G-HIS 01 Handouts

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G-HIS 01 | PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2 nd Semester, SY 2010 – 2011 TOPIC: INSTRUMENTS OF PACIFICATION Definition: (Source: Merriam-Webster Dictionary) PACIFICATION means – a. the act or process of pacifying : the state of being pacified b. the act of forcibly suppressing or eliminating a population considered to be hostile INTRODUCTION: The early years of the Spanish colonization saw the Philippines in the middle of a war between Spain and bitter rivals, Portuguese and Dutch. Series of attacks was experienced by the Philippine islands coming from both parties since our country served as a primary basement for Spanish military operations. To finance Spain’s trek towards the rivals, the tribute (tax) and forced labor were implemented to beef up the Spanish forces. TIMELINE: 1567: Governor-General Legazpi was asked to leave Cebu by the Portuguese, claiming that the Spaniards were “violating” Portugal’s rights in the area. 1568: Under the command of Gen. Gonzalo de Pereira, the Portuguese attacked Cebu and blockaded its harbor. In the same year, the eight years war began to wage between Spain and Netherlands. 1570: Another attempt to attack Cebu was done by the Portuguese forces but turned out to be repulsed. 1580: The fusion of Spanish and Portuguese forces led to a halt on the harassments against each other. 1600 – 1647: The Dutch charged to the Philippine waters and attacked Spain. 1648: The Treaty of Westphalia put an end to the eighty years war between Spain and Netherlands. THE TRIBUTE: - collected from all Filipinos from 19 – 60 years old. - EXEMPTIONS: a. incumbent gobernadorcillos b. cabezas and their families c. government employees d. soldiers with distinguished service e. descendants of Lakandula and a few other native chieftains f. choir members g. sacristans h. porters of the churches i. government witnesses - May be paid in cash or in kind (partly or wholly) - The tribute collectors often abuse their power to collect taxes. - Evolution of Tribute Cash Amounts: 1570’s: 8 reales 1851: 12 reales 1874: 14-15 reales (Conversion: I real = 12.5 centavos) - In 1884, tribute was replaced by cedula personal (residence tax). FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO): - Drafted laborers (polistas) are Filipino or Chinese male mestizos aging 16 – 60 years old - Obliged to offer personal service to community projects for forty days a year, beginning 1580 - One can be exempted by paying the falla 1 which amounts to 1.5 reales daily during the 40-day period - The working period is commonly coincident with the planting and harvesting seasons which brought negative effects to the village economy. - Salary according to Polo regulations: ¼ real per day plus rice (commonly, drafted laborers were seldom paid by the government) LIMITATIONS: - Polistas are not allowed to be brought to a distant place. - The government should not use polistas when the Chinese labor volunteers are available. - In 1884, the no. of labor days in the polo y servicio system was reduced to 15. BANDALA: 2 1 The word falla was a Spanish term which means “absence”/ “absence from work” COURSE SCHEDULE | T/F (8:30 – 10:00 AM) 1

Transcript of G-HIS 01 Handouts

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G-HIS 01 | PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2nd Semester, SY 2010 – 2011

TOPIC: INSTRUMENTS OF PACIFICATION

Definition: (Source: Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

PACIFICATION means – a. the act or process of pacifying : the state of being pacified b. the act of forcibly suppressing or eliminating a population

considered to be hostile

INTRODUCTION:The early years of the Spanish colonization saw the Philippines in the middle of a war between Spain and bitter rivals, Portuguese and Dutch. Series of attacks was experienced by the Philippine islands coming from both parties since our country served as a primary basement for Spanish military operations.

To finance Spain’s trek towards the rivals, the tribute (tax) and forced labor were implemented to beef up the Spanish forces.

TIMELINE:

1567: Governor-General Legazpi was asked to leave Cebu by the Portuguese, claiming that the Spaniards were “violating” Portugal’s rights in the area.

1568: Under the command of Gen. Gonzalo de Pereira, the Portuguese attacked Cebu and blockaded its harbor. In the same year, the eight years war began to wage between Spain and Netherlands.

1570: Another attempt to attack Cebu was done by the Portuguese forces but turned out to be repulsed.

1580: The fusion of Spanish and Portuguese forces led to a halt on the harassments against each other.

1600 – 1647: The Dutch charged to the Philippine waters and attacked Spain.

1648: The Treaty of Westphalia put an end to the eighty years war between Spain and Netherlands.

THE TRIBUTE:- collected from all Filipinos from 19 – 60 years old.- EXEMPTIONS:

a. incumbent gobernadorcillosb. cabezas and their familiesc. government employeesd. soldiers with distinguished servicee. descendants of Lakandula and a few other native chieftainsf. choir membersg. sacristansh. porters of the churchesi. government witnesses

- May be paid in cash or in kind (partly or wholly)- The tribute collectors often abuse their power to collect taxes.- Evolution of Tribute Cash Amounts:

1570’s: 8 reales1851: 12 reales1874: 14-15 reales(Conversion: I real = 12.5 centavos)

- In 1884, tribute was replaced by cedula personal (residence tax).

FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO): - Drafted laborers (polistas) are Filipino or Chinese male mestizos

aging 16 – 60 years old- Obliged to offer personal service to community projects for forty

days a year, beginning 1580- One can be exempted by paying the falla1 which amounts to 1.5

reales daily during the 40-day period- The working period is commonly coincident with the planting and

harvesting seasons which brought negative effects to the village economy.

- Salary according to Polo regulations: ¼ real per day plus rice (commonly, drafted laborers were seldom paid by the government)

LIMITATIONS:- Polistas are not allowed to be brought to a distant place.- The government should not use polistas when the Chinese

labor volunteers are available.- In 1884, the no. of labor days in the polo y servicio system was

reduced to 15.

BANDALA:2

- instituted by Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera during the first half of the 17th century

- defined as the annual enforced sale of goods/products to the government at a certain given quota.

- Common products sold to the government are rice and other agricultural products.

- Promissory notes were given to the native sellers when the government has “an inability to finance its expenses.” Because of this practice, the Spanish government’s debt jacked up to millions of pesos. Pampanga was one of the provinces suffered from this cruelty.

SPANIARD’S DEBT TO KAPAMPANGANS

YEAR DEBT AMOUNT1610 – 1616 Php 70,000

1660 Php 200,000

- The government’s refusal to pay their debt caused the Kapampangans, under the leadership of Maniago, to spark a revolution.

DIVIDE AND RULE:- A concept from Roman military principle – divide et impera.- This strategy was used by Spain to recruit natives for the expansion

of its military operations against its rivals.- It was also used to quell uprisings from one region with natives

from another.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1The word falla was a Spanish term which means “absence”/ “absence from work”2 The word bandala, according to the friar-linguists Juan de Noceda and Pedro de San Lucar,

was a Tagalog term which meant ‘purchase.’

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Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. Constantino, R. (1975). A Past Revisited: The Philippines Volume 1. Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services.

PREPARED BY:

JERICA ANE P. PIGAO TIMOTHY JAMES L. CIPRIANOTOPIC: MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

INTRODUCTION:The blood compact between Legazpi and Sicatuna signified eternal friendship that solemnized the fusion between the Philippines and Spain. However, the powerful interference of the monastic powers all over the Philippine Islands continues to make the consolidation of both parties difficult. But how did it started? What makes the monastic orders supreme over the Spanish government in terms of political, economic, socio-cultural and religious aspect?

THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATEThe seed in which the understanding between the pope in Rome and king of Spain began to grow by the virtue of the Patronato Real de las Indias (Royal Patronage). Under this, the king, as the patron of the Church, should observe the following provisions stipulated by the pope:

a. The King of Spain should oversee the activities done by the religious orders to strengthen the expansion of Christianity around the world.

b. The power of determining the limits of the mission territories and in the assignment of missionaries.

c. The duty to protect the missionaries and support for their financial and other expenses.

This partnership struggle of the King of Spain with the pope gave rise to the fusion of the church and state. To gain the jurisdiction and control over the Spanish clergy, the king granted lands and other personal privileges to the missionaries, including social and economic privileges. In conclusion, the clergy were in the king’s favor, as provided by the rule.

THE MONASTIC DOMINANCE IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS:I. IN THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT:

A. Clerical Ascendancy Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi saw the potentials of

the religious orders to make natives easily follow the teachings of the Church. These circumstances led him to call for more priests in the expansion of the Spanish empire in the Philippines.

As a result, many lined up to apply to become the member of the clergy, thus making this spiritual calling an attractive career and ordination years were reduced.

The opportunity to be wealthy and powerful pushed many to pursue priesthood, degrading the standards of priesthood. After their easy entry to religious orders, the members of the clergy jacked up although many of them continued to pursue their respective professions.

The ideals of mendicant orders gradually lost and devoted themselves in the pursuit of wealth.

B. Mission RivalriesC. Friars vs. Bishops

Friars reject the jurisdiction of the bishops, which caused friction between the two.

Most Illustrious Fray Domingo Salazar, OP (Order of the Preachers) was the first bishop who got a taste of rebellion series from the friars, threatened to abandon the parishes if innovations in the clergy were made.

Since the 16th century, the friars used an effective strategy to resist diocesan visitation.

Manila Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina intervened in the situation, ordered to stop the threats and established an ecclesiastical seminary to train the secular clergymen.

Fear strikes the friars as the secular clergy serves as the threat to their rights in presiding a parish. To keep intact with their respective posts, they forced themselves to submit to the diocesan visitation.

D.Side-lines and Other Abuses The natives were charged numerous fees for all various

occasions, ranging from baptism to burial. They believed that through all these traditional rites, it will lead to the salvation of their souls.

Friars became more self-sufficient by selling rosaries, scapulars and other religious articles.

Corporal punishments were executed by the friars to those who disobey their orders. Whipping is the most common punishment done.

In the case of unmarried girls, they were pressured to report to convent for them to pound rice and sweep church floors. Sometimes, their involvement in sexual activities was very frequent.

As a result, the king of Spain condemned these actions of the clergy and issued a royal decree urging local government authorities to be more vigilant in this very serious situation.

II. IN THE POLITICAL ASPECT:A. Election of Citizens to Municipal Posts:

Clergy has control in presiding elections, decides on whether the natives have the privilege to vote.

The approval of electoral resolutions was done by the clergy through series of reports.

The curate3 is the master of the electoral process.B. Duties of Municipal Officials:

The performance of duties always depends on the parish priests. The gobernadorcillo is the ONLY official that is required to obtain

the parish’s approval for his acts. Any transactions or acts made in a municipality should always

subject under the parish’s approval.C. Education:

One of the common aspirations of the Spanish government and the Filipinos as an instrument of mutual understanding. However, the friars contradicted this idea for it is feared that the natives would cease their loyalty to the monastic colony.

All schools in the Philippine Islands are under the jurisdiction of the clergy.

A Tagalog short story was published by a Franciscan friar named Fr. Miguel Lucio Bustamante, which entitled Si Tandang Bacio Macunat. Based on this story, the fathers’ desire for their children’s education should be discouraged, including learning the Spanish language.

D.Personal Security of Citizens: Security among the citizens is vested upon the monastic powers. According to the Laws of the Indies (Law 7, Title IV, Book III), the

governor-general is granted the power to remove citizens from their respective domiciles if they created a fuss in their provinces.

3 Another term for clergy.

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Because of the power possessed by the friars, they have the ability to exile a citizen from their own homes even without undergoing due process of law.

People who often go to exile are the following: Those who don’t kiss the curate’s hand. Those who can’t pay debts to the friars. Those fathers/husbands of unappealing women.

E. Political Power and Friar Supremacy: The friars’ political power can be concluded in this famous fact:

“In each friar in the Philippines the king had a captain general and a whole army.”

Another demonstration of the friar’s power is stated in this clerical boast: “If the king sends troops here, the Indians will return to the mountains and forests. But if I shut the church doors, I shall have them all at my feet in twenty-four hours.”

F. Official Complaints: Sick and tired of religious abuses, the governor-generals took

their stand and complained about this serious situation. They presented their appeal to the Spanish monarch. Here are some governor-generals who opposed the powers of the friars: Governor-General Dasmariñas in 1592 rallied against the

monastic powers through a letter. Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera made his

objection in increasing the number of the ecclesiastic members in the archipelago. In his letter to the King of Spain, he told that the friars abused their powers by forcing the natives to sell all their agricultural products at the prices imposed.

Both mentioned high officials mentioned the friars overpowered the crown’s representatives.

G.Gubernatorial Casualties: The king’s representatives suffered much from this issue of

monastic supremacy. Here are the few officials laid in the hands of the friars: Governor-General Diego de Salcedo – He was imprisoned

by the Inquistion and died. Governor-General Juan de Vargas – The heat between the

Church and State continues to burst out during his term. When he stepped down, Archbishop Pardo forced him to stand each day for four months with the rope around his neck and sackcloth in his body.

Governor-General Fernando Manuel de Bustamante – He found out that the friars borrowed a huge amount of money from the government and the obras pias. As a result, the highest official’s powers contested with the clergy’s that culminated in the imprisonment of the Archbishop. However, the friars stabbed Bustamante to death.

III. IN THE ECONOMIC ASPECT:A. Property Acquisitions:

A letter by Bishop Domingo Salazar to Governor-General Dasmariñas with regards about acquiring properties in Mexico pushed the friars to own a property in the Philippine Islands for them to be self-sufficient.

This suggestion was addressed by the Dominicans and Augustinians to the King of Spain but it was revoked by the virtue of a royal order, stating that the clergy should not own a property. Then again, Bishop Salazar succeeded in persuading the king to reverse the order.

The pope temporarily exempted the friars from the monastic vows.

B. Mode of Acquisition: Acquisition of property by the friars was done through:

the royal bequest from the King of Spain purchasing of lands from the State

One way on how the clergy is benefited from owning a property is through donations and inheritance from pious Filipinos.

The money used in the purchase of land from the State are the following: church fees trading donations profits gained from harvesting agricultural products

C. From Partners to Landlords: Mortgaging lands were prevalent due to the dependence on the

friar’s capital by the farmers. The reign of King Philip II highlighted the promulgation of a law

stating that the mortgaging of lands is prohibited, but it was ignored by the friars.

In addition, another decree was promulgated which says all lands “WITHIN ONE THOUSAND METERS OF THE PRINCIPAL MARKET PLACE OF EVERY TOWN BELONGS TO THE TOWN RESIDENTS.” However, many pieces of such within the said perimeter became friar lands.

D.Outright Land-Grabbing: Friars expanded their landholdings with the help of the corrupt

surveyors and other government officials. Additional hectares of land were grabbed by the priests and by

the virtue of the titulos reales, they declared themselves as owners.

Protests were made by the natives, but they did not succeed due to their lack of legal evidences.

E. Patterns of Land Tenancy: Inquilinos are appointed to facilitate land activities. Usually, they have sub-tenants or kasama to work on the

agricultural lands. Both inquilinos and kasamas receive harvests, 50% of those are

distributed to each. The functions of the inquilino are much alike with the

gobernadorcillos and cabezas – following orders from their master. (messenger)

Inquilinos are benefited from this exploitation and eventually became landholders too.

F. Seeds of Discontent: The friar’s possession of large estate by questionable means

drew various reactions from the natives, realizing that they are already deprived of their lands.

G.Friar Abuses: The different instruments of pacification (refer to the previous

handouts) intensified the burden of the natives. Suffering among them became more prevalent as friars administered cruelties, corporal punishments, etc. Here are the examples: Tenants are not allowed to use wood, bamboo and rattan

for their personal use. To obtain them, they have to pay the charges to the friars. (Situation in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas)

Small landowners complained about the irrigation system imposed by the friars. They have to comply with their terms if they want to use the rivers for irrigation purposes.4 (Situation in Manila, Cavite and Bulacan)

In Bulacan, natives were deprived of the rights to fish in the rivers, to cut wood and to gather fruits from the forests.

4 Lands passing through rivers are owned by the friars.

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Even carabaos are not allowed in the hills since the friars declared that the land is theirs.

Every year, the rents on the friar lands increases and if the production of agricultural products are abundant, they will force the natives to sell them at a fixed and lower prices. Sometimes, surtax5 was imposed to the trees planted by the tenants.

H.Economic Power: It is impossible for a tenant to complain the abuses of the friars

for they can’t afford the costs to file lawsuits. Besides, do the natives stand a chance against the power of the friars? We don’t know.

The friar’s economic power enhanced political power, and political power was used every time in the expansion of their economic powers.

When the Spanish colonization approaches its end, the friars registered a record of more than 185,000 hectares of land in their possession. Here are some of the lands owned by the different religious orders from the total ownership of 110,000 hectares in the Manila vicinity:

RELIGIOUS ORDER LANDS/ESTATES OWNED

Dominicans

1. Naic, Cavite2. Calamba, Biñan, and Sta.

Rosa, Laguna3. Lomboy, Pandi and Orion,

Bataan

Augustinians

1. Cagayan, Isabela2. Nueva Vizcaya3. Manila, Cavite and

Bulacan (properties)

Recollects1. Imus, Cavite2. Mindoro

Approximate areas of Religious Estates:Manila – 49,293 hectaresBulacan – 15,961 hectaresMorong (Rizal) – 1,999 hectaresBataan – 404 hectaresCagayan – 19,991 hectaresCebu – 6,642 hectaresMindoro – 23,656 hectaresIsabela – 22,838 hectares

Friar Haciendas (areas):Calamba – 16,414 hectares (Rizal’s parents were inquilinos)Pandi – 9,803 hectares

I. Commercial Activities: The friars actively participated in the commercialization of the

Philippine Islands. One of this was the establishment of the obras pias and various foundations which served as the clergy’s source of income. In 1596, Hermandad de la Misericordia, the earliest charitable foundation, was formed.

With the help of those establishments, the commercialization of the archipelago became more successful, including trading ventures with China and India, engagement in different businesses, and the sudden boom of the Galleon trade.

The friars already began engaging in this trade before a royal bequest was promulgated in 1633.

Also, the friars were monopolists in this trade, exercised its power to set prices on goods which will be bought and sold.

J. Conflict over Land Titles The king of Spain ordered the examination of land titles in the

Philippine Islands. In 1578, the royal Crown entrusted this to the governor-general, who happens to be the president of the Royal

5 Additional tax or charge

Audiencia. In 1697, Juan Sierra, an oidor from Mexico, came to the archipelago to take charge of this investigation.

However, upon his arrival and investigation, the friars refused to show them for they claimed to be exempted. But, the decision of the Royal Audiencia brought to the friar’s disfavor.

As a result, they appealed to Archbishop Camacho, but were not successful due to their refusal to submit in the diocesan visitation. The friar’s attention then turned to Bishop Gonzales. Although he’s in favor with them, the Royal Audiencia overruled their appeal.

In the years later, after various changes in the oidores to turn to the friar’s favor, it came to their realization that those officials refused to tangle with them.

