbono scandalizzare i buoni conpregiuditio della pietagrave di S Altezza Ma quando pure non si potesse distornare cotesto pensiero dovragrave ellaavvertire che nellrsquoepitafio o inscrittione che si porragrave nel sepolcro non si leggano parole tali che possanooffendere la riputazione di questo Tribunale La medesima avvertenza dovragrave pur ella havere con chi reciteragravelrsquooratione funerale procurando di vederla e considerarla ben prima che si reciti o si stampi Nel savio

2 Stefano Gattei


The plan for a sumptuous funeral monument for the Grand Dukersquos primary mathemat-ician and philosopher lasted but a few days and the humble temporary burial in thenarrow vestry to the Chapel of the Novitiate (otherwise known as the Medici Chapel)was to remain Galileorsquos burial place for nearly a century5

Vivianirsquos Racconto Istorico (1654)

The undisputed champion of resurrecting the plan was Galileorsquos last direct and mostdevoted disciple Vincenzo Viviani (1622ndash1703) Throughout his life he tried his bestto preserve the memory of his masterrsquos life discoveries and achievements as well as topublish and circulate his works The erection of a public funeral monument in SantaCroce was part and parcel of this project for a proper monument would bear thedouble meaning both of recalling the importance of Galileorsquos works highlighting theirsuperiority with respect to traditional scientific and philosophical ideas and of claimingthe liberty to build on them extending them to other contexts The image of Galileoheretic as it sprang from the 1633 trial was a clear obstacle to this ndash hence the key stra-tegic as well as psychological and political relevance of a proper funeral monument forGalileo in Italyrsquos most celebrated pantheon

In Vivianirsquos eyes however redeeming his masterrsquos reputation did not only meandefending Galileo from his detractors it also meant first and foremost claiming histrue and profound pietas In the Racconto Istorico Vivianirsquos biography of Galileo (pub-lished posthumously in 1717 but actually written in 16546) he claimed that Galileo waswrong in not presenting the Copernican picture of the world on a purely hypothetical

avvedimento di V R ripone la Sua Santitagrave il rimedio di cotesto affare Et il Signore la conservi Di Roma li 25Gennaio 1642 Di V R Come fratello Il Cardle Barberinorsquo See also Giorgio Bolognettirsquos letter to FrancescoBarberini on 12 January 1642 in OG 18 no 4194 p 378 and Francesco Niccolinirsquos (the ambassador of theGrand Duke of Tuscany to the Holy See) letter to Giovanni Battista Gondi on 25 January 1642 inOG 18 no4196 pp 378ndash3795 For a detailed and insightful reconstruction of the events that led to the two burials of Galileo in the Santa

Croce Basilica see Paolo Galluzzi lsquoI Sepolcri di Galileo Le Spoglie ldquoViverdquo di un Eroe della Scienzarsquo in LucianoBerti (ed) Il Pantheon di Santa Croce a Firenze Florence Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze 1993 pp 145ndash182English version by Michael J Gorman lsquoThe sepulchers of Galileo the ldquolivingrdquo remains of a hero of sciencersquo inPeter Machamer (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Galileo Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998pp 417ndash447 on which I partly rely in what follows On the grave of the Galilei family see Paolo Piazzesi (ed)Le Lapidi Terragne di Santa Croce 3 vols Florence Polistampa 2012 vol 2 no 94 pp 376ndash379 On theimportance of tombs as political and cultural statements in the early modern period see the contributions ofElena Carrara Francesco Freddolini and Cristiano Giometti in Cinzia M Sicca (ed) Scultura a PisanellrsquoEtagrave Moderna Le Sepolture dei Docenti dello Studio Pisa PLUS 2007 as well as Minou SchravenFestive Funerals in Early Modern Italy The Art and Culture of Conspicuous Commemoration FarnhamAshgate 20146 Besides the published version (Vincenzo Viviani lsquoRacconto Istorico della Vita del Signor Galileo Galileirsquo

in Salvino Salvini (ed) Fasti Consolari dellrsquoAccademia Fiorentina Florence Giovanni Gaetano Tartini amp SantiFranchi 1717 pp 397ndash432) we still have two manuscript versions of Vivianirsquos biography of Galileo whichthe author kept tinkering with until the end of his life see Gal 11 ff 24rndash68r and 73rndash118v (the abbreviationGal refers to the collection of Galilaean manuscripts at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence) thelater version indicated by B was published by Favaro in OG 19 pp 597ndash632 For a discussion of theargumentative and rhetorical structure of Vivianirsquos biography of Galileo with special reference to Vasarirsquosbiography of Michelangelo see Michael Segre lsquoVivianirsquos life of Galileorsquo Isis (1989) 80 2 pp 206ndash231

Galileorsquos legacy 3


level accordingly the Church rightfully called attention to his mistake and asked him torecant The Holy Office sentenced Galileo to house arrest for life and ordered inquisitorsnot to license the reprinting of any of his works nor anything new he wished to publish(de omnibus editis et edendis)7 Still in the Racconto Istorico Viviani almost likensGalileo to the lost sheep in the parable we read in the Gospels of Matthew (1812ndash14)and Luke (153ndash7) brought back home by the good shepherd In Vivianirsquos words

he was confined in the most beautiful palace in Trinitagrave dei Monti the residence of the Tuscanambassador and having been shown his mistake he promptly retracted his opinion like a trueCatholic As a punishment however his Dialogue was prohibited and after five months(during which the city of Florence was infected by the plague) he was dismissed from Romeand with an act of generous compassion he was destined for his house arrest to the residenceof Archbishop Monsignor Piccolomini the dearest and most esteemed friend he had in SienaGalileo enjoyed with such tranquillity and satisfaction the exchanges he had with him that heresumed his studies found and proved most of his mechanical propositions on the resistance ofsolids as well as other conjectures And after approximately five months the plague havingcompletely stopped in his homeland at the beginning of December 1633 His Holinessturned the confinement to that house into the liberty of the countryside which Galileogreatly enjoyed hellip8

Furthermore having received news that some of his works andmanuscripts which he hadwritten while still wrongly convinced of the truth of lsquoAristarchusrsquos and Copernicusrsquosopinionrsquo were being circulated translated and published abroad lsquohe was greatly dis-heartenedrsquo for lsquothanks to the authority of the Roman censorship he had catholicallyabandoned [that opinion]rsquo and also benefited from lsquothe healthy gift infinite providencekindly decided to award him with by releasing him from such a terrible mistakersquo9

Some scholars tend toreadVivianiwith somebenevolence ascribing tohiswordsa lsquopurelyinstrumentalrsquo meaning10 In their eyes Viviani ndash in agreement with the Grand DukeFerdinand II (1610ndash1670) and his brother Cardinal Leopoldo (1617ndash1675) ndash attempted a

7 See Galileorsquos sad letter to Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc on 12May 1635 inLeOpere di Galileo GalileiEdizione Nazionale Appendice 4 vols Florence Giunti 2013ndash2017 (henceforth OGA) vol 2 no 3121[1]pp 336ndash3388 OG 19 p 617 lsquofu arrestato nel delizioso palazzo della Trinitagrave dersquo Monti appresso lrsquoambasciador di

Toscana et in breve (essendogli dimostrato il suo errore) retrattograve come vero catolico questa sua opinionema in pena gli fu proibito il suo Dialogo e dopo cinque mesi licenziato di Roma (in tempo che la cittagrave diFirenze era infetta di peste) gli fu destinata per arresto con generosa pietagrave lrsquoabitazione del piugrave caro etstimato amico chrsquoavesse nella cittagrave di Siena che fu Monsr Arcivescovo Piccolomini della qual gentilissimaconversazione egli godegrave con tanta quiete e satisfazione dellrsquoanimo che quivi ripigliando i suoi studii trovograve edimostrograve gran parte delle conclusioni meccaniche sopra la materia delle resistenze dersquo solidi con altrespeculazioni e dopo cinque mesi in circa cessata affatto la pestilenza nella sua patria verso il principio diDicembre del 1633 da S Stagrave gli fu permutata la strettezza di quella casa nella libertagrave della campagna daesso tanto graditarsquo9 OG 19 p 618 lsquoPer lrsquoavviso delle quali traduzioni e nuove publicazioni dersquo suoi scritti restograve il Sigr Galileo

grandemente mortificato prevedendo lrsquoimpossibilitagrave di mai piugrave supprimergli con molti altri chrsquoegli dicevatrovarsi giagrave sparsi per lrsquoItalia e fuori manuscritti attenenti pure allrsquoistessa materia fatti da lui in varieoccasioni nel corso di quel tempo in che era vissuto nellrsquoopinione drsquoAristarco e del Copernico la qualeultimamente per lrsquoautoritagrave della romana censura egli aveva catolicamente abbandonata Per cosigrave salutiferobenefizio che lrsquoinfinita Providenza si compiacque di conferirgli in rimuoverlo drsquoerror cosigrave grave non volle ilSigr Galileo dimostrarsele ingrato con restar di promuover lrsquoaltre invenzioni di altissime conseguenzersquo10 Galluzzi op cit (5) p 421

4 Stefano Gattei


conciliatoryapproach thatwhile giving inon the crucial issueof the statusof thenewscienceaimed at neutralizing Galileorsquos alleged heresy thereby removing what was regarded as themajor obstacle to the circulation and understanding of Galileorsquos thought and works Inother words in sharp contrast with the image of Galileo as a martyr to libertas philoso-phandi which spread throughout Europe and particularly in France Vivianirsquos image ofGalileo was that of the promoter of a radically new philosophy which however Vivianidid his best to present in a non-traumatic way However new Galileorsquos science was itsinventor had always deferred to religious authorities and was fully aware of the limitationsand temporary nature of every human endeavour

Accordingly Viviani promoted the publication of the first collection of Galileorsquosworks in order to make them once again available to scholars and laymen alikeParticularly important was the inclusion of the Dialogue on the Two Chief WorldSystems (published in 1632 and prohibited in 1633) which would be read in a newand reassuring light not as the authoritative statement of the truth of the Copernicanhypothesis that is but as an important although human and thereby intrinsically fal-lible attempt at a novel understanding of cosmology In this way Viviani hoped topresent a new image of Galileo as a Christian hero of science restored to faith by theacknowledgement of his mistakes purged by a sincere act of contrition and intimatelyand fervently obedient to the Church

Palazzo dei Cartelloni (1693)

As years went by however Viviani realized that his efforts were unlikely to succeed In1655ndash1656 he managed to publish (under the editorship of Carlo Manolessi inBologna) the first two-volume edition of Galileorsquos collected works but failed to getapproval to include the Dialogue and the other Copernican works In September1674 Viviani seemed to be giving up his original plan to move Galileorsquos remains to amore prominent place in the Santa Croce Basilica and sought the complicity of friarGabriele Pierozzi to decorate the humble burial place by adding a celebratory inscrip-tion as well as a bust of Galileo drawn from a sculpture (now lost) by renowned sculptorGiovanni Caccini The inscription had been ready for some twenty years for Vivianiused the one he had published at the very beginning of the 1655ndash1656 edition ofGalileorsquos collected works11

On 7 December 1689 aged sixty-seven Viviani drew up his will with which hebequeathed his heirs the money and goods he thought would be required to erect aproper funeral monument for Galileo facing Michelangelorsquos adorned with an

11 Opere di Galileo Galilei Linceo 2 vols Bologna Heirs of Evangelista Dozza 1655ndash1656 vol 1 p 22In order to better understand Vivianirsquos strategy it is worth noticing that the inscription is printed next to a letterand a poem praising Galileorsquos merits (the lsquoAdulatio perniciosarsquo (originally published in 1620) ibid pp 20ndash21)both by Cardinal Maffeo Barberini later to become Pope Urban VIII (see Barberinirsquos letter to Galileo on 28August 1620 in OG 13 no 1479 pp 48ndash49) The inscription was most likely by Viviani although Nellilater ascribed it to Pierozzi and criticized it for its poor literary quality see Giovanni Battista ClementeNelli Vita e Commercio Letterario di Galileo Galilei 2 vols Lausanne [se] 1793 [yet FlorenceFrancesco Mouumlcke 1791] vol 2 p 877



inscription celebrating his discoveries and achievements12 As to his own body he addedhe wished it to be buried

in thehellip church of Santa Croce below the above-mentioned statue and monument to the GreatGalileo or else to the side or below his bones whenever they are moved there In the mean-while until the above-mentioned plan is accomplished he [the testator] wants and ordersthat his body temporarily be laid next to that of Galileo hellip13

He never lost hope and kept polishing the inscription to be carved in the final monu-ment He grew increasingly aware though that his original plan would not be fulfilledin the few more years he was likely to live If no public monument was to be erectedhowever he eventually resolved to create a private one ndash one that could be enjoyedand benefited from publiclyHaving bought a residence in what is now via S Antonino (formerly via dellrsquoAmore)

11 in proximity of the church of Santa Maria Novella (at a short walking distance fromwhat is now Florencersquos central railway station) he entrusted his friend Giovan BattistaNelli a well-known architect to restore the palace and turn its facade into a monumentto Galileorsquos discoveries and achievements Nelli designed the facade to present at its verycentre above the main entrance door a bust of Galileo (by eminent artist GiovanBattista Foggini a friend of Nellirsquos) next to it two bas-reliefs celebrating Galileorsquos tele-scopic discoveries (on the left-hand side) and his achievements in physics and mechanics(on the right) these were clear references to the Sidereus Nuncius (1610) and Two NewSciences (1638) both of which were included in the 1655ndash1656 edition of Galileorsquos col-lected works14

What were meant to impress and arouse the attention of passers-by however weretwo enormous scagliola scrolls (hence the name by which the palace is referred toPalazzo dei Cartelloni) on each side of the facade a lsquohistorical account written inform of elogiarsquo to use Salvino Salvinirsquos expression (Figure 1)15 The inscriptions werepainted not carved and the lower lines are now barely readable due to time weather

12 Testamento dellrsquoIllustrissimo Signor Vincenzo Viviani Rogato da Ser Simone Mugnai Florence PietroGaetano Viviani 1735 pp 3ndash413 Testamento dellrsquoIllustrissimo Signor Vincenzo Viviani op cit (12) p 4 lsquoeleggendo la Sepoltura per il

suo proprio Cadavere nella detta Chiesa di S Croce sotto alla detta statua e memoria del predetto GranGalileo ed accanto o sotto alle di lui ossa quando saranno ivi trasportate ed intanto che non saragraveadempito il suddetto suo concetto vuole ed ordina che il suo Cadavere si ponga in deposito vicino aquello del medesimo Sig Galileorsquo14 See Nelli op cit (11) vol 2 Tav IX no V and p 870 see also footnote 241 below15 Salvini op cit (6) p 433 lsquoquello istorico racconto a forma drsquoElogi distesorsquo Thus Salvini in the first

published edition of Vivianirsquos biography of Galileo describes the inscriptions referring them to VivianirsquosRacconto Istorico (Historical Account) An English translation of the inscriptions is available in RufusSuter lsquoThe Galileian inscriptions on the facade of Vivianirsquos house in Florencersquo Osiris (1956) 12 pp 225ndash243 the first in-depth study is Frank Buumlttner lsquoDie aumlltesten Monumente fuumlr Galileo Galilei in Florenzrsquo inKunst des Barock in der Toskana Studien zur Kunst unter den letzten Medici Munich Bruckmann 1976pp 103ndash117 a more comprehensive one is offered in Roberto Lunardi and Oretta Sabbatini (eds) IlRimembrar delle Passate Cose Una Casa per Memoria Galileo e Vincenzo Viviani Florence Polistampa2009

6 Stefano Gattei


and pollution (not to mention the municipalityrsquos indifference) We can reconstruct thetext by appealing to the printed text published by Viviani16

The printed version

Viviani published a printed version of the text of the inscriptions as a section appended tohis last scientific publicationDe Locis Solidis (1701) In 1702 he published the same textin small booklet form Grati Animi Monumenta In fact these two editions were simul-taneous for the text published as a sort of appendix to De Locis Solidis dates to 1702(see the lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo translated below) And indeed the expression grati animimonumenta in the title of the booklet appears in the lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo of the DeLocis Solidis too

As we know from the title page of Grati Animi Monumenta the inscriptions wereactually placed on the facade of Palazzo dei Cartelloni in 169317 In the lsquoAdvice forthe readerrsquo (lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo) introducing the section of De Locis Solidis presenting

Figure 1 Facade of Vivianirsquos palace (known as the Palazzo dei Cartelloni) in via S Antonino 11Florence Photo by Stefano Gattei

16 We also have a number of drafts and preliminary versions among the Galileo papers at the NationalCentral Library in Florence (see especially Gal 13 and 318)17 See Vincenzo Viviani Grati Animi Monumenta Florence Pietro Antonio Brigonci [1702] title page

lsquoUti fuerunt conscripta Florentiaelig in Fronte AEligdium A DEO DATARUMAnno Salutis 1693rsquo (lsquoas they werewritten on the facade of the House GIVEN BY GOD in 1693 ADrsquo)



the inscriptions we read that the job was done very quickly and this might well be thereason for a number of errors that we find in the inscriptions themselves Indeed thereason why Viviani decided to revise the original text and leave for posterity in printa more elegant and polished one is likely to be found in the urgency he felt toproduce the text of the inscriptions in the first place and in the dissatisfaction he possiblyfelt about them later on The lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo offers a compact history of the text

Behold dear Reader in this year 1702 the engraving of the facade and the inscriptions of theHouse GIVEN BY GOD18 whence is brought to light this Second Geometrical Divination19which the author wrote fifty-six years ago and now appears as it was printed twenty-nineyears ago Here you can find the memorials of a grateful soul to the most powerful King ofFrance LOUIS THE GREAT thanks to whose most generous gifts this house was built andrestored to the Royal Highnesses of the Medici Family most gentle patrons whose lavish gen-erosity the author has experienced ever since he was sixteen years old20 and to GALILEO mostbeloved teacher to whom the author declares he owes the results he achieved in geometryhowever little they are Hence wishing to leave a testimony of such great benevolence to pos-terity and realizing that due to advancing age debilitating health conditions and the

18 Here Viviani plays with the name of Louis the Great (Louis le Grand or Louis XIV) king of France from1643 to 1715 whose name at birth was Louis Dieudonneacute (Louis lsquothe God-givenrsquo)19 Viviani had published his first lsquodivinationrsquo of the fifth book of Apolloniusrsquo Conics in 1659 (Federico

