APPENDIX A. Supplementary material

G. García-Salgado, S. Rebollo, L. Pérez-Camacho, S. Martínez-Hesterkamp, E. De la Montaña, R. Domingo-Muñoz, J. Madrigal-González, J.M. Fernández-Pereira. Breeding habitat preferences and reproductive success of Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in exotic Eucalyptus plantations in southwestern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management.

Figure A1. Distribution of Eucalyptus stands and surrounding matrix in the Morrazo peninsula. See Table A1 for a description of land cover types. Other forest types include Recently burned Eucalyptus stands, Forests with scattered trees, Deciduous riverbank forests, Oak, Chestnut and Cork Oak woods, Pine stands, and Acacia stands. Landscape matrix is primarily composed of Fields and meadows with or without scattered buildings. Other land cover types include Gorse-heath and dunes, Beaches and coastal rocky areas, Marsh, Urban areas and Large roads.

Table A1. Land cover types in the study area.

10.7Old mixed Eucalyptus stands Mixed Eucalyptus plantations with large Eucalyptus and high cover of Oak and Pine

3.6Recently logged forests Recently harvested patches without trees or with Eucalyptus regrowth

12.8Fields and meadows Open lands, mainly cornfields, orchards, vineyards and pasturelands22.7Fields with scattered buildings Open lands with scattered isolated buildings or small villages

12.2Mixed Eucalyptus stands Mixed Eucalyptus plantations with large Eucalyptus and medium cover of Oak and Pine

6.2Monospecific Eucalyptus stands Monospecific and contemporary Eucalyptus plantations

2.1Recently burned Eucalyptus stands Mixed or monospecific Eucalyptus stands, partially burned with large Eucalyptus and variable cover of Oak and Pine

1.6Forests with scattered trees Forest or plantations (mainly Eucalyptus) with scattered trees0.9Deciduous riverbank forests Deciduous riparian forest of Alder, Willow and Oak2.4Oak, Chestnut and Cork Oak woods Forests dominated by Oak, Chestnut or Cork Oak2.6Pine stands Pine forests or plantations

6.3Gorse-heath and dunes Gorse and heath shrublands and coastal dune areas

4.2Urban areas Towns or cities and large infrastructures (ports, industrial estates)2.0Large roads Motorways, highways, expressways and their embankments

0.9Beaches and coastal rocky areas Beaches, coastal cliffs and rocky areas0.2Marsh Low freshwater wetlands

0.2Acacia stands Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) plantations8.4Young plantations Young tree plantation mainly of Eucalyptus

%Land cover type Description

Forest classes

Non forest classes

Postfledging family area (PFA) and Nesting territory 3

Table A2. scales.

Tree species Eucalyptus spp, Quercus spp Pinus spp

DBH Diameter at breast heightHeight Nest tree height

Crown cover Percentage of soil covered by the vertical projection of the crown

Crown height branches of the tree

Crown volume Volume of the tree crown estimated from the maximum crown diameter, its perpendicular diameter and Crown height

Variable Description

Nest tree 1

Eucalyptus globulus

Total Oaks Quercus roburTotal Pines Pinus pinaster. P. radiataTotal Chesnut Castanea sativaTotal Laurel Laurus nobilisTotal Acacia Acacia melanoxylonTotal trees Total trees Tree species richness Number of tree speciesTree strata Number of tree strataMaximum height Height of the tallest tree in the sampling plotDead trees Number of fallen and standing dead treesCanopy cover Percentage of area of the sampling plot covered by the forest canopy

Heliophilous shrubs Percentage of area of the sampling plot covered by Ulex europaeus, Genista florida, Pteridium aquilinum, Erica sp., Calluna vulgaris

Shade tolerant shrubs Percentage of area of the sampling plot covered by Rubus ulmifolius, Hedera helix, Frangula alnus

Nest site and Nest stand 2

Trails Number of paths and trails

Relief index

Total length of st nd order paved roadsCadastral plots Number of cadastral plotsLand cover types Area of each land cover type according to land cover classes in Table A1

Forest cover types richness

Forest cover types diversity Shannon’s diversity index for forest cover typesLand cover types diversity Shannon’s diversity index for land cover types

Forest-non forest ecotone Total length of the ecotone forest-non forest in the sampling unit

Land cover richness

Variable Description

Altitude Altitude above sea level (measured at the nest tree/reference tree)Slope Average slope in the nest area

Distance to urban population centers Distance from the nest/reference tree to the nearest town

Distance to s Distance from the nest/referen ce tree to the nearest built-up area (scattered

buildings, villages, towns, etc.)