In addition, there was a friction occurred between the pope and the religious orders with regards about their refusal to surrender themselves under the bishop’s jurisdiction. The latter claimed that they were under the exclusive authority of their respective superiors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

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Constantino, R. (1975). A Past Revisited: The Philippines Volume 1. Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services. Del Pilar, M. H. (1898). Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines (English Version, Translated by Encarnacion Alzona). Calle Echague, Manila: Imprenta De

Don Juan Atayde.

PREPARED BY:

JERICA ANE P. PIGAO TIMOTHY JAMES L. CIPRIANO

TOPIC: RESISTANCE AGAINST THE SPANISH RULE

THE 15TH CENTURY REVOLTS:

Dayami Revolt (1567)The Dayami Revolt was a revolt against Spanish colonial rule led by the Filipino rebel, Dayahi, in the island of Mactan in the Philippines, in 1567.

Lakandula and Suleiman Revolt (1574)The Lakandula and Suleiman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt, was an uprising in 1574 against Spanish colonial rule led by Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Manila. The revolt occurred in the same year that the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked the palisaded yet poorly-defended enclosure of Intramuros. This Revolt was caused by losing Sulayman and Lakandula's kingdom when they were persuaded by Adelantado Legazpi to accept Spanish sovereignty on the promise that their people would be well-treated by the Spaniards...

Pampangenos Revolt (1585)The Pampangenos Revolt was an uprising in 1585 by some native Kapampangan leaders who resented Spanish landowners, or encomienderos who had deprived them of their historical land inheritances as tribal chiefs. The revolt included a plot to storm Intramuros, but the conspiracy was foiled before it could begin after a Filipino woman married to a Spanish soldier reported the plot to the Spanish authorities. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera, and the leaders of the revolt were arrested and summarily executed.

Conspiracy of the Maharllikas (1587-1588)The Conspiracy of the Maharllikas, or the Tondo Conspiracy, of 1587-1588, was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the kin-related noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan. The datus swore to revolt by anointing their necks with a split egg. The uprising failed when they were denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes.

Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)The Revolts Against the Tribute occurred in the present-day provinces of Cagayan, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur in 1589. The natives, which included Ilocanos, Ibanags and others, rose in revolt over alleged abuses by tax collectors, including the collection of unjust taxes. Governor-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify the rebels. They were eventually pardoned, and the Philippine tax system was reformed.

A. Dingras Revolt - The Dingras Revolt or the Ilocos Norte Revolt, part of the Revolts Against The Tribute, was a revolt in 1589 against Spanish colonial rule in Dingras, in the province of Ilocos Norte, in the Philippines. It was caused by unjust taxation and alleged abuses by tax collectors sent by the Spanish colonial government. It began when the local people killed six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera to quell the uprising. The rebels were eventually pardoned, and reforms on the Philippine tax system were made.

B. Cagayan Revolt - The Cagayan Revolt, or the First Cagayan Revolt, part of the Revolts Against The Tribute, was a revolt in 1589 against Spanish colonial rule in Cagayan, in the Philippines. It was caused by unjust taxation and alleged abuses by tax collectors sent by the Spanish colonial government. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera to quell the uprising. The rebels were eventually pardoned, and reforms on the Philippine tax system were made.

Magalat Revolt (1596)The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in 1596, led by Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish. He was later released after some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother, he urged the entire country to revolt. He was said to have committed atrocities against his fellow natives for refusing to rise up against the Spaniards. He soon controlled the countryside, and the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged.

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The Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels, and captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated within his fortified headquarters by his own men.

THE 17TH CENTURY REVOLTS:

Igorot Revolt (1601)By order of then Governor-General Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán an expedition was sent to the Cordillera region for religious conversion purposes with the aid of Fr. Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that time, who tried to initially convince the Igorots to convert peacefully to Christianism. Marin allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary in Igorot dialect to advance this cause. The Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-General sent Captain Aranda with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops, who used brute force and had the Igorot villages burned in his rage for the loss of the friar. The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of extreme measures and executed them quickly to dispel the revolt in the Cordillera region. Tsaynese revolt of 1602In 1602, the Tsaynese inhabitants of Manila set fire to Legarda and Binondo and for a time threatened to capture Intramuros.

Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)The Tamblot Revolt or Tamblot Uprising was a religious uprising in the island of Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually governed the island and converted the Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow Boholanos to return to the old native religion of their forefathers.[7]

The revolt began on the day when the Jesuits were in Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St. Francis Xavier. It was finally crushed on New Year's Day, in 1622.

Bancao Revolt (1621-1622)The Bancao Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao, the datu of Carigara , in the present-day Carigara Philippine province of Leyte. Bancao had warmly received Miguel López de Legazpi as his guest, when he first arrived in the Philippines in 1565. Although baptized as a Christian in his youth, he abandoned his faith in later years. With a babaylan, or religious leader named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local goddess, and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used magic to attract followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by hurling bits of earth at them. Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops, to suppress the rebellion. Bancao's severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed to the public as a stern warning. One of his sons was also beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the stake. Three other followers were executed by firing squad. Other historical sources/accounts reports The Bancao Revolt as the first recorded uprising against foreign colonization. The (1621–1622) dates may be inaccurate. Carigara was evangelized only a decade after Magellan landed in Limasawa in 1521. The uprising may well have taken place towards the end of 16th century.

Itneg Revolt (1625-1627)The Itneg Revolt, or the Mandaya Revolt, was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Miguel Lanab and Alababan, two Christianized Filipinos from the Itneg or Mandaya tribe of Capinatan, in northwestern Cagayan, in the Philippines. The region is now part of the landlocked province of Apayao. Miguel Lanab and Alababan murdered, beheaded and mutilated two Dominican missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and Brother

Onofre Palao, who were sent by the Spanish colonial government to convert the Itneg people to Christianity. After cutting Father Garcia's body into pieces, they fed his flesh to a herd of pigs. Afterwards, they compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate Christian images, set fire to the local churches, and escape with them to the mountains.In 1626, Governor-General anjanette de Silva sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to suppress the rebellion. They destroyed farms and other sources of food to starve the Itnegs, and forced them to surrender in 1627.

Cagayan Revolt (1639)As a result of the British invasion and the revolutionary propaganda of Silang and Palaris, the flames of rebellion spread to Cagayan. The people of Ilagan proclaimed their independence on February 2, 1763, defying the tribute collectors and Spain. The insurrection spread to Cabagan and Tuguegarao. Under their chieftains named Dabo and Juan Marayac, the rebels committed various acts of violence on the Spanish officials and the friars. But the revolt did not last long, for Don Manuel de Arza and his loyal Filipino troops came and quelled it.The leaders were executed.

Ladia Revolt (1643)Ladia was a Bornean and a descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643. At that time, the Filipinos were suffering from oppression and he thought that it was about time that they stage an uprising. This was despite the fact that a parish priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon his capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed.

Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50)In the today the town of Palapag in Northern Samar, Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo system being undertaken in Samar.

This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Juan Ponce Sumuroy. The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their polo. However, under orders of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, Samarnons were being sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their polo, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of the Visayas, especially in places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines and parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A free government was also established in the mountains of Samar.

The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big setback to the revolt. His trusted co conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for freedom with greater vigor but in one of a fierce battles several years later, he was wounded, captured and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards together with his seven key lieutenants, one of who was the great great grandfather of current Northern Samar Governor Raul Daza. The capture of Dula marked the end of the revolt in its operational center in Northern Samar but the sporadic skirmises and hatred with the Spanish authorities started by Sumuroy and Dula in some parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao continues, and pursued by new faces in the rebellion fronts.This is marked as the beginning of the end of the long Spanish rule in the country.

Maniago Revolt (1660)Maniago Revolt led by Don Francisco Maniago, initially caused by natives' protest against the polo and bandala, later became a struggle to free the natives from Spanish rule. The rebels were weakened by Gov. de Lara's cooperation of Arayat chief Macapagal.

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The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s. It was a revolt against the Spanish during the colonial period and was named after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the religious group because of its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put to the limit and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans. Maniago was very clever and was able to make his fellows believe in the idea of attaining freedom if they revolt. He succeeded not only in the attempt of having his natives believe in his propaganda but also the Pangasineses, Cagayanons and the Ilocanos. But sometimes, Maniago lied and exaggerated his claims. He once told his followers that a group of Pamapangos entered Manila and killed all the Spaniards there. However, he was very confident that he can actually persuade the chieftains of each town in Pampanga to kill the Spaniards and free the province from them. Although their motives were already executed, a Spanish governor named Manrique de Lara was able to neutralize the rebellion by using the "divide and rule" trick. He began with a "show of force" directed at Macabebe, one of the more affluent towns in the province at that time. The Macabebe was intimidated and became friendly towards the Spaniards, who responded in the same way. This strategy was also done to other towns in the province and in the end, Maniago and his followers did not have a choice but to agree in making peace with Governor de Lara. The Governor also tricked Maniago into leaving Manila with a bribe of being appointed as a master of camp in the Pampango regiment in the city. Maniago was never heard from again and according to one account, he was shot months later in Mexico, Pampanga. The Maniago revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards.

Malong Revolt (1660-1661)This revolt was led by Andres Malong, who led some natives in Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spanish government and proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan. However his kingdom was short-lived and soon most of his forces abandoned him, enabling the Spanish forces to capture him and subsequently executed him. Later, Juan dela Cruz Palaris, a native of Binalatongan, led a renewal of the revolt. The Spanish authorities reviewed the demands of the natives and required the alcalde-mayor of Pangasinan to resign. The people of Pangasinan continued their resistance nonetheless, but they finally defeated in March, 1764.

Almazan Revolt (January 1661)A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan auto-proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and executed.

Chinese revolt of 1662Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the famous pirate Koxinga, the garrisons around Manila were reinforced. An increasing anti-Chinese sentiment grew within much of the population. In the end, the invasion did not materialize, but many locals massacred hundreds of Chinese in the Manila area.

Panay Revolt (1663)The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in

the town of Oton. He attracted some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and Filipino colonial troops and their corpses were impaled in stakes.

Sambal Revolt (1681-1683)After suppressing the Malong revolt in Pangasinan, the Spanish moved to exterminate the roots of the rebellion. Chief tumalang ended up converting to Catholicism. The Zambals then killed Rf. Domingo Perez, a Dominican Friar, after which the Spanish sent additional troops and defeated the rebels.

THE 18TH CENTURY REVOLT:

Caragay Revolt (1719)This was led by a Dagupan-born ladino named Caragay who led an uprising in 1719 against the provincial governor (alcalde mayor, in Spanish) who had him flogged for what appeared to be a false accusation of smuggling. Governor Antonio del Valle had Caragay arrested in the village of Nantagalan, northeast of San Jacinto and Mangaldan and flogged. Vowing vengeance, Caragay organized a band of men who hounded the governor until they were able to kill him. Historians view Caragay as a "model" of the revolts of Palaris and Diego Silang. In 1762, Dagupan would be one of the first towns to join the Palaris Revolt against Spain.

Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829)

In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy Revolt was undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and some of his followers. This revolt is unique since it is the only Philippine revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot Uprising before it, it is not a complete religious rebellion.After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died, the local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Christian burial, since dueling is a mortal sin. The refusal of the priest to give his brother a proper Christian burial eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine history: 85 years. It also led to the establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Ararca, failed to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 troops to Bohol, which was defeated by Palumpong followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well.Francisco Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in 1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano villages: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian and Sevilla (Cabulao).

More Info:

The Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829)

Francisco Dagohoy led the longest revolt against the Spaniards in Philippine history. The revolt took the Spaniards 85 years (1744–1829) to quell. Forced labor was one of the causes of the revolt. But what triggered the decision to rise up in arms against the Spanish authorities in Bohol was the refusal of a Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to Dagohoy's brother.

Initially, Dagohoy was infuriated by the refusal of Father Gaspar Morales to give a Christian burial to his brother who died in service while chasing a

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fugitive who went against Christianity. Because of the said injustice, Dagohoy called upon his fellow Boholanos to raise arms against the oppressors. The rebellion outlasted several Spanish Governors General and several missions.

In 1744, Bohol was ready for another serious insurrection against Spain. In that year, Father Gaspar Morales, the Jesuit curate of Inabanga, ordered Sagarino, a constable, to capture a man who had abandoned his Christian religion. The brave constable pursued the fugitive, but the latter resisted and killed him. His corpse was brought to town. Morales refused to give the constable Christian burial because he had died in a duel and this was banned by the Church.

Francisco Dagohoy, a cabeza de barangay, was the brother of the now deceased constable named Sagarino. When Dagohoy learned about his brother's death, he searched for his brother's body. He found it and brought the remains to Inabanga for a Christian burial. Morales, however, did not agree saying the Sagarino died in a duel. Also, Sagarino did not receive the last rites or the sacrament of extreme unction. Hence, giving him a Christian burial was contrary to religious practices at that time. What complicated the situation was the order of the priest to expose the rotting corpse for about three days in front of Inabanga Church. It is also possible, however, that since the priest refused to grant the request, Dagohoy decided to place the corpse there to force the priest to change his mind. Dagohoy eventually buried his brother without the benefit of a Catholic burial.

These strings of events led Dagohoy to make a vow to correct the wrong done to his brother. In the process, he stopped paying tribute to the Spaniards and refused to render the required "forced" labor. He also called upon his relatives, friends and the other residents to do the same and fight for their freedom.

Being so infuriated with the priest, he instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti, Italian Jesuit curate of Jagna on January 24, 1744. Shortly afterwards, Morales was killed by Dagohoy. The rebellion rolled over the whole island like a tropical typhoon. Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta of Cebu, who exercised ecclesiastical authority over Bohol, tried vainly to mollify the rebellious Boholanos.

The ground was fertile for Dagohoy's call. Around 3,000 Boholanos rallied to his call and joined him in a revolt against Spanish injustice and tyranny. Together with other leading members of the Tagbilaran, Baclayon and Dauis principalia, Dagohoy proclaimed the "Independence of Bohol" in the mountains of Talibon and Inabanga. The concept of independence, however, might not be applicable at that time. What is most likely is that the revolutionaries stopped submitting themselves to the dictates of the Spanish authorities and decided to move to the mountains where they can live on their own in peace.

Dagohoy defeated the Spanish forces sent against him. He established a free government in the mountains, and had 3,000 followers, which subsequently increased to 20,000. The patriots remained unsubdued in their mountains stronghold, and, even after Dagohoy's death, continued to defy Spanish power.

Up there in the mountains, the revolutionaries established their headquarters, which they fortified with trenches of big rocks, just like the way some upland farmers pile up big rocks on top of one another in their farms. They also built dwellings for their families and cleared up some of the forest areas so that they can plant crops for their subsistence. Since

Dagohoy has experience in leading a community being a cabeza de barangay, it is safe to assume that he set some rules and norms to maintain peace and order in the new community. When the other Boholanos heard about the revolt, they expressed their sympathy by joining the revolutionaries or by supplying them with arms and money.

The Francisco Dagohoy Cave in the town of Danao was the headquarters of Dagohoy. One of the many crystal-studded passages within Dagohoy's cave has an underwater route leading to dry land, and it is said that every time Spaniards would search the cave, Dagohoy would swim underwater through this passage to hide in the breathing space.[4] From time to time, the revolutionaries would raid the coastal towns, assault the Spanish garrisons, loot churches and kill Spaniards. In one of these raids, they killed the cura of Jagna, an Italian Jesuit priest, and Father Morales. Dagohoy fulfilled the promise he made over the grave of his brother and continued to lead the revolt until his death. It is unknown when and how he died. It is probable that he died of old age or sickness a little before or after the 19th century. What is certain is that the revolution did not end with his death.

The Spaniards were not happy with the Dagohoy-led revolt. In fact, there were several attempts to suppress it. The historian Gregorio Zaide has this to say:

“ News of the remarkable success of Dagohoy worried the Spanish authorities in Manila. In 1747 Bishop Juan de Arrechederra, acting Governor-General of the Philippines (1745–1750), dispatched a punitive expedition to Bohol under the command of Don Pedro Lechuga. Commander Lechuga won a few skirmishes but failed to crush the rebellion. In desperation, he sent a commando unit into the mountains to kill or capture Dagohoy, his sister Gracia, and other leaders. The commandos returned empty-handed because they could not penetrate Dagohoy's fortified stronghold. ”

The nationalist historian Renato Constantino also narrated Spanish efforts to quell the revolt. He said:

“ Perhaps the best indication of the importance and the success of this rebellion may be seen in the persistent efforts exerted by both the State and the Church to negotiate with Dagohoy. After the unsuccessful military attempts to suppress the revolt, it was the Church's turn to make the effort. Bishop Espeleta of Cebu tried to persuade the rebels to give up their resistance by promising to secure a general amnesty, to find remedies for the abuses of government officials, and to assign secular priests instead of Jesuits to the Bohol parishes. The rebels refused the offer. ”

The revolt continued. By 1770, five years before the waging of the American War for Independence against Great Britain, there were already about 30,000 revolutionaries in Bohol.

Twenty Spanish governors-general, from Gasper de la Torre (1739–45) to Juan Antonio Martínez (1822–25), tried to quell the rebellion and failed. In 1825, General Mariano Ricafort (1825–30), a kind and able administrator,

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became governor-general of the Philippines. Upon his order, Alcade-mayor Jose Lazaro Cairo, at the head of 2,200 Filipino-Spanish troops and several batteries, invaded Bohol on May 7, 1827. The brave Boholanos resisted fiercely. Alcade-mayor Cairo won several engagements, but failed to crush the rebellion. In April 1828, another Spanish expedition under Captain Manuel Sanz landed in Bohol. After more than a year of hard campaign, he finally subdued the patriots. By August 31, 1829, the rebellion had ceased. Governor Ricafort, with chivalric magnanimity, pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to live in new villages at the lowlands. These villages are now the towns of Batuan, Cabulao, Catigbian, and Bilar.

It was only in April 1828, three years after the arrival of Governor-General Mariano Ricafort, that the Spaniards sent its strongest expedition to Bohol. This is understandable because Spain experienced problems in its other colonies in the 19th century. For instance, the Spanish American colonies revolted in 1810 until 1826, thus severing the link between Acapulco and Manila. It was, therefore, a hard time for Spain. It was no longer a world superpower as it was in the 16th century. And it could not quell the Dagohoy revolution in Bohol.

Probably to help save its face after its defeats from the forces of Dagohoy and its loss of colonies, Spain decided to put an end to the revolt using Spanish and native (like Cebuanos) troops. According to Zaide:

“ Fighting with desperate courage, the indomitable Boholanos resisted the enemy, whose heavy artillery pieces caused much havoc to their fortifications and took a terrible toll of human lives. Wearied by the ceaseless combat, weakened by hunger and thirst, and depleted in numerical strength, they made their last stand in the mountain of Boasa under the command of the valiant brothers, Handog and Auag. In June 1829, they fought their last battle and were crushed by Spain's superior arms. The survivors fled into the forest, where they grimly continued to carry on their hopeless cause. ”

The revolt ended formally on August 31, 1829. Manuel Sanz, commander of the Spanish forces, officially reported that 3,000 Boholanos escaped to other islands, 19,420 surrendered, 395 died in battle, 98 were exiled and around ten thousand revolutionaries were resettled in the areas of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar, Cabulao and Catigbian. These figures all point to the fact that the revolt was widespread in the province. Being the insurrection's indtigator, Dagohoy continued to be a source of inspiration to his comrades even after his death.