Commandino had translated the first four books from the original Greek into Latin in 1566 the remainingfour books were thought to be lost) Vivianirsquos book sparked a lifelong controversy with Giovanni AlfonsoBorelli (1608ndash1679) a fellow member of the Accademia del Cimento Viviani began the work while he wasstill with Galileo in 1640ndash1642 and later worked on it only occasionally until Borelli discovered a copy ofan Arab translation of the first seven books of Apolloniusrsquo Conics in the library of the Grand Duke inFlorence in 1658 In 1659 Viviani decided to publish his work as it was (only two of the planned threeparts were completed and the third was never published) and Borelli eventually published the Latintranslation of Books 5ndash7 in 1661 calling the readerrsquos attention to Vivianirsquos failed attempt at lsquodiviningrsquo theactual contents of Apolloniusrsquo work See Antonio Favaro lsquoAmici e Corrispondenti di Galileo Galilei XXIXVincenzio Vivianirsquo Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti (1912ndash1913) 72 Part II pp 1ndash155 reprinted in Favaro Amici e Corrispondenti di Galileo 3 vols (ed Paolo Galluzzi) FlorenceSalimbeni 1983 vol 2 pp 1009ndash1163 1055ndash1066 For an assessment of Vivianirsquos divination attempt seeGino Loria Le Scienze Esatte nellrsquoAntica Grecia 5 vols Modena Antica Tipografia Soliani 1893ndash1902vol 1 pp 161ndash166 vol 2 pp 226ndash22720 Viviani was born on 5 April 1622 and was sixteen years old when he started visiting Galileo on 25

January 1639 as we read in Gal 210 f 244br lsquo25 Genno 1639 ndash torna giugrave lrsquoAmbr e ua su Vorsquo (lsquo25January 1639 ndash Ambrogetti comes down and Viviani goes uprsquo) Marco Ambrogetti was a Latin scholar whowas assisting Galileo with the translation of some of his works which he intended to publish abroad withElzevier Ambrogetti comes back to Florence from the hill of Arcetri while Viviani goes the oppositedirection to visit Galileo It was not until the summer 1639 however that Viviani actually moved in toGalileorsquos villa as we gather from a marginal note Viviani penned in the margin of a biographical sketch hewrote on Torricelli (Gal 131 f 9v) lsquoGiunse dunque il Torricelli alla Villa drsquoArcetri (doue abitaua ilGalileo) verso la fine del Settembre del medmo anno anzi a digrave 10 drsquoOttobre 1641 ndash et io avanti al 7bre

1639rsquo (lsquoThus Torricelli arrived at the Villa in Arcetri where Galileo lived towards the end of September ofthat same year before 10 October 1641 ndash whereas I arrived by September 1639rsquo the words lsquoanzi hellip 1639rsquo= lsquobefore hellip 1639rsquo were added in margin) See Vivianirsquos recollections in his letter to abbot Salviati on 5April 1697 in Angelo Fabroni (ed) Lettere Inedite di Uomini Illustri 2 vols Florence Francesco Mouumlcke1773ndash1775 vol 2 pp 4ndash22 6ndash7 see also Vincenzo Viviani Quinto Libro degli Elementi drsquoEuclideovvero Scienza Universale delle Proporzioni Spiegata colla Dottrina del Galileo Florence alla Condotta1674 p 99 and OG 19 p 622 On the precise date see Antonio Favaro lsquoVincenzo Viviani e la Sua ldquoVitadi Galileordquorsquo Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti (1902ndash1903) 62 Part II pp 683ndash703699 and Favaro op cit (19) pp 1018ndash1019

8 Stefano Gattei


approaching threat of death all other ways are hindered in 1693 AD he [the author] orderedthat these elogia be inscribed as quickly as possible on the facade of this very house Now inorder that this expression of his grateful soul may forever also reach foreigners who do nottravel he saw it through the press as you can see ndash so that (in case these elogia might bescratched off either by time all-consuming or by decision of those who inherit this house inorder to replace them with others) they might remain indelible in the memory of educatedpeople21

As we read on the title page of De Locis Solidis the book was written in 1646 andprinted by Ippolito Navesi in Florence in 167322 The printed sheets lay with the pub-lisher for nearly two decades as Viviani was attending other works23 as well as planningto lsquodivinersquo all Five Books Concerning Solidi Loci Pappus of Alexandria (fourth centuryAD) credited to Aristaeus the Elder (fourth century BC) in his Collection24 In 1701sensing that he was approaching the end of his life Viviani decided to publish everythinghe had written (that is his divination of the first three books by Aristaeus) in order not toleave his work unpublished25 Thus he recovered the (possibly yet uncollated) sheets

21 Vincenzo Viviani De Locis Solidis Secunda Divinatio Geometrica Florence Pietro Antonio Brigonci1701 p 120 (the volume is divided in two halves with different paginations all page references here andhenceforth refer to the second half) lsquoEn Tibi Amice Lector hoc Anno 1702 cum suis Epigrammatis aeligreincisam Orthographiam AEligdium A DEO DATARUM unde tandem in lucem prodit Secunda Geometricahaeligc Divinatio quaelig post sex amp quinquaginta Annos ab Auctore conscripta fuit amp cujusmodi novem acviginti ab hinc Annis fuerat typis impreszliga Habes higravec ejusdem Auctoris grati animi monumenta tum ergapotentissimum Galliarum Regem LUDOVICUM MAGNUM cujus amplissimis Honorariis AEligdes ipsaeligcomparataelig sunt amp instaurataelig tum erga Celsitudines Regias Mediceaelig Gentis Patronos clementissimosquorum profusam liberalitatem ab Anno aeligtatis suaelig XVI est expertus tum erga Praeligceptorem amantissimumGALILAEligUM cui quantulumcumque id est quod in Geometria progreszligus est Auctor totum se debereprofitetur Tantas ergo beneficentias quum apud Posteros testatas ipse relinquere cuperet amp ingravescenteaeligtate afflictaque valetudine ac ingruente mortis periculo omnes alias vias praeligclusas eszlige animadverteretAnno Sal CI

C

DC LXXXXIII Elogia haeligc in fronte earumdem AEligedium quagravem citissimegrave fieri potuit inscribijussit Nunc ut ad exteros etiam qui non peregrinantur sempiternograve propagetur haeligc sua grati animisignificatio typis ea ut vides mandari curavit ut (si fortegrave in posterum haeligc ipsa aut temporis edacis culpaaut succeszligorum in AEligdibus voluntate ad alia substituenda fuerint abrasa) in indelebili Eruditorum memoriaperpetuograve maneantrsquo22 See Viviani op cit (21) f 3r lsquoElaboratum Anno 1646 Impressum Florentiaelig ab Hyppolito Navesi

Anno 1673 Addendis auctum amp in luce prolatum Anno 1701rsquo23 Viviani devoted most of his time to gathering and editing Galileorsquos papers and letters especially after

Vincenzo Galileorsquos son died in 1649 only seven years after his father also Viviani was asked to editTorricellirsquos collected works after the latterrsquos passing in 1647 He also attended to various assignments onbehalf of the Grand Duke and taught at the Accademia del Disegno from 1647 until his death in 1703Finally he pursued his own researches and studies especially in geometry but also in physics and optics24 See Pappi Alexandrini Collectionis Quae Supersunt (ed Friedrich Hultsch) 3 vols Berlin Weidmann

1876ndash1878 vol 2 pp 63623 67212ndash13 and 67220ndash21 see also Kurt Vogel lsquoAristaeusrsquo in Dictionary ofScientific Biography (editor in chief Charles C Gillispie) 18 vols New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons 1970ndash1990 vol 1 pp 245ndash24625 As in the case of Vivianirsquos first lsquodivinationrsquo (De Maximis et Minimis Geometrica Divinatio in Quintum

Conicorum Apollonii Pergaeligi adhuc Desideratum Florence Giuseppe Cocchini 1659) the reason for thelong delay in the publication was his original plan for a work in five books (according to Pappus Aristaeusrsquoown work was in five books) of which only three were eventually published due to the large number of hiscommitments see the authorrsquos own report as told in Viviani op cit (21) ff dagger 3rndash4v in which he himselfcompares the similar fates of these two works of his on ff dagger 4vndash5r he also offers an explanation for hisattempt and choice of the term divinatio



printed in 1673 and added two more quires Oo and Pp each of four folia (eight pages)containing the addenda to the three books he had divined in 1673 as indicated on thetitle page and the errata (addenda to books IndashIII pp 105ndash116 = ff Oo 1rndashPp 2verrata pp 117ndash118 = f Pp 3rndashv) On page 119 (= f Pp 4r) is the imprimatur requestedon 6 August 1673 and granted a few days later on 11 August this is the last printedpage of the book as page 120 (= f Pp 4v) was left blank Viviani also added twoquires at the front of the book each of six folia (twelve pages) indicated with anddagger including the half title the title page and Vivianirsquos Preface to lsquoBeginner geometersrsquo(dated 1 August 1701)For reasons unknown the book was not immediately circulated but remained with

the publisher until the beginning of 1702 when Viviani decided to append new materialan additional eight-page quire (Qq) with the text of the inscriptions the lsquoMonitumlectorirsquo printed on the last page of the previous quire (page 120 = f Pp 4v) which hadbeen left blank and three engraved plates with Galileorsquos bust (by Foggini) the facadeof the Palazzo dei Cartelloni and the location (indicated by letters AndashH) of thevarious parts of the inscriptions on the facade of the palace Had Viviani consideredinserting these two plates and the text of the inscriptions as soon as he decided topublish De Locis Solidis he would have certainly mentioned them in the title page ofthe book Since he did not he possibly decided to do that at the very last minute alsousing the last (blank) page of the book to add an explanatory note namely thelsquoMonitum lectorirsquoGrati Animi Monumenta bears no date on the title page but it was likely printed more

or less simultaneously with De Locis Solidis the setting of types is identical but pagenumbers and quire identifications were changed (from pages 121ndash128 = ff Qq 1rndash4vto pages 1ndash8 = ff A 1rndash4v) Almost certainly once quire Qq was added to De LocisSolidis the same form was used to print the booklet too with due changes of pagenumbers and quire identification A full eight-page quire Grati Animi Monumentalacks the lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo and offers a distinct title page instead with a blank versoalso the lower half of the last page (page 8 = f A 4v) presents an engraved decorationinstead of the text of the imprimatur as published in the De Locis Solidis page 128(= f Qq 4v) Moreover whereas in the lsquoMonitum lectorirsquo of theDe Locis Solidis the ded-icatees are listed as Louis XIV the Medici family and Galileo in the title page of theGrati Animi Monumenta (as well as in Section B of the manuscript) the order of the ded-icatees is different first comes Galileo followed by the Medici family and then LouisXIV Together with the absence of the imprimatur and date of publication this detailmight support the conjecture that the Grati Animi Monumenta was likely publishedto be distributed and circulated more lsquoprivatelyrsquoFurthermore as the imprimatur is granted to the work lsquowhose title is Vincenzo Vivianirsquos

etcrsquo (cui titulus est Vincentii Viviani etc) we have to assume that Vivianirsquos manuscript hadoriginally a title The formulation lsquoVincentii Viviani etcrsquo suggests lsquoVincentii Viviani Gratianimi monumentarsquo rather than lsquoVincentii Viviani Inscriptiones helliprsquo if this is the case wewould have to reverse the printing sequence described above and suggest that Viviani firstconsidered an autonomous publication of the text (privately circulated) and later decidedto append it to the De Locis Solidis too

10 Stefano Gattei


The printed version differs greatly (in both length and detail) from the inscriptions westill see on the facade of Palazzo dei Cartelloni The differences were first noted byEugenio Albegraveri editor of the so-called lsquoFlorentine editionrsquo of Galileorsquos collectedworks published in fifteen volumes with a supplement between 1842 and 1856Albegraveri described them as minor26 possibly he never actually undertook the task of com-paring the two texts word by word as Paolo Galletti (1851ndash1914) the owner of the col-lection of Galileiana preserved at the Torre del Gallo in Florence (at Pian dersquoGiullari onthe hills of Arcetri ndash see below) later did He highlighted lsquostriking differencesrsquo betweenthe printed and painted versions of the text and called Favarorsquos attention to them27

As a consequence in 1879 Favaro decided to publish (in parallel columns) theprinted text and the text of the inscriptions on the Palazzo dei Cartelloni The text ofthe inscriptions published by Favaro was a transcription provided by Galletti28

Galletti also provided Favaro with a transcription of the manuscript of the GratiAnimi Monumenta indeed the manuscript (also including the imprimatur on f 7v)belonged to Gallettirsquos collection and Galletti thought it to be in Vivianirsquos own handwrit-ing Favaro used Gallettirsquos transcription to point out in a few footnotes some variants ofthe manuscript from the printed text29

However interesting a thorough study of these texts and their differences is impossiblehere30 In what follows I will be presenting the original manuscript of Vivianirsquos revisedtext which was thought to be lost after the dispersion of the collection followingGallettirsquos death31 Recently I discovered it in London in the collections of the

26 See Le Opere di Galileo Galilei Prima Edizione Completa (ed Eugenio Albegraveri) 16 vols FlorenceSocietagrave Editrice Fiorentina 1842ndash1856 vol 15 p 372 This same volume includes (pp 373ndash380) the fulltext of the inscriptions based on the printed sources27 See Antonio Favaro lsquoInedita Galilaeiana Frammenti tratti dalla Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenzersquo

Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti (1879) 21 pp 433ndash473 465ndash466 Alsopublished in book form as Inedita Galilaeiana Frammenti tratti dalla Biblioteca Nazionale di FirenzeVenice Giuseppe Antonelli 188028 See Favaro op cit (27) pp 467ndash473 Before the edition by Favaro both versions of Vivianirsquos text were

published by Giovanni Battista Clemente Nelli (the son of architect Giovanni Battista Nelli designer of thefacade of Vivianirsquos palace) who inherited the building and lived in it See Giovanni Battista Clemente NelliGrati Animi Monumenta Vincentii Viviani Florence Francesco Mouumlcke 1791 and Nelli op cit (11) vol2 pp 857ndash867 They were also published by Albegraveri in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei op cit (26) vol 15pp 373ndash38029 See Favaro op cit (27) pp 467 nn 1ndash3 468 nn 1ndash2 469 n 1 470 nn 1ndash2 472 n 1 473 nn 1ndash2

Favaro describes the manuscript owned by Galletti as lsquothe original of Torre del Gallorsquo in all these footnotes andlsquothe original autographrsquo on p 46530 I am currently working on a book (under contract with Brill) that will reconstruct the context of the

inscriptions also offering the critical edition of the Latin texts and their annotated translation documentingVivianirsquos political and psychological strategy aimed at the recovery of Galileorsquos legacy and the republicationof his works especially the Dialogue31 See for example Lunardi and Sabbatini op cit (15) p 17 lsquoA proposito del manoscritto del Viviani di

proprietagrave del conte Galletti dobbiamo far presente che non ci egrave purtroppo venuto modo di rintracciarlorsquo (lsquoAs toVivianirsquos manuscript owned by Count Galletti we have to acknowledge that we have been unable to trace itrsquo)See also Favaro in OG 19 p 11 n 1 lsquoDellrsquoautografo di queste iscrizioni che non sappiamo dove ora si trovirsquo(lsquoThe holograph manuscript of these iscriptions whose location is unknownrsquo) As I will show Favaro is inerror here the manuscript of which Galletti provided him with a copy was not Vivianirsquos holographmanuscript but a copy in a professional copyistrsquos handwriting corrected by Viviani ndash and not by the



Wellcome Library which purchased a significant portion of Gallettirsquos collectionContrary to what Galletti (and Favaro relying on him) believed the manuscript is notVivianirsquos holograph but a fair copy prepared by a professional copyist revised byViviani and submitted to the inquisitors for the imprimatur I am here presenting itsvery first critical edition and complete translation

The manuscript

As I said Vivianirsquos original manuscript for the printed version of the inscriptions on thefacade of the Palazzo dei Cartelloni was one of the most cherished items in Gallettirsquos col-lection the most important collection of Galileiana of the late nineteenth and early twen-tieth centuries32 As years went by however increasing debts forced Galletti to sell a fewdocuments to the National Central Library of Florence and Torre del Gallo itself had tobe auctioned in 1901 Galletti managed to keep most of his Galileo collection togetherthough and in 1910 he again set up a small museum in the rooms of his FlorentineresidenceAt the time of Gallettirsquos death on 5 September 1914 the plan for a permanent Galileo

Museum he had been hoping to establish in Torre del Gallo was abandoned once and forall33 The collection was eventually sold on the antiquarian market and scattered in

Inquisitor as Favaro (upon Gallettirsquos suggestion perhaps) wrongly believed see Favaro op cit (27) p 467n 332 See Alessandra Nardi lsquoIl Collezionismo alla Torre del Gallo tra Ottocento e Novecentorsquo MA thesis

University of Florence 2010 Part I Chapters 1ndash2 (lsquoIl Collezionismo dei Conti Gallettirsquo and lsquoLa CollezioneGalileiana alla Torre del Gallorsquo) especially pp 32ndash42 There were two portraits of Viviani too see Nardiop cit p 42 Paolo Galletti (1851ndash1914) started toying with the idea that Galileo could have made anumber of his telescopic observations from the estate of Torre del Gallo which his family had acquired in1848 (see Paolo Galletti Galileo alla Torre del Gallo Florence Le Monnier 1879 and Giuseppe PalagiMilton e Galileo alla Torre del Gallo Florence Le Monnier 1877) Gallettirsquos collection of Galileiana sooncaught the attention of Antonio Favaro (1847ndash1922) the foremost Galileo scholar of the nineteenth andearly twentieth centuries and editor in chief of the Edizione Nazionale of Galileorsquos works The two werenearly of the same age and soon started a long and friendly correspondence exchanging opinions anddocuments their letters of which seventy-four survive are preserved in Pisa as a small but significant partof the huge Favaro archive housed at the Domus Galilaeana Beginning with 1872 when he became the soleowner of Torre del Gallo Galletti restored the edifice and promoted it as a century-old astronomicalobservatory housing a gradually expanding Galileo Museum with what became an extraordinary collectionof pictures documents scientific instruments books and manuscripts Brief descriptions of Gallettirsquoscollection are offered in Paolo Galletti Cenni sulla Torre del Gallo Proprietagrave del Conte Paolo Galletti e sulPanorama che vi si Ammira il Piugrave Stupendo di Tutti i Dintorni di Firenze Florence Tipografia dellaGazzetta drsquoItalia 1875 and Galletti Collezione Galileiana Esistente alla Torre del Gallo Villa GallettiFlorence Pineider [1879] Carlo del Balzo Il Mio Regalo di Nozze agli Sposi Young-Lady Lilly Mac-Swiney e Conte Paolo Galletti Naples R Rinaldi amp Sellito 1877 AS lsquoLa Torre del Gallo presso Firenzeproprietagrave del Conte Paolo Gallettirsquo Gazzetta del Popolo della Domenica (15 May 1887) 5(20) and CesareDa Prato La Torre al Gallo e il Suo Panorama Florence Le Monnier 1891 as well as in a number offleeting articles in Italian and foreign periodicals the only solid extensive study is Nardirsquos I wish to thankDr Nardi for allowing me to read substantial excerpts from her thesis which is still unpublished and willhopefully soon be made available to scholars in print33 Having been left without Gallettirsquos precious support Favaro gave up the idea of publishing a complete

and illustrated edition of Galileorsquos iconography which he had been contemplating ever since the publicationof the last volume of the Edizione Nazionale The task was partially undertaken in John J Fahie Memorials

