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![Page 1: Galaxies The basic structural unit of matter in the universe is the galaxy A galaxy is a collection of billions of _____________, gas, and dust held together.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070605/5a4d1ad07f8b9ab059971431/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Galaxies• The basic structural unit of matter in the
universe is the galaxy• A galaxy is a collection of billions of
_____________ , gas, and dust held together by ____________________
• An average galaxy will have over ___________________________ stars
starsgravity100 billion
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Galaxies• Galaxies are classified by their shape• The three most common shapes are:– ________________________ (football shaped)– ________________________– ________________________**based on the speed at which they rotate
EllipticalIrregularSpiral
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Milky Way Galaxy
• Our solar system is part of a ________________ galaxy called the Milky Way Galaxy
• The Milky Way galaxy has about _________ billion stars
• It is rotating very ___________
spiral200
fast
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Milky Way Galaxy2 main spiral
“arms”
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Stars
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•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5az0W4Y1nuU
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Stars• The majority of the visible matter in the
universe is made up of gas clouds, dust, and ____________
• Definition:– A star is a large ball of __________ held together by
gravity– Stars produce tremendous amount of
________________ and shine
starsgas
energy
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Stars• The majority of the visible matter in the
universe is made up of gas clouds, dust, and ____________
• Definition:– A star is a large ball of __________ held together by
gravity– Stars produce tremendous amount of
________________ and shine
starsgas
energy
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Sun• The star associated with the Earth and the
rest of our Solar System is called the ________• The Sun is the main gravitational ____________
holding the Solar System together• Most stars have a solar system revolving
around it
Sunforce
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Energy in Stars
• Stars produce a tremendous amount of energy!
• Stars create energy as a result of nuclear fusion in their ___________cores
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Nuclear Fusion• Nuclear Fusion is the process of combining
the nuclei of two ____________________________ to create an atom with one larger nuclei
smaller atoms
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v
Nuclear Fusion• What is a nucleus?– Dense region at the center of an atom that
consists of _______________ and __________________
• Let’s look at an atom of Hydrogen!protons neutrons
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Nuclear Fusion• Below is an atom of Hydrogen:
How many protons are in the nucleus?
1!
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Nuclear Fusion• During Nuclear Fusion, two Hydrogen atoms
will be combined to form an atom with 2 protons in its nucleus
+ =
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Nuclear Fusion• During the combination of nuclei, some of
the ____________ left over is converted into _________________
• Our Sun converts hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei similar to the example
massenergy
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Nuclear Fusion• Nuclear Fusion can only occur in extremely
high ________________________ and high ____________________ conditions
temperaturepressure
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• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=nuclear+fusion+in+stars+youtube&qpvt=nuclear+fusion+in+stars+youtube&FORM=VDRE#view=detail&mid=97FD5A55FA8317BCF55597FD5A55FA8317BCF555
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Star Classification• Stars are classified by two main conditions:
1. Surface Temperature2. Luminosity
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Surface Temperature• The differences of surface temperature of
stars is reflected by their ______________
Think about a candle flame, the hottest part is the closest to the wick – which is blue!
The same pattern can be seen with stars. The hotter the star, the bluer it appears. Less hot stars are more yellow/orange.
color
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Luminosity• Luminosity is the ___________________ of a star• However, when we observe distant stars
from Earth, we are seeing its apparent brightness, not its luminosity
• The farther the star is away from us, the __________ bright it will appear
brightness
less
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Characteristics of Stars
• Reference Table – Page 15!• Characteristics of Stars
1. Look at the X axis, what is the variable? What is it measured in?
2. Look at the Y axis, what is the variable? 3. As you increase along the X axis, what
happens to temperature?
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Characteristics of Stars
4. Which star is more luminous – Alpha Centauri or Rigel?5. Which star has a higher surface temperature – Spica or Polaris?6. Read what’s in the parenthesis under
Luminosity – explain why this is so.7. Find Polaris on the table. Does it have a high
luminosity? Is this what you would have expected?