Palaris Revolt (1762-1765)On November 3, 1762, with the Spanish at war with Britain and a British invasion of the Philippines in progress, a Pangasinense leader named Juan de la Cruz Palaris (also known as Pantaleon Perez) rebelled against Spanish imposition of the tribute. The revolt lasted two years, spreading across Pangasinan and affecting other provinces. The report ended in 1764, when Spanish forces along with some Ilocanos loyal to Spain led by Manuel de Azar hunted Palaris down and executed him publicly.

More Infos:Immediate causesThe immediate causes of the revolt were the failure of the government to satisfy the petition of the people demanding:

(1) The return of the tributes that had been collected(2) the removal of the schoolmaster and the church officials(3) the removal of the alcalde-mayor of the province, Don Joaquin Gamboa(4) permanence in office for the then master-of-camp of the province, Andres Lopez, a native, and (5) a promise that they be exempted from the payment of the tributes if they go to Jolo to fight the Moros.

The revolt properThe Spanish Force: the Battle of Bayambang (First Battle).

Palaris was prepared to meet the Spanish force. He instructed his men to get ready not to allow the Spanish force from Manila to reach Pangasinan. In a flash, Palaris gave the command to mobilize, in spite of Governor-General Anda's last minute rally to gain their support. They advanced to Bayambang to intercept the enemy there. They built some trenches in the western bank of the Bayambang River in a place called Manambong where they believed their enemies would pass through.

Some hours and perhaps a day or two, had already passed. The rebels were impatient waiting for their enemies. Was the Spanish force coming? Two, and then three more shots were heard. General Antonio of the rebel force went up a tall tree to find out. Verily, the Spanish force was coming. He blew his bugle and the rebels reported to their leader, Palaris. The latter instructed them to line up along the opposite west bank of the Bayambang River and spread themselves. The Spanish force numbering 33 Spaniards and 400 natives headed by Francisco Arayat from Bacolor, finally arrived at the east bank of the river. As the river was impossible to crossed, the Spanish leader detained his men for some time. Then he thought best to send an embassy to the rebels so that they would submit. "If your majesty has muskets, we have cannon."Palaris received the members of the embassy courteously, who accordingly told him of their plan. Immediately he replied (rather haughtily): "If your majesty has muskets, we have cannons." Thereupon, the Spanish commander was compelled to make war on them, attacking them in the trenches which they built with five hundred men equipped with thirty-four muskets and some cannons besides their bows and arrows. The rebels hurled their banner to the breeze accompanied by a hot from a cannon of the caliber of four, and two shots from falconets. Spanish Lieutenant Pedro Hernani, with one sergeant, one corporal, and twenty soldiers began to cross the river on their horses. The rest of the Spanish force was left as a reserve. Lieutenant Pedro Hernani was the first to reach the other bank; but he was at once shot by General Domingo by an arrow which pierced his breast. Lieutenant Hernani, at once returned his deadly blow by a gunshot crashing in at Domingo's temple, and they both died - the heroes of the occasion. The rebel's flagPedro Tagle succeeded Lieutenant Hernani. He shouted at his soldiers not to waver, and the battle was on. It later developed into a hand to hand fight; and the rebels, lacking in military training and equipment began to waver, and they broke. The Spanish force captured their flag which they immediately brought to their commander-in-chief, Francisco Arayat.The rebel flag was two varas long and a trifle more narrow. At each corner was a two-headed eagle, and in the center an escutcheon with its border. Within it were the arms of the Order of St. Dominic. With the rebel flag in their possession, the Spanish force decided to return to Manila, thinking that the rebels were already gone for good never to offer trouble again.

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Palaris saw them leaving, and desirous still to kill some soldiers of the Spanish army, he adroitly crossed the river and attacked them from behind. After killing many of them to his heart's satisfaction he dashed to the thick underbrush and then escaped to join men. The Spanish commander forbore to attack them reiterating that he would act mildly, and he continued his march to Manila.

Preparing for a second battleThe rebels mended their broken fences and reinforced their armaments and ammunition at the west bank of the Bayambang River. For two months, in the early part of 1764, they prepared and waited for another battle. At last news was relayed to then that a formidable Spanish force under Manuel Arza which recently quelled the Silang Revolt in the Ilocos appeared in Mapatalan, San Fabian. It was headed for the rebels' headquarters. Palaris at once sent a reconnoitering force of cavalrymen headed by General Victor Valdez. It was planned that this cavalry force should intercept the Spanish force at Mangaldan, while Palaris, with the rest of his infantry should stay in the barrio of Pias, Sta. Barbara for some strategic reasons.

The reconnoitering force of General Victor Valdez reached Mangaldan as planned. But instead of keeping a close watch on the approach of their enemies, they indulged in merry-making, frolic, and fun. Wine flowed freely, and they drank themselves to sleep. It was about 2:00 o'clock in the morning when they woke up; and the Spanish force was already bombarding Palaris's place at Pias, Sta. Barbara. The Spanish force was able to escape the vigilant watch of the reconnoiters proving that General Victor Valdez was negligent. There was nothing more to do than to mount their horses for the succor of their leader, Palaris. On their way they met a group of fleeing soldiers of the Spanish force who were evidently but by Palaris from the main body of the Spanish army. Victor Valdez' cavalrymen charged upon them and they fled in another direction. They continued their way just the same, and at last they rejoined Palaris's beleaguered force.

The battle dragged on mercilessly, and the ground was already drenched in blood, and dead bodies could be counted by the hundreds. In the wake of the battle, neither force was the victor because there were but few fighting men left on both sides. Pias was converted into a veritable pool of blood. Whatever remained in the battlefield, either corpses or cannons, were ordered thrown into the Sta. Barbara Gorge by Palaris.

Death of General AntonioVictor Valdez's cavalrymen presented themselves to Palaris after the battle, willing to suffer the consequences of their gross military blunder at Mangaldan. Between Valdez and Palaris there was only an understanding of personal friendship; but this time this friendship was hanging on the balance. Palaris received them quietly but indifferently, his eyes were burning with passion and anger. The soldiers remainly only passive and waited for their leader to "cool off." "Where is General Antonio?" was all that he could utter. Somebody informed him that he had been captured by the enemy, helplessly bound in fetters. Surprised, and apprehensive of any untoward development against General Antonio, Palaris immediately sent some of his men to rescue him.

General Antonio was at this time being cross-questioned by the Spanish commandant, under ordeals for any clue leading to the capture of Palaris. His questions were rather pressing and persistent, with a promise of freedom afterward. Would General Antonio tell the name and native town of his leader? It would be plain cowardice and treason on his part, pure and simple. At least, he must tell him the name but not the real one. Palaris was what he told the Spanish commandant, and Mangaldan was his native town. The Spanish commandant was overjoyed with the new

recovery; but instead of giving General Antonio freedom, he had him beheaded, and his body thrown into the river.

The Spanish commandant immediately had the name of Palaris written in big letters on canvas together with the name of his native town, Mangaldan, and exhibited it in a conspicuous place where everybody could see. It was purposely done to facilitate the capture of Palaris. His name and native town were whispered from ear to ear until it was the most popular name in the whole province of Pangasinan at the time. "A fight to the death" at DagupanThe rebels on the other hand were busy fortifying their trenches in Pias, Sta. Barbara, waiting again for the appearance of another force of Spanish soldiers. They were busy manufacturing their poisoned arrows which were then very effective in spelling doom for their enemies. Before long news was flashed to them that an enemy force from the Ilocos entered Dagupan from the sea and that they were headed for the headquarters of the rebels. There was not much time to be lost by this time; and Palaris ordered his men to mobilize.

Within a few minutes they were marching head-long to meet their enemy. At Calasiao, they almost captured the municipal officials who were luckily entrenched in a certain impregnable building. The rebels were however in a hurry, so they left and continued their march to meet their enemy somewhere.

At Dagupan, the two forces clashed, and the battle raged for days until it lasted for one week. Little by little the rebels gave way, retreating until they were on the dead run. Hunger was gripping them and when they reached Calasiao they were almost out of their senses. They crossed the bridge and broke it when they were already on the other bank.

A Spanish commandant locked horns with a rebel chiefThe Spanish force could not press on them further but they were so ingenious and determined that they all plunged into the river and swam to the opposite bank while the rebels kept up the song of their bullets and arrows. A hand to hand fight ensued, but this spelled great disaster for the rebel force.

The Spanish commandant, Manuel Arza met General Victor Valdez, and they grappled like wild beasts. They were masters of their own art, these two leaders. The attention of all soldiers, rebels and Spanish soldiers and volunteers alike, was centered on them. It seemed as if these two combatants would decide the outcome of the day's battle. It was a fight of the century, neither combatant gaining advantage of the other as both of them were well adept in their own craft. A hand, and then a leg rose up to land on the neck and lower extremities of the other, only to be unlocked and to be pushed aside by the other. They clinched again, at this time they rolled down the steep bank of the river down to the abysmal depth of the water below. There was a sepulchral silence. The onlookers were at a loss to explain what would happen next. Two minutes, five minutes, and ten minutes passed without any head to crop up from below. Suddenly, the water turned crimson with human blood punctuated by occasional bubbles here and there. A head appeared - a black head. It was Victor Valdez' head, the rebel general. With him tucked up in his right arm was the lifeless body of the Spanish commandant, with a twisted head. For was Valdez not a strong man? He was the Samson of the rebel forces. Shouts of victory from the rebels' ranks rent the air. Then bang! A shot was fired from the Spanish rank. And down went the swimming body of strong man Valdez. It was the curtain for him too. The two combatants died, one licked by a superior skill of an antagonist's limbs, and the other by a treacherous shot from a humbled enemy.

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Palaris's last stand at Calasiao, January, 1765Palaris's pride was hurt. It was foul play from the enemy. Leaving his perch, he swooped down on his enemies' rank, and smashed them right and left with his glistening sword. Many went down like grass, helpless against the onslaught of the maddened rebel leader. The battle between the Spanish force and the rebel force was resumed, and the Grim Reaper was busy with its toll. The rebels were being pushed little by little to the east until they reached the barrio of Ymbo in San Carlos. Hunger was gripping them. Their enemies knew this and they brought their suit harder until many of the rebels were killed. According to Sinibaldo de Mas, about 10,000 of the rebels were killed, while with the Spanish force, only 60 Spaniards and 140 natives suffered death. Carlos and Satur of rebel force were killed, Palaris knew this, and thus his valor was giving way. Without the knowledge of his soldiers and enemies, he cautiously slipped into a thick underbrush and then to the wilderness in the forest.

His rebels followed suit and fled in all directions; but some were however captured. They were later pardoned by "Governor" Anda through the entreaties of Bishop Fr. Bernardo Ustariz of Nueva Segovia. Palaris was still lurking in the forest of Ymbo, San Carlos; so the Spanish force riddled every nook and corner of the forest with bullets believing that Palaris could be caught dead. Many were killed of course. But they were the helpless women and children who left their homes to escape the fury of the Spanish force. Without the knowledge of hi enemies, Palaris slipped to Dedios, now barrio Torac, San Carlos. Here, he led a wild life, wandering from place to place, from Dedios to Magtaking, and then to Pao where he was finally killed in January, 1765. A sister's treacheryThe story of his death was rather pathetic, filled with treachery was his own sister, Simona, almost strange and unbelievable. Simona used to ration her brother with his regular meals, and even his tobacco and other necessities were supplied him. But one time she failed to be on time in giving his meals and daily needs. The result was that Palaris beat her and kicked her mercilessly. This provoked her to report to the Spanish commandant, Pedro Bonardel, the hiding place of her brother. There was no other alternative than this to end her sufferings. The Spanish commandant and his soldiers took the tip with great joy as they set on their journey to capture the rebel leader with Simona as their guide. Upon reaching the vicinity of Palaris's lair, she instructed the soldiers to keep low and to hide behind bushes. Palaris began to eat his noonday meal as usual without the slightest fear of danger.

Simona watched her brother eat his meal for a time. Then she sneaked into the place where her brother's bows and arrows were hidden and destroyed all of them. she Later raised the agreed signal of attack and the curtain for Palaris came. He died while he was eating without being able to defend himself. He was a victim of a treachery well planned, paying very dearly for the cruelty he inflicted on his sister.Mutilation of Palaris's bodyThe soldiers of the Spanish force brought the mutilated body of Palaris to the town of San Carlos where it was, in the words of Ramon Diaz, "paraded all over the principal streets accompanied by a band." Speeches were delivered, and then they began to administer a further mutilation of Palaris's corpse as if they were butchering a pig. His head was hung at the south end of the Cava Bridge, his left hand at the Caapangan Bridge (now Imbornalla), his right hand at the San Juan Bridge, his right leg at the Malabago (now in calasiao), his left leg at the manat Bridge, and finally his heart at Taloy.

With the death of Palaris, went also the end of the Palaris Revolt of 1762-1765. The people who fled to the mountains were thereby advised to return to their respective homes. Their suffering, both with the fear of the rebels and the Spanish forces, was also ended. Danger from animals was

thereafter terminated. It should be noted that these people suffered the greatest hardship when the revolt was still raging. They all threw their babies into the river to avoid detection in their hiding places when they cried. In Catopactopacan, babies were killed by the hundreds under necessity. In Mamerlao, Ymbo, Taloy, and Panoypoy many built dugouts under the ground to avoid being seen and being hit by a stray bullet or arrow. While many preferred to hide in caves along the steep banks of the river, others chose to hide in the hollows of big trees, behind big boulders and other dark places. Many of them fell victims to snake bites and other poisonous and carnivorous animals. Others were devoured by crocodiles and wild boars. Still a great many died from hunger as few of them dared to venture into the open to procure fresh food supply. Those who survived contented themselves in eating young guava leaves to stave off hunger.

The end of the revoltThus, the Palaris Revolt of 1762-1765 ended. The Pangasinenses tasted for the second time the bitter pill of war and the Spaniards burned their fingers again and learned a great lesson. But history, as others say, repeats itself. The revolution of 1896, and the war of 1899 are still well known.

Lagutao Revolt (1785)The ban on tobacco cultivation, comin on top of a smallpox epidemic, gave Christians in the Difun and Paniqui missions an additional reason for returning to the highlands and their ancient religion. The parish priest of Cagayan blamed the uprising on the machinations of Baladdon, the son of the famous anitera and himself acknowledged as a shaman: "arrogating to himself the title of priest, medicine man and prophet, he deceived and bewitched the people and the chiefs and Lagutao himself." The elder brother of Onofre Libam, the gobernadorcillo of Angadanan, Lagutao had remained a pagan and, with Baladdon, assumed the leadership of the 1787 revolt. To his followers, Lagutao promised a life in the mountains free from the oppressive tributes, church contributions, and the tobacco monopoly. Lagutao ridiculed the refusal of Liban and other Christians to join the rebellion: "You are dying of the plague which God has inflicted on you for having abandoned our ancient customs, you pay tribute and you cannot even smoke without having to buy tobacco." The failure of Lagutao to win over his brother prevented the spread of the uprising and enabled the Spaniards to deal it a quick end. Alerted by the missionaries, Don Mateo Cabal, commander of the Carig garrison, gathered a force of 2300 men, 300 of them armed with rifles, and engaged the rebels on two successive days. Lagutao, his brother Meddanang, his son-in-law, and 11 others died in the first battle. The second engagement left over a hundred rebels dead on the field, many others dying from their wounds later. The only casualty on the government side was Onofre Liban, who, upon receiving news of the battlefield results, fell into a state of depression from which, three days later, he died.

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Dasalan at Tuksuhan – Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Mga sipiNasa orihinal na pagbabaybay noong kapanahunan ni M.H. del Pilar ang mga sumusunod na sipi:

Ang TandaAng tanda ang cara-e-cruz mo sa aming Panginoon naming Frayle sa manga ama namin, sa ngalan nang cara-e-cruz at sa mga frayle nang Espiritu santo sya naua.

PagsisisiPanginoon kong Fraile, Dios na hindi totoo at labis nang pagkatuo gumaga at sumalakay sa akin: pinagsisihan kong masakit sa tanang loobang dilang pag-asa lo sa iyo, ikaw nga ang dugo ko. Panginoon ko at kaauay ko na

inihihibik kong lalo sa lahat, nagtitika akong matibay na matibay na dina muli-muling mabubuyo sa iyo: at lalayuan ko na at pangingilagan ang balanang makababacla nang loob ko sa pag-asa sa iyo, macalilibat nang dating sakit nang manga bulsa ko, at nagtitika naman acong maglalathala nang dilang pagcadaya ko umaasa akong babambuhin ka rin, alang-alang sa mahal na panyion at pangangalakal mo nang Cruz, sa pag-ulol sa akin. Siya naua.

Ang Amain NaminAmain naming sumasakumbento ka, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo, kitlin ang leeg mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo kami ngayon nang aming kaning iyon inaraw-araw at patawanin mo kami sa iyong pag-ungal para nang pag papatawa mo kung kami nakukuwaltahan; at huwag mo kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo kami sa masama mong dila.

Ang Aba Ginoong BaryaAba ginoong Barya nakapupuno ka nang alkansya ang Fraile’I sumasainyo bukod ka niyang pinagpala’t pina higit sa lahat, pinagpala naman ang kaban mong mapasok. Santa Barya Ina nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo kaming huwag anitan ngayon at kami ipapatay. Siya naua...

Ang Aba Po Santa BariaAba po Santa Bariang Hari, inagao nang Fraile, ikao ang kabuhayan at katamisan. Aba bunga nang aming pauis, ikaw ang pinagpaguran naming pinapanaw na tauong Anac ni Eva, ikaw nga ang ipinagbubuntonh hininga naming sa aming pagtangis dito sa bayang pinakahapishapis. Ay aba pinakahanaphanap naming para sa aming manga anak, ilingon mo sa aming ang cara- i –cruz mo man lamang at saka bago matapos ang pagpanaw mo sa amin ay iparinig mo sa amin ang iyong kalasing Santa Baria ina nang deretsos, malakas at maalam, matunog na guinto kami ipanalangin mong huag magpatuloy sa aming ang manga banta nang Fraile. Amen.