12 Stefano Gattei


public libraries and private collections Among the dispersed items was Vivianirsquos originalmanuscript of the printed text of the inscriptions for the Palazzo dei Cartelloni whichbelonged to a significant portion of Gallettirsquos collection

The manuscript consists of eight leaves (folio 305 times 21 cm last leaf blank) unboundwith no page or folio numbers the correct sequence of folios is indicated by catchwordsf 1rndashv presents the cover sheet ff 2rndash7r the text and f 7v the imprimatur (Figure 2) Assaid it belonged to Paolo Gallettirsquos collection of Galileiana and was purchased by SirHenry Wellcome in 1929 It is currently available at the Wellcome Library Ms 4949The manuscript dates to late July or early August 1701 as the request for the imprimaturis dated 9 August 1701 (see below f 7v) the final imprimatur was likely granted a fewdays later given the short length of the text (although it might have taken a few weeks toobtain)34

When in his lsquoInedita Galilaeianarsquo (1879) Favaro published the texts of Grati AnimiMonumenta and of the inscriptions on the Palazzo dei Cartelloni in parallel columns hewas relying on a copy Galletti had provided him with In fact Favaro never examined orsaw the original manuscript

The holograph manuscript of the inscriptions with the Inquisitorrsquos corrections and the impri-matur has come down to us and is one of the most precious items of the collection ofGalileiana Count Paolo Galletti the present owner of Torre del Gallo has so lovinglyassembled in it Thanks to the courtesy of this distinguished gentleman hellip we had a copy ofthe precious document and were granted the permission to make use of it which we verygladly do35

The manuscript was presented to Favaro as Vivianirsquos holograph manuscript And whenHenry Wellcome purchased it he relied on Gallettirsquos notes or on a description accom-panying the manuscript ndash and he believed it was Vivianirsquos holograph manuscript tooIndeed as we read in the libraryrsquos Catalogue of Western Manuscripts

of Galileo Galilei 1564ndash1642 Portraits and Paintings Medals andMedallions Busts and Statues Monumentsand Mural Inscriptions Leamington and London The Courier Press 1929 and was eventually completed byFederico Tognoni in 2013 with OGA 134 In the case of Vivianirsquos De Maximis et Minimis the imprimatur is requested on 18 March 1658 (stylo

Florentino that is 1659) and granted on 19 April 1659 see Viviani op cit (25) Book II p 156 in thecase of De Locis Solidis it was requested on 9 August 1673 and granted on 11 August 1673 see Vivianiop cit (21) p 119 and in the case of Quinto Libro degli Elementi drsquoEuclide it was requested on 14August 1674 and granted on 30 September 1674 see Viviani op cit (20) p 15235 Favaro op cit (27) pp 465ndash466 lsquoLrsquooriginale autografo delle medesime iscrizioni colle correzioni della

censura e coi permessi di stampa pervenne fino a noi e costituisce uno dei piugrave begli ornamenti della CollezioneGalileiana con tanto amore adunata nella Torre del Gallo dallrsquoattuale proprietario di essa Conte Paolo GallettiDalla cortesia di questo distinto gentiluomo hellip avemmo copia del prezioso documento col permesso divalercene permesso del quale approfittiamo assai di buon gradorsquo



Figure 2 W f 7v imprimatur granted by the inquisitors to Vivianirsquos text (Wellcome LibraryLondon Ms 4949)

14 Stefano Gattei


4949 ndash Inscription in Latin composed byViviani in honour ofGalileowhichwas placed over hisbust andonboth sidesof thedoorofhis house in theViaSAntonino inFlorence in1693Authorrsquosholograph MS with original lsquoImprimaturrsquo from the Ecclesiastical Authorities dated 1701

8 ll (last bl) folio 30frac12 times 21 cm Florence 1693ndash1701UnboundFrom the Galletti CollectionPurchased 1929 (52348H)36

When I identified Ms 4949 at the Wellcome Library as the manuscript of Vivianirsquos 1702appendix to De Locis Solidis and Grati Animi Monumenta mentioned by Favaro in1879 I also first assumed that it was Vivianirsquos holograph manuscript But a palaeo-graphic and philological examination allows me to state with absolute certainty that itis not so Ms 4949 (= W) is in fact a fair copy of Vivianirsquos holograph manuscript inthe handwriting of a professional copyist and later revised by Viviani himself

As to the palaeographic examination I compared W with Vivianirsquos holograph manu-scripts (whose authorship cannot be disputed) at the National Central Library inFlorence namely Gal 203 (containing Vivianirsquos annotations and draft versions for sec-tions of De Locis Solidis) and Gal 206 (containing Vivianirsquos translations fromApollonius) The result of this comparison is that no typical traits of Vivianirsquos handwriting(see Figure 3 =Gal 203 f 15r) are to be found inW and conversely no typical traits ofthe hand who wroteW (see Figure 4 = f 2v) are to be found in Vivianirsquos holograph manu-scripts ndash even if we take into account the distinctly cursive handwriting of Gal 203 and206 (particularly the former) and the very steady handwriting of W which might havemodified some traits of the handwritings thereby making the comparison problematic

The results of the palaeographic examination are fully supported by the philologicalexamination W presents scribal errors ndash that is purely mechanical errors ndash which byno means might be regarded as authorial errors They are indicated in the critical appar-atus of the Latin text here is a list of the most relevant passages accompanied by briefexplanatory remarks so as to make the understanding of the apparatus easier37

52 per lege W ante corr perlege W post corr

The variant lsquoper legersquo is grammatically impossible

55 dem W ante corr de W post corr

It is impossible thatVivianiwrote lsquoGalilaeodemGalilaeisrsquo the error is clearly due to themis-taken interpretationof lsquodersquo (witha longfinal stroke curlingupwards) for lsquodersquo ndash that is lsquodemrsquo

36 Samuel AJ Moorat Catalogue of Western Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the WellcomeHistorical Medical Library 2 vols London The Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine 1962ndash1973vol 2(2) p 1093 The mistake is easily explained Favaro was certainly well acquainted with Vivianirsquoshandwriting but he never saw the original manuscript (as Galletti only provided him with a copy possibly inGallettirsquos own handwriting) and both Moorat in his catalogue (including thousands of manuscripts) andJohn Wellcome at the time of the purchase were hardly acquainted with Vivianirsquos handwriting37 Numbers refer to the footnotes in the critical apparatus The expressions as lsquoW ante corrrsquo and lsquoW post

corrrsquo which do not appear in the apparatus merely indicate the state of the text of manuscript W prior to orafter correction By contrast the abbreviationsWacorr andWpcorr which do appear in the apparatus indicatethe text of W prior to and after the corrections by the copyist



Figure 3 Gal 203 f 15r sheet from Vivianirsquos mathematical annotations (Biblioteca NazionaleCentrale Florence)

16 Stefano Gattei


Figure 4 W f 2v sheet from Vivianirsquos text in the copyistrsquos handwriting with occasionalcorrections by Viviani (Wellcome Library London Ms 4949)



60 causam W ante corr causacirc W post corr

This error is very similar to the previous one the copyist mistook the macron indicatingthe ablative case for the abbreviation used for a word ending in -m the outcome is a textthat is syntactically wrong

63 Quid dum W ante corr Qui dum W post corr

The variant ante corr is a dittography of the initial letter of lsquodumrsquo

65 opticij W ante corr optici W post corr sl

It is impossible that Viviani wrote lsquoopticijrsquo which does not exist

66 instrumentis structuram W ante corr instrumenti structuram W post corr

This error is analogous to that in note 63

67 meritograve Galilaeo W ante corr meritograve Galilaei W post corr

Error due to desinence assimilation

74 osseruationes W ante corr obseruationes W post corr

Italianism

76 motus aspectus W ante corr motus aspectu W post corr

Error due to desinence assimilation producing an error of punctuation

81 praemis W ante corr praemiis W post corr

The variant ante corr does not exist

83 effemeridas W ante corr ephemeridas W post corr

Italianism

87 Catolico W ante corr Catholico W post corr

Italianism

93 duplice lente W ante corr duplici lente W post corr

Desinence assimilation

116 essoluenda W ante corr exsoluenda W post corr

Italianism

128 auguste W ante corr augustaelig W post corr

Error of lsquodicteacutee inteacuterieurersquo38

38 See Alphonse Dain Les manuscrits Paris Les Belles Lettres 1949 pp 44ndash46

18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W

This error escaped the rereading of the text and is due to the mistaken interpretation ofthe abbreviation for per

150 additis W ante corr abditis W post corr

Trivialization

166 Mense W ante corr Mensaelig W post corr

Error of lsquodicteacutee inteacuterieurersquo

171 cultorem W ante corr Cultore W post corr

Error due to the mistaken interpretation of the macron e (see note 60)Clearly these are scribal errors that support the conclusion of my analysis W is not

Vivianirsquos holograph manuscriptOnce the fair copy was ready Viviani revised it his handwriting is clearly recognizable

from the correction of Section C of the text Favaro ascribed this correction to censor-ship39 but this interpretation is hardly correct Indeed the text written on the leftmargin differs from the one written in the first handwriting (and later crossed out)with respect to only two instances lsquocomplessumrsquo corrected into lsquoComplexumrsquo andlsquoPar estrsquo corrected into lsquoCredibilersquo And there is no reason why the inquisitor shouldhave rewritten the whole of Section C instead of simply crossing out lsquoPar estrsquo andreplacing it with lsquoCredibilersquo

Favaro further ascribed the deletion of the words lsquosanctitatem redolentisrsquo (see appar-atus note 109) to censorship40 again however it is more likely an authorial correctionthat is Vivianirsquos own correction of the fair copy provided by the copyist In fact in thefinal annotations related to the imprimatur the inquisitor explicitly states that he lsquodidnot find anything against the law of God and good moralsrsquo (lsquonec aliquid contra legemDei et bonis moribus inuenirsquo41)

I believe the correction of Section C of the text (Figure 5) might be ascribed to Vivianion the basis of the following palaeographic analysis

the ending -s in the shape of an oblique stroke lsquoTellusrsquo see Gal 203 f 10v line 23lsquoexcusationesrsquo (Figure 6) f 11r line 8 lsquoquasrsquo (Figure 7) f 14r line 1 lsquoLocusrsquo(Figure 8)

r straight lsquoAstrarsquo lsquoMarersquo lsquoprofundarsquo see Gal 203 f 11r line 3 lsquointerrsquo (Figure 9)line 6 lsquoigiturrsquo (Figure 10)

d with vertical stroke bent to the left which enfolds at the bottom lsquocredibilersquo seeGal 203 f 11r line 8 lsquodecimaeligrsquo (Figure 11) f 11r line 9 lsquoadinuenirsquo (Figure 12)f 22r line 2 lsquoeiusdemrsquo (Figure 13) f 22r line 4 lsquoeademrsquo (Figure 14)

39 See Favaro op cit (27) p 467 n 340 See Favaro op cit (27) p 470 n 141 This is a mistake of course he should have written lsquobonos moresrsquo instead of lsquobonis moribusrsquo Possibly

the inquisitor was thinking of the idiomatic phrase lsquobonis moribus contrariumrsquo



Dwith straight inclined stroke and bent stroke that curls to the left lsquoDeorsquo see Gal 203f 14r line 4 ab imo DG (Figure 15) f 14r line 4 ab imo ID DF (Figure 16)

L with the upper stroke distinctly bent and the lower stroke corrugated which goesbelow the line lsquoLyncaeligusrsquo see Gal 206 f 3v last line lsquoLersquo (Figure 17)

To Viviani is further to be ascribed the correction lsquoopticirsquo which can be read abovelsquoopticijrsquo (W f 2v line 11 = note 65 = Figure 18)

ligature of ti in the shape of a baseless triangle see Gal 203 f 10v line 15 lsquoultimorsquo(Figure 19)

p in the shape of a small rwith downward double stroke see Gal 203 f 11r line 7lsquoappellorsquo (Figure 20)

On the basis of this comparative examination I believe we might well ascribe to Vivianialso other corrections for which the palaeographic comparison is very difficult or impos-sible as they consist of rewritings of individual lettersIn order to clearly distinguish the copyist of W from its authorndashcorrector (ie Viviani)

I useW to indicate the text as written by the copyist andV to indicate Vivianirsquos correctionsAs to deletions most of them are certainly due to the copyist who realized he antici-

pated or misunderstood a word or the beginning of a word and corrected it in scri-bendo Of course in these cases the correction is ascribed to W

61 post quod scr et del E W84 post proprios scr et del Oty W94 post dono scr et del M W97 post tum scr et del in W102 post ob scr et del aureas () W114 post Quod scr et del Hin W117 post acquisita scr et del prose W119 post alieno scr et del sol W121 post Genitoribus scr et del et W143 post Annus scr et del ora W159 post suo scr et del Anno a Christo W

Figure 5 W f 2r detail Section C of Vivianirsquos text in the copyistrsquos handwriting crossed out andrewritten by Viviani (Wellcome Library London Ms 4949)

20 Stefano Gattei


163 post quarta scr et del ns W

In two instances by contrast the deletion is certainly due to Viviani as it bears anauthorial character

109 uitaelig santitatem redolentis W sanctitatem redolentis del V112 abditis ac Deo coaeuis W ac Deo coaeuis del V

In both these cases the correction (also inserted in the printed versions of the text) might bedue to caution in order to avoid the inquisitorrsquos intervention Interestingly the wordsdeleted both in the manuscript and in the printed text are to be found in the inscriptionson the facade of Vivianirsquos palace (with the variant redolens instead of redolentis)

Other errors escaped Vivianirsquos revision of the fair copy and were corrected in print(for abbreviations see the editorial note below)

48 incaeligdis W] incedis LM62 Lotaringiam W] Lotharingiam LM68 Aetera W] AEligthera LM72 creatos W] creatas LM80 prenunciandos W] praelignunciandos LM86 Orologium W] Horologium LM91 secretioria W] secretiora LM92 Microscopij W] Microscopii ope LM103 textatum W] testatum LM104 Cosmi I V] Cosmi primi W FERDIN I LM111 Nonnullas W] Nonnulla LM120 maeligrentibus W] merentibus LM124 incoparabili W] incomparabili LM129 prepetua W] perpetua LM130 Prothoplasmate W] Protoplasmate LM137 Antogonistarum W] Antagonistarum LM142 ottaua W] octaua LM147 preclare W] praeligclare LM148 laeligtharis W] laeligtaris LM164 astarunt W] adstarunt LM165 Paroecie W] Parœciaelig LM

In four instances the error was not even corrected in print

79 Idrographia W LM] deb Hydrographia90 Haeroicacirc W LM] deb heroicacirc136 uirtuti W LM] deb uirtute152 amantissimo W LM] deb amantissime42

42 Error due to the attraction of the preceding quo



Finally the manuscript (f 4v line 17) presents a correction that seems not to be ascribedeither to the copyist or to Viviani

110 eligere curauerit alia manu Wpcorr LM] eligerit Wacorr (Figure 21)

Since as was shown the printed versions of the text (LM) present corrections that arenot present in W and W does not show any trace of typographical work we have toconclude that W is not the printerrsquos copy rather it is the model for the printerrsquos copythe latter is lost as is often the case A few elements might be attributed to the prepar-ation of the printerrsquos copy

underlining which indicates the use of capital letters as is evident from the com-parison of W and LM

signs such as [ which indicate the beginning of a new paragraph see ff 2v In Lunahellip In Sole 4r Et sicut hellip Archimedis hellip Ante alios 4v Quod hinc 5r Quoddenique

To concludeW is not the holograph of Vincenzo Vivianirsquos work but its lsquoidiographrsquo (ieVivianirsquos authorized copy) whose relevance is naturally equal to that of an autograph asit presents the text approved by the author However since an lsquoidiographrsquo as opposed toan autograph may present ndash as in fact W does present ndash errors introduced by thecopyist that escaped the authorrsquos revision it requires a more complex philological ana-lysis due to the necessity of distinguishing the authorrsquos errors and corrections from thecopyistrsquosAs to the text the comparison of the manuscript and the printed version shows them

to be basically identical with the exception of the corrections mentioned above and a fewminor changes the printed version reproduces the manuscript faithfullyThe inscriptions are divided into six parts identified with letters from A to F In A

Viviani refers to King Louis XIV of France (to whom De Locis Solidis is dedicatedtoo with a dedication running on three in-folio pages) who had granted him a generouspension with which Viviani possibly purchased his palace In B he addresses passers-byinviting them to stop and read the inscriptions paying attention and tribute to Galileo Cwas meant to be placed just below the bust of Galileo above the main entrance of thepalace (of all the inscriptions this is the only one that has completely faded away)and briefly introduces GalileoIn D the longest section of text Viviani celebrates Galileorsquos scientific achievements

his telescopic observations (the rugged surface of the Moon sunspots the phases ofVenus tri-corporeal Saturn the fixed stars constituting the Milky Way Jupiterrsquos satel-lites and comets) his invention of the microscope his studies of floating bodies andmechanics Viviani also calls the readerrsquos attention to Galileorsquos specific methodnamely his lsquocalling Geometry the wet nurse of PhilosophyrsquoE has a quite convoluted structure After a brief reference to Galileo (as if continuing

the discourse in D) Viviani speaks of himself and remains the subject of the whole textthat follows Viviani introduces himself as lsquothe very last disciple of so great a manrsquo andtells Galileorsquos moral teachings the pursuit of truth and justice of good and honesty He

22 Stefano Gattei


then goes on to mention his patrons and supporters (Grand Dukes Ferdinand II andCosimo III from the Medici family and Louis XIV king of France) and concludesby referring to the bronze bust of Galileo at the top of the main entrance doorwhich he set up in 1693