Aspect Cosine of the cardinal orientation (in radians) as a description of the northern-southern exposure (cos 0º = 1, cos 180º = -1)

Distance to forest edge Distance from the nest/reference tree to the nearest non-forest land cover typeDistance from the nest/reference tree to the nearest field

Nearest neighbour distance (NND) Distance from the nest/reference tree to the centroid of the nearest neighbor Goshawk nesting territory

Other landscape variables

Territoriality 4

1. Characteristics of the nests were sampled through the following variables: height of the nest above the ground, position of the nest with respect to the tree height and within the crown, structure of the branches supporting the nest (central fork, lateral branch with the nest against the trunk, lateral branch with the nest far from the trunk), tree strata to which the nest tree belongs, position of the nest within the tree strata, and degree of concealment of the nest (canopy cover above the nest); 2. The following combined categories were considered: Total area of Eucalyptus

land surface covered by old-mixed Eucalyptus and mixed Eucalyptus), total forest (sum of all forest uses), Total forest (total land surface covered by forest cover types), Potentially nesting forest (total land surface covered by

3. Variables at the PFA and nesting territory scales, and other landscape variables were acquired from a geographic information system (ArcGis 9.3, ESRI) with cartographic information from the Territorial Information System of Galicia (SITGA-IDEG, Xunta de Galicia). Additionally, a layer of land cover types was created from photointerpretation of satellite images (PNOA, 2009), from

1)2

4. The NND was measured as the distance from each nest/control tree to the centroid of the nearest neighbour nesting territory, the centroid being the mean geographic position of the alternate nests of each breeding territory. This measure underestimates the NND of the active nests since all Goshawk territories are not occupied every year, but it allows to compare this variable between the nest and the control plots. Additionally, it is a conservative measure because Goshawk territories can be defended even when egg laying is not achieved.

Table A2.

Table A3. an ±SE

% Tree species E 43.8 / Q 28 / P 28 / O 1

E 92.2 / Q 1.6 / P 4.7 / O 1.6 -

cmDBH 49.8 ± 1.273.7 ± 2.4 <0.001mHeight 23.7 ± 1.136.6 ± 1.0 <0.001mCrown height 14.7 ± 0.723.8 ± 0.8 <0.001

m3 × 103Crown volume 4.2 ± 0.517.6 ± 1.5 <0.001%Crown cover 50.6 ± 2.046.1 ± 1.9 0.087

Trees 0.03 ha-1 16.9 ± 2.026.7 ± 2.0 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 9.8 ± 1.317.1 ± 1.6 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 6.4 ± 0.87.2 ± 0.6 0.092Trees 0.03 ha-1 0.7 ± 0.12.4 ± 0.2 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 4.0 ± 0.63.3 ± 0.5 0.994Trees 0.03 ha-1 3.3 ± 0.71.1 ± 0.3 0.065Trees 0.03 ha-1 0.6 ± 0.21.6 ± 0.5 0.265Trees 0.03 ha-1 1.9 ± 0.60.7 ± 0.2 0.740Trees 0.03 ha-1 0.4 ± 0.21.5 ± 0.9 0.982Trees 0.03 ha-1 27.8 ± 1.936.5 ± 1.7 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 11.3 ± 0.711.6 ± 0.6 0.502

n 2.8 ± 0.13.0 ± 0.1 0.140n 1.6 ± 0.12.1 ± 0.1 <0.001m 27.4 ± 1.039.6 ± 0.8 <0.001n 1.4 ± 0.31.7 ± 0.3 0.122% 59.5 ± 1.967.2 ± 1.7 0.006% 54.9 ± 3.849.8 ± 4.0 0.245% 27.8 ± 3.818.6 ± 3.6 0.095