Ang Mga Utos ng Prayle (Ang Sampung Utos ng Prayle)A. Sa makabagong pagbabaybayAng mga utos nang Prayle ay sampu: Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Prayle na lalo sa lahat.Ang ikalaua: Huwag kang magpapahamak o manumba ng ngalang deretsos.Ang ikatlo: Manalangin ka sa Prayle Linggo man at piyesta.Ang ikapat: Isanla mo ang katauhan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama't ina,Ang ikalima: Huwag kang mamamatay kung wala pang salaping panlibing.Ang ikanim: Huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa.Ang ikapito: Huwag kang makinakaw.Anh ikaualo: Huwag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.Ang ikasiyam: Huwag mong ipagkait ang iyong asawa.Ang ikapulo: Huwag mong itangi ang iyong ari.Itong sampong utos ng Prayle'y dalawa ang kinauuwian.Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Prayle lalo sa lahat.Ang ikalawa: Ihain mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo't kayamanan. Siya nawa.Ang mga kabuhungang asal, ang pangala'y tontogales ay tatlo.Igalang mo ……………Katakutan mo………… Ang PrayleAt pagmanuhan mo …..

B. Sa orihinal na pagbabaybayAng manga utos nang Fraile ay sampo:Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat.Ang ikalaua: Huag kang mag papahamak manuba nang ngalang deretsos.Ang ikatlo: Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at fiesta.Ang ikapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina,Ang ikalima: Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing.

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Ang ikanim: Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang asaua.Ang ikapito: Huag kang makinakaw.Anh ikaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.Ang ikasiyam: Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong asaua.Ang ikapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari.Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang kinaoouian.Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat.Ang ikalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan. Siya naua.Ang manga kabohongang asal, ang pangala’i tontogales ay tatlo.Igalang mo ……………Katakutan mo………… Ang FraileAt Pag Manuhan mo …..

The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement

In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), all Filipino priest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government. The illustrados led the Filipinos’ quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquired wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances. However, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly implementing, the group could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called the Propaganda Movement. Goals of the Propaganda Movement Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside the Philippines. Their objectives were to seek: ▪ Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain▪ Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards▪ Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes▪ Secularization of Philippine parishes.▪ Recognition of human rights The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that once Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking. The Propagandists The Filipinos in Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those in Manila. They could be divided into three groups: The first included Filipinos who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands in 1872 after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas, they proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return to the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been sent to Europe for their education. The third group was composed of Filipinos who had fled their country to avoid

punishment for a crime, or simply because they could not stand Spanish atrocities any longer. Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain were members of the Propaganda Movement. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar were it most prominent members. Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod," "Esperanza," and "La Hija del Fraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanish friars in the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellent writer and speaker who put up the newspaper Diarion Tagalog in 1882. His favorite topic was the friars. Some of his most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo", "Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang Sampung Kautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by Jose Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere. "Dasalan…" was parody of the prayer books used by the Church, while "Ang Sampung Kautusan…" was a satirical take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed the Spanish friars. Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipino become famous for his written works. He wrote a poem entitled “Sa Aking mga Kababata” when he was only eight years old. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferings of the Filipinos and the rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government and the friars, Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (later renamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896. The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and other radicals to establish the Katipunan and set the Philippine Revolution in place.

La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina

La Liga Filipina

In 1892, Jose Rizal (full name: Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo) returned to the Philippines and proposed the establishment of a civic organization called “La Liga Filipina.” On July 3, 1892, the following were elected as its officers: Ambrosio Salvador, president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer; and Deodato Arellano, secretary. Rizal functioned as its adviser.

La Liga Filipina aimed to:

▪ Unite the whole country▪ Protect and assist all members▪ Fight violence and injustice▪ Support education▪ Study and implement reforms

La Liga Filipina had no intention of rising up in arms against the government; but the Spanish officials still felt threatened. On July 6, 1892 only three days after La Liga Filipina’s establishment, Jose Rizal was secretly arrested. The next day, Governor General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan, a small, secluded town in Zamboanga.

La Liga Filipina's membership was active in the beginning; but later, they began to drift apart. The rich members wanted to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement; but the others seemed to have lost all hope that reforms could still be granted. Andres Bonifacio was one of those who believed that the only way to achieve meaningful change was through a bloody revolution.

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La Solidaridad In order to help achieve its goals, the Propaganda Movement put up its own newspaper, called La Solidaridad. The Soli, as the reformists fondly called their official organ, came out once every two weeks. The first issue saw print was published on November 15, 1895.

The Solidaridad’s first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in October 1889. Del Pilar managed the Soli until it stopped publication due to lack of funds.

Why the Propaganda Movement Failed

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The colonial government did not agree to any of its demands. Spain itself was undergoing a lot of internal problems all that time, which could explain why the mother country failed to heed the Filipino’s petitions. The friars, on the other hand, were at the height of their power and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither the time nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

Many of the reformists showed a deep love for their country, although they still failed to maintain a united front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they had to exercise caution in order to safeguard their wealth and other private interests. Personal differences and petty quarrels, apart from the lack of funds, were also a hindrance to the movements success. Lastly, no other strong and charismatic leader emerged from the group aside from Jose Rizal.

Ang Aklat ni Andres Bonifacio:

Sino si Bonifacio?

Si Andrés Bonifacio ay isáng tunay na Pilipino na ipinanganak noong ika-30 ng Noviembre 1863 sa isang bahay na pawid sa puok sa harap ng himpilan ngayón ng tren (ferrocarril, railroad) sa daang Azcárraga (Claro M. Recto avenue ngayon), sa Tondó, Manila. Ang kanyang amá ay si Santiago Bonifacio, na ang hanap-buhay ay mananahi (sastré, tailor). Ang kanyang ina naman ay si Catalina de Castro. Mga taal na taga-Maynilà. Ang kanyang mga magulang ay mga taong dukha kaya siya naman ay isang taong mahirap.

Nagkaroon siya ng 4 kapatid, sina Ciriaco, Procopio, Petrona at Troadio. Ang 2 una at ang huli ay patay na. Ang babae ay buhay pa (nuong 1922), asawa ng nasirang bayani, si Teodoro Plata, na isá sa mga masikhay (matalik, malapit) na kasama ni Andrés Bonifacio.

Siya ay nag-aral sa paaralan ng isang guro, si Guillermo Osmeña, sa pook ng Meisik, Binundok (Binondo ngayon), Manila. Datapwa nang siya ay tumutuntong na sa ika-14 taon, namatay ang kanyang mga magulang at dahil dito, naputol ang kanyang pag-aaral. Siya nuon ay maalam nang bumasa at sumulat ng wikang sarili (Tagalog) at Castila.

Upang siya ay mabuhay, sampu ng kanyang mga kapatid, binatak ang sariling buto at siya ay naglako ng mga tungkod (bastones, walking sticks) at mga pamaypay na papel na ginagawa niya sa luob ng kanilang bahay. Gayon din ang ginawang hanap-buhay ng kanyang mga kapatid.

Nang si Bonifacio’y nakapagsanay na sa pagsulat, siya ay pumasok na utusan sa bahay-kalakal ni Fleming, at pagkaraan ng ilang panahon ay ginawa siyang kinatawan (agente) ng nabanggit na bahay-kalakal sa pag-bibili ng sahing (puno ng pili), yantok, at iba pa.

Nang lumipas ang ilang panahon, naging kawani (personero, employee) siya sa bahay-kalakal nina Fressell & Co., sa bilang 450, daang Nueva, Maynilà. Ang sahod niya ay mga 12 piso lamang sa isang buwan. Patuloy pa rin siya sa paggawa ng mga tungkod at pamaypay, na inilako ng kanyang mga kapatid.

Bukod sa kanyang hanap-buhay, si Bonifacio ay mahilig magsulat sa sariling wika at may magandang ayos ang kanyang sulat. Dahil dito, nakatulong sa kabuhayan nilang magkakapatid ang paggawa ng mga tatak at paunawa sa mga kayo (tela, cloth) na ipinagbibili rito sa atin.

Siya ay mahilig sa pagbasa ng mga aklat at ang kanyang kina-himalingang basahin ay ang mga aklat na nakapagturo ng kabayanihan, tulad ng kasaysayan ng himagsikan sa Pransiya (French revolution), “Las Ruinas de Palmira,” “Los Miserables” ni Victor Hugo, “El Judio Errante,” ang Biblia, ang mga aklat ni Jose Rizal at ibá pa. Siya ay tutuong mahilig sa pagbasa. May mga gabing halos hindi nakakatulog sa pagbabasá.

Siya ay nagka-asawa. Ang naging kabiyak ng kanyang pusó ay pinalayawan ng Oriang (Gregoria de Jesus), tagá-Caloocan na ang sagisag ay “Lakambini.” Sila ay nagkaroon ng isáng anák na namatay (sa bulutong).

May mga sulat na naiwan si Bonifacio. Mga pahayag ukol sa paghihimagsik, “Ang dapat mabatid ng mga Tagalog,” “Ang Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan,” (tula) at iba pa. Nguni’t ang lalong pinaka-mahalaga, bukod sa tuntunin at mga aral ng Katipunan at ang “Katungkulan ng mga Anák ng Bayan” ay ang “Huling Paalam” ni Rizal, na kanyang isina-Tagalog sa gitna ng pagdagundong ng paghimagsik, na siyang inawit ng ating mga kawal nang sila ay nakipaglaban sa Castilà.

Dinadakila ng Bayang Pilipino si Andrés Bonifacio at siya ay ipinalalagay na dakilang bayani, kapiling ni Rizal, sapagka’t siya ang nagtayo at nahalal na pangulo ng “Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan,” na pinagka-utangan ng Bayang Pilipino ng kabayanihan sa pag-usig ng kanilang ikalalaya. Ang sagisag niyá ay “May-pagasa” na “nangyari” bago siyá mamatay.

Katipunan: Ang Samahang Nagturo at Nag-akay sa Bayan sa Paghihimagsik

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Ang “Samahang Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” ay initayo nuong ika-7 ng Julio 1892, sa bahay ni Deodato Arellano sa daang Azcarraga, bilang 64, sa Binundok, Manila. Ganitó ang nangyari: Si Jose Rizal ay lumunsad sa Maynila ng ika-26 ng Junio 1892. Pagkaraan ng mahigit sa isang linggó, nuong ika-6 ng sumunod na buwan ng Julio, si Rizal ay ipinatawag ni general (Eulogio) Despujol na siyang pinaka-mataas na pinuno ng Castila dito sa atin nuon at siya ay ipiniit sa Fuerza de Santiago. Ang mga tunay na pangungusap ni Rizal sa nangyari sa kanyang itó ay gayari (ganito), ayon sa sulat din niyá, na inihayag ng kanyang matalik na kaibigan, ang nasirang Mariano Ponce.

“Nuong Miercoles,” sulat ni Rizal sa kanyang talaan, “itinanong sa akin (ni general Despujol) kung ako’y nagpupumilit na magbalik sa Hongkong. Sinagot ko siya ng oo. Makaraan ang ilang salitaan, sinabi sa akin na ako raw ay may dalang mga proclama (mga pahayag) na kasama ng aking mga

damit at ari-arian. Sinagot ko siyá ng hindi. Itinanong sa akin kung kanino yaong mga unan at banig, isinagot kong sa aking kapatid. Dahil dito, ipinatanto sa aking ako ay kanyang ipabibilanggo sa Fuerza de Santiago.”

Si Rizal nga ay ibinilanggo. Nang malaman ito ni Andrés Bonifacio, nag-alab ang kanyang luob. Pinulong sina Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz, Ildefonso Laurel at si Deodato Arellano sa bahay ni Arellano, at itinatag nila ang “Katipunan,” na siyang dagliang pamagat ng samahan. Ang pakay ng “Katipunan” ay pagsama-samahin ang kaluoban ng mga Pilipino sa isang layunin: “Upang sa pagka-kaisang ito’y magka-lakás na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan, at matuklasan ang tunay na landás ng katwiran at kaliwanagan.” Ang ibig sabihin ng “matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng katwiran at kaliwanagan” ay iguho ang kapangyarihang maka-hari ng España na sumasakop sa Pilipinas, at ang bayan natin ay magsarili sa kanyang kapangyarihan.

Mga Tuntunin ng Katipunan

Dakila ang pakay ng Katipunan: “Sapagkat kailangan na lahat ng ibig pumasok sa Katipunan ay magkaruon ng lubós na pananalig at kaisipán sa mga layuning tinutungo at mga kaaralang pina-iiral, minarapat na ipakilala sa kanilá ang mga itó, nang bukas-makalawa, huwag silang magsisi, at tuparin nila nang maluwag sa kaluoban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin.”

“Ang kabagayang pinag-uusig ng Katipunan ay lubós na dakila at mahalagá; pag-isahín ang luob at kaisipán ng lahat ng Tagalog. (Sa salitang “Tagalog”, katuturan ay lahat ng tumubo sa Sangkapuluang itó; sa makatuwid, “Bisaya” man, “Iloko,” “Kapampangan” atbp. ay “Tagalog” din.)

“Alang-alang sa mga pagkukurong itó, kami ay payapang naghihintay ng pagwawagi ng damdaming makabayan ngayon at sa hinaharáp, sa pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagka-kaisáng ito ay magka-lakás na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan, at matuklasan ang tunay na landás ng Katwiran at Kaliwanagan.”

Una sa lahat ang pag-ibig sa bayan: “Dito ay isá sa mga kauna-unahang utos, ang tunay na pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubós na pagdadamayan ng isa’t isá.”

Pantay-pantay ang lahat: “Maralita, mayaman, mangmang, marunong, lahat dito ay magka-kapantáy at tunay na magka-kapatid.”

Ang buhalhal (escandaloso, disorderly) na kaugalian: “Kapag karakang mapasok dito ang sinuman, tatalikdang pilit ang buhalhál na kaugalian at pai-ilalim sa kapangyarihan ng mga banál na utos ng Katipunan.”

“Ang gawang lahat na laban sa kamahalan at kalinisan, dito ay kinasu-suklaman; kaya sa bagay na ito ay ipina-iilalim sa masigasig na pakiki-balita ang kabuhayan ng sinumang ibig maki-anib sa Katipunan.”

“Hindi kaila sa kangino pa mán ang mga nagbalang kapahamakán sa mga Tagalog na naka-isip nitong mga banál na kabagayan (at hindi man), at mga pahirap na ibinibigay ng naghaharing kalupitán, kalikuan at kasamaán.”

Hindi tinatanggap ang mga taksil: “Kung ang hangad ng papasok dito ay tumalastás lamang ng mga lihim nitó, o ang kilalanin ang mga naririto, at ipagbili sa isang dakot na salapi, huwag magpatuloy, sapagka’t dito, bantaín lamang ay talastás na ng makapál na nakikiramdám sa kanyá, at karaka-rakang nilalapatan ng mabisang gamot, na laán sa mga sukaban.”

Ayaw sa mga mabunganga: “Dito ay gawa ang hinahanap, at gawa ang tinitingnán; kaya hindi dapat pumasok ang hindi makagawa, kahit magaling magsalita.”

Hindi ginhawa kundi hirap at mabigat na tungkulin: “Unawain din, na ang mga katungkulang ginaganap ng lahat sa Katipunang itó ay lubhang mabibigát, lalong lalo na kung gugunitaín na hindi mangyayaring maiwasan at walang kusang pagkukulang na hindi aabutin ng kakila-kilabot na parusa. Kung ang hangad ng papasok dito na siya ay abuluyan ng ginhawa at malayaw na katahimikan ng katawan, huwag magpatuloy sapagka’t mabigát na mga katungkulan ang matatagpuan, gaya ng pagtangkilik sa mga naa-api

at madaluhong ng pag-usig sa lahat ng kasamaan; sa bagay na itó ay aabutin ang maligalig na pamumuhay.”

Ang halaga ng “kuota” (bayad buwan-buwan): “Talastás din naman ng lahat ang pagkakailangan ng salapi, na sa ngayon ay isá sa mga unang lakás na maaasahan; magbibigáy buhay sa lahát; sa bagay na itó, kinakailangan ang lubos na pagtupád sa mga pagbabayaran; piso sa pagpasok at sa buwan-buwan ay sikapat (¼). Ang salaping itó’y ipinagbi-bigay-alam ng nag-iingat, sa tuwing kapanahunan; bukód pa ay masi-siyasat ng sinuman, kailanman ibigin. Hindi maikikilos ang salaping ito kundi sa napag-kayarian ng karamihan.”

Ipagtangkilik ang kagalingan: “Ang lahát ng pinag-saysay ay dapat gunitain at mahinahong pagbulay-bulayin, sapagka’t hindi magaganáp at hindi matitiis ng walang tunay na pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa ang tunay na adhikaing ipagtangkilik ang Kagalingan. At nang lalong mapagtimbáng ng sariling isip at kabaitan.”

Ang Mga Aral ng Katipunan

BUKOD sa Palatuntunan, may mga sariling aral ang Katipunan.

Ang dapat nating asalin sa kabuhayan: “Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isáng malaki at banál na kadahilanan (cause) ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.”

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Kailan nagiging kabaitan ang gawang magaling: “Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpi-pita (pag-ibig) sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay hindi kabaitan.”

Ang tunay na kabanalan: “Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagka-kawang gawa (charity), ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawa’t kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuwiran.”

Ang matalino ay mahinahon: “Ang taong matalino’y ang may pag-iingat sa bawa’t sasabihin, at marunong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.”

Ang may kaluobang dakila: “Ang may mataas na kaluoban ay inuuna ang puri sa pagpi-pita (kaysa) sa sarili; ang may hamak na kaluoban ay inuuna ang pagpi-pita sa sarili (kaysa) sa puri.”

Dapat magkaroon ng isang pangungusap: “Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.”

Ang mga tao ay pantay-pantay: “Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balát, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higitán sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...nguni’t hindi mahihigitán sa pagkatao.”

Dapat sumapiling sa ina-api: “Ipagtanggól mo ang ina-api, at ka-bakahin (kalabanin) ang uma-api.”

“Ang hindi mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anák at kapatid, ay huwag mong gawin sa asawa, anák at kapatid ng iba.”

Ang amá ay siyang pina-parisan ng mga anak: “Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anák; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa samâ, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamâan din.”

Ang katungkulan ng lalaki sa babae: “Ang babae ay huwag tignáng isáng bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isáng katuwang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pag-pitagan (respect) ang kanyáng kahinaan, at alalahanin ang ináng pinagbuhatan, at nag-iwi sa iyóng kasanggulan.”

Ang tunay na kamahalan (valia, worth) ng tao: “Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagka-hari, wala sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagka-pari na “kahalili ng Diyos,” wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagás at tunay na mahál na tao, kahit laking gubat at waláng nabatid kundi ang sariling wika, ang may magandang asal, may isáng pangu-ngusap, may dangal at puri; ang hindi napaá-api’t di nakiki-apíd, ang marunong magdamdám at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.”

Ang panahon ay ginto: “Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdaraan.”

Ang katumbas ng buhay na ginugol: “Paglaganap ng mga aral na itó at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabâ-abâng Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nagkaisáng magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligayang walang katapusán, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagod at mga tiniis na kahirapan ay labis ng natumbasán.”

Ang 3 Baytang ng Katipunan

Ang Unang ‘Katipuneros’

Ang nagpalaganap sa Katipunan ay si Andrés Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga tapat at masisikhay na kasama, na para-parang dukha tulad niya. Ang pinaka-batikan sa lahat ay si Emilio Jacinto, na kalihim ng Katipunan. Ang unang tinanggap ay si Restituto Javier sa isang bahay sa daang Salinas (ngayon ay Elcano) sa Tondo, tahanan ni Valentin Diaz, isá sa mga nagtatag ng Katipunan.