Lastly in F Viviani appeals to the city of Florence calling the municipality and hisfellow citizens to their duty to properly celebrate Galileo Just as Florence celebratedMichelangelo erecting a sumptuous funeral monument in a prominent place of theSanta Croce Basilica so it must do with its other greatest child Galileo Viviani alsocalls the readerrsquos attention to the continuity ndash under the learned and enlightened ruleof the Medici family at the same time protecting and promoting the arts and thesciences ndash between the two (alleging Michelangelorsquos death to have occurred on thevery same day almost at the very same hour on which Galileo was born) as theloss of the restorer of Painting Sculpture and Architecture was repaired by the gener-ous gift of the renovator of Astronomy and Geometry43 It is the climax of Vivianirsquoscarefully structured rhetorical argument before turning to telling the story ofGalileorsquos pious and Catholic passing with which F ends Viviani suggests thatProvidence bestowed on Florence the greatest of privileges and the city shouldrespond by means of appropriate action fully recognizing the divine gifts of both itsextraordinary children

In so doing Viviani combined ndash in a single text ndash the exhortation to erect a properfuneral monument for Galileo a celebration of the role played by the Medici rulersin the progress of the arts and the sciences and the underlining of Florencersquos continuedcultural primacy

The printed version presents two additional texts for inscriptions G and H which arenot included in W indeed they offer mere quotations from Virgilrsquos Aeneid and PopeUrban VIIIrsquos lsquoAdulatio perniciosarsquo (both of which did not require the imprimatur Iprovide the texts of these two inscriptions in footnote 241 below)

43 Three statues adorn Michelangelorsquos funeral monument in the Santa Croce Basilica the personificationsof Painting Sculpture and Architecture by contrast only two personifications are to be found in Galileorsquosmonument namely Astronomy and Geometry The two monuments opposite to one another should havemirrored one another or anyway present a number of similarities however the Church hierarchies did notallow Galileo to have the personification of Philosophy guard his bones too Galileo had explicitly asked tobe appointed Primary Mathematician and Philosopher of the Grand Duke of Tuscany (see Galileo toBelisario Vinta 7 May 1610 in OG 10 no 307 p 353) and had the personifications of Geometry (iemathematical astronomy) and Natural Philosophy (ie physical astronomy) equally represented on the titlepage of The Assayer In fact he repeatedly distanced himself from lsquopure astronomersrsquo (puri astronomi)merely providing mathematical models in order to save phenomena and identified himself withlsquophilosophical astronomersrsquo (astronomi filosofi) who ndash in the footsteps of Copernicus ndash aimed at providingan actual description of the structure of the universe (see Galileo Galilei Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alleMacchie Solari e loro Accidenti Rome Giacomo Mascardi 1613 in OG 5 pp 72ndash149 102 Englishtranslation by Eileen Reeves and Albert Van Helden in Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner OnSunspots Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press 2010 p 95) On this issue see StefanoGattei lsquoldquoPer desiderio del vero e delle sue causerdquo Galileo astronomo filosoforsquo Testo (2010) NS 31pp 17ndash27



The aftermath

Viviani died in 1703 and was laid to rest beside his master in the vestry of the Chapel ofthe Novitiate He never saw the erection of a proper funeral monument to Galileo inSanta Croce nor the republication of his banned works His lifelong efforts (he wasnot even twenty years old when Galileo died and was over eighty when he himselfpassed away) were not in vain however as they triggered a process that eventuallyled to the fulfilment of his wishThe first step was taken in 1715 with the publication of the Lezioni Accademiche of

Torricelli (Galileorsquos pupil) which was followed in 1727 by the Florentine reprint of theOpera Omnia of Gassendi (a Galilean scholar whose piety was beyond doubt) bothworks called attention to the actual convergence of faith and the new science ofGalileo Most importantly between these two editions came the publication of thesecond edition of Galileorsquos collected works (1718)44 However despite its support bya growing group of Catholic intellectuals who were engaged in the struggle to modernizethe Church overcoming the traditional hostility towards new philosophical and scien-tific ideas the three volumes still lacked the Dialogue and the other Copernican worksEventually after the death of Cosimo III in 1721 things started to change however

slowly With the support of a group of eminent intellectuals his successor Grand DukeGian Gastone (1671ndash1737 the last Grand Duke of the Medici family) undertook thetask of limiting the power and influence of the Church and restoring to the state itsfull rights and independence In 1737 Vivianirsquos dream finally came true and Galileorsquosbody was exhumed and moved to the base of the new funeral monument which waswell under way and was eventually completed on 6 June 173745

London Wellcome Library Ms 4949Critical edition and annotated translation of the Latin textEditorial note

I offer here the first critical edition of the original manuscript (W) of the printed text ofthe inscriptions on the facade of Vivianirsquos palace in Florence

44 Lezioni Accademiche drsquoEvangelista Torricelli Florence Jacopo Guiducci amp Santi Franchi 1715 PetriGassendi Opera Omnia 6 vols Florence Giovanni Gaetano Tartini amp Santi Franchi 1727 Opere diGalileo Galilei Nuova Edizione collrsquoAggiunta di Varj Trattati dellrsquoIstesso Autore non piugrave Dati alle Stampe3 vols Florence Giovanni Gaetano Tartini amp Santi Franchi 1718 The 1718 edition of Galileorsquos collectedworks still lacked the Dialogue which had been listed in the 1634 edition of the Index librorumprohibitorum published in Rome The Dialogue was first reprinted as vol 4 of the 1744 edition of Galileorsquoscollected works (Opere di Galileo Galilei Divise in Quattro Tomi In Questa Nuova Edizione Accresciute diMolte Cose Inedite 4 vols Padua Stamperia del Seminario amp Giovanni Manfregrave 1744) this reproduces the1632 text with the exception of the marginal postils stating that the Earth truly moves (that were eitherremoved or corrected) and is prefaced as a precaution by the condemnation of Galileo his abjuration andan essay by Father Augustin Calmet The Dialogue was not removed from the Index until 1835 (after thegeneral prohibition of works on heliocentrism had been retired in 1758 and works advocating theCopernican theory had been permitted in print in 1822)45 On the image of Galileo through time and on the impact Vivianirsquos work had on it see Michael Segre In

the Wake of Galileo New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press 1991 especially Chapters 1ndash3

24 Stefano Gattei


The present edition reproduces W ndash that is the fair copy that Viviani revised ndash andindicates in the critical apparatus all changes the text underwent ascribing themeither to the copyist (W) or to the author (V) (with some margin of doubt in a fewcases) The apparatus offers all variants of the printed version of the text (L and M)with the following exceptions use of capitalsmall initials (unless Viviani corrected thetext) aeaelig oeœ ij uv vowels with or without accents (ugraveu acirca egravee) and punctuationAs to the use of whole words in capital lettersW does not present any (as said aboveWindicates capital letters by underlining them) whereas LM use capital letters for theincipit of each section of the text as well as for first names of eminent figures (kingsand princes Galileo Michelangelo)

What follows is not an edition of the definitive text of the Grati Animi Monumentawhich is constituted by the printed version of the text but the rigorous and faithfulreconstruction of the key testimony of the text which will hopefully replace thescanty notes of Favarorsquos apparatus

Sigla

W = London Wellcome Library Ms 4949Wacorr = W ante correctionem librariiWpcorr = W post correctionem librariiWsl = W supra lineamV = Vincentii Viviani correctiones in WL = De Locis Solidis Secunda Divinatio Geometrica hellip autore Vincentio

Viviani Florence Pietro Antonio Brigonci 1701 (as noted above quireQq containing the revised text of the inscriptions was added in 1702)

M = Grati Animi Monumenta Vincentii Viviani Florence Pietro AntonioBrigonci [1702]

add = addiditcorr = correxitdeb = debuitdel = deleuitin mg = in margineom = omisitpraem = praemisits l = supra lineamscr = scripsit



[2r]A46

Aedes a47 Deo dataeligLudouici Magni Inclyti Regis Christianissimi

honorificis munificentijs comparataelig ac denuo constructaelig

BD OMViator

Qui sapientiaelig amore percelleris dum per hanc uiam incaeligdis48 cui fatidico quodaminstinctu amoris nomen maiores fececircre siste parugravem ad hoc (humile49 quidem) sed gratiuerique amoris monumentum erga Sapientissimum Praeligceptorem Benignissimos50

Magnos Duces Et Ludouicum Magnum Christianissimum Galliaelig51 Regem et quaelig hasAedes exornant dominique mentem demonstrant perlege52

C

Galilaeligus Lyncaeligus aeligtatis Annorum IIL QuemAstra Mare ac Tellus53 complexum mente profunda

Credibile in solo cernere cuncta Deo54

D

Aeternaelig Memoriaelig Viro

Galilaeo de55 Galilaeis Patriaelig Etruriaelig Italiaelig imograve Europaelig totius delicio Philosophiaeligrenascentis faci Qui Veritatis propiugraves intuendaelig desiderio adeo exarsit ut longegrave ultragravetum Veterum tum recentiorum Philosophorum placita [2v]progressus et posthabitisdebilioribus humanarum mentium cogitatis unico Geometriaelig (quagravem ad Caelum ueritatisducem uocabat) auxilio fretus uiam ad ueritatem certius indagandam alios primus docuit56

46 anteA praem INSCRIPTIONES | QUAElig LEGUNTUR | IN FRONTEAEligDIUMADEODATARUM | VINCENTII

VIVIANI | Florentiaelig extructarum in Via Amoris quaeligque sunt in spatiis notatis his characteribus A B C D E FG H LM47 a V] A W48 incaeligdis W] incedis recte LM49 humile V LM] umile W50 Benignissimos W] Serenissimos LM51 Galliaelig W] Galliaelig et Navarraelig LM52 perlege V LM] per lege W53 Tellus W] Terras LM54 C Galilaeligus mdash cuncta Deo in mg V LM] C | Galilaeligus Lyncaeligus AEligtatis Annorum | IIL quem | Astra

Mare ac Tellus complessum mente profunda | Par est in solo cernere cuncta Deo W55 de V DE LM] dem W56 docuit W LM] deb docuerit

26 Stefano Gattei


feliciterque peregit57 comitante semper per tam arduum58 iter Pietate ita ut59 quaelig deMaris aestu Philolaique systemate exercendi tantugravem ingenij causacirc60 (quod61 praeligsertimEpistola ad Christinam Lotaringiam62 demonstrat) excogitauerat religioni libensanimo litauerit

Qui63 dum64 Patauij Matheseos Cathedram occuparet uix auditacirc Anno 1609optici65 tubi famacirc ingenij et dioptricaelig uiribus rem assecutus instrumenti66 structuraminuenit Senatuique Veneto dicauit quem docti Viri meritograve Galilaei67 nomine donaruntut qui primus inuenerit ingenio non casu

Nouo hoc fretus auxilio quasi terra eius ingenio satis non esset Aetera68 reclusitnouosque ueluti Orbes Philosophis et Astronomis aperuit

In Luna montes Valles planities periodicam eius disci librationemIn Sole nitidissimo lucis fonte Nubium ac densarum Caliginum instar nascentes et

renascentes maculas eius circa proprium centrum69 feregrave menstruam ab occasu inortum Vertiginem primus animaduertit

Veneris Sydus ac proinde70 Mercurij uarias Lunaelig facies [3r]aeligmulari ac utrumque obid proprio motu ab occasu pariter in ortum ueluti Mars Iuppiter ac Saturnus Solisglobum circumire tutograve Astronomos docuit

Altissimum Planetarum in uarijs cum Sole aspectibus tergeminacirc specie modograve rotun-dum modograve oblongum modograve ansatum Martemque Perigaeum in quadraturis cumSole non nihil mutilum apparere ante alios admonuit

Inerrantes stellas quas numero pauciores nouerant prisci ac ueluti clauos unico soli-doque Orbi fixas quasi auxit dum nouas et ante se numquam uisas in Orionis ense inpleiadibus in nebulosis in Lacteo circulo et undique per Caeliglum detexit et ad Dei omni-potentiam magis magisque declarandam infinitas ueluti Lampadas perpetuograve ardentesper immensa fluidorum Coelorum71 spatia localiter immobiles sed ad instar Solis circapropria centra reuolubiles ad primarios et secundarios propriorum systematumPlanetas uiuificandos creatos72 arbitratus est

57 peregit W LM] deb peregerit58 arduum V LM] ardum W59 ita ut W] itaut LM60 causacirc V causa LM] causam W61 post quod scr et del E W62 Lotaringiam W] Lotharingiam recte LM63 Qui V LM] Quid W64 post dum scr et del Matheseos W65 optici V LM] opticij W66 instrumenti V LM] instrumentis W67 Galilaei V Galilaeligi LM] Galilaeo W68 Aetera W] AEligthera recte LM69 centrum V LM] Centrum W70 proinde W] etiam LM71 Coelorum W] Caeliglorum LM72 creatos W] creatas recte LM



Iouis satellites Patauij VII Idus Ianuarij Anni73 1609= ante omnes primugravem et post trestantummodo obseruationes74 a se peractas detectos perpetuaelig Mediceorum Procerum75

gloriaelig dicauit quorum concitatissimi motus aspectu76 iamdiugrave frustra quaeligsitum problemade Locorum longitudinibus noctu captandis proposuit ita ut77 nouis gentis Mediceaeligauspicijs Geographia78 et Idrographia79 corrigi restitui ac perfici datum sit dumMedicearum Stellarum [3v]motus periodicos et ab Ioue distantias improbo triennilabore assecutus ad earum citissime abeuntes aspectus prenunciandos80 Canones etTabulas confecit spretisque amplissimis praemiis81 ijs qui tantugravem problema82 enodarentpromissis proprias etiam Theoricas Tabulas et ephemeridas83 proprios84 Opticos tubospropriumque85 Orologium86Oscillatorium a se iam a pluribus Annis Pisis excogitatum acinsuper Viros horum instrumentorum usum probegrave callentes Anno 1615 =Catholico87

primugravem Regi88 Philippo Tertio postmodum Anno 1635 = confoederatis Hollandiaelig89

Prouincijs Haeroicacirc90 sanegrave magnanimitate obtulit Sed Dei Omnipotentis decreto tamgenerosa oblatio ac nobile tentamentum utrinque euanuit ut maximum opus Nauticaeliget Geographiaelig bono Ludouici Magni Terra Marique potentissimi munificentiacirc etSummi Astronomi Cassini labore per ipsa Medicea Sydera inciperet et perficereturCometarum denique generationem incrementa Motucircs Interitum explicauitQui uerograve coelestia et longinqua Dei opera aperuit idem ut summugravem opificem in

minimis etiam operibus laudandum proponeret humanaelig Philosophiaelig secretioria91

penetralia reserauit dumMicroscopij92 ex unicacirc et ex duplici93 lente a se primugravem exco-gitati et confecti [4r]ac iam Anno 1612 instanti Casimiro Polonorum Regi dono94 missihumano obtutui minima subiecit et naturaelig ipsius quamdam ueluti anatomen instituitEt sicugravet Geometriam Philosophiaelig nutricem uocabat ita exemplo et inuentis demon-

strauit siquidem nouacirc Methodo scientiam Centrobarycam quorumdam solidorum uixetiam initiatis in Geometria aperuit

73 Anni Wpcorr LM] Anno Wacorr74 obseruationes V LM] osseruationes W75 Mediceorum Procerum V] mediceorum procerum W76 motus aspectu V LM] motus aspectus W77 ita ut W] itaut LM78 Geographia W] Geograhia (sic) LM79 Idrographia W LM] deb Hydrographia80 prenunciandos W] praelignunciandos recte LM81 praemiis V praeligmiis LM] praemis W82 problema W] probleblema (sic) LM83 ephemeridas V Ephemeridas LM] effemeridas W84 post proprios scr et del Oty W85 propriumque V LM] propiumque W86 Orologium W] Horologium recte LM87 Catholico V LM] Catolico W88 Regi Wpcorr LM] Regi Wacorr89 Hollandiaelig V LM] Hollandiaelig et W90 Haeroicacirc W] haeligroicacirc LM deb heroicacirc91 secretioria W] secretiora recte LM92 Microscopij W] Microscopii ope recte LM93 duplici V LM] duplice W94 post dono scr et del M W

28 Stefano Gattei


Archimedis Doctrinam de ijs quaelig innatant fluidis et eorum libramenta ob uim alter-narum pressionum primus indigitauit innumeraque scriptis suis sparsit semina e quibusplurimorum tractatuum seges praeligsenti Aetate accreuit et in dies Posteris95 accrescet

Ante alios uim percussionis infinitam96 suapte naturacirc animaduertitNouas scientias omnibus usque ad eius Aetatem seculi intactas animaduertit de soli-

dorum resistentia de motibus grauium tum97 aeligquabiliter incedentium tum naturaliterdescendentium tum proiectorum (e quibus praeligcipuegrave bellicorum missilium98 Artemelicuit) primus Philosophiaelig sacrario intulit promouit ac Geometricegrave demonstrauit

Tantis rerum humanarum bono inuentis fama celeberrimi Viri in AEligternitatem per-mansura se ipsa99 obliuionis temporumque uictrix triumphabit100

Hoc monumento huius Aedis Dominus gratum animum101 [4v]erga eximiam uirtutemob102 auctas illustratas perfectas naturales scientias tantum textatum103 in futurasaetates uoluit

EGalilaeo inquam de Galilaeis

Patritio Florentino Serenissimorum Etruriaelig Magnorum Ducum Cosmi I104 CosmiII105 ac Ferdinandi II106 primario Philosopho ac Mathematico Academico uerelynceo Geographiaelig Hydrographiaelig Cosmographiaelig Mechanices Phisices Astrorumscientiaelig opitulante Geometria felicissimo instauratori Inanis Artis genethliacae107 per-petuo insectatori

Nouissimus tanti Viri discipulusQuod ob aurea Ciuilis108 Moralis et Christianaelig sapientiaelig monita ob exemplum

uitaelig109 uiam ueritatis eligere curauerit110 ac pro uirili prosecutus fuerit Iudicia Deinon sit oblitus Nonnullas111 ex infinitis abditis112 vera ex immensis GeometriaeligThesauris deprompserit113 et per ea homines ad ipsum Deum propius accedere senserit