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Characteristics of Stars
8. What is the approximate color of Procyon B?
9. Is there any relationship between luminosity and color of the star?
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Star Types• There are 5 main types of stars:– Main Sequence Stars– Giant Stars– Super Giants– White Dwarfs– Black Dwarfs
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Main Sequence• About 90% of all stars are Main Sequence stars• Main Sequence stars are generally average
_____________• For all Main Sequence stars, as surface
temperature starts to increase, luminosity also _________________
• Most stars spend the majority of their life as Main Sequence stars
size
increases
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Main Sequence• The increase in luminosity that Main
Sequence stars go through is a result of its increasing ________________________
• Our Sun is a Main Sequence star of ____________ color
temperatureyellow
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Giant Stars• Giant Stars are often referred to as “The Red
Giants” because of their _________________________________ coloring
• These stars are extremely large! (about 10x the diameter of the Sun)
• They have an extremely high __________________ but a low temperature
red and orange
luminosity
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Super Giants• Super Giant Stars can be anywhere from 100
to __________ times the diameter of the Sun!• These stars are extremely luminous • Super Giants usually explode in a tremendous
event called a _______________________• In order for a star to eventually become a
Super Giant, it must have started out much larger than the Sun
supernova
1000
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White Dwarfs• White Dwarfs are _____________!• They are usually about the size of the Earth• White Dwarfs can be anywhere from white
to _________ in color• They are very hot but ________ in luminosity• Represent the last luminous stage of a star
small
lowblue
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Black Dwarfs• When a White Dwarf cools and no longer
emits any ______________-, it is considered a “dead” star – or a Black Dwarf
• These stars have stopped nuclear fusion and no longer produce any nuclear energy
• They are extremely ____________
energy
dense
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Life of a Star• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM9CQDlQI0A
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Life Cycle of Stars• Stars, like many objects on Earth, have a
beginning, an _________________ of features, and an ending
• Just like us, stars are ___________
evolution“born”
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Star Birth• Stars originate from clouds of __________ and
gas molecules• These star forming clouds are called
__________________
dust
nebulas
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Nebulas• Nebulas were created from the masses of
_________________ that were released during the Big Bang
• Eventually, some of the gas and dust particles in a nebula will begin to _____________ together
• As these clumps gain more mass, they build up a stronger __________________________ pull that causes more and more matter to be sucked into it
matter
clumpgravitational
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Nebulas• Once this mass gains enough size (reaches
about the size of Jupiter), the gravitational pull results in high enough _____________________ and ___________________ to start nuclear fusion!
• The ball then begins to _____________ as it radiates energy --- thus, a star is born!
temperaturepressure
shine
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Nebulas
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Main Sequence• Every star begins its journey on the Main
Sequence after it is created in a nebula• All stars spend most of their lives as a Main
Sequence star• These stars will range greatly in their
__________,which will affect the rest of their livesmass
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Smaller Stars• Stars with a mass similar to our Sun and
smaller will spend billions of years as a Main Sequence star and eventually will become a _____________________
• As these stars age, they get ______________ and more ___________________
Red Gianthotter
luminous
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Smaller Stars• After billions of years, these stars eventually
use up most of their nuclear fuel used for ____________ and collapse to form a __________________________
• They will then slowly die as they run out of nuclear fuel completely and become a ________________________
fusionWhite DwarfBlack Dwarf
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Smaller Stars• These Black Dwarfs are extremely ____________
and have a very strong gravitational pull• However, they no longer emit any __________
because nuclear fusion has stopped
denselight
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Smaller StarsGas and
dust cloud - Nebula
Main Sequence Star Red Giant
Red Super Giant
White Dwarf
Black Dwarf
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Larger Stars• Larger stars are any star that is ________times
the mass of our Sun• These stars exist for much _______________
periods of time (approximately 100 million years)
• These stars start as very ___________ Main Sequence stars
1.5shorter
large
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Larger Stars• Next, they become _________________________• They eventually ___________________ in an event
called a Supernova
Super Giantsexplode
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Larger Stars• A supernova is a stellar __________________• When nuclear fusion no longer takes place in
the stars core, the core _________________ and releases a huge about of energy
• A Supernova will occur about once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way – which means they occur about every second in the universe!
explosioncollapses
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Larger Stars• During a Supernova, the star _____________
collapses, forming a mass much smaller than a White Dwarf
• They get so small and ____________ that only neutrons can exist – these are called _________________________
rapidly
denseNeutron Stars
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Larger StarsGas and
dust cloud - Nebula
Main Sequence Star
Red Super Giant
Supernova
Neutron Star
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HUGE Stars• When the most massive stars collapse, the
______________ is so large that an extreme gravity field is created
• No ____________ or any form of energy can escape
• This is called a _____________________
densitylight
Black Hole