Sumunod si Miguel Araulio, pamangkin ng ngayon ay Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman (presiding justice of the Supreme Court). Pagkatapos ay siná Aguedo del Rosario, Aurelio Tolentino, Guillermo Masangkay, Alejandro Santiago, Briccio Brigido Pantas, José Turiano Santiago, Calixto Santiago, Emilio Jacinto, Nicomedes Carreon, Francisco Carreon, Mariano Carreon at iba pa.

Nuong unang itatag ang Katipunan, hindi muna ipinagpatuloy ng mga nanga-ngatawan ang pagpa-palaganap. Nuong mga sumunod na buwan pagkatatag, hindi ito nagpamalas ng pagsulong sapagka’t nais ni Bonifacio na huwág makapinsala sa pagpapalaganap ng “Liga Filipina” na itinatag in Rizal at mga litaw na

kababayan (principales, prominent citizens), karamihan ay “Mason.” Bago pa sumilang ang Liga at Katipunan, may itinatag pang ibang kapisanan sina Bonifacio.

Nang nakilala ni Bonifacio na nawalan ng kabuluhan ang pagsisikap-bagay sa “Liga,” pina-ngatawanan na ang pagtatatag. Naghalal na rin nuong araw na iyon, ika-7 ng Julio 1892, ng mga kinatawan (diputados, representatives), sa isáng bahay sa daang Oroquieta, nayon ng Santa Cruz, Manila. At nuong sumunod na taon ng 1894, napatatag na ang mga Balangay at Sangguniang Hukuman.

Itinatag din ang 3 Baytang ng Katipunan:

1. “Katipunan” ang pamagat ng unang baytang. Kung nasa pulong ang mga kasama sa baytang na itó, gumagamit ng isáng itim na taklob sa ulo (capucha, hood) na may isáng triángulo na kinalagyan ng mga titik na Z, LL at B, na ang kahulugan ay “Anak ng Bayan.” Sila ay may mga hudyat na salita upang magka-kilala, - kapag binigkás ang salitang “Anak,” ang sagot ng tinatanong ay “ng Bayan.” Revolver, sandata o gulok ang taglay ng mga nagsidaló sa pulong ng baytang na itó.

2. “Kawal” naman ang pamagat ng ika-2 baytang. Lunti (verde, green) ang kulay ng taklob-ulo, ang kahulugan ay pag-asa. Puti ang sintás at mga titik ng triángulo. May suot na sintás na luntian, sa dulo ay may isang medalla na may isang K sa gitna, may sinag at sa dakong baba, nakakabit ang magkasabát (ekis, crisscross) na watawat at espada.

Ang mga hudyát o mahal na salita ay “Gom-Bur-Za,” katuturan ay Gomez, Burgos at Zamora, 3 Pilipinong pari na ipinabitay ng pamahalaang Castila nuong ika-28 ng Febrero 1872 kahit hindi tunay ang paratang sa kanila.

3. Pinamagatang “Bayani” ang ika-3 baytang. Pulang taklob-ulo na may lunting paikit (liston verde, green ribbon) ang isinusuot ng mga kasapi. “Rizal” ang hudyat na salita, bilang pagtutol sa walang katwirang pagbilanggó sa kanya. Ang mga kasapi sa ikat-3 baytang na ito lamang ang nakatalos ng mga tunay na adhikain ng Katipunan.

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Ang ‘Hasik,’ ang ‘Balangay’ at ang ‘Sangguniang Hukuman’

MAY isang paraan nagka-kilalanan ang mga magka-kasama sa Katipunan. Pahiwatig ng mga magka-kasapi ang itinatagop ang kanang kamay (puño, right fist) sa dibdib sa tapat ng puso. Kung gapós - noong panahon ng Castila, iginagapos nang abot-siko ang sinumang hulihin kahít sa anong kasalanan - itinitiklop ang mga daliri maliban sa hintuturo at kalingkingan na nakatuwid.

Ang nagsibuo sa Katipunan sa bawa’t bayan ay mga Balangay at Sangguniang Hukuman na siyáng kapangyarihang nag-aayos at humahatol sa mga sigalot at alitan ng “magkakapatid” sa luob ng Katipunan. Ang mga Balangay ay naka-pailalim sa Kataas-taasang Panguluhan na pang-sangkapuluan (liderazgo supremo, national leadership).

Ang paraan ng pagkuha ng mga kasapi ay nagtatayo sa bawa’t puok ng isáng wari ay lupon na kung tawagin ay “Hasik” (sembrador, sower, ang nagpupunla ng binhi), binubuo ng 3 tao na parang tungko (tripod). Ang “Hasik” na ito ang inut-inot na naghikayat upang may sumapi sa Katipunan. Pag madami-dami na ang mga sang-ayon, saka lamang itinatayo ang Balangay, pinamunuan ng isáng lupon na may mga tungkuling katulad ng sa Kataastaasang Lupon. Ang mga “Hasik” ay hindi na ipinagpatuloy nuong malapit na ang panahon ng tangkang paghimagsik sapagka’t ang mga taong bayan ay halos nag-unahan, na sila ay mapabilang sa Katipunan.

Ang pagtanggap ng pakikisapi ay katulad, bagaman at hindi lubós, ng ginagawa ng “Masonería.” Bawa’t kasapi ay may mahigpit na tungkuling maghikayat ng bagong maka-kasama, at sa pananagutan niya iniha-harap sa “Balangay” ang kanyang nahikayat. Datapwa, bago gawin ito ay sinusuri muna nang mabuti ang ugali, pagkukuro, kalagayan at kabuhayan ng isasapi. Baka di kabagáng ng mga tao sa Katipunan. Sisimulang lamang ang pagtanggap kung napatunayan na siya ay may tapat na luob. Sa pagtanggap, ang ginagawa sa bagong kasapi ay pini-piringan (vendados, blindfolded) at ipina-pasok sa isáng silid na madilim ang kulay ng mga panig (muros, walls) at bahagya nang nailawan. Pagkatapos, inaalis ang piring. Sa mga dinding ng silid ay may mga nasusulat na ganitó:

“Kung may lakás at tapang, ìkaw ay makatutuloy.” “Kung ang pag-usisa ang nagdalá sa iyó dito, umurong ka.” “Kung di ka marunong pumigil ng iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailanman, ang pintuan ng May-kapangyarihan at Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ay bubuksan dahil sa iyó.”

Ang 3 Tanong Sa Katipunan

Pagsuri sa nais sumapi

SA ibabaw ng isáng dulang (mesita, little table) ay may isáng bungo (calavera, skull), isáng revolver at isáng gulok. May isáng papel na kinasusulatan ng mga sumusunod na tanong:

“Anó ang kalagayan nitóng Katagalugan nuong unang panahon?” (Sa salitang Katagalugan ay kasama na ang Kabisayaan, Kailokohan at lahat na ng ka-Pilipinuhan.)

Ang kasagutan, sinuman ang ibig sumapi, ay humigit kumulang na ganito:

Nang unang dumating dito sa atin ang mga Castila nuong ika-16 ng Marso 1521, ang mga Pilipinong naninirahan sa mga baybayin ay may pagka-alam na sa maayos na kabuhayan at pamamayan. Nuon nga, tayong mga Pilipino ay may kalayaan na sa pamamayan; may mga cañon. Maalam na tayong magsuot ng mga damit na sutla; nakipag-unawaan na tayo sa pangangalakal sa mga karatig bayan sa Asia.

Tayo ay may sariling sampalataya o religion, may sariling titik o sulat, na ano pa’t, lumalasap tayo ng kalayaan at kasarinlan.

“Anó ang kalagayan sa ngayon?”

Ang mga frayle, na kung tawagin ay mga “kahalili ng Diyos” daw, ay pawang kabalbalan ang itinuro sa mga Pilipino. Hindi tayo tinuruan ng tunay na Karunungan sa buhay sapagka’t kung tayo ay natuto, hindi na nila mauulol at sa ganuon ay hindi nilá mahuhuthot ang ating kayamanan.

Ang itinuro sa atin ng mga frayle ay ang maling sampalataya na nakilala sa pagdaraos ng sunud-sunod na pistá na kina-hulugan ng ating salapi at kayamanan, sa pakinabang ng mga frayle at convento. Ang mga frayle ay siyang mahigpit na kalaban ng ikata-talino at ikabi-bihasa ng Pilipino (Tagalog sa sulat ng Katipunan). Sa katunayan, ayaw nila na tayo ay matuto ng wikang Castila.

Ano pa’t lahat na ng karaingan sa panlupig, panggahasa, mga kasagwaan, pagtingin sa Pilipino na parang iba sa pagka-tao kaysa mga Castila na ginawa ng mga frayle, ay siyang saysay sa ika-2 tanong. Sa kahuli-hulihan ay idinadaing din ang malabis na pagkiling ng pamahalaang Castila sa mga frayle, pagsunod sa kanilang mga bilin laban sa bayan, paniwala sa mga sumbong ng mga yaon, kahit lisya (lihis) sa matuwid. At pagtanggi na bigyan ang mga Pilipino ng kalayaan sa pamamayan, at sa paggawa ng ikalulusog ng dunong, ng buhay at ng pangangalakal.

“Anó ang magiging kalagayan sa darating na panahon?”

Ang madlang kasamaang binanggit sa mga naunang tanong ay malulunasan. Ang mga lupang malalawak na inangkin ng mga convento mula sa ating mga ninuno ay masasaulî sa bayan. Ang mga mamamaslang (asesinos, killers) ay maibubulid (maibabagsak) sa bangin ng kamatayan.

Ang mga kababayang pari, sina Gomez, Burgos at Zamora, ay maipaghihiganti. At ang kalayaan at kasarinlan ng Bayang Pilipino ay matatamo sa hinaharap, kung ang mga kasapi ay may pag-asa, tiyaga, tapang at pagka-kaisa sa pagsunod sa mga aral at pasyá ng Katipunan.

Lagda Ng Sariling Dugo

HINDI pa rin tinatanggap kung makasagot na nang gayon sa mga katanungan. Ang “kapatid” na “mabalasik” o matapang ay siyáng nagsasabi sa sinusubukan na lubhang dakila ang hakbang na yaon sa kanyang buhay. Ipinaala-ala na siya ay maaaring umurong kung walang taglay na tapang, upang huwag masayang ang kanyang buhay.

Kung ang sumasapi ay nagpumilit pa rin sa pag-anib sa Katipunan, saka lamang siyá ihaharap, may piring uli, sa mga “kapatid” na nagtipon upang siya ay tanggapin. Ang tapang at kabuoan ng kanyang luob ay sinusubok sa ilang paraan.

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Minsan ay bigyan ng gulok at iutos na tagain ang kalaban na pumapaslang sa mga kalahi. Na-iyan ang sabihin na saklolohan ang kapatid na nakulong ng apoy, at sa pagsasalita ng gayon, talagang nagsusunog ng mga papel upang maramdaman ng sinusubukan ang init ng ningas.

Kung hindi nagpakita ng takot ang sinusubukan, aalisin na ang piring niya at palalagdain sa kasulatan ng panunumpang (nakalathala sa susunod) na ang pinaka-tinta ay dugo na kinukuha ng isáng patalim sa kanyang kaliwang bisig.

Tagalog ang wikang ginamit ng mga kasapi sa Katipunan nguni’t ang kahulugan ng ilang titik ng alfabeto ng Castila ay iniba sa kanilang pagsulat ng mga kasulatan, gayon din sa paglagdá ng kanilang mga sagisag.

Ang titik na A ay ginawang Z, ang C at Q ay ginawang K, ang I ay N, ang L at LL ay J, ang M ay V, ang N ay LL, ang O ay C at ang U ay X.

Ang F, J, V, X at Z ng alfabeto ng Castila ay itinakwil sapagka’t hindi kailangan.

Sa maliwanag na ulat, ganitó ang Abakadá ng Katipunan kung itutulad sa alfabeto ng wikang Castila.

Alfabeto ng Abakada ng Castila Katipunan

1. A .................. Z 2. B .................. B 3. C .................. K 4. D .................. D 5. E .................. Q 6. G .................. G 7. H .................. H 8. I .................. N 9. K .................. K 10. LL ................. J 11. M .................. V 12. N .................. LL 13. O .................. C 14. P .................. P 15. Q .................. K 16. R ................... R 17. S ................... S 18. T ................... T 19. U .................. X 20. W .................. W 21. Y .................. Y

Ang Kasulatan Sa Pagsapi

Kung lahát ng itó ay matarok na ng nag-iibig pumasok at inaakala niyáng matutupád ang mga tútungkulin, maitatala ang kanyang ninanasâ sa kasunód nito:

Sa Balangay... Ako ay si ___________________________, taong tubò sa bayan ng __________, hukuman ng ____________; ang katandaan

ko ay ___ taon, ang hanap-buhay _________; ang kalagayan ________ at nananahanan sa ____ daan ng ___________.

Sa aking pagkakabatid ng kagalingan ng mga nilalayon at mga aral, na inilalathala ng Katipunan ng mga A.N.B., ninanais ng luob ko ang maki-anib dito. Sa bagay na ito ay aking ipinamamanhik nang buong pitagan, na marapating tanggapin at mabilang na isa sa mga anak ng Katipunan: at tuloy nangangakong tutupad at pai-ilalim sa mga aral at mga Kautusang sinusunod dito.

Ika ___ ng buwan ng _______ ng taong 189__.

Nakabayad na ng ukol sa pagpasok.

____________________ Ang Taga-ingat ng Yaman.

Ang Kasulatan Sa Panunumpa

K’ K’ K’ N’ M’ A’ N’ B’

Balangay.... Aking ipinahahayag na sa kadahilanan ng pagkapasok ko sa K’ K’ K’ ng mga A’ N’ B’ ay naghandog akó ng isáng mahalagang panunumpa sa ngalan ng Bayang tinubuan, at sa harap ng isang kagalang-galang na kapulungan nitong Katipunan, na gugugulin ang lahat na maigugugol at lahat ng minamahal ko sa buhay, sa pagtatanggol ng kanyang banal na kasarinlan, hanggang sa abuting magdiwang, sukdulang ikalagot ng hininga. Sa bagay na itó, isinusumpa ko ring lubos na tutupad at susunod sa kanyang Patnugutan at mga Kautusan.

Sa katunayan nitó, aking itinala ang aking pangalan ng tunay na dugong tumatakás sa aking mga ugat sa pahayag na itó.

Ika ___ araw ng buwan ng ________ ng taong 189__.

Tinaglay ko ang pamagat na _________________.

Naghirap Mabuhay Ang Katipunan

HINDI lahat ng Pilipino ay tumanggap sa mga tuntunin, aral at gawain ng Katipunan na, gaya ng sinabi na, itinatag nuong ika-7 ng Julio 1892. Sa buong taon na sumunod, 1893, hindi ito lumaganap, sa maraming dahilan. Ang kauna-unahan ay ang kabaguhan ng layunin at paraan ng samahan. May kahirapang ilaganap sa balana, kundi pipiliin muna bago hikayatin.

Tangi rito, si Bonifacio na rin ang kusang nagpauntol-untol sa pamanhik ng mga kababayang nagsibuo nuón ng Liga Filipina, na lahat halos ay mga Pilipinong litaw (principales), may kaya at may pinag-aralan. Nagsisi-asa sila na sa pamamagitan ng Liga, makukuha ng bayang Pilipino “sa loob ng kapayapaan” ang pagsugpo sa masasama at hidwang pamamalakad dito sa atin ng pamahalaang Castila at ng mga frayle.

Ganitó ang pang-unang layon ng Liga Filipina nuong itinatag nina Rizal at mga kapatid niyang masón. Si Bonifacio man ay nagíng kasapi.

Ang Katipunan ay humuwad sa “Masoneria” ng paraan sa pagtanggap ng kasapi, at gayundin sa ilang kuro ng adhikain. Subali’t ang kapatiran ng mga Masón ay kasalungat ni Bonifacio ukol sa paraan na kailangang gamitin upang mag-hari dito sa Pilipinas ang Katwiran at Kalayaan, at

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masugpo ang kalupitan at kasamaang inasal sa Pilipino ng mga frayle at ng pamahalaang Castila.

Kapwa nagka-isá sa hangad na pagtubós sa Bayang Pilipino datapwa, ang “Masoneria” ay ibig makuha ang katubusan sa luob ng kapayapaan, sa pagpa-palaganap ng magagandá at makataong simulain; samantalang ang nais at hangad ng Katipunan ay ang paghimagsik, yayamang nakita na rin lamang na ang mga nagha-hari nuon dito sa atin - ang pamahalaang Castila at mga frayle - ay hindi nakuha sa samo, pakiusap at pangatwiran.

Bagkús ang itinugón sa ginawa ng mga Masón, - siná Rizal, Del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, Regidor, Cortez at ibá’t ibá pa, - ay ipalagay silang “kaaway ng España at ng Dios.” At marami sa kanilá at sa mga kabig nila ang ipinabilanggo, ipinatapon sa malalayong bayan at pinagdusa sa mga bilangguan, kahit walang nagawang kasalanan.

Sa makatuwid, ang mga Masón at ang mga mayamang Pilipino ay hindi kaayon ng Katipunan, kundi bagkús kasalungat pa. Nang lumalaganap na ang Katipunan, ang mga Masón at ang kanilang mga logia (lodges) ay para-parang nagsikilos upang sugpuin ang paglago ng Katipunan at ang mabalasik na pagpalaganap ni Andrés Bonifacio, hindi sa dahilang sila ay kampi sa pamahalaang Castila at sa mga frayle, kundi sapagka’t kailanman ang mga Masón ay “ayaw ipaghiganti sa pagbubuhos ng dugo ang mga kaapihang tinatamó.”

Ang Katipunan naman, ang ibig ay “ngipin sa ngipin” at ayaw gantihin ng tinapay ang bató, kundi bató rin. Kaya naman isá sa mga aral ng Katipunan ay hawig sa “ang hindi mo ibig na gawin sa iyo ay huwág mong gawin sa iyong kapwa.”

Kailangang sabihin na sa luob ng “Masoneria,” ayon sa kanilang palatuntunan, hindi tinatanggap ang mga manggagawang hamak, na ang kabuhayan ay “isang kahig, isáng tuka” sapagka’t upang maging Masón, isa sa mga pangunahing kailangan ay ikaw ay may sapat na kinikita upang buhayin ang iyong asawa at mga anak, at may kaunting halagang nalalabis na isasagot sa mga pangangailangan ng kapatiran at mai-ambag sa sinumang “kapatid” na nasa kagipitan.