95 Posteris V LM] posteris W96 infinitam in infinita corr et denuo in infinitam corr V97 post tum scr et del in W98 missilium V LM] Missilium W99 se ipsa W] om LM100 triumphabit V LM] triumphauit W101 animum V LM] Animum W102 post ob scr et del aureas () W103 textatum W] testatum recte LM104 Cosmi I V] Cosmi primi W FERDIN I recte LM105 II V LM] secundi W106 II V LM] secundi W107 genethliacae V LM] genetliacae W108 Ciuilis V LM] ciuilis W109 uitaelig V LM] uitaelig sanctitatem redolentis W110 eligere curauerit alia manu Wpcorr LM] eligerit Wacorr111 Nonnullas W] Nonnulla recte LM112 abditis V LM] abditis ac Deo coaeuis W113 deprompserit V LM] depromerit W



Quod114 hinc ueritatem et iustitiam esse fortiter propugnandas mendaciumassentationem et Hypocrisin ueluti pestes defugiendas A segni otio potissimum[5r]abhorrendum Beneficia in aeligre Maleficia115 in Aere incidenda Benemeritisquantum fieri potest aut grato saltem animo satisfaciendum Vnicuique promissareligiosegrave exsoluenda116 datamque fidem integre seruandam Honestegrave acquisita117

pro se suisque honeste impendenda Auaritiaelig sordes et turpia lucra reicienda118

Nihil in perniciem ingrati animi uitio laborantium cumulandum Reliqua omniprius aeligre alieno119 dissoluto ingenuis potius et bene maeligrentibus120 laeligto animodandum perceperitQuod praeligceptis huiusmodi iuuenili tum primum suo in animo a natura a

Genitoribus121 a studijs et a Praeligceptoris Doctrina impressis suauissimis propriorumPrincipum Imperijs nutibusque se plane deuouerit atque hinc ab ingenita SerenissimiFerd II benignitate plura sibi ultro grauiaque munera maximis cum122 honoribusac stipendijs fuerint collata certatimque a Serenissimo Cosmo III123 incoparabili124

clementia denuo impartita in quibus is125 deditissimus cliens per quinquagintafere126 Annos semper totus fuerit ijsque (ueritate et Iustitia ducibus) eximia sedulitateet constanti fide ad extremum usque responderitQuod denique ob haeligc omnia Ludouici Magni Galliarum [5v]et Nauarraelig127 inuictis-

simi Regis christianissimi tamquam numinis sui Iudicium ac uoluntatem promeritusamplissima eius augustaelig128 liberalitatis dona diutissimegrave sit consecutus

Simulacrum hoc AeneumPraeligceptoris sui prepetua129 ueneratione dignissimi ex Prothoplasmate130 a celebri131

sculptore Ioanne Caccinio coram serenissimo Cosmo II132 Anno 1610 ad uiuum effor-mato exiguum uti Minerual et grati Animi pignus ingenuique Amoris monumentumtot tantorumque beneficiorum Autoris aeternum memor

114 post Quod scr et del Hin W115 Maleficia V LM] maleficia W116 exsoluenda V] essoluenda W exolvenda LM117 post acquisita scr et del prose W118 reicienda W] reiicienda LM119 post alieno scr et del sol W120 maeligrentibus W] merentibus recte LM121 post Genitoribus scr et del et W122 maximis cum in mg add W123 III V LM] tertio W124 incoparabili W] incomparabili recte LM125 is V LM] his W126 fere s l corr ex quinque W127 Nauarraelig V LM] Nauarra W128 augustaelig V LM] auguste W129 prepetua W] perpetua recte LM130 Prothoplasmate W] Protoplasmate recte LM131 celebri Wpcorr LM] celebris Wacorr132 II V LM] secundo W

30 Stefano Gattei


Serenissimorum eorumdem MM DDprimarius MathematicusAEligtatis annorum LXXII

Anno a Salut Inc MDCXCIIIA Galilaei133 Ortu CXXX

Ab interitu LIIPrimus publicegrave posuit

F

Florentia praelig alijs Vrbibus Deo nimis caraExurge grata et gratulabundaVt enim non interruptam illustrium diuinorumque Virorum seriem uideres eodem

Anno mense ac die quo Mundi Conditor substulit nobiliorum artium penegrave deperdi-tarum [6r]Picturaelig Sculpturaelig atque Architecturaelig ad summum usque reparatorem per-fectoremque134 Patricium135 tuumMichaelem Angelum eodem ipso Anno Mense Dieac propemodum horacirc hanc dolendam decoris tui iacturam ipsemet Deus refecit et ut tuadhuc per noua lustra possis Ciuium tuorum uirtuti136 orbi uniuerso prodesse fastostuos Patritij tui Galilaei Ortu auxit Philosophiaelig Geometriaelig atque Astronomiaelig felicis-simi Instauratoris Patris Principis Ducis

Hic enim coelestis planegrave ingenij uir (longe secus ac Encomiastes quidam inuidorumAntogonistarum137 fidei malegrave nixus falsograve conscripserat) imperante inclyto Cosmo I Pisislegittimegrave nascitur ex patre Vincentio Michaelis Angeli Ioannis de Galilaeis Patricio138

Florentino (qui de uetere ac recentiore TheoricaMusices pereruditos Dialogos conscripsit)et ex honestissima eiusdemVincentij uxore egregia Iulia Cosmi Venturaelig e uetustissima aceminentissima Pistoriensi familia de Ammannatis tunc Pisis cum eodem Vincentio com-morante Anno a Christi Incarnatione 1564=139 stylo Florentino Mense Februari140

die141 decima ottaua142 et hora ab occasu uigesima prima et semis qui quidemAnnus143 Mensis dies hora tamen XXIII et semis144 itidem ab occasu Pisis Galilaeonostro Natalis eidem Michaeli Angelo Bonarrotio Romaelig laeligthalis145 fuit ut ipsi legimusin domesticis [6v]Commentarijs Leonardi Bonarrotaelig Michaelis Angeli fratris filij propriamanu conscriptis146 non uerograve die XVII ut a Vasario in eius uita enarratur

133 Galilaei Wpcorr Galilaeligi LM] Galilaeo Wacorr134 perfectoremque s l add W135 Patricium W] Patritium LM136 uirtuti W LM] deb uirtute137 Antogonistarum W] Antagonistarum recte LM138 Patricio W] Patritio LM139 1564= W] 1563 recte LM140 Februari W] Februarii recte LM141 post die scr et del uic W142 ottaua W] octaua recte LM143 post Annus scr et del ora W144 et semis V LM] semis W145 laeligthalis Wpcorr LM] laeligtalis Wacorr deb letalis146 conscriptis W] conscripti perperam LM



Exurge ergo grata et gratulabunda Florentia et Summo Conditori illustres toto OrbeCiues donanti demississima gratiarum actione obsequia repende Non defuturos enimsemper tibi nobilissimos insignesque filios Illustria duorum Virorum aeternummansura et semper futura foecunda exempla promittuntSed sicuti in Galilaei ortu eiusque preclare147 gestacirc uitacirc meritograve laeligtharis148 ita in ipso

eiusdem religiosissimo obitu Pietatis Christianaelig exemplum ciuibus monstratura poneluctum imo exultaPostquam enim149 de rerum abditis150 nihil pro mentis humanaelig captu non conspex-

isset ut meliugraves in Creatorem animum151 intenderet Deo permittente Oculis orbatus perpostremum Vitaelig quinquennium Diuinaelig Voluntati pius obsecundauit quod fortioriAnimo praeligstitisse agnoscitur quo amantissimo152 eo sensu in noua semper detegendafuerat usus Lenta tandem correptus febre cum153 bonorum Virorum instituto uixissetaes154 proprium155 non alienum in pauperes occultegrave156 effusegraveque erogando et multasingularis Pietatis exempla edidisset157 [7r]sensim deficiens petitis saeligpius salutaribusEcclesiaelig Praeligsidiis158 ac pie susceptis Pontificia Vrbani VIII benedictione munitusOptimus Philosophus inuocato saepius Iesu Immortalem spiritum Creatori suo159 red-didit pacatissimegrave Anno a Christo Nato160 MDCXLII161 Die Mercurij VIII Ianuari162

hora quarta163 Novo Stylo Annos agens LXXVII Menses X Dies X in suburbanoMartellinorum Arcetri rure ubi plusquam triginta Annos scientijs uacaueratTanti Viri postremaelig inualetudini astarunt164 assiduegrave et postremas uoces accepere

Doctor Vincentius filius Nurus Proximiores Sacerdos Paroecie165 duoque alij singulariDoctrina et Pietate praeligstantes ad expiandam animam a Galilaeo iam pridem delectiduoque hospites iam et socij Mensaelig166 alter Euangelista Torricellius acutissimusGeometra per postremum trimenstre Alter per ultimum triennium nouissimusDiscipulus ter felix Galilaeo a serenissimo Ferd II sollicite commendatus qui memoriam

147 preclare V] precabo () W praeligclare recte LM148 laeligtharis W] laeligtaris recte LM149 enim Wsl LM] uero W150 abditis V LM] additis W151 animum V LM] Animum W152 amantissimo W LM] deb amantissime153 cum W] (quum LM154 aes V LM] aeligx W155 proprium V LM] propium W156 occultegrave V LM] obcultegrave W157 edidisset W] edidisset) LM158 Praeligsidiis V praeligsidiis LM] Praeligsidibus W159 post suo scr et del Anno a Christo W160 post Nato scr et del in fine lineae MDCXL W161 Christo Nato MDCXLII W] Christi Incar MDCXLI LM162 Ianuari W] Ianuarii recte LM163 post quarta scr et del ns W164 astarunt W] adstarunt recte LM165 Paroecie W] Parœciaelig recte LM166 Mensaelig V LM] Mense W

32 Stefano Gattei


hanc167 posuit ut a se in Praeligceptore conspectam168 uel a Cognatis Amicis169 famulissedulograve et tutegrave auditam170 Nepotibus et posteris ad Christianos Philosophos edocendosfideliter aperiret assentiente et iubente praeligsertim Serenissimo Ferdinando PrincipeEtruriaelig primogenito Artium et scientiarumCultore171 acMoecenate munificentissimo172

[7v]Imprimatur173

Thomas de Gherardesca Vicarius Generalis174

De mandato Reuerendissimi Patris Inquisitoris Generalis Florentinae AdministrationisReuerendus Pater Magister Antonius Franciscus Cioppi Minor Conuentualis Consultorhuius Sancti Officii perlegat attente praeligsentem librum cui titulus est Vincentii Viuiani etc etreferat an eiusdem possit permitti impressio

Datum in Sancto Officio Florentiaelig die 9a Augusti 1701

Frater Lucius Augustinus Cecchini de Bononia Minor Conuentualis Vicarius Generalis SanctiOfficii Florentiaelig175

Ego frater Antonius franciscus Cioppi ex mandato Paternitatis Suaelig Reuerendissimaelig applicateperlegi attente nec aliquid contra legem Dei et bonis moribus inueni quapropter librum huncexistimo dignum ut tipis176 mandetur

Ego frater Antonius Franciscus Cioppi Consultor Sancti Officii Florentiae manu propria feci177

Attenta supraposita relatione imprimatur

Frater Lucius Augustinus Cecchini de Bononia Minor Conuentualis Vicarius Generalis SanctiOfficii Florentiae178

Imprimatur179 Ph Bonarota180 Senator Regiae Celsitudinis Auditor181

167 memoriam hanc W] memoranda haeligc LM168 conspectam W] conspecta recte LM169 Cognatis Amicis V] cognatis amicis W LM170 auditam W] audita recte LM171 Cultore V LM] cultorem W172 post munificentissimo add In Diaglyptico Phrenoschemate G | Este Duces ocirc si qua via est Virgil

AEligneid lib VI | In Diaglyptico Phrenoschemate H | In Sole quis credat retectas | Arte tua Galilaelige labesURB VIII PM LM173 Imprimatur Thomas mdash Celsitudinis Auditor W L] om M174 Imprimatur mdash Generalis manu Thomae de Gherardesca W || Generalis W] Generalis Flor L175 De mandato mdash Florentiaelig manu Lucii Augustini Cecchini W176 tipis W] typis recte L177 Ego frater Antonius mdash feci manu Antonii Francisci Cioppi W || f(eci) W] om L178 Attenta mdash Florentiae manu Lucii Augustini Cecchini W179 ante Imprimatur scr et del Si Stampi Fili manu Philippi Bonarrota W180 Ph Bonarota W] Philippus Bonarrota L181 Imprimatur mdash Auditor manu Philippi Bonarrota W



A

A house given by Godpurchased and renovated thanks to the honorable generosityof the Glorious and Most Christian King Louis the Great182

B

To God the AlmightyGreetings wayfarer

travelling this road which the ancients prophetically named after Love183 If you arepossessed by a love of wisdom tarry a while before this memorial ndash humble indeedbut a testimony of grateful and true love to the most wise PRECEPTOR184 MostBenevolent GRAND DUKES and the Most Christian King of France Louis the Great ndashand read through what adorns this house and reveals the intention of its owner

C

Galileo Lyncean185 aged 48who embraced the stars the sea and the Earth with his profound mind

is plausibly seeing all these in God alone

D

To Galileo Galilei

A man worthy of eternal memory the delight of his homeland of Tuscany of Italy andindeed of the whole of Europe the light at the rebirth of philosophy a man so inflamed

182 Louis XIV (1638ndash1643) also known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi-Soleil)who was crowned on 14 May 1643 (his mother Anne of Austria was regent for him 1643ndash1651) He wasnamed Louis Dieudonneacute (Louis the God-given) hence Vivianirsquos pun in the first line Viviani appeals to thesame pun twice in the first few pages of De Locis Solidis lsquoamplas aeligdes a se inscriptas A DEO DATAScomparavit instauravit ornavitrsquo and lsquoin admirationem A DEO DATO Numini suo Munificentissimorsquo (ff 4r and 5r) And again in Grati Animi Monumenta lsquoin Fronte AEligdium A DEO DATARUMrsquo (see Viviani opcit (21) ff 4r and 5r and 1702 title page)183 Vivianirsquos house is in via SantrsquoAntonino 11 formerly via dellrsquoAmore (lsquoStreet of Loversquo) 13 in Florence By

appealing to this high-flown expression Viviani seems oblivious of the comic and sarcastic connotation thatlsquovia dellrsquoAmorersquo had for Florencersquos citizens indeed via dellrsquoAmore is the location in which Machiavelli setLa Mandragola (The Mandrake) lsquoQuella via che egrave colagrave in quel canto fitta egrave la via dello Amore dove chicasca non si rizza mairsquo (lsquoThat alley at that corner there is named Street of Love where he who falls doesnot rise againrsquo) see Niccolograve Machiavelli Mandragola [Florence sl] 1524 critical edition in PasqualeStoppelli La Mandragola Storia e Filologia Con lrsquoEdizione Critica del Testo secondo il Laurenziano Redi129 Rome Bulzoni 2005 p 173 (lsquoPrologorsquo 15ndash17)184 In his Narratio Prima Joachim Rheticus too refers to Copernicus by calling him lsquoD Praeceptor meusrsquo

(see Georg J RheticusDe Libris RevolutionumhellipNicolai Copernicihellip Narratio Prima [Gdansk se 1540]f Aijr and passim)185 Galileo became a member of the Accademia dei Lincei ndash founded in Rome by Prince Federico Cesi

(1585ndash1630) Francesco Stelluti (1577ndash1653) Anastasio De Filiis (1577ndash1608) and Johannes van Heeck

34 Stefano Gattei


by the desire to contemplate the truth that he went far beyond the received views ofboth ancient and more recent philosophers and disregarding weaker opinions ofhuman minds relying only on the help of geometry (which he called the truthrsquos guideto heaven) he was the first to teach others a more certain way to truth and happilypursued it accompanied throughout his arduous way by piety so that his discoveriesabout the ocean tides and Philolausrsquo system186 (which he demonstrates especially inthe Letter to Christina of Lorraine)187 and which he thought out only to engage hismind he gladly sacrificed to religion

(1574ndash1616) in 1603 ndash on 25 April 1611 see OG 19 p 265 Both Galileorsquos On Sunspots (op cit (43)) andThe Assayer (Il Saggiatore Rome Giacomo Mascardi 1623 in OG 6 pp 209ndash372 English translation byStillman Drake The Assayer in Stillman Drake and Charles D OrsquoMalley (eds) The Controversy on theComets of 1618 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1960 pp 151ndash336) were printed in Romeand published under the auspices of the Academy whose symbol appears prominently on their title pagesGalileorsquos affiliation also appears on the title pages of the Dialogue (Dialogo sopra i Due Massimi Sistemi delMondo Tolemaico e Copernicano Florence Giovanni Battista Landini 1632 in OG 7 pp 23ndash489English translation by Stillman Drake Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaic andCopernican 2nd edn Berkeley University of California Press 1967) and Two New Sciences (Discorsi eDimostrazioni Matematiche intorno agrave Due Nuoue Scienze attenenti alla Mecanica amp i Mouimenti LocaliLeiden Elsevier 1638 in OG 8 pp 41ndash318 English translation by Stillman Drake Two New SciencesIncluding Centers of Gravity amp Force of Percussion Madison University of Wisconsin Press 1974) Theso-called lsquofirstrsquo Academy (1603ndash1630) is the oldest and one of the most illustrious of modern learnedscientific societies the word lsquoLinceirsquo refers to lynxes fabled for their acuteness of vision See also Viviani inOG 19 p 612186 That is the Copernican system Philolaus of Croton (c470ndashc385 BC) was the first to suggest displacing

the Earth from the centre of the cosmos and making it a planet setting it in motion around a central fire Thedisguised reference to Copernicus (whose De Revolutionibus was suspended donec corrigatur in 1616) and tothe ebb and flow of the sea clearly point to GalileorsquosDialogue banned by the Inquisition in 1633 and listed inthe Index of forbidden books in 1634 This is the only implicit reference to Galileorsquos Dialogue and his defenceof the Copernican hypothesis most interestingly in the Racconto Istorico Viviani briefly mentions Galileorsquosmagnum opus as a dialogue between two people Filippo Salviati e Giovanni Francesco Sagredo avoidingeven a mention of the third character Simplicius (in whose words Pope Urban VIII read a mockery of hisown arguments)187 Christina of Lorraine (1565ndash1637) the daughter of Charles III Duke of Lorraine and Claude of Valois

second daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine dersquo Medici She was the wife of Ferdinand I dersquoMedici (1549ndash1609 brother of Francesco 1541ndash1587) the mother of Cosimo II dersquo Medici (1590ndash1621)and the grandmother of Ferdinand II dersquo Medici (1610ndash1670) all Grand Dukes of Tuscany When CosimoII died leaving his ten-year-old son Ferdinand as Grand Duke Christina and her daughter-in-law MariaMaddalena of Austria acted as regents until the boy came of age Together they aligned Tuscany with thepapacy and redoubled the Tuscan clergy upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino instead of claiming theduchy for Ferdinand they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII To Christina Galileo addressedone of his most famous Copernican works the Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina originally written in1611 and circulated in manuscript in 1615 (it was eventually published only as Galileo Galilei Lettera hellip