Total EucalyptusEucalyptus 7.5-15Eucalyptus 15-50Eucalyptus >50Total OaksTotal PinesTotal ChesnutTotal LaurelTotal AcaciaTotal trees >7.5Total trees >15Tree species richnessTree strataMaximum heightDead treesCanopy coverHeliophilous shrubsShade tolerant shrubs

UnitsVariables Reference plots p-value(U)Breeding sites

Nest tree

Nest site

Trees 0.03 ha-1 563.4 ± 44.6802.1 ± 50.9 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 334.2 ± 31.8474.3 ± 35 0.002Trees 0.03 ha-1 219.6 ± 15.9315.1 ± 19.1 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 12.7 ± 3.215.9 ± 3.2 0.102Trees 0.03 ha-1 92.3 ± 12.792.3 ± 12.7 0.560Trees 0.03 ha-1 76.4 ± 12.747.7 ± 9.5 0.076Trees 0.03 ha-1 25.5 ± 6.441.4 ± 9.5 0.015Trees 0.03 ha-1 31.8 ± 9.519.1 ± 3.2 0.157Trees 0.03 ha-1 22.3 ± 9.525.5 ± 9.5 0.467Trees 0.03 ha-1 856.3 ± 38.21066.3 ± 38.2 <0.001Trees 0.03 ha-1 331 ± 15.9420.2 ± 15.9 <0.001

n 2.6 ± 0.083.1 ± 0.09 <0.001n 1.7 ± 0.051.9 ± 0.06 0.032m 26.4 ± 0.832.9 ± 0.6 <0.001n 1.4 ± 0.21.5 ± 0.2 0.133% 58.2 ± 1.862.1 ± 1.3 0.119% 46.2 ± 3.344.3 ± 3.3 0.739

Nest stand

Total EucalyptusEucalyptus 7.5-15Eucalyptus 15-50Eucalyptus >50Total OaksTotal PinesTotal ChesnutTotal LaurelTotal AcaciaTotal trees >7.5Total trees >15Tree species richnessTree strataMaximum heightDead treesCanopy coverHeliophilous shrubs

UnitsVariables Reference plots p-value(U)

%Shade tolerant shrubs 22.2 ± 3.121.5 ± 3.3 0.880nTrails 0.1 ± 0.030.3 ± 0.04 <0.001

m 175.9 ± 6.8195.0 ± 8.4 0.094n 1.1 ± 0.20.4 ± 0.1 0.005

km × 103 1.6 ± 0.11.1 ± 0.1 0.028

Relief index Built-up areas

PFA

Table A3.

m2×103 180.2 ± 28.7220.1 ± 33.1 0.153m2×103 132.0 ± 14.8163.2 ± 19.2 0.385m2×103 312.2 ± 22.9384.0 ± 24.5 0.037m2×103 67.3 ± 13.569.3 ± 13.2 0.533m2×103 12.0 ± 5.810.7 ± 10.1 0.901m2×103 391.6 ± 19.3464.0 ± 20.3 0.015m2×103 21.9 ± 6.122.4 ± 7.3 0.906m2×103 5.0 ± 1.94.5 ± 1.7 0.866m2×103 21.3 ± 3.915.1 ± 3.7 0.206m2×103 22.1 ± 6.417.0 ± 5.4 0.412m2×103 1.2 ± 0.90.2 ± 0.2 0.962m2×103 49.0 ± 11.035.4 ± 6.2 0.596m2×103 27.6 ± 6.316.8 ± 4.5 0.785m2×103 539.7 ± 18.5577.0 ± 18.4 0.164m2×103

Old mixed Eucalyptus standsMixed Eucalyptus standsTotal Mixed Eucalyptus stands

urned Eucalyptus standsTotal Eucalyptus standsForests with scattered treesDeciduous riverbank forestsOak, Chestnut and Cork Oak woods

m 307.9 ± 10.0303.4 ± 13.0 0.724n 4.7 ± 0.44.5 ± 0.4 0.995

km × 103 8.0 ± 0.67.3 ± 0.