Dahil dito, sukat nang mataho (alam) na ang mga Masón ay mga may kaya at ang Katipunan ay mga tao na hindi natatanggap sa “Masoneria,” mga anak-pawis, mga dukha at maralita. Sapagka’t nuon, mayayaman at mahihirap na Pilipino ay para-parang inaapi at pinahihirapan ng pamahalaang Castila at ng mga frayle, kaya lahat ay nagtaglay ng isang layunin: Maputol lahat ng kaapihan.

Nagkaka-ibá nga lamang sila sa paraang ginamit sa ikapagta-tagumpay ng kanilang layon.

Ang ginawa ni Rizal, at ng mga Mason, kay Bonifacio at sa Katipunan

SI Bonifacio ay Masón din. Siya ay segundo vigilante sa Logia Taliba, na ang Venerable ay si Luis Encino Villareal, na binaril ng mga Castila. Ilan sa kasamahan ni Bonifacio sa Katipunan ay mga kamukha niyang Masón din.

Isáng araw, ipinatawag si Bonifacio ng mga pinuno ng kanyang logia at hinikayat na itigil ang Katipunan sa kawalan ng mga baril, cañon, sandata at salapi na kailangan sa paghimagsik na gagawin ng Katipunan, na kung mapipilan ay

lalong kasawian ng bayang Pilipino. Pagkatapos na marinig ng amá ng Katipunan ang mga katwiran, hindi umimik kaunti man, kinuha ang kanyang sambalilo, sabay ang sabi,

“Diyan na kayó, puro kayo wikang Castila.”

Isang araw naman, nagsadya si Bonifacio sa bahay ng nasirang Antonio Luna upang ipatalastás ang gagawing paghimagsik ng Katipunan. Pagkatapos na mapakinggan ang mga pangungusap ni Bonifacio, sinabi ni Luna,

“Anó ang ating ilalaban, itong ating mga ...? Kung si Napoleon ay naging Napoleon, ay sapagka’t bukod sa siya’y may pusong matapang, ay may talino pa, at, bukod sa lahat ng iya’y may salapi.”

Nang ilahad naman ni Bonifacio ang hinahangad ng Katipunan kay Francisco Roxas, isá sa mga binaril ng mga Castila, sinabi ni Roxas na ayaw niyang makinig sa mga kabalbalan at kaululan.

Si Rizal ay hindi rin sang-ayon sa paghimagsik ng Katipunan. Sa kanyang mga aklat, tula at sulat, nakikilalang ang adhikang katubusan ng Pilipinas ay ibig niyang makamtan sa pamamagitan muna ng karunungan at kadakilaang asal ng kanyang mga kalahi, bago isipin ang ibáng paraan.

Isang araw ng Mayo 1896, sinugo ni Bonifacio si Dr. Pio Valenzuela (ang tanging kasapi sa Katipunan na may título) na makipanayam kay Rizal sa pinagtapunan dito sa Dapitan, Mindanao, upang ipatalastás sa kanyá ang nais ng Katipunan na maghimagsik nang mawasak ang kapangyarihan ng España dito sa Pilipinas. Si Rizal ay sumalungat sa ganyang nais.

Kinabukasan, dali-daling lumulan sa bapor si Valenzuela at umuwi sa Maynila bagaman at may tangkang manatili pa ng mga ilang araw duón. Nang malaman ni Bonifacio na ayaw ni Rizal sa paghimagsik, sinabi niya: “At saang aklat nabasa ni Rizal na bago maghimagsik ay kailangang magkaroon muna ng sandata at salapi?”

Kalaban ba ni Rizal at ng mga Masón si Bonifacio at ang Katipunan?

Malayo. Si Rizal at marami sa mga Masón ay mga taong may taglay na kakayahan sa isip. Paniwala nila na bago simulan ang isang napakalaking gawain katulad ng paghimagsik, kailangan muna ang mga baril, sandata at salapi upang magtagumpay. Ang pagbuhos ng dugo sa ikasu-sugpo ng mga pag-api ay talagang salungat sa mga aral ng “Masoneria” sa mga kasapi. Datapwa, ang mga dukha, manggagawa, mga maralita na mga hamak na taong bayan, dito sa atin at saan pa man, kapag niyakap ang isang gawain at nalamang kailangang gawin sa ikasu-sunod ng isang dakilang layunin, ay hindi na nagtitigilan sa pag-iisip at kara-karaka ay ginagampanan sabay sa salitang “Bahala na!”

Ito ay nakita natin na siyang nagligtás sa bayang Pilipino nuong mga panahong yaón, at naghatíd sa atin sa tagumpay. At iyan ding mga salitang iyan ang nagligtas sa ibang mga bayan sa kuko ng mga manlulupig na hari at maharlikáng umiinís sa mga anak-pawis at dukha.

Ang Mga Unang Pinuno Ng Katipunan

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SA HALIP na umurong sa harap ng pagsalungat ni Rizal at ng iba pa sa paghimagsik, bagkús nagka-sigla lalo sina Bonficacio sa pagtatag ng mga balangay at sanggunían ng Katipunan. Buong taon ng 1895 at unang mga buwan ng taóng sumunod, 1896, kanyang naitatag sa buong Maynila at mga lalawigang karatig ang maraming sanga o balangay.

Kung anó ang laki ng kaayawan sa paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipinong litaw at may kaya, siya namang higpit ng pagyakap ng mga maralita sa layunin ng Katipunan. Ang mga manggagawa, ang mga taga-bukid at ang mga dukha, ay para-parang nagsiluha kung sila ay pinaliwanagan ng mga adhikain at aral ng Katipunan, at nag-unahan sa pagsapí.

Natatag ang Pamunuan ng Katipunan sa pulong ng mga kinatawan ng mga balangay nuong Enero 1, 1896. Nahalal sa Kataas-taasang Panguluhan ng Katipunan ang mga sumusunod:

Kataas-taasang Pangulo (supremo), Andrés Bonifacio; Kalihim (secretary), Emilio Jacinto; Taga-ingat-yaman (treaurer), Vicente Molina; Taga-usig (auditor, fiscal), Pio Valenzuela; mga kawani: Pantaleon Torres, Hermenegildo Reyes, Francisco Carreon, José Trinidad, Balbino Florentino at Aguedo del Rosario.

Ang mga balangay at sanggunian ay napatatag na sa maraming puok ng Maynila at mga bayang karatig. Ang mga pangalang taglay ay yaong mga pangalan o bagay na may kinalaman sa ating lahi at sa kalayaang ninasà.

Naito ang ilan: Dapitan (bayang pinagtapunan kay Rizal); Laong-Laan at Dimas-Alang (mga lagda ni Rizal sa kanyang mga isinulat sa mga pahayagan); Katagalugan, Katotohanan, Kabuhayan, Silanganan, Pagtibayin, Kailangan, Bagong-Silang, Di-Magpapatantan, Di-Tutugutan, Pinanginginigan at iba’t iba pa.

Hindi kabilang ang mga babae sa Katipunan subali’t ilan sa kanila, lalung-lalo na ang asa-asawa ng mga kasapi, ay nabigyan ng magagaang na tungkulin. Si Perfecta Simeon, halimbawa, ay ginawang taga-ingat-yaman sa Balangay Maluningning na natatag sa nayon ng San Nicolas, Maynila.

Sahol: Ang Katipunan ng Bayang Maralita

Ilang paraan ang ginamit sa pagpapalaganap ng Katipunan - mga pagpulong nang lihim sa puok-puok, sulok-sulok at bahay-bahay. Tangi sa rito ang mga sulat at limbag na ginawa nina Bonifacio, Jacinto at iba pa, na walang lagda.

Nagkaroon din ang Katipunan ng sariling palimbagan at duon inilathala ang 2 bilang lamang ng pahayagang Tagalog na pinamagatang Kalayaan, inilathala nuong ika-1 ng Enero 1896. Isang libo ang mga sipi (copies) ng unang limbag at 2,000 ang ika-2.

Ganito nakamit ang salaping ibinili sa palimbagan. Isang araw, dumating si Troadio, kapatid ni Bonifacio na galing sa Australia, may kasamang 2 makabayang taga-Kapis (Capiz ang tawag ngayon), sina Francisco Castillo at Camilo Iban. Ang 2 ay tumama sa loteria ng ilang libong

piso. Sa pamamagitan ng kanyang kapatid, hinikayat sa Katipunan ang 2 na nagka-luob naman ng halagang 400 piso. Ito ang ibinili ng palimbagan ni Antonio Salazar, isang Masón na may-ari ng Bazar del Cisne, na ipina-baril din ng mga Castila. Sa kanila rin galing ang salaping ibinili ng mga titik sa palimbagan ni Isabelo de los Reyes, na ipinunô sa mga titik ng palimbagan.

Walang salapi ang Katipunan at sahol sa mga kagamitan subalit lumaganap pa rin. Ang mga kalupitan at paghamak na rin sa mga Pilipino ng mga nakasakop sa atin nuon ang nagpasiglá sa mga taong bayan upang sumapi sa Katipunan.

Bukod dito, si Bonifacio ay talagang may sapat na talino sa paglikha ng mga paraan na sukat makahikayat sa tao. Ipinasya niyá, tuwing magpulong ang mga balangay, na buklatin ang kasaysayang batbat ng hirap ng Pilipinas. Sa ganito pina-alaala sa mga kapatid ang kaabahan ng katayuan ng lupang-sarili.

Tuwing ika-28 ng Febrero, nagdaos ng mga lihim na lamayan patungkol sa 3 Pilipinong pari, sina Gomez, Burgos at Zamora, na ipinabitay ng pamahalaang Castila sa sulsol ng mga frayle. Ano pa’t ang mga pag-usig kina Rizal at mga kasamahan, na para-parang labag sa matuwid, ay siyang lagi nang ipinagunita upang mag-alab ang luob ng mga kasapi. Tutuó, talagang inis na at tigib na tigib ang pusong matiisin ng mga Pilipino sa madlang kaapihang ginawa sa kanila ng mga maykapangyarihan nuon.

Ang Pag-usig Sa Mga ‘Mason’

INUSIG ng mga Castila at frayle ang mga Masón dahil sa Katipunan. Anuman ang mangyaring pagtutol ng mga Pilipino sa mga kahidwaang inaasal ng mga nakasakop sa atin sa mga panahong yaon, sa mga Masón ibinintang, at ang mga ito ang pinagdadadakip at pinarurusahan.

Kailangan ang kaunting paliwanag. Sinabi na natin na ang mga Masón ay hindi sang-ayon sa paghimagsik. Alam na natin na ibá ang “Masoneria” sa Katipunan. At ang “Liga Filipina” naman ay walang kinalaman sa dalawa. Bawa’t isá ay may kani-kaniyang uri, tuntunin at adhikain.

Subali’t hindi maikakait na ang “Masoneria” at ang mga kasapi ay nagsabog sa mga kalahi ng mga kurong dakila ukol sa ikatutubós. Silá, ang mga Masón, ang masasabing nagturo sa mga Pilipino ng pagbigkis ng kaluoban upang humarap at makipaglaban, sa luob ng kapayapaan, sa mga makapangyarihang lumulupig sa lahi. Ang mga kasapi sa “Masoneria” ang nagpakilala sa pamahalaan sa España ng mga masasamang palakad na pina-iral dito, siyang ikinalugmok ng bayan sa karukhaan, kaapihan at kabusabusan.

“Ibig namin,” ang hiling sa España ng mga Masón, “na ang aming bayan ay maging karapat-dapat, maging malaya at maginhawa, na sa kanyang panuorin ay tumanglaw ang maningning na araw ng katarungan at kabihasnan. Ibig namin na maghari ang pagpa-pantay-pantay, ang tunay na kalayaan ng mamamayan sa harap ng mga mapag-imbot na nabuhay sa pagsugpu sa karapatan ng bayan, dinilig ang kanilang ginhawa ng luha ng bayang nagdaralita.”

Ang mga hiling na iyan ay hindi lamang nakilala ng mga taong bayan kundi naramdaman nila sa sarili. Ang mga pagsumikap ng mga Masón ang nagmulat sa bayan sa kanyang aping kalagayan.

Ito ay nalaman ng pamahalaang Castila, lalo na ng mga “cura” sapagka’t sa bayan-bayang pinamugaran ng isang logia (lodge) ng mga Masón, ang “cura” at ang mga Castila ay hindi lubhang nakapa-mayani sa kanilang mga masamang gawa sapagka’t nahadlangan sila ng pagkaka-isa ng mga taong bayan sa pagtutol. Napansin din ng mga frayle na ang pasok ng salapi sa simbahan ay umunti sanhi sa kagawan ng mga Masón na nagturo sa bayan, iwanan ang patay sa luob ng simbahan at huwag magbayad ng anuman. Itinuro rin naman nila na huwag bilhin ang mga kalmen (carmen,

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scapular), ang mga kuwintas, ang mga candela, ang mga istampá, ang mga bula (catechismo), ang mga novena, na kinalakal ng convento.

Ang masikhay na pag-usig sa mga Masón ay nagsimula nuong 1892 at sumidhi nuong naitatag na ang Katipunan at si Bonifacio ay walang humpay na nagpalaganap sa kanyang samahan. Alam ng pamahalaang Castila at ng mga frayle na si Bonifacio ay Masón subalit hindi alam na ang layunin at mga ipinunla ng Katipunan ay huwad sa “Masoneria”. Kaya, lahat ng kilos nina Bonifacio at mga kasamahan ay sa mga Masón ibinabagsak. Ang amá ng Katipunan naman, sa nasa niyang magkasama-sama ang lahat sa lilim ng kanyang watawat, ay hindi lamang hindi nagpa-sinungaling sa gayong akala kundi bagkus pinagtibay pa.

Ang mga Masón nuong ang lumagay na tagapag-taguyod ng kalayaan ng bayan, at sila ang pinagpitagan ng maraming kababayan, lalo na siná Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, at iba pang Masón na nagtanggol sa kalayaan at lagi nang sinanggal ang kaapihang tinitiis ng Pilipinas.

Mga ‘Mason’ Kumampi na sa Katipunan

NUONG 1893 at mga unang buwan ng 1894, natigil ang pag-usig sa mga Masón. Palibhasa, naipatapon na sa Dapitan si Rizal na, sa ganang mga Castila at frayle, siyang pinaka-puno ng kilusan ng mga Masón. At naparusahan na ang mga inaakalang may kinalaman, nang usigin ang mga kagaya nina Doroteo Cortes, Jose Basa, Ambrosio Salvador, Mariano Apacible at marami pang mga taganas na Masón.

Kaya ang mga kalaban ng kalayaan ng bayan ay natahimik. Dahil naman dito, muling nagsikilos ang mga Masón at binuhay uli ang kanilang pagpu-pulong tungo sa ikagagaling ng sariling bayan.

Hindi nagtagal ang katahimikan. Nuong 1895, muli na naman silang inusig. Ang kilusan ng paghimagsik na nuon ay pinalaganap na ng Katipunan sa mga taong bayan, lalong lalo na sa mga lalawigang Tagalog, ay sa mga Masón na naman ibinintang. Sila na naman ang hinuli, pinahirapan at ibinilanggo. Ang mga convento ay nagsikilos, ang mga pinunong Castila ay para-parang nagsumikap sa pagbintang sa mga logia na walang nilalayon kundi ang paghiwalay ng Pilipinas sa España.

Ang bunga ng lahat ng ito ay ang pagsiyasat sa bahay-bahay ng mga Masón, ang pagbilanggo, pagpatapon sa malalayong bayan sa mga magiting na kasapi ng “Masoneria.” Dahil dito, marami sa mga Masón na nuong una ay hindi sang-ayon sa paghimagsik, ang tumulong na tuloy sa pagpalaganap ng Katipunan.

Sa harap ng mga nangyayaring yaon, inihanda na ng Katipunan ang paghihimagsik. Si Bonifacio at ang ilan niyang matatalik na kawani ay madalas lumabas sa mga bundok na nakapaligid sa Maynila at pinag-aralan ang tumpak na paraan sa pagsalakay, at ang mga magagawang kuta ng kawal ng Katipunan sa paghamok.

3 Ulit Na-visto Ang Himagsikan

NAHULI ang mga kasapi sa Katipunan nuong ika-13 ng Agosto 1896 sa San Piro, Makati, bagáman at mga Masón daw, alinsunod sa sulat ng cura duon, si Agustin Fernandez, sa pinuno ng Castila sa Maynila, si Luengo.

Nguni’t bago pa nangyari ito, ang teñente ng guardia civil, si Manuel Sityar, ay sumulat na sa mga pinuno niya sa Maynila nuong ika-5 ng Julio 1896 din, at ibinalita na may natuklasan siyang inihahandang paghimagsik laban sa pamahalaan. Ang mga sanga raw ay nasa San Juan del Monte,

San Felipe Nery, Pandakan, Marikina at Montalban. Ibinabalita rin niya na may ilang libo ang maghihimagsik, sumumpa sa sarili nilang dugo na inilagda sa kasulatan, nang sa gayon ay tumibay sa pakikibaka hanggang sa matamó ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas.

Umabot sa kaalaman ni Bonifacio ang mga ibinalita. Simula pa nuong itinatag ang Katipunan, nakahikayat na ng ilang kababayang naglilingkod sa mga kawanihan ng pamahalaang Castila; gayon din ang ilan sa mga naglilingkod sa bahay ng mga pinuno at sa mga convento.

Nuong mga araw na yaon, ang mga tiktik ng Katipunan sa luob ng pamahalaan ay nagdadala na ng mga balitang kailangan ni Bonifacio. Kaya, nang nalaman niyang natuklasan na ang Katipunan ng may kapangyarihan, pinulong ang lahat ng mga pangulo sa mga balangay at mga kasapi sa puok ng Kankong, Kalookan, niyong ika-17 ng Agosto 1896, - sinimulan nuong ika-8 ng umaga at natapos nuong nagtatakipsilim na.

Mainit at mahigpit ang kanilang pagtatalo. May mga ayaw munang gawin ang paghimagsik sa kawalan ng mga sandata at baril na ilalaban, nguni’t marami ang may ibig at ayaw nang umuwi sa kani-kanilang bahay.

Sa wakás, napagtibay din at bilang saksi ng pinagkasunduan, lahat ay nagsidukot ng kani-kanilang cedula personal at pinagpupunit, tanda na hindi na sila babalik sa kani-kanilang bahay. Pinagtibay pa na salakayin ang Maynila nuong ika-30 ng buwang iyon ng Agosto. Pagkatapos ay nagpangkat-pangkat na.

Datapwa, nuong ika-19 lamang ng Agosto, natuklasan ni Mariano Gil, cura sa simbahan ng Tundo, ang mga kasulatan ng Katipunan dahil sa sumbong ni Teodoro Patiño. Nakuha pati ang batong pinaglimbagan ng recibo sa pagawaan ng pahayagang Diario de Manila.

Ang mga sundalo at guardia civil ay nagsiyasat sa pali-paligid ng labas ng Maynila, kaya nuong ika-23 ng buwang iyon, nangyari ang unang labanan ng mga iyon sa kawal ng Katipunan sa Balintawak. Sinimulan na ang paghuli at pagpahirap sa mga napagbintangan.