Scritta alla Granduchessa di Toscana Florence [se] 1710 in OG 5 pp 309ndash348 English translation byMaurice A Finocchiaro lsquoLetter to the Grand Duchess Christinarsquo in Finocchiaro The Galileo Affair ADocumentary History Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1989 pp 87ndash118) In theletter Galileo offers a carefully considered summary of his opinions on the proper relation of science toreligion the Holy Scripture cannot err but it has to be properly understood going beyond a purely literalreading of the text Nature and Scripture are both dictated by God and cannot contradict each other andwhen an apparent contradiction surfaces between sensory experiences and necessary demonstrations onthe one hand and textual interpretations on the other we should review the latter



A man who in 1609 while he was holding the Chair of Mathematics in Padua whennews of optical tubes had not spread far pursued the matter with the powers of his mindand of dioptrics discovered how to construct the instrument and dedicated it to theVenetian Senate and so learned men deservedly named it after Galileo since he wasthe first to discover it and by reason not by accidentWith the help of this new instrument as if Earth were not enough to occupy his mind he

opened the ether and disclosed new worlds so to say to philosophers and astronomersThe Moon [he found] has mountains valleys plains and periodic librations of its

disc188

The Sun the brightest source of light has spots forming and reforming like clouds anddense fog as he was the first to see and also revolves in nearly a month around its owncentre from west to east189

The Star of Venus and likewise that ofMercury imitate190 the various appearances ofthe Moon191 as he reliably taught astronomers consequently both equally travelaround the globe of the Sun by their own motion from west to east just as MarsJupiter and Saturn doThe farthest planet in its various aspects with respect to the Sun has a three-fold appear-

ance as he was the first to notice at times it is round at times oblong at times it hashandles192 and perigean Mars in quadrature with the Sun appears somewhat maimed

188 See Galileo Galilei Sidereus Nuncius Venice Tommaso Baglioni 1610 inOG 31 pp 53ndash96 Englishtranslation by Albert Van Helden Sidereus Nuncius or The Sidereal Messenger Chicago The University ofChicago Press 1989 See also Viviani in OG 19 pp 609ndash610 Libration is a perceived oscillating motion ofthe Moon relative to the Earth caused by actual changes in its physical distance from our planet and dueto the Moonrsquos elliptical orbit around Earth The phenomenon is manifested as a slow rocking back andforth of the Moon as viewed from Earth permitting an observer to see slightly different halves of thesurface at different times189 See Galileo op cit (43) See also Viviani in OG 19 pp 611 and 613ndash614190 Here (with the term aemulari) Viviani implicitly refers the anagram with which Galileo announced the

discovery of the phases of Venus to the GrandDukersquos ambassador to Rudolph II in Prague 11 December 1610see his letter to Giuliano dersquo Medici on 11 December 1610 (in OG 10 no 435 p 483) Once decoded threeweeks later (letter to Giuliano dersquo Medici 1 January 1611 in OG 11 no 451 p 12) it read Cynthiae figurasaemulatur mater amorum that is lsquothe mother of love (ie Venus) imitates the faces of Cynthia (ie the Moon)rsquoThe discovery of the phases of Venus implied that Venus orbited the Sun a fatal blow for the AristotelianndashPtolemaic picture of the universe Galileo appealed to another anagram to communicate his discovery of theshape of Saturn to Johannes Kepler see Galileo to Giuliano dersquo Medici in OG 10 no 384 (23 August1610) p 426 and Johannes Kepler Narratio de Observatis a Se Quatuor Iovis Satellitibus ErronibusFrankfurt Zacharias Palthenius 1611 f 3v See also Viviani in OG 19 pp 611ndash612 Viviani enjoyedanagrams too on 4 April 1692 he published his famous mathematical challenge lsquoAElignigma Geometricvm deMiro Opificio testudinis Quadrabilis Hemisphaeligricaeligrsquo under the name of lsquoD Pio Lisci Posillo Geometrarsquothat is lsquoPostremo Galilaei Discipulorsquo see also Gal 70 f 11ar and Gal 179 ff 1rndash2v (where he engages inseveral anagrams) Gal 183 f 17r where he offers different anagrams of lsquoUltimo scolare di Galileorsquo thetitle he chose for himself and Gal 243 f 199r where he comes up with lsquoLrsquoumido e gelato Carlo Lillesrsquo(lsquoThe wet and cold Carlo Lillesrsquo) as a transposition of lsquoLrsquoultimo scolare del Galileorsquo191 See Galileorsquos letter to Giuliano dersquoMedici 1 January 1611 inOG 11 no 451 pp 11ndash12 and his third

Letter on sunspots in Galileo op cit (43) pp 258ndash264 see also Viviani in OG 19 p 612192 See Galileorsquos 30 July 1610 letter to Belisario Vinta the Grand Dukersquos Secretary of State (in OG 10 no

427 p 410) where he describes Saturn with the help of a diagram showing three circles (a bigger central onewith two smaller ones on each side) A similar diagram is also in Galileorsquos 13 November 1610 letter to Giulianodersquo Medici (in OG 10 no 427 p 474) where he also reveals the meaning of the anagram about Saturn

36 Stefano Gattei


The fixed stars which the ancients thought to be few in number and driven like nailsinto a single solid orb he increased in number disclosing new ones never seen before inthe sword of Orion in the Pleiades in nebulas in the Milky Way everywhere through-out the heavens193 and he believed that they declare Godrsquos omnipotence more andmore194 an infinite number of lights glowing forever throughout the immense spacesof the fluid heavens at rest locally but just like the Sun revolving around their owncentres in order to give life to the primary and secondary planets of their ownsystems195

The satellites of Jupiter which he discovered first and before all others in Padua on 7January 1609196 after completing only three observations he dedicated to the everlast-ing glory of the MEDICEAN PRINCES And due to the observation of their very quickmotion he set forth the question vainly investigated for a long time of how to obtainthe longitude of places at night so that under the new auspices of the MediceanHouse geography and hydrography could be corrected renewed and refined Andwhile he worked out over three years of persistent work the periods of the motion ofthe Medicean Stars and their distances from Jupiter he prepared canons and tables topredict their very rapidly changing aspects Disdaining the most generous rewards pro-mised to those who solved such difficult problem with truly heroic magnanimity heoffered his set of theories [of Jupiterrsquos satellites] tables and ephemerides197 his optical

Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi (lsquoI have observed the highest of the planets three-formedrsquo) whichhad driven Kepler mad See also Galileorsquos third Letter on sunspots in OG 19 pp 234ndash239193 See Galileo op cit (187)194 See Psalms 1822 (= KJV 191) lsquocaeli enarrant gloriam Dei et opera manuum eius adnuntiat

firmamentumrsquo (lsquoThe heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament shows his handyworkrsquo)195 The idea of the Sun at the centre of the universe giving motion to the planets can be found in

Copernicus Rheticus and Kepler In the Third Day of the Dialogue Salviati says that fixed stars are sunslsquole stelle fisse che sono tanti Soli conforme al nostro Sole godono una perpetua quietersquo (lsquofixed stars whichare many suns agree with our Sun in enjoying perpetual restrsquo) Galileo op cit (185) p 327 What issurprising is Vivianirsquos ascribing to Galileo the idea (daringly close to Giordano Brunorsquos although noreference is made to possible inhabitants) of fixed stars with their own planetary systems that is withplanets and possibly satellites orbiting them there is no trace of this in Galileorsquos works Perhaps this is thesort of thing about which Galileo talked with Viviani (and other Galileisti) Viviani also highlights thatfixed stars revolve around their own axis like the Sun see OG 4 p 164196 The date without further specification is computed according to the Florentine style ie as if the year

began onMarch 1 (ab Incarnatione) The discovery took place in January so Viviani wrote 1609 according toour calendar it was 9 January 1610197 Theories tables and ephemerides these were the three standard genres of astronomical works in the

Renaissance and early modern times they belonged to distinct genres although they often happened to bedifferent parts of the same work Theoretical works included Ptolemyrsquos Almagest Copernicusrsquos DeRevolutionibus Tychorsquos De Mundi Aetherei Recentioribus Phaenomenis or Keplerrsquos Astronomia Novathey dealt with cosmological theories Astronomical tables were designed to facilitate the computation of thepositions of the Sun the Moon and the planets relative to the fixed stars lunar phases eclipses andcalendric information (Ptolemyrsquos Almagest and Copernicusrsquos De Revolutionibus for instance includedastronomical tables too) when independently published they often included explanations of astronomicalinstruments most important were the Toledan Tables completed around the year 1080 by a group ofArabic astronomers in Toledo the Alfonsine Tables (first published in 1483) named after Alfonso X ofCastile who supported their creation the Prutenic Tables compiled by Erasmus Reinhold on the basis ofBooks 2ndash6 of Copernicusrsquos De revolutionibus and published in 1551 and Keplerrsquos Rudolphine Tablespublished in 1627 using the observational data gathered by Tycho over four decades Finally ephemerides



tubes and his pendulum clock198 which he had devised several years earlier in Pisa andalso men skilled in the use of these instruments first to PHILIP III the Catholic King199 in1615 and then to the confederate Provinces of Holland in 1635 However by the decreeof Omnipotent God the generous offer and noble attempt came to nothing in bothcases200 so that this essential work for the good of navigation and geography201 wasbegun by means of the Medicean Stars and carried through owing to the liberality ofLOUIS THE GREAT the most powerful on land and sea and to the labours of that mostexcellent astronomer [Giovanni Domenico] Cassini202

And lastly comets generate grow move and disappear as he explained203

In fact the man who disclosed Godrsquos distant heavenly works was the same whounlocked to human philosophy the most secret recesses showing that the supreme

(literally lsquocalendarsrsquo) tabulated the positions of naturally occurring astronomical objects in the sky at regularintervals of date or time198 See Vivianirsquos recollections in his letter to Leopoldo dersquo Medici 20 August 1659 (in OG 19 pp 648ndash

659) Vivianirsquos notes in Gal 248 ff 87rndashv 88rndash89r and 101rndashv and his Racconto Istorico as published byFavaro in OG 19 p 603 See also Huygensrsquos remarks at the beginning of his Horologium Oscillatoriumsiue De Motu Pendulorum ad Horologia Aptato Demonstrationes Geometricaelig Paris Franccedilois Muguet1673 p 3 as well as his 1673 exchange with Leopoldo as published in Fabroni op cit (20) vol 1 nos90ndash91 pp 222ndash225 On the whole issue see Antonio Favaro Nuovi Studi Galileiani Venice Antonelli1891 pp 389ndash418199 Philip III of Spain (1578ndash1621) who reigned from 13 September 1598200 Almost as soon as he discovered Jupiterrsquos satellites Galileo tried to compile tables in order to be able to

predict their situations relations and eclipses thereby determining the longitude of the place of observation atany hour of the night (a ready method of finding longitudes at sea had long been an object of search by all themaritime powers of Europe) In July 1612 Belisario Vinta started a correspondence on this subject with therepresentative of the Spanish court Orso drsquoElci the correspondence went on for a few months (Galileowrote a letter on 7 September too) but stopped in October The negotiations were resumed in June 1616and protracted until December 1620 (also including Galileorsquos design for the celatone in 1617) with severalexchanges between Orso drsquoElci Curzio Picchena and Giuliano dersquo Medici but once again led nowhere Theissue was finally taken up again in May 1630 but failed and any plans were eventually given up in October1632 after several exchanges between Esaugrave Del Borgo and Andrea Cioli New negotiations were startedwith representatives of the States General of Holland in August 1636 through the good offices of Galileorsquosfriend Elia Diodati in Paris (Galileo knew about the prize established by the Holland Provinces for asolution of the problem of longitude already in October 1627 from a letter of Alfonso Antonini at thetime however he was interested in the negotiations with the Spanish court whose third phase he resumedin 1630) These new negotiations dragged on for a while but were interrupted by the sudden death ofMartin van den Hove (Hortensius) in August 1636 and were eventually suspended in April 1640 also dueto Galileorsquos health conditions On the whole issue see Vivianirsquos Racconto Istorico in OG 19 pp 614ndash615618ndash621 as well as his recollections in the letter to Prince Leopoldo ibid pp 650ndash657 See also Favaroop cit (197) pp 101ndash148 (Spain) and 289ndash338 (Holland)201 See Viviani in OG 19 pp 614ndash615 618ndash621202 The Italian mathematician and astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625ndash1712) who became a

French subject in 1673 In 1671 he was appointed director of the Paris Observatory he determined therotation periods of Mars and Jupiter and was the first to discover the four moons of Saturn (1671 1672and 1684) which he initially named Sidera Lodoicea (lsquoLouisrsquo Starsrsquo) just as Galileo had named Jupiterrsquosmoons Medicea Sidera ndash cuius regio eius sidera one might say Cassini also made successful measurementsof longitude by Galileorsquos method using eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter as a clock203 See Galileo The Assayer op cit (185) Mario Guiducci Discorso delle Comete Florence Pietro

Cecconcelli 1619 in OG 6 pp 39ndash105 English translation by Stillman Drake in Stillman Drake andCharles D OrsquoMalley eds The Controversy on the Comets of 1618 Philadelphia University ofPennsylvania Press 1960 pp 21ndash65 See also Viviani in OG 19 pp 615ndash616

38 Stefano Gattei


artificer deserves praise even in his most minute works when as early as 1612 ltaidedby gt the microscope which he first devised and produced with a single lens or with twolenses and sent it as a gift to the POLISH KING CASIMIR204 who had asked for it hebrought the tiniest things to human contemplation and established something like ananatomy of nature itself

He justified his calling geometry the wet nurse of philosophy through examples anddiscoveries for he was able by his new method to introduce even those barely initiatedinto geometry to the centrobaric science of certain solid bodies205

He was the first to proclaim Archimedesrsquo doctrine concerning bodies floating in fluidsand their buoyancies arising from the force of reciprocal pressures206 and scatteredinnumerable seeds with his writings from which a harvest of many treatises has grownin the present time and will grow day by day in the future

Before others he called attention to the force of percussion which is infinite by its verynature207

He called attention to new sciences which had remained untouched until his own agehe was the first to introduce into the sanctuary of philosophy and develop and provegeometrically the resistance of solids the motion of heavy bodies whether proceedinguniformly or falling naturally or else of projected bodies (from which he drew mainlythe technique of military artillery)208

Because of such great discoveries for the good of humanity the fame of this most dis-tinguished man will remain forever and will triumph victorious over oblivion and time

With this monument the owner of this house wished to give to future ages a propertestimony of his grateful soul for [Galileorsquos] exceptional ability in extending castinglight upon and perfecting natural sciences

204 As Nelli correctly remarked (see Nelli op cit (11) vol 2 p 861) here Viviani is actually referring toKing Sigismund III Vasa (1566ndash1632) who was crowned on 27 December 1587 Possibly Viviani confusedKing Sigismund with his son John II Casimir (1609ndash1702) king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuaniawho reigned from 19 January 1649 to 29 September 1669205 See Galileorsquos youthful lsquoArchimedeanrsquo writings now collected in OG 1 Theoremata Circa Centrum

Gravitatis Solidorum (pp 187ndash208) La Bilancetta (pp 215ndash220) Tavola delle Proporzioni delle Gravitagrave inspecie de i Metalli e delle Gioie pesate in Aria e in Aqqua (pp 221ndash228) and Postille ai Libri De Sphaera etCylindro di Archimede (pp 229ndash242) See also Viviani in OG 19 p 605206 See the works collected inOG 4 especially Galileo GalileiDiscorso intorno alle Cose che Stanno in su

lrsquoAcqua o che in Quella si Muovono Florence Cosimo Giunti 1612 inOG 4 pp 58ndash140 (English translationof the second edition (1612) by Stillman Drake in Cause Experiment and Science A Galilean DialogueChicago The University of Chicago Press 1981) OG 4 also includes several other works related to it orcritically engaged with it See also Viviani in OG 19 pp 612ndash613207 See the draft for the Sixth Day of Galileorsquos TwoNew Sciences op cit (185) pp 281ndash306 as well as the

section entitled lsquoOf the Force of Percussionrsquo inOG 2 pp 188ndash190 (see also Galileo Galilei Le Mecaniche (edRomano Gatto) Florence Leo S Olschki 2002 pp 20ndash21 76ndash77 (English translation in Galileo Galilei OnMotion and On Mechanics (ed and tr Israel E Drabkin and Stillman Drake) Madison University ofWisconsin Press 1960 pp 179ndash182)208 See Galileorsquos Two New Sciences op cit (185) See also the works collected inOG 2 as well as Viviani

in OG 19 pp 606ndash607 621ndash622 625



E209

To Galileo Galilei I say210

Florentine Patrician Chief Philosopher and Mathematician of the Most Serene GRAND

DUKES of Tuscany Cosimo I211 Cosimo II and Ferdinand II truly LynceanAcademician most productive renovator with the help of geometry of geographyhydrography cosmography mechanics physics and the science of stars tireless criticof the vain art of horoscopes

The very last disciple of so great a man212

For having cared to choose the way of truth and having pursued it to the utmost ofhis ability following the golden commandments of civil moral and Christian wisdomand the example of [Galileorsquos] life he was never oblivious to Godrsquos will He broughtsome truths to light out of the infinite secrets from the immense treasuries of geometryand discerned that by means of them men draw closer to God HimselfFor in virtue of this he himself perceived that truth and justice are to be fought for

vigorously and that falsehood flattery and hypocrisy must be avoided like the

209 The rather convoluted structure of E is as follows lsquoThe very last disciple of so great a manrsquo (ie Viviani)lsquofirst publicly set uprsquo lsquothis bronze bustrsquo lsquoTo Galileo Galileirsquo lsquoFor hellip For hellip For hellip Finally forrsquo (Viviani is heretalking about himself listing the reasons why he is dedicating the bust)210 The word inquam (lsquoI sayrsquo) resumes the text of D which starts with a dedication to Galileo too211 In the printed version (see Viviani op cit (21) p 124 as well as Viviani op cit (17) p 4) lsquoCosimo Irsquo is

corrected into lsquoFerdinand Irsquo Indeed Cosimo I was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1537 to 1574 whereasFerdinand I the predecessor of Cosimo II from 1589 to 1609212 That is Vincenzo Viviani himself We find this epithet also in the title pages of Viviani op cit (20)

Viviani op cit (21) and Viviani Formazione e Misura di Tutti i Cieli Florence Piero Matini 1692 aswell as in his will Viviani op cit (12) p 3 In the letter to lsquoNoble Beginner Geometersrsquo (lsquoNobili GeometriPrincipiantirsquo) of Viviani op cit (20) f 5r he says lsquoFORSE alcuno vi saragrave che mrsquoattribuiragrave a soverchiaambizione il palesarmi in fronte di questrsquoOpera per ultimo Discepolo del Galileo ma perograve molti piugrave sarannoquei che me nrsquoinvidieranno Il fatto si egrave che per mia grande ventura io son lrsquoultimo suo Discepolo perchegraveegli mi fu continuo Maestro per gli ultimi tre anni di sua Vita e di quanti ci trovammo presenti allrsquoultimosuo respiro (che oltre a due Sacerdoti vrsquointeruennero il Torricelli il Dottor Vincenzio Galilei suo figliuoloe gli altri di sua Casa) io solo (benchegrave lrsquoultimo nellrsquoessermene approfittato) sono a tutti sopravvissuto equasi anche rimasto lrsquoultimo di quanti piugrave intimamente lo praticaronorsquo (lsquoThere might be someone who willblame my self-description as the last pupil of Galileo on the title page of this work on excessive yearningbut many more will be those who will crave for it As a matter of fact I was very fortunate to be his verylast pupil as he was my teacher continuously throughout the last three years of his life and of those whowere present when he breathed his last (besides two priests Torricelli Doctor Vincenzo Galilei his son andother relatives of his) I alone ndash although the least to take advantage from this ndash have outlived them all andam nearly the last of those who assiduously frequented himrsquo) Indeed all other pupils of Galileo died shortlyafter him or at any rate before 1674 when Viviani first used the epithet Benedetto Castelli in 1643Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger and Mario Guiducci in 1646 Bonaventura Cavalieri VincenzoRenieri and Evangelista Torricelli in 1647 Clemente Settimi probably in the late 1640s or early 1650sBraccio Manetti in 1652 Giovanni Battista Rinuccini in 1653 Pier Francesco Rinuccini in 1657 AntonioSantini in 1662 Famiano Michelini in 1666 Andrea Arrighetti in 1672 Galileorsquos son Vincenzo died in1649 and his sister Livia in 1659 Galileorsquos other daughter Virginia had already died in 1634 Galileooutlived some of his pupils too Niccolograve Aggiunti died in 1635 Niccolograve Arrighetti in 1639 Dino Peri in1640 and Iacopo Soldani in 1641 No doubt of all of them Viviani was the most devoted and spent hisentire life in the effort to have Galileorsquos works and correspondence published as well as his memorycelebrated see Favaro op cit (19) pp 1097ndash1130

40 Stefano Gattei


plague that the laziness of an idle life is abhorrent that good deeds are to be carvedin bronze evil ones in air213 that the deserving are to be given satisfaction as much aspossible or at least regarded with a grateful mind that promises must be conscientiouslyfulfilled and plighted faith irreproachably kept that what a man has honestly acquiredmay be spent on himself and his kin that the dirt of greed and filthy gain are repellentthat nothing is to be gained at the expense of those who are tainted with ingratitudeand that what remains when all previous debts have been settled should be givenaway joyfully preferably to the honest and deserving214

For thanks to such principles instilled in his young mind first by nature then by hisparents by studies and by the teachings of his preceptor he submitted himself whollyto the most agreeable commands and pleasure of his Princes the innate benevolence ofthe Most Serene FERDINAND II215 then entrusted several important duties to him rewardedby the greatest honours and stipends and these were renewed with incomparable benig-nity by theMOST SERENE COSIMO III216 and in carrying out these duties as a most devotedsubject for nearly fifty years he was always faithful and to which he responded (guided bytruth and justice) with extraordinary earnestness and constant loyalty until his very lastmoments

Finally for he deserved for all these things the trust and benevolence of LOUIS THE

GREAT most invincible and MOST CHRISTIAN KING of France and Navarre217 whom heregarded almost as a divinity and from whom he obtained the most generous gifts ofaugust liberality for a very long time

this bronze bustof his preceptor most worthy of everlasting veneration from the original prototypemoulded from life by the famous sculptor Giovanni Caccini in 1610218 in the presenceof theMost Serene COSIMO II219 as inadequate Minerval220 and token of a grateful souland a monument of sincere love eternally preserving the memory of the author of somany and such important services

213 Inevitably the pun ndash aes lsquobronzersquo and aer lsquoairrsquo ndash is lost in the translation214 Viviani is appealing to the literary topos of the wise personrsquos good use of wealth It is a recurrent topic in

ancient philosophy and literature see for example Seneca De Vita Beata 21ndash26 (esp 23 1ndash3)215 Ferdinand II dersquo Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670216 Cosimo III dersquo Medici son of Ferdinand II Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1670 to 1723217 Louis XIV King of France and Navarre from 1643 to 1715218 The bronze bust of Galileo was cast by Giovanni Battista Foggini (1652ndash1725) from a terracotta model

made by Giovanni Battista Caccini (1556ndash1613) on behalf of Grand Duke Cosimo II see Vivianirsquos letter toFoggini 7 December 1691 in Gal 159 f 256r as well as Nelli op cit (11) vol 2 pp 855 871 Fogginiis also the author of the bas-reliefs in the scagliola cartouches on the two sides of Galileorsquos bust above theentrance of the palace see Lorenzo Bellinirsquos letter to Viviani 8 February 1693 in Gal 257 f 120r219 Cosimo II dersquoMedici son of Ferdinand I dersquoMedici and Christina of Lorraine Grand Duke of Tuscany

from 1609 to 1621220 Minerval is a satirical word to refer to the fee paid by pupils for their instruction see Varro Rerum

Rusticarum Libri III 218 and Juvenal Saturae X 116 Here it is a learned reference to the gift orhomage paid by Viviani to his preceptor Galileo



the Chief Mathematicianof the Most Serene Grand Dukes221

at the age of 72 yearsin the Year of Salvation 1693

130 years since the birth of Galileo52 years since his deathfirst publicly set up

F

Florence immeasurably dear to God more than any other citiesrise grateful and rejoicing

In order that you should not see the series of your illustrious and divine men interruptedin the same year month and day in which the Creator of the world took away yourPatrician MICHELANGELO222 supreme restorer and perfecter of the almost lost noblearts of Painting Sculpture and Architecture ndash in that very year month and day andalmost hour God Himself remedied this painful loss to your fame and in order thatyou may promote thanks to the excellence of your citizens the whole world for manynew lustra enriched your splendour with the birth of your Patrician GALILEO most for-tunate renovator father prince and guide of Philosophy Geometry and Astronomy223

For this man of quite celestial genius (far from what some biographer wrote dishon-estly relying on the testimony of envious adversaries)224 was born legitimately in Pisa

221 Viviani was appointed primary mathematician of the Grand Duke in 1666 apparently he was toldabout the future appointment when he was only sixteen years old in 1638 see Vivianirsquos letter to AbbottSalviati 5 April 1697 in Fabroni op cit (20) vol 2 no 2 p 6222 MichelangeloBuonarroti (1475ndash1564) In factMichelangelodiedon18February1564 inRome andwas

buried in the church of Santi Apostoli see Eseqvie del Divino Michelagnolo Buonarroti Florence Giunti 1564A2v His body was later moved to Florence by his nephew Leonardo Buonarroti on 11 March he was buriedin Santa Croce the next day see Girolamo Ticciati lsquoSupplemento alla Vita di Michelagnolo Buonarrotirsquo inAscanio Condivi Vita di Michelagnolo Buonarroti 2nd edn Florence Gaetano Albizzini 1746 pp 59ndash63 62Galileorsquos remains were eventually moved to their present location directly across from the tomb ofMichelangelo in 1737 on the same day (12 March) on which Michelangelo was buried see Giovanni CamilloPiombantirsquos Instrumento Notarile in the public records of the city of Florence (Archivio di Stato di FirenzeNotarile Moderno Prot 25439 12 March 1737) In the various versions we have of the Racconto Istoricowhich he kept revising throughout his last years and was published only posthumously Viviani offers twodates for Galileorsquos birth 19 February 1564 (in OG 19 p 599) and 15 February 1564 (in Viviani op cit (6)p 397 where he also refers to Michelangelo) On the actual date of Galileorsquos birth (15 February 1564) seeAntonio Favaro Miscellanea Galileiana Inedita Studi e Ricerche Venice Giuseppe Antonelli 1887 pp 9ndash17and Favaro lsquoSulla Veridicitagrave del ldquoRacconto Istorico della Vita di Galileordquo dettato da Vincenzo VivianirsquoArchivio Storico Italiano (1915) 73 1 pp 323ndash380 329ndash334 (on p 334 Vivianirsquos wilful error is described as apeccatuzzo a lsquopeccadillorsquo)223 See Viviani in OG 19 p 627224 In 1645 Ianus Nicius Erythraeus (Giovanni Vittorio dersquo Rossi 1577ndash1647) claimed that Galileo was the

illegitimate son of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati see his Pinacotheca Imaginum Illustrium Doctrinaeligvel Ingenii Laude Virorum Cologne Cornelium ab Egmondt 1643 p 279 See Bernardo Benvenutirsquos letter toViviani 9 January 1695 in Gal 11 f 172r lsquoIl Sigr Domenico Soderini mi ha finalme mandato di Pisa la fedeautentica del Matrimonio del Padre del nostro diuino Ne trasmetto a SS Illma lrsquoistessa originale essendomi

42 Stefano Gattei


under the rule of the glorious Cosimo I of Vincenzo [son] of Michelangelo [son] ofGiovanni Galilei Florentine Patrician (who composed the most learned Dialogues onthe Ancient and Modern Theory of Music)225 and of the most honourable wife ofVincenzo the excellent Giulia [daughter] of Cosimo [son] of Ventura226 belongingto the very ancient and eminent Ammannati family from Pistoia who at the timewas living in Pisa together with Vincenzo The year 1564 of Christrsquos IncarnationFlorentine style227 in the month of February on the eighteenth day and at thetwenty-first hour and a half from sunset that gave birth to Galileo in Pisa ndash that verysame year month and day though at the twenty-third hour and a half from sunsetMichelangelo Buonarroti died in Rome as we ourselves read in the household notebooksby Leonardo Buonarroti son of Michelangelorsquos brother228 written in his own hand ndash infact not on the seventeenth day as Vasari recounts in his life229

riseruata la copia e mi rallegro che cosi resti scoperta la ueritagrave ad onta dellrsquoimposture di quel mal Bacchettone diNicio Eritreorsquo (lsquoDomenico Soderini has finally sentme fromPisa the official record of the wedding of the father ofour divine Galileo I herewith include for Your Most Illustrious Lordship the original record of which I keep acopy for myself and I rejoice that with this truth is uncovered for the shame of that Pharisee of NiciusErythraeusrsquo libelrsquo) See also Gal 11 ff 174rndash179r and Salvini op cit (6) pp 433ndash434225 Vincenzo Galilei (1520ndash1591) author of Dialogo della Musica Antica et della Moderna Florence

Giorgio Marescotti 1581 (2nd edn Florence Filippo Giunti 1602)226 Giulia Ammannati (1538ndash1620) she married Vincenzo Galilei in Pisa on 5 July 1562 See OG 19

pp 17ndash18227 In the Florentine style the year should be stated as 1563 (as both the printed versions L andM report)

in Florence the year was thought as beginning with Christrsquos incarnation nine month before Christmas (Feast ofthe Annunciation 25 March)228 See the household notebooks of Lionardo Buonarroti (Michelangelorsquos nephew) in Florence Casa

Buonarroti Archivio Buonarroti vol 38 Debitori Creditori e Ricordi Cod segnato B c CXIIII lsquo1563 [ie1564] I record that today 18 February Friday at 2330 Michelangelo son of Ludovico son of LionardoBuonarroti Simoni passed away He was 88 years 11 months and 14 days old His body was deposited atSanti Apostoli in Rome on Saturday at 7pm and it remained in Rome until the following 2 March afterwhich it was moved to Florence by Simone son of Bernardo a carrier It was put in San Pietro Maggiorewhere it remained for two days on 22 February the painters and sculptors of the Florentine academiescarried the body to Santa Croce where it was put in a walled depository so as to preserve it while a sepulchrewas prepared I Lionardo Buonarroti went to Rome on 19 February 1564 and got there on 24 February Ifound the above-mentioned Michelangelo dead and sent his body to Florence as said above I remained inRome until 6 May 1564 when I left for Florence I got there on 12 Februaryrsquo (lsquoAn 1563 Ricordo come oggiquesto di xviij di febraio in uenerdi a ore 232 passo di questa presente uita Michelangelo di Ludouico diLionardo Buonarroti Simoni quale mori in roma auente anni 88 messi 11 dj 14 fu meso in deposito in santiapostoltligt il sabato alli 19 dettoltgt in roma stetteui infino alli 2 di marzo prossimo dipoi si fece portareaffireltngtze per le mani di simone di bernardo uetturale ariuo in fireltngtze alli 20 di marzo detto e deposito insanto piero magiore doue stette giorni due dipoi alli 22 fu portato in santa croce dalli aca[me]demici di pittorie scultori fiorentini doue si fece uno deposito murato per saluarl[l]o per farli uno sepulcro Io LionardoBuonaroti andai a roma alli 19 di febraio 1564 et ariuai alli 24 dettoltgt trouai il sudetto michelangelo mortoe lo mandai affireltngtze come di sopra si dice e vi stei fino alli 6 di magio 1564 et mi parti detto diltgt ariuaiaffireltngtze alli 12 dettorsquo) See also ibid c XXXXVI as well as Gal 11 ff 169rndash171r229 See Giorgio Vasari La Vita di Michelangelo nelle Redazioni del 1550 e del 1568 (ed and annotated by

Paola Barocchi) 5 vols Milan and Naples R Ricciardi 1962 vol 1 p 116 lsquoAnd so on 17 February 1563 at11pm Florentine style (1564 in the Roman style) [Michelangelo] breathed his last and passed awayrsquo On thebirth dates of Michelangelo and Galileo see also William E Wallace lsquoMatters of life and death Galileo in theafterlife of Michelangelorsquo Source (1998) 17(3) pp 20ndash24 In the Racconto Istorico written earlier than thetext for the inscriptions on the facade of his palace Viviani chose a different lsquoparallel lifersquo placing Galileo



Rise therefore Florence grateful and rejoicing and reward with an act of mosthumble thanksgiving the Supreme Creator who presented you with citizens illustriousthroughout the world For the bright examples of these two men which will remainforever and will always be fruitful insure tat you will never be short of the noblestand distinguished sonsBut just as you rightly rejoice in Galileorsquos birth and gloriously conducted life230 so set

aside the sorrow for his passing in a most religious manner so as to show an example ofChristian piety to your citizens ndash rather rejoiceFor no natural secrets compatible with human capacity to understand remaining for

him to disclose and God having allowed the deprivation of his eyesight so that he couldbetter reach out his mind to the Creator231 he devoutly yielded to the Divine Willduring the last five years of his life for which renunciation he showed a stronger spiritthemore passionately he appealed to that sense to discover ever new things In the end con-sumed by a persistent fever232 ndash having lived according to the customof goodmen secretlyand generously contributing his own (not othersrsquo) money to the poor and having offeredseveral examples of remarkable piety ndash gradually passing away having repeatedly requiredthe salutary aids of the Church which he devoutly received strengthened by the Pontificalbenediction of UrbanVIII233 the greatest of philosophers having frequently invoked Jesusmost peacefully returned his immortal soul to his Creator in the year 1642 of Christrsquosbirth on Wednesday 8 January at the fourth hour in the new style234 aged 77 years10 months and 10 days in the suburban estate of the Martellini in Arcetri235 where forover thirty years236 he occupied himself with the sciences

side by side with another eminent Florentine Amerigo Vespucci see OG 19 p 624 as well as Salvini op cit(6) p 393 In the Preface to theRacconto Istorico (written when Viviani was considering to turn the text from alengthy letter into a fully fledged biography) he adds a parallel with Christopher Columbus the discoverer ofthe NewWorld seeOG 19 p 600 n 1 On this see Andrea Battistini lsquoldquoCedat Columbusrdquo e ldquoVicisti Galilaeerdquodue eploratori a confronto nellrsquoimmaginario baroccorsquo Annali drsquoItalianistica (1992) 10 pp 116ndash132230 See Vivianirsquos Racconto Istorico in OG 19 especially pp 617ndash618 621ndash624231 See also Viviani in OG 19 p 620 and Salvini op cit (6) p 442232 To strengthen the parallel between Michelangelo and Galileo Viviani does not refrain from using

similar expressions Vivianirsquos Lenta tandem correptus febre is a clear loan from Vasarirsquos lsquoin fine della vitasua hellip amalatosi Michelagnolo di una lenta febbrersquo (Vasari op cit (229) vol 1 p 106) See also Vivianiop cit (6) p 423 and in OG 19 p 623233 Maffeo Barberini (1568ndash1644) elected Pope Urban VIII in 1623 A friend and early supporter of

Galileo he was the dedicatee of The Assayer234 This corresponds to our modern calendar235 Esaugrave Martellini (1580ndash1650) the owner of the Villa Il Gioiello in Pian dersquo Giullari Arcetri where

Galileo spent his last years Galileo rented it on 22 September 1631 (see OG 20 Supplementi no XLbis(b) pp 587ndash588) so that he could live closer to his daughter Virginia (Sister Maria Celeste 1600ndash1634)who was in the nearby Convent of San Matteo see Virginiarsquos letter to her father 12 August 1631 in OG14 p 288 Two centuries before Galileo a distant relative of his (Galileo Galilei of the Bonaiuti family)lived in the same area a well-known Florentine physician he was buried in Santa Croce and his pictureappears in bas-relief on the gravestone of the Galilei family in the central nave of the basilica between thecurrent funeral monuments of Galileo and Michelangelo236 lsquoImo octorsquo Nelli remarks (op cit (11) vol 2 p 866) see also Nelli op cit (28) p 15 lsquoimmo novem

tantumrsquo) Albegraveri in turn corrects Nelli lsquoImo decemrsquo (Albegraveri in Le Opere di Galileo Galilei op cit (26) vol 15p 380) In fact whereas Galileo did live in Arcetri from September 1631 to January 1642 (that is for a littleover ten years) Viviani is not talking about the time Galileo actually lived in the estate of Esaugrave Martellini but