Ang inilalaban ng mga kasapi sa Katipunan ay ilang itak, tinulisang bukawe (isang uri ng kawayan) at palasan (makapal na yantok), mga revolver na kinuha ng Katipuneros sa maestranza (arsenal), 2 o 3 baril na naagaw sa mga sundalo ng pamahalaang Castila.

Nagpatuloy sa ganito nguni’t itinatag na ni Bonifacio ang kanyang pamahalaan sa Pasong Tamo, Kalookan, at pagkatapos sa bundok ng Balara, Marikina. Mula duon, nag-utos siya katulong ang kanyang mga kagawad.

Binuo ang Pamahalaang Pambansa

Tinangkang ‘itanan’ si Rizal

NANG si Rizal ay dumating sa Maynila noong ika-5 ng Agosto 1896 galing sa Dapitan na pinagtapunan sa kanya, tinangka nina Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto at ibang kasamahan na siya ay itanan. Si Jacinto ay nagsuot marinero at nagsadya sa lancha Caridad na nilulan ni Rizal palunsad sa bapor España. Kunwa ay naglinis, sa isang pagkakataon ay ibinulong (ni Jacinto) sa ating bayani, “Kung kayo po’y ibibilanggo ay ililigtás namin kayo. Kami’y nahahanda.”

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Palibhasa’y umasa si Rizal sa kalinisan ng kanyang budhi sa matapat na pakisama niya sa pamahalaan nuon, sumagot niya, “Salamat. Huwag ninyong gawin iyan sa akin. Bayaan ninyo’t nalalaman ko ang aking gagawin.”

Hangad ni Bonifacio na maging pangulong pandangal si Rizal at siya ay gawing sanggunian (consultant) bagaman at hindi nila ka-ayon. Dahil

sa pagtanggi nito, ang nais na yaon nina Bonifacio ay hindi nangyari at sa gayo’y napilitan silang magkasya na sa sari-sarili nilang pamamatnugot sa Katipunan.z Ang pamahalaan ng Katipunan ay hindi na sa samahang ito lamang kundi binigyan na ng uring pambansa. Ganitó:

Presidente, Andrés Bonifacio; Ministro de Estado (pamahala sa bayan), Emilio Jacinto; Ministro de Guerra (pamahala sa digmaan), Teodoro Plata; Ministro de Gobernacion (pamahala sa patnugutang bayan), Aguedo del Rosario; Ministro de Gracia y Justicia (pamahala sa katarungan), Briccio Pantas; Ministro de Hacienda (pamahala sa yaman-bayan), Enrique Pacheco; Secretario General (punong kalihim), Daniel Tria Tirona; at Tesorero General (punong ingat-yaman), Silverio Baltazar (capitan sa kabayanan ng Kalookan).

Ang pamahalaang iyan ang namatnugot ng paghimagsik datapwa iilan lamang ang mga tinunton, yaong lubhang kinailangan sa mga unang pagkilos. Pinasiya nila na ang pahiwatig ng pagsalakay sa Maynila ay hihip ng mga tambuli mula sa mga bundok na kinaruruonan ng mga kawal. Ang hudyat upang magkakilala ang “magkakapatid” ay ang salitang “Balangay” na dapat sagutin ng “Marikit.”

Nuong ika-27 ng Agosto 1896, lumipat si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kasamahan sa purok ng Balakbak, nayon ng Hagdangbató. Sa isang kamalig, kanyang sinulat at pinadala sa mga kina-ukulan ang sumusunod na pahayag:

“Mga maginoong namiminuno, kasapi at mga kapatid:

“Sa inyong lahat ipinatutungkol ang pahayag na ito. Totoong kinakailangan na sa lalong madaling panahon ay putlin natin ang walang pangalang panglulupig na ginagawa sa mga anak ng bayan, na ngayo’y nagtitiis ng mabibigat na parusa at paghihirap sa mga bilangguan, na, sa dahilang ito’y mangyaring ipatanto ninyó sa lahát ng mga kapatid na sa araw ng Sabado, ika-29 ng kasalukuyan, ay puputok ang paghihimagsik na pinagkasunduan natin, kaya’t kinakailangang sabay-sabay na kumilos ang mga bayan-bayan at sabay-sabay na salakayin ang Maynila. Ang sino pa mang humadlang sa banal na adhikaing itó ng bayan ay ipinalalagay na taksil at kalaban, maliban na nga lamang kung may sakit na dinaramdam o ang katawa’y maysala, at sila’y pag-uusigin alinsunod sa palatuntunang ating pinag-iiral.”

Bundok ng Kalayaan, ika-28 ng Agosto 1896

Andres Bonifacio

Sumiklab ang Himagsikan!

LAHAT ng nakabatid ay sumunod sa pahayag. Kinabukasan nga ng gabi, (ika-29 ng Agosto 1896) nagkaroon ng labanan sa buong paligid ng Maynila. Nang ika-30 ng buwang ito, nagkaroon na ng mahigpit na labanan sa Balintawak, sa San Juan del Monte at sa iba pang puok.

Si Bonifacio ay nagpakita ng hindi karaniwang katapangan at gayon din ang kanyang mga kasamahan. Nasupil nila at naagawan ng ilang baril ang mga himpilan ng guardia civil. Kaya nuon din ay ipinasiya ni general (Ramon) Blanco, kataas-taasang puno ng Castila dito sa Pilipinas, na ipalagay na puok ng digmaan ang mga lalawigang Maynila, Bulakan, Kapampangan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlak, Laguna, Batangan at Kabite, at iniutos na bantayang mahigpit ang mga mamamayan.

Pinagdadakip ng pamahalaang Castila ang lahat ng kilalang Masón o mga kamag-anak at kaibigan nila at kinulong sa Bilibid, sa Fuerza de Santiago at sa ibá pang piitan, gaya ng silong ng mga kuta (muralla) sa luob ng Maynilà (Intramuros). Ang mga mayayamang katulad ng mga Yangko (ama); Roxas, Zamora, Bautista at iba’t ibá pa ay pinaghuhuli at piniit sa bilangguan, at gayon din ang mga Pilipinong napapatangi sa dunong at sa kabuhayan.

Ang mga kasapi sa Katipunan ay pinagdadakip din at pinahirapan sa luob ng bilangguan. Nalaman na ang paraang ginawâ sa pagsapi, dahil sa pagkatuklas ng cura sa Tundo, si Mariano Gil, lahat ng mga manggagawa sa mga pagawaan, ang mga lalaking lumakad sa mga lansangan sa Maynila at sa mga bayang ka- Tagalugan, ay isá isáng nililisan ng manggas ng baro ng mga guardia civil at veterana at kung may nakitang piklat na gurlis (munting sugat), ay ibinilanggo. May mga ilan na ibinilanggo dahil nagkasugat o tinubuan kaya ng galis sa bisig, kahit na hindi sa kinukudlitan sa pagkuha ng dugo na inilagda sa kasulatan ng panunumpa ng mga kasapi sa Katipunan. Nakasama silang pinahirapan at pinabaril sa Bagumbayan (Luneta) at sa luob ng mga bilangguan.

Hindi lamang hindi kasapi ang mga mayaman at mga marunong na Pilipino kundi salungat pa sa Katipunan subalit dinakip din, at pinabaril pa ang ilan. Si Bonifacio at ang Katipunan ang masasabing may kagagawan.

Kagagawan ni Bonifacio

NANG malaman ni Bonifacio na ang mga mayaman at mga litaw na Pilipino ay ayaw sa paghimagsik, siya ay umisip ng isang paraan na ang mga ito ay mapadamay sa pag-usig sa mga taga-Katipunan.

Una: Upang lalong masugatan ang puso ng mga taong bayan kapag nakitang pati ng mga mayaman at mga litaw na kababayan ay pinipiit at pinagbabaril. Ika-2: Higit sa una, nang sa gayon ay lalong lumagablab ang apoy ng paghihimagsik. Ano pa at sa kanyang pagka-tunay na maghihimagsik, ang ibig ni Bonifacio ay magkahalu-halo na ang balat sa tinalupan. Kaya, nang nairaos na ang pulong na nagpasiya ng pagsalakay sa Maynila, inutos ni Bonifacio kina Jacinto at Guillermo Masangkay na isabog sa ilang pook ng Maynila ang mga kasulatan na sadyang inihanda ni Bonifacio at ng mga alagad niya, na nagpakilalang ang mga nakalagda ay may kinalaman at kasapi sa Katipunan.

Bagaman at hindi tutuo, at ang mga kasulatang yaon ay gawa-gawa lamang at hinuwad ang lagda ng ilang mga litaw na mayaman at marunong na Pilipino nang sa gayon ay mapasubo sila sa ginampanang paghimagsik ng bayang maralita, sa ikabuti ng lahat.

Hindi hinayag ni Bonifacio sa lahat ng mga kasapi ang ginawa niyang paghuwad sa mga lagda nguni’t talagang ipinabasa sa mga kasapi sa Katipunan at nang sa gayon ay lalong lumakas ang luob ng kanyang mga alagad.

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Katunayan nito, ilan sa mga nahuli, sa hirap ng mga pasakit, ay nagturó nang nagturó sa ilang litaw na tao, bagaman at ilan sa mga isinigaw ay gawa-gawa lamang, sa higpit ng mga parusa.

Pahirap Sa Katipuneros, Ang Mga Binitay

ANG mga parusang iginawad sa mga hinuli ay mahaba at may kahirapang isa-isahin ngunit ang karaniwan ay huwag pakainin ng magha-maghapon, paluin sa talampakan, palakarin sa munggo, ibitin ng patiwarik at biglang ibagsak, paluin ng palasan (makapal na yantok) nang patihaya, duruin ng aspile ang kukó, inisin sa mga bartolina na magha-maghapong nakatayo, ilubog sa balon at maka-sandali ay hanguin, at iba’t iba pa. Sa katapus-tapusan, ay barilin.

Marami at hindi maaaring isiwalat kung sinu-sino ang mga pinagbabaril. Sa mga kasapi sa Katipunan ay hindi na kailangan sabihin pa nguni’t ang mga unang ipinabaril ng pamahalaang Castila sa Luneta noong ika-4 ng Septiembre 1896, sa ika-5:30 ng hapon, ay siná Sancho Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento at Ramon Peralta. Ang mga Masón na binaril sa Maynila ay sina Jose Rizal, Domingo Franco, Numeriano Adriano, Moises Salvador, Luis E. Villareal, Faustino Villaruel, Ramon Padilla, Jose Dizon at Antonio Zalazar.

Sa mga lalawigan naman, ang mga Masón na binaril o pinatay (marami ang namatay sa hirap ng mga parusa) ay sina Rosalio Silos, sa Mindanao; Lauro Dimayuga, sa Batangan; Domingo Cecilio, Ciriaco Sarile, Teodorico Lagonera, Pantaleon Belmonte, Quintin Tinio, Mamerto Natividad at Marcos Ventus sa Nueva Ecija; Francisco Tañedo at Procopio Hilario sa Tarlak; Leon Hernandez sa Kamarines; at ang ilan sa mga binaril sa Kabite ay sina Victoriano Luciano, Maximo Inocencio, Feliciano Cabuco, Eugenio Cabezas, Hugo Perez, Maximo Gregorio, Jose Lallana, Severino Lapidario at Alfonso Ocampo.

...Hanggang Pumasok ang mga Americano

NAGTAGAL ang panahon ng paghimagsik mula nuong ika-29 ng Agosto 1896 hanggang nuong pumasok sa Maynila ang hukbo ng mga Amerkano nuong ika-13 ng Agosto 1898, bagaman nang lagdaan ang Pacto de Biak-na-Bato nuong ika-4 ng Agosto 1897, nahinto ang labanan na inulit uli nuong Mayo ng taong sumunod, 1898, nang nagbalik si (Emilio) Aguinaldo buhat sa Hongkong.

Dapat ding sabihin na narito na ang mga Amerkano sa Maynila, nakikipaglaban pa ang kawal ng himagsikan sa ilang kabayanan na hindi pa nahuhulog sa kamay ng mga Pilipino. Sa katunayan, ang ilan ay nagsi-suko nang naririto na sa Maynila ang hukbó ng Amerkano.

Nuong unang araw ng Mayo 1898, dumating sa Pilipinas ang mga Amerkano. Nagbubukang liwayway ng nagsipasok sa luok ng Maynila ang mga sasakyang-dagat na pangdima ng Estados Unidos at kapag karaka’y nilusob ang mga sasakyang dagat na pandigma ng mga Castilà, na napipilan at napalubog matapos ng ilang sandali lamang.

Sa luok ng Maynila namalagi ang mga sasakyang dagat na nagwagi hanggang ika-13 ng Agosto 1898 nang nilusob ng hukbong Amerkano ang Maynila. Sa kanilá isinuko ang lungsod na ito ng mga may kapangyarihang Castila nuong araw ding yaon.

Ang Katapusan Ng Katipunan

Nag-dictador Si Aguinaldo

ANO ang ginawa ng hukbo ng Katipunan nuong pumasok ang mga Amerkano?

Dapat munang sabihin na hindi na hukbo ng Katipunan ang máitatawag sa mga kawal na naghimagsik, sa dahilan nuong ika-24 ng Mayo 1898, nang nagbalik sa Kabite si Emilio Aguinaldo galing sa Hongkong (ika-15 ng Mayo, 1898), itinanghal niya ang kasarinlan (independence) ng Pilipinas. Siya ang pinaka-Dictador, hindi ng Katipunan kundi ng hukbo ng Pamahalaang Pilipinong Naghihimagsik (Philippine revolutionary government).

Nuong ika-12 ng Junio 1898, ihinayag sa Kawit ang pamahalaang sarili (self-government) ng Sangkapuluang Pilipinas. Susog dito, itinatag ang Pamahalaang Himagsikang (revolutionary government) Pilipino. Ang Pangulo ay si Aguinaldo. Ang mga kawal nga nito ay nakarating at nagsihimpil hanggang sa mga nayon ng Maynila, gaya ng Gagalangin, Cervantes, Sampalok, Santa Mesa, Pako at Ermita, kasabay halos ng hukbong Amerkano na nagsipasok nuong ika-13 ng Agosto 1898.

Ang hukbo ng Estados Unidos ay nasa Maynila at (kabayanan ng) Kabite; ang hukbong Pilipino naman ay siyang sumakop sa mga bayan-bayan at nakipaglabanan pa sa hukbó ng mga Castila duon sa ilang kabayanan na nasa kamay pa ng mga ito.

Nuong ika-15 ng Septiembre 1898, idinaos sa simbahan ng Barasoain, Malolos, ang unang Kapulungang Bayan (Malolos congress) na binubuo ng 85 kinatawan ng mga lalawigan ng Sangkapuluang Pilipinas. Nuong ika-29 ng sumunod na Noviembre, pinagtibay ng Kapulungang ang Panguluhang-batas (Constitution) na iiral sa Pilipinas. At nuong ika-21 ng Enero 1899, inihayag at pina-iral ang Panguluhang-batas at tuloy itinanghal ang República Filipina sa simbahan ng Barasoain.

Nabihag Si Aguinaldo

Namayani sa Pilipinas ang hukbo ng Estados Unidos. Nuong ika-20 ng Deciembre 1898, pinagkasunduan ng España at Estados Unidos ang paghinto ng kanilang digmaan, na nagsimula nuong Abril 1898. Sa nilagdaan kasunduan, pinagtibay ng Senado ng Estados Unidos nuong ika-6 ng Febrero 1899, ipinagkaluob ng España sa Estados Unidos ang Sangkapuluang Pilipinas.

Nuong ika-4 ng Enero 1899, iniutos ng Pangulo (William) Mckinley ng Estados Unidos kay general (Elwell) Otis, pinuno ng hukbong Amerkano sa Pilipinas, na ipakilala sa mga Pilipino ang kapangyarihan ng Estados Unidos.

Ang pamahalaang Pilipino ay tumutol, ayaw kilalaninang kapangyarihan at kara-karaka ay inihanda ang mga kawal sa pakibaka. Lahat ng katwiran ng isang bayang natutong maghimagsik ay ginamit.

Nuong gabi ng ika-4 ng Febrero 1899, isa sa mgapinuno ng hukbong Pilipino ang ibig bumagtas sa tulay ng San Juan del Monte, nguni’t siya ay binaril ng isang sundalong Amerkano na nakabantay duon. Dito nagsimula ang pakikibaka ng hukbong Amerkano laban sa hukbong Pilipino, nagtagal ng ilang taon, hanggang napipilan ng lakas ng malaki at mayamang Estados Unidos ang kamuraan at kahinaan ng Republica Filipina.

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Si Aguinaldo ay nadakip nuong ika-23 ng Marso 1901. Sina general (Vicente) Lukban, sa Samar, at si (Miguel) Malvar, sa Batangan (Batangas ang tawag ngayon), ay lumaban pa at nagsi-suko na lamang, kasama ang kanilang mga kawal, nuong talagang supil na supil na ng kalaban at wala nang makain. Si Lukban ay sumuko nuong Febrero 1902, si Malvar nuong sumunod na Junio.

Ang ‘Magdiwang’ at ang ‘Magdalo’

MAHABANG salaysayin, gayon man ay pag-aralan natin ang ilang bagay ukol sa pagpatay kay Andrés Bonifacio.

Nuong 1896, may 2 pangkat sa lalawigan ng Kabite na nagsipamatnugot sa paghimagsik duon. “Magdalo” ang pamagat ng isa na pinamunuan ni Baldomero Aguinaldo, kapatid ni Kapitang Emilio. Ang nasasakupan ay ang mga kabayanan ng Kawit, Imus, Bakood, Perez Dasmariñas, Silang, Mendez Nuñez at Amadeo. Ang isang pangkat naman ay pinamagatang “Magdiwang,” na pinangunguluhan naman ni Mariano Alvarez, at ang nauukol naman sa dito ay ang iba pang mga kabayanan sa lalawigan.

Nakapasok na ang hukbó ng mga Castila sa maraming kabayanan ng Kabite mula nuong napatay ang bayaning si (Edilberto) Evangelista sa Sapote nuong ika-17 ng Febrero 1897. Kaya ang pangkat ng “Magdalo” ay umurong sa San Francisco de Malabon at umanib sa pangkat ng “Magdiwang.” At upang magkaroon ng pagka-kaisa sa pamamatnugot ng paghihimagsik doon, nuong ika-12 ng Marso 1897, nagdaos ng isang pulong sa casa-hacienda sa Tejeros ang mga nagsisi-buo ng 2 pangkat upang itatag ang isang Pamahalaang Tagapamatnugot ng Paghihimagsik. Ang nangulo ay si Andrés Bonifacio na rin. Bago idaos ang halalan ng mga magsisi-buo ng pamahalaan, ipinatalastas ni Bonifacio na anuman ang kalabasan ay kanyang igagalang.

Ang kinalabasan ng halalan ay itó: Emilio Aguinaldo, Pangulo; Mariano Trias, Ika-2 pangulo; Artemio Ricarte, Pangulo ng hukbo; Emiliano Riego de Dios, Pamatnugot ng Digma; at si Bonifacio ay Director del Interior.

Si Bonifacio ay hindi tumutol sa kinalabasan ng halalan ngunit si Daniel Tirona ay tumutol sa pakakahalal kay Bonifacio at ipinalagay na “dapat ihalal si José del Rosario sa tungkulin na pinaglagyan kay Bonifacio,” sapagkat ang tao na kanyang ipinalalagay ay “lalong may kaya kaysa napahalal, sa tungkuling hahawakan.”

Dito umanó, nagpakita ng hinanakit at puot si Bonifacio. Nagkaroon ng mga kasulatan ng pagtutol sa halalang binanggit sa una. May mga tutol na nilagdaan nina Andrés Bonifacio, Procopio Bonifacio, Mariano Trias, Pio del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte at Severino de las Alas.

Sa dahilang hindi nagkakaisa nuong mga unang buwan ng 1897, ang mga pinuno ng Paghihimagsik na nasa sa Kabite, sina Bonifacio, Aguinaldo at iba pa, ukol sa mga kaparaanan ng kanilang ginagampanan, nagkaroon ng mga hinanakitan sa luob ang isa’t isa. Ang hinanakitang yaon ay isinaysay ni Bonifacio na rin sa 2 niyang sulat kay Emilio Jacinto, na ginawa sa Naik nuong ika-16 ng Abril, ang isá naman ay nuong ika-24 ng buwan ding iyon sa Limbon. Ano pa at sa ika-2 sulat ay sinasabing siya ay may hinala na sina Aguinaldo at ang mga kapangkat nito ay ibig “isuko ang buong Revolucion.”

(Maaaring huwad ang mga sulat ni Bonifacio kay Jacinto. Ayon kay Hector Santos nuong July 13, 1997 sa

www.bibingka.com/phg/books/bonifacio.htm, kaiba ang copias ng mga liham ni Ambeth Ocampo sa mga pinagbatayan ni Teodoro Agoncillo sa kanyang aklat, “Revolt of the Masses,” na siya namang pinagbatayan ni Reynaldo Ileto ng kanyang “Pasyon and Revolution.” Pahayag ni Hector Santos sa pagsuri niya sa aklat, “Inventing a Hero” ni Glenn Anthony May, Madison, 1996, na ang mga liham ay unang tinanggap ni Epifanio delos Santos (sa kanya ipinangalan ang EDSA; hindi matiyak kung alam niyang huwad ang mga liham) at “dinoktor” ng kanyang anak, si Jose P. Santos, bago ibinigay kay Agoncillo.)

Ang Pagpatay Kay Bonifacio

“ISANG balitang nakasusuka,” ang wika ni Bonifacio sa pang-2 sulat niya kay Emilio Jacinto, “ay ang kataksilan ng mga namiminuno sa Magdalo.” Sila’y napasakop sa kapatawaran (indulto) o kumampí sa mga Castila.

Ang tinurang mga puno ay sina: Daniel Tirona, Ministro de la Guerra; José del Rosario, Ministro del Interior; José Cailles, Teniente general, at ang iba pang mga tagá-Tansá at pati ng “cura” roon, na mga alipuris ni “Kapitang Emilio.”

Makalipas araw, naapula rin ang tutulan, at ang isa’t isa sa mga nahalal, sampu ng mga pinunong sakop ng Pamahalaang yaon, ay para-parang nagsi-sumpa ng kani-kanilang tungkol. Sa sama ng luob,si Bonifacio at ng 2 niyang kapatid, sina Procopio at Ciriaco, ay nilisan ang Kabite at pumatungo sa mga bundok ng San Mateo. Sila ay hinabol ng mga kawal ni Aguinaldo.

Napatay ang kapatid niyang si Ciriaco. Si Andrés Bonifacio ay nagkaroon ng 3 sugat at siya ay binihag ng mga humabol sa kanila, pati ng isa pa niyang kapatid. Tatló naman ang nasugatan sa nagsihabol. Dinala sila sa Naik at pagkatapos sa Maragundong.

Sa Bundok Buntis sila inihantong. Isang “Hukuman ng Digma” ang itinatag upang ang magkapatid ay mahatulan sa ibinubuhat na kasalanang umano silang dalawa ay nagtatayo ng isang lakas na isasalungat sa Paghihimagsik at nagsi-iwas sa Pamahalaan ng Paghihimagsik.

Ang tinurang hukuman ay pina-nguluhan ng binitay na si general (Mariano) Noriel. Ang iba pang nagsi-buó ay siná Clemente J. Zulueta; Pedro Lipana, juez instructor; Santos Nocon, fiscal; at mga saksi ay sina Agapito Bonzon at Pedro Sison. Ang tagapagtanggol ni Andrés Bonifacio ay si Teodoro Gonzalez na naging kalihim niya.

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Ang naging hatol ng hukuman ay ipadala silang magkapatid sa puok ng Luok, Batangan (Batangas ang tawag ngayon), upáng duon sila mamalagi. Datapwâ, dahil umanó sa matinding pagsalakay ng hukbó ng mga Castila at sa mahigpit na kahilingan ng marami na hindi ka-ayon ni Bonifacio, ang magkapatid ay binaril sa Bundok Buntis nuong ika-10 ng Mayo 1897, isáng araw bago napasok ng hukbong Castilà ang Maragundong.

MALAKING pagdaramdam ang naghari sa lahat nang nabalitaan ang naging wakás ng buhay ng Amá ng Katípunan. May mga ibá pang balita ukol sa nangyaring iyan kay Bonifacio.

Datapwa, sa ganang atin, ay maaring buuin ang mga pangyayaring yaon ukol sa pagkamatay niya, sa ganitó:

Na, siná Bonifacio at mga kapatid ay hindi kaayon nina Aguinaldo at mga kapangkat nitó at ang gayo’y pinagmulan ng samaan ng loob ng isá’t isá; Na, ang samaan ng loob na yaon, ay tumimo sa puso ni Bonifacio, pagkaraan ng halalang ginawa ng mga Tagapamatnugot ng Paghihimagsik;

Na, si Bonifacio ay humiwalay sa Pamahalaang yaon, at ayaw kilanlin at sila’y lumaban sa humabol sa kanila;

Na, siya’y hinatulan ng isáng sadyang hukuman ukol sa mga panahong yaon, at siya’t ang kanyang kapatid, ay binaril sanhi sa mga kadahilanang nabanggit na.

Mabini: ‘Dapat Managot si Aguinaldo’

MARAMI ang pala-palagay hinggil sa pagpatay kay Andrés Bonifacio. Hindi nagka-kaisa ang lahat sa kanilang kuro at palagay ukol sa pagkapatay na yaon sa “Ama” ng Paghihimagsik. Nagkaka-salungat at nagka-kaibá. May nagsasabing tumpak at may nagsasabing hindi.

Si José Clemente Zulueta ang siyang umanó nagsabi, “Kailangan sa ikapagtatagumpay ng Paghihimagsik ang pagkapatay kay Bonifacio, ng mga panahong yaon...” At ang kilalang mananalaysay na si Epifanio de los Santos, sa kanyang isinulat ukol kay Bonifacio, na pinagkunan ng ilang mahalagang salaysay ng munting aklat na ito, ay wari’y nagpapakilala ng pagsang-ayon sa kuròng yaon ni Zulueta.

Subali’t si (Apolinario) Mabini, ang “Dakilang Lumpo,” ay kasalungat. Wika nitó sa kanyang talàang ukol sa Paghihimagsik:

“Sinuman ang sumuri,” ang wika ni Mabini, “ay walang matatagpuang bahagya mang katwiran na sukat magpa-gaan sa inasal na yaon ni Aguinaldo (kay Bonifacio). Si Andrés Bonifacio,” ang patuloy, “ay dî maipalalagay na may mababang kakayahan at dunong sa sino man sa mga nahalal sa pulong na yaon, (nuong ika-12 ng Marso, 1897) bagkús pa ngang nagpakita ng katalinuhan at kakayahang hindî karaniwan sa kanyang pagtatag ng Katipunan.

“Lahat ng mga manghahalal ay para-parang mga kaibigan ni Ginuong Emilio Aguinaldo at ni Ginuong Mariano Trias na nangagka-kaisá, samantalang si Bonifacio ay pinag-alinlanganan, bagama’t nagpakilala ng isáng malinis na kaugalian, dahil lamang sa siya’y hindi tagá-Kabite; iyan, ang sanhi ng kanyang hinanakit.

“Ganuon pa man, ang paghihinanakit na ito ni Bonifacio ay dî niya ipinakilala sa ano mang marahas na pagtutol, at sa katunaya’y nang makita niyang sino ma’y dî nagsusumakit sa ikapagkakasundo nila, ay nagkasiya na lamang sa pag-alis sa lalawigan ng Kabite upáng tumungo sa San Mateo na kasama ang kanyang mga kapatid.

“Kung aalagatain na si Ginuong Aguinaldo na nahalal na pinuno, ay siyang kauna-unahang dapat managot sa dî paggalang at pagsunod sa Pangulo ng Katipunan na kanyang kinasasapian; kung gugunitain na ang pagkakasundo nilá ay siyang tumpak na lunas sa mahigpit at maselang katayùan ng Paghimagsik, ang sanhi ng pagkakapatay (kay Bonifacio), ay dî maaring ipalagay kundî isáng hangarin lubhang nakasisirang puri duon: sa ano’t paano man ang gayong kapaslangan ay siyáng kauuna-unahang tagumpay ng pag-iimbot laban sa tunay na pag-ibig sa bayan...”

Triunfo de la ambición personal’

Sa pag-alaalang baká hindî namin naisalin sa wikàng sarili ang tunay na kahulugan ng mga pangungusap ni Mabini, sipiin nating buông-buô ang kanyang sulat sa wikàng Castilà:

“La critica no encuentra justificación ni siquiera atenuante para esta conducta del Sr. Aguinaldo. Andrés Bonifacio no era menos instruido que cualquiera de los elegidos en la reunión mencionada, y habia demostrado sagacidad no común organizando el Katipunan.

“Todos los electores eran amigos de Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Don Mariano Trias que estaban unidos, mientras que Bonifacio era mirado con desconfianza, a pesar de haber demostrado un carácter íntegro, solamente porque no era de la provincia; asi se explica su resentimiento.

“Sin embargo esto no se manifestó por ningún acto de violenta oposición, pues, viendo que nadie trabajaba por la reconciliación, se contentó con salir de la provincia para San Mateo en compañia de sus hermanos.

“Cuando se considera que el Sr. Aguinaldo, jefe elegido, habia sido el primer responsable de insubordinación al jefe del Katipunan a que pertenecia como miembro: cuando se reflexióna que la reconciliación era la única solución apropiada al estado critico de la revolución, el móvil del asesinato no puede atribuirse sino a sentimientos que altamente deshonran a aquel: de todos modos semejante crimen constituye el primer triunfo de la ambición personal contra el verdadero patriotismo...”

Pagkaraan ng mahigit 50 taon, sinulat ni Aguinaldo na ipinabitay niya si Bonifacio:

“Ito, ng matanto nina General Mariano Noriel, General Pio del Pilar, na mga Kagawad ng Consejo de Guerra ay dali daling tinawagan ang aking pansing at sinabing, ‘Kung ibig po ninyon magpatuloy ang kapanatagan ng ating Pamahalaan sa Paghihimagsik, at kung ibig ninyong mabuhay po tayo, ay inyo pong bawiin ang iginawad na indulto sa magkapatid na iyan.’ Dahil ditoy aking binawi at iniatas ko kay General Noriel na ipatupad ang kahatulan ng Consejo de Guerra, na barilin ang magkapatid, alang-alan sa kapakanan ng Bayan.”

E Aguinaldo

Ang Viuda Ni Bonifacio

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SA HARAP ng matipuno at may katulisang mga pangungusap na iyan ni (Apolinario) Mabini, ay naitó ang ilang katotohanan.

Ipinadala kay Emilio Jacinto ang sariling taláan ng asawa ni Bonifacio (si Gregoria de Jesus), na ang sagisag ay Lakambini, sinabing si coronel Agapito Bonson ay siyang umanyaya sa kanyang asawa “upang magawa ang pakikipagkasundo,” anyaya na tinanggihan ni Bonifacio.

Si Antonio Guevara naman, isá sa mga kaayon ni Bonifacio, sa isáng sulat kay Jacinto buhat sa Laguna nuong ika-3 ng Mayo 1897, ay nagsabing sina Coronel Intong at ibá pang puno ay nagsadya sa bahay ni Bonifacio, upang hikayatin ito nang sa gayon ay huwag silang magkahiwa-hiwalay. Hindi tinanggap ang gayong anyaya at payo, at sumagot ng ganito:

“Patatawarin ninyo kung di ko matanggap ang inyong anyaya sa akin. Di na ako manunumhalik kailanman, pagka’t hindi ko na matitis ang mga ginawâ sa akin. Una’y pinagdadamutan kami ng kakanin. At anó ang aking gagawin sa mga balo at naulila, ang mga anak at mga asawa, na natirá dahil sa labanan sa Malabon at Nobeleta?”

“Inaakala ko,” ang patuloy, “na kung sa inyó mangyayari ang mga bagay na itó at buo ang inyong mga puso, kayo mang iyan, ay aabutin din ng yamot at hinawa. Ikalawa: Naririnig ko riyan na akó raw ay isang taong walang kabuluhan dito sa lalawigan ng Kabite at sa gayo’y dapat akong huwág kilalanin. Sa ganito nga, ang marapat ay lisanin ko ito, yayamang di mawawalan ng maaawa sa akin sa mga lalawigan ng Maynilà, Bulakán at Nueba Esiha.”

Ang sagot ng mga kausap ay, “Kung gayon ay kami’y magsisiuwi na pagka’t ang mga tao nami’y hindi pa nagsisikain.”

Gaya ng nasabi, mahabang salaysayin ang buong pangyayari hinggil sa pagpatay kay Bonifacio. Nguni’t ano pa man, minsan pang napatunayan na ang mga dakilang bayani ng isang bayan o ng isang adhika ng matayog na pagpatubós, katulad ni Andrés Bonifacio, ay karaniwang namamatay nang “hindi talaga ng Dios.”

Bagaman at kinitil ang buhay ng nagsimulâ, nagmanukala at nagsikap sa Paghimagsik, ang kalinisan ng adhikà ng mga taong bayan sa pakibaka para sa ikalayà ng lupang sarili ang napatampok hanggang naihatid sa tagumpay ang Bayan.

Samantala, pabayaan na natin ang Historia - na dî maàarìng magbulaan at pabulaanan - na maalam maggawad ng marahás na parusa sa sinumang sa kanya’y magkulang, ang siyang magpasyá sa pagpatay sa Dakilàng Dukhâ ng ating lahî.

Arawan Ng Kasaysayan

1863 Noviembre 30 Isinilang si Andrés Bonifacio.

1872 Febrero 28 Binitay siná Gomez, Burgos at Zamora.

1892 Junio 26 Lumunsad si Rizal sa Maynila. 1892 Julio 7 Ikinulong si Rizal ni general Despujol sa Fuerza de Santiago. Itinatag nina Bonifacio ang Katipunan.

1896 Enero 1 Nahalal ang panguluhan ng Katipunan. Unang labas ng pahayagan ng Katipunan, ang “Kalayaan.” 1896 Mayo Isinugo ni Bonifacio si Dr. Valenzuela kay Rizal. 1896 Julio 5 Sinuplong ni guardia civil Sityar sa Manila ang nakaambang himagsikan. 1896 Agosto 5 Lumunsad si Rizal sa Maynila mula Dapitan. Tinangka ng Katipunan na iligtas si Rizal. 1896 Agosto 13 Sinuplong ng cura sa Sampiro kay Luengo ang nakaambang himagsikan. 1896 Agosto 17 Nagpulong ang Katipunan sa Kankong. 1896 Agosto 19 Sinuplong ni Mariano Gil ang Katipunan. 1896 Agosto 27 Lumipat sina Bonifacio sa Balakbak. 1896 Agosto 28 Nilagdaan ang pahayag ng himagsikan. 1896 Agosto 29 Simula ng himagsikan, naghayag si Bonifacio, labanang mahigpit sa Balintawak at iba pa. 1896 Agosto 30 Hinayag ni general Blanco na naghimagsik ang mga lalawigan ng Maynila, Bulakan at iba pa. Napipilan ang takdang salakay sa Maynila. 1896 Septiembre 4 Binaril ang mga unang ipinabitay ng mga Castila.

1897 Febrero 17 Pinatay ng mga Castila si Evangelista, pinasok ang Sapote. 1897 Marso 12 Halalan sa casa-hacienda sa Tejeros, Kabite. 1897 Abril 24 Sumulat si Bonifacio kay Emilio Jacinto. 1897 Mayo 3 Sulat si Antonino Guevara kay Jacinto. 1897 Mayo 10 Binitay si Bonifacio at ang kapatid na Procopio. 1897 Agosto 4 Sumuko si Aguinaldo sa Biak-na-Bato.

1898 Abril Simula ng digmaan ng España at Estados Unidos. 1898 Mayo 1 Pinalubog ng hukbong dagat ng Amerkano ang mga barkong pandigma ng Castila. 1898 Mayo 15 Lumunsad si Aguinaldo sa Maynila mula Hongkong. 1898 Mayo 24 Hinayag uli ang himagsikan, naging dictador si Aguinaldo. 1898 Junio 12 Tinanghal ang pamahalaang sarili. 1898 Agosto 13 Sumuko ang Maynila sa mga Amerkano. 1898 Septiembre 15 Unang kapulungang-bayan sa Malolos. 1898 Noviembre 29 Pinagtibay ang pangulong-batas (Constitution). 1898 Deciembre 20 Tinapos ang digmaan ng España at Estados Unidos.

1899 Enero 4 Inutos ni Pangulo McKinley na sakupin ng Estados Unidos ang Pilipinas. 1898 Enero 21 Itinanghal ang Republica Filipina sa Malolos. 1898 Febrero 4 Simula ng digmaan ng mga Amerkano at Pilipino. 1898 Febrero 6 Pinagtibay ng Senado ng Estados Unidos ang kasunduan ng España ukol sa Pilipinas.

1901 Marso 23 Nabihag si Aguinaldo. 1901 Abril Simula ng hayagang parangal kay Bonifacio sa Alvarado.

1902 Febrero Sumuko si general Lukban. 1902 Junio Sumuko si general Malvar.

1911 Septiembre 3 Itinayo ang bantayog sa mga Bayani ng 1896.

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Page 27: G-HIS 01 Handouts

G-HIS 01 | PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2nd Semester, SY 2010 – 2011

1920 Noviembre 30 Sinimula ni senador Lope K. Santos ang naging batas 2946 ukol sa pagpugay sa kaarawan ni Bonifacio.

1921 Noviembre 30 Simula ng pagiging araw ng pangilin ang pag-alaala kay Bonifacio.

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