44 Stefano Gattei


During the last illness those who constantly assisted the great man and received his lastwords were his son Doctor Vincenzo237 his daughter-in-law238 closest relatives the parishpriest and two others of extraordinary doctrine and piety long before selected by Galileo so

the time he spent lsquooccupying himself with the sciencesrsquo (scientijs uacauerat)Most likelymoreover Vivianiwas notspecifically referring toGalileorsquos last residence (Villa Il Gioiello) inArcetri but used it to refer more generally to thetimeGalileo spent inFlorence and its surroundings practisingandwritingabout science Indeedduring theyears hespent in Padua (early December 1592ndashearly September 1611) Galileo often returned to Florence for the summerliving either in one of the summer residences of the Grand Duke (such as the Medici villas at Pratolino or LaFerdinanda in Artimino) or with his sister Virginia (in the neighbourhood of the Church of the Carmine) Andfrom the time he took up his position as the primary mathematician and philosopher of the Grand Duke (savefor his journeys of course especially those to Rome) he spent lsquoover thirty yearsrsquo in or near Florence as Vivianisays working on a number of scientific issues first in a house he rented on the south shore of the river Arnothen (from 15 August 1617) at the Villa LrsquoOmbrellino in Bellosguardo and finally (from 9 September 1631) inthe Villa Il Gioiello in Arcetri (in 1638 he was granted to move temporarily to his house in Costa San Giorgio inFlorence next to his son Vincenzorsquos) He also spent time at the Medici Villas La Petraia and in Marignolle onthe outskirts of Florence at the so-called Villa Michelangelo in Settignano as a guest of MichelangeloBuonarroti the Younger and he spent long and fruitful periods at Filippo Salviatirsquos Villa Le Selve in Lastra aSigna In Florence Galileo published On Floating Bodies in 1612 after extensive discussions documented inseveral letters see also the 1625 correspondence on hydraulics inOG 13 pp 291ndash294 In Florence he observedthe moon Jupiterrsquos satellites lunar eclipses lsquotricorporealrsquo Saturn the phases of Venus and sunspots he alsoengaged in long negotiations with representatives of the Spanish Court about using the period of Jupiterrsquossatellites in order to calculate longitudes see for example Galileorsquos letters to Christopher Clavius and BenedettoCastelli 30 December 1610 (in OG 10 nos 446ndash447 pp 499ndash505) to Gallanzone Gallanzoni 16 July 1611(in OG 11 no 555 pp 141ndash155) to Christoph Grienberger 1 September 1611 (in OG 11 no 576 pp 178ndash203) to Maffeo Barberini later to become Pope Urban VIII 2 June 1612 (inOG 11 no 684 pp 304ndash311) andto Pedro de Castro Francisco de Sandoval and Orso drsquoElci 13 November 1616 (in OG 12 nos 1233ndash1235pp 289ndash295) In Bellosguardo Galileo worked on the microscope on his reply to Francesco Ingoli and on histheory of tides and other parts of the Dialogue as well as making several telescopic observations see forexample the calculations recorded in OG 3 pp 473 701ndash702 and Galileorsquos letters to Federico Cesi 23September 1624 (in OG 13 no 1665 pp 208ndash209) and to Benedetto Castelli 2 August 1627 (in OG 13 no1832 pp 370ndash371) In Bellosguardo Galileo worked on fluid mechanics too and offered suggestions for thedesign of the facade of the cathedral of Florence see for example Galileorsquos report on the river Bisenzio (1631)in OG 6 pp 627ndash647 and his letter to Andrea Cioli 7 March 1631 (in OG 14 no 2115 pp 215ndash218)During his frequent stays at Salviatirsquos Villa Le Selve Galileo conceived and wrote the first and third letter onsunspots (see OG 5 pp 94ndash113 186ndash239 Galileo dedicated Letters on Sunspots to his good friend FilippoSalviati who is one of the interlocutors of his Dialogue and Two New Sciences) and made many telescopicobservations of sunspots and Jupiterrsquos satellites as well as performing several other scientific activities (such asthe study of the centre of gravity of solids) see for example Galileorsquos letter to Federico Cesi 5 January 1613 (inOG 11 no 827 pp 459ndash461) and the many observations recorded in OG 3 pp 446 448 452ndash453 Finallyin Arcetri Galileo worked for several years on Two New Sciences as well as performing many astronomicalobservations (discovering the librations of the moon for example see Galileo to Alfonso Antonini 20 February1638 in OG 17 no 3684 pp 291ndash297) responding to objections and discussing at length with BenedettoCastelli about geometrical issues He also spent considerable time on negotiations about his solution to theproblem of longitude with representatives of the United Provinces of Holland and engaged in exchangesequally friendly and critical with Fortunio Liceti See for example Galileorsquos letters to Alfonso Antonini 20February 1638 (in OG 17 no 3684 pp 291ndash297) to Giovanni Battista Baliani 1 August 1638 (in OG 18 no3897 pp 75ndash79) and to Pierre de Carcavi 5 June 1637 (inOG 17 no 3494 pp 88ndash93) and those he receivedfrom Bonaventura Cavalieri 22 July 1634 (in OG 16 no 2968 p 113) and Benedetto Castelli 12 December1637 (inOG 17 no 3618 pp 233ndash234) and 19 August 1639 (inOG 18 no 3905 pp 85ndash86)237 Vincenzo Galilei (1606ndash1649) third-born son of Galileo and Marina Gamba (1570ndash1612) after

Virginia and Livia and the only one he recognized he graduated in law at the University of Pisa on 5 June1628 see OG 19 no 27c pp 427ndash430238 Sestilia Bocchineri (d 1669) who married Vincenzo Galilei on 28 January 1629



that they could atone for his soul and two guests who were then his table companions onethe sharpest of mathematicians Evangelista Torricelli239 for the last three months the otherfor the last three years the last and thrice fortunate disciple whowaswarmly recommendedto GALILEO by the MOST SERENE FERDINAND II240 and has placed this monument in order toconvey faithfully to his descendants and to posterity the memory of what he had seen in hispreceptor and diligently and safely heard about him from his relatives friends and atten-dants for the education of Christian philosophers With the assent and the command par-ticularly of the MOST SERENE FERDINAND PRINCE of Tuscany by primogeniture lover of thearts and the sciences and most munificent patron241

Imprimatur

Tommaso della Gherardesca Vicar General242

239 Evangelista Torricelli (1608ndash1647) from Faenza240 See Vivianirsquos letter to Abbott Salviati 5 April 1697 in Fabroni op cit (20) vol 2 no 2 pp 6ndash7241 The printed version and the actual inscriptions also offer two other short texts which appear in the two

scagliola cartouches on either side of Galileorsquos bust The cartouche on the left presents a bas-relief of a manlooking at Jupiterrsquos satellites with the telescope on the stern of a ship (a reference to Galileorsquos telescopicdiscoveries published in Sidereus Nuncius and to their possible applications in the determination oflongitude) the text reads lsquoEste Duces ocirc si qua via est Virgil AEligneid lib VIrsquo (lsquoBe my guides if any waythere be Vergil Aeneid VI 194rsquo) The second cartouche on the right of the bust above the entrancerepresents a man observing sunspots with a telescope a man watching the (parabolic) course of acannonball and a beam breaking under its own weight the text reads (with obvious references to GalileorsquosOn Sunspots and Two New Sciences) lsquoIn Sole quis credat retectas Arte tua Galilaelige labes URB VIII PMrsquo(lsquoSpots revealed on the Sun who would believe that Thanks to your science Galileo Urban VIII Popersquo)the source is the lsquoAdulatio perniciosarsquo a poem Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (later to become Pope Urban VIIIin 1623) an early admirer of Galileo wrote in celebration of his telescopic discoveries see MaffeoBarberini Poemata Paris Antoine Estienne 1620 pp 46ndash49 (the quotation is from p 47 lines 21ndash22)Cardinal Barberini sent Galileo the poem on 28 August 1620 attached to a letter expressing his profoundadmiration and consideration for Galileorsquos work see OG 13 no 1479 pp 48ndash49 We also have a fewletters Cardinal Barberini and Galileo exchanged in June 1612 praising the discovery of sunspots In theprinted version these two quotes are introduced respectively by lsquoIn Diaglyptico Phrenoschemate Grsquo (lsquoIn thecarved emblem Grsquo) and lsquoIn Diaglyptico Phrenoschemate Hrsquo (lsquoIn the carved emblem Hrsquo) The adjectivediaglypticus is loan from the Greek διάγλυπτος lsquocarvedrsquo For the translation of phrenoschema seeAlessandro Donati Ars Poetica Rome Guglielmo Facciotti 1631 pp 378ndash388 (Book 3 Chapter XXXIIlsquoFigurata Epigrammata vulgograve Impresiaeligrsquo) and Athanasius Kircher Œdipvs AEliggyptiacus Hoc Est UniversalisHieroglyphicae Veterum Doctrinae Temporum Iniuria Abolitae Instavratio 3 vols Rome Vitale Mascardi1652ndash1654 vol 2(1) pp 7ndash8 (Chapter II lsquoDe Emblemate amp Impresia siue Phrenoschematersquo) The twobas-reliefs designed by Foggini are also cast in a bronze medal c1680 on one side Galileorsquos profile on theother besides the symbolic images in the second cartouche a representation of a pendulum and of free fall aswell as of Jupiterrsquos satellites the phases of the Moon and Venus and a comet On the side with Galileorsquosprofile we read the inscription lsquoGALILEVS LYNCEVSrsquo (lsquoGalileo Lynceanrsquo) on the opposite side theinscriptions lsquoNATVRAMQVE NOVATrsquo (lsquoRenovator of Naturersquo) and lsquoMEMORIAElig OPTIMIPRAEligCEPTORIS VINC VIVIANIVSrsquo (lsquoTo the memory of the Greatest of Preceptors from Vincenzo Vivianirsquo)See OGA 1 M4 pp 520ndash521242 Tommaso Bonaventura (1654ndash1721) member of the noble Florentine family of Della Gherardesca

After graduating in utroque iure at the University of Pisa in 1679 he was appointed metropolitan canon ofFlorence later to become Dean of the Chapter and Vicar General (on 5 October 1700) In 1691 he wasappointed auditor of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Nunciature In 1703 he became Bishop of Fiesole andone year later Archbishop of Florence following the sudden death of Leone Strozzi

46 Stefano Gattei


On behalf of the Most Reverend Father Inquisitor General of the Florentine Administration letthe Reverend Father Master Antonio Francesco Cioppi of the Conventual Minors Consultantof this Holy Office carefully peruse the present book titled Vincentii Vivianihellip and reportwhether it might be granted publication

Written in the Holy Office of Florence on 9 August 1701

Friar Lucio Agostino Cecchini from Bologna of the Conventual Minors Vicar General of theHoly Office of Florence

I Friar Antonio Francesco Cioppi on behalf of His Most Reverend Father thoroughly andcarefully read and did not find anything against the law of God and good morals whereforeI consider this book suitable for publication

I Friar Antonio Francesco Cioppi Consultant of the Holy Office of Florence wrote this withmy own hand

Having carefully considered the report above let it be printed


Imprimatur Filippo Buonarroti Senator Auditor of His Royal Highness243

243 Filippo Buonarroti (1661ndash1733) A learned intellectual and archaeologist great-great-grandson ofMichelangelorsquos brother he was the son of Leonardo Buonarroti and Ginevra Martellini daughter of EsaugraveMartellini the owner of Villa Il Gioiello Galileorsquos house in Arcetri See Anton Francesco Gori lsquoNotizieStoriche ed Annotazionirsquo in Condivi op cit (222) pp 87ndash124 95ndash99 Gori (op cit p 95) describes Esaugrave(not to be confused with his son Esaugrave brother of Ginevra) as lsquoone of the most renowned pupils of Galileorsquo



Appendix

Figures 6ndash21 Palaeographic analysis details from Galileorsquos manuscripts in the BibliotecaNazionale Centrale Florence and from Ms 4949 Wellcome Library London

48 Stefano Gattei


Galileos legacy a critical edition and translation of the manuscript of Vincenzo Vivianis Grati Animi Monumenta

Vivianis Racconto Istorico (1654)


The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath

London Wellcome Library Ms 4949 Critical edition and annotated translation of the Latin text Editorial note

[2r]A46

Aedes a47 Deo dataelig Ludouici Magni Inclyti Regis Christianissimi honorificis munificentijs comparataelig ac denuo constructaelig

B D OthinspM Viator

C

Galilaeligus Lyncaeligus aeligtatis Annorum IIL Quem Astra Mare ac Tellus53 complexum mente profunda Credibile in solo cernere cuncta Deo54

D


E Galilaeo inquam de Galilaeis

F

A

A house given by God purchased and renovated thanks to the honorable generosity of the Glorious and Most Christian King Louis the Great182

B

To God the Almighty Greetings wayfarer

C

Galileo Lyncean185 aged 48 who embraced the stars the sea and the Earth with his profound mind is plausibly seeing all these in God alone

D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F

Florence immeasurably dear to God more than any other cities rise grateful and rejoicing

however but in the tiny vestry of a chapel on the right-hand side of the transept Giventhe circumstances no grand ceremony was held nor were official speeches or commem-orations delivered the casket was accompanied by Galileorsquos son Vincenzo the parishpriest of San Matteo in Arcetri Galileorsquos last pupil Vincenzo Viviani EvangelistaTorricelli and a few relatives The Grand Duke was in Pisa and did not attend theburial nor did other prominent members of the court or any other dignitaries fromthe city of Florence Needless to say no high representatives of the Church hierarchieswere there eitherThere were good reasons for that of course Galileo died while under house arrest

having been found lsquovehemently suspected of heresyrsquo3 and forced to recant hisCopernican sins Discretion was advised in order not to annoy the Church hierarchieswho could prevent the burial of Galileorsquos body in the basilica In fact as soon asGiordano Bolognetti the Vaticanrsquos nuncio in Florence got to know about the GrandDukersquos plan to have a proper funeral monument erected in Santa Croce he hurried toinform Francesco Barberini ndash Pope Urban VIIIrsquos cardinal-nephew ndash who in turn gaveprecise instructions to Giovanni Muzzarelli the Florence inquisitor Barberinirsquos letteris worth reading in full

Most Reverend Father

Monsignor Assessor read aloud before His Holiness Your Reverencersquos letter announcing thedeath of Galileo Galilei and mentioning what he believed should be done both about the tomband the funeral service Having listened to the opinions of these Most Eminent people HisBeatitude decided that you with your usual adroitness should be sure to let it come to theGrand Dukersquos ears that it is not good to erect mausoleums to the corpse of someone whowas sentenced by the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition and died while enduring the sentencebecause decent people might be scandalized to the detriment of His Highnessrsquos piety But incase you could not prevent this plan you should pay attention that the epitaph or inscriptionwhich will be placed on the tomb should not include words that might offend this Tribunalrsquosreputation And you should treat him who will deliver the funeral eulogy similarly too payingattention to read and examine it carefully before it is delivered or printed His Holiness entruststhe wise discretion of Your Reverence with sorting out this matter And may God preserve you

From Rome 25 January 1642As the brother of Your Reverence

Cardinal Barberini4

3 Sergio Pagano I Documenti Vaticani del Processo di Galileo Galilei (1611ndash1741) new augmentedrevised and annotated edn Vatican City Archivio Segreto Vaticano 2009 no 114 p 164 lsquovehementesospetto drsquoheresiarsquo4 OG 18 no 4197 pp 379ndash380 lsquoMolto Reverendo Padre Da Monsignor Assessore egrave stata letta avanti la

Santitagrave di N Signore la lettera di V Rev in cui gli dava avviso della morte di Galileo Galilei e accennava ciograve chesi crede debba farsi et intorno al suo sepolcro et allrsquoossequio e S Beatitudine col parere di questi mieiEminentissimi ha risoluto che ella con la sua solita destrezza procuri di far passare allrsquoorecchie del GranDuca che non egrave bene fabricare mausolei al cadavero di colui che egrave stato penitentiato nel Tribunale dellaSanta Inquisitione et egrave morto mentre durava la penitenza perchegrave si potrebbono scandalizzare i buoni conpregiuditio della pietagrave di S Altezza Ma quando pure non si potesse distornare cotesto pensiero dovragrave ellaavvertire che nellrsquoepitafio o inscrittione che si porragrave nel sepolcro non si leggano parole tali che possanooffendere la riputazione di questo Tribunale La medesima avvertenza dovragrave pur ella havere con chi reciteragravelrsquooratione funerale procurando di vederla e considerarla ben prima che si reciti o si stampi Nel savio

2 Stefano Gattei


















4 Stefano Gattei


















6 Stefano Gattei



The printed version














8 Stefano Gattei





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























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F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














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B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











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38 Stefano Gattei
















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42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


















4 Stefano Gattei


















6 Stefano Gattei



The printed version














8 Stefano Gattei





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













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16 Stefano Gattei
















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Italianism


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18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























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22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















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F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














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C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










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F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


















6 Stefano Gattei



The printed version














8 Stefano Gattei





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F



The printed version














8 Stefano Gattei





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F








8 Stefano Gattei





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F





C












10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F






10 Stefano Gattei















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























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F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













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48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

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[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F















The manuscript






12 Stefano Gattei













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



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20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









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24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























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F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F













14 Stefano Gattei
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F
















16 Stefano Gattei
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F
















Italianism






Italianism


Italianism




Italianism




18 Stefano Gattei


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


129 prepetua W



Trivialization


























20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F












20 Stefano Gattei























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













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48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F























22 Stefano Gattei









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F









The aftermath








24 Stefano Gattei




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F




Sigla







[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


[2r]A46



BD OMViator



C



D






26 Stefano Gattei





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F





















28 Stefano Gattei























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F























30 Stefano Gattei





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F





F















32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F








32 Stefano Gattei



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F



[7v]Imprimatur173














A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


A


B



C



D

To Galileo Galilei






34 Stefano Gattei











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F











disc188








36 Stefano Gattei



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F



















38 Stefano Gattei
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F
















E209










40 Stefano Gattei

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F

















F







42 Stefano Gattei



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F



















44 Stefano Gattei








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F








Imprimatur





46 Stefano Gattei













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F













Appendix


48 Stefano Gattei





The printed version

The manuscript

The aftermath


[2r]A46


B D OthinspM Viator

C


D



F

A


B


C


D

To Galileo Galilei

E209


F


Galileo of the manuscript of Vincenzo Viviani s Grati ...€¦ · the time of his death (1642)...

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Transcript of Galileo of the manuscript of Vincenzo Viviani s Grati ...€¦ · the time of his death (1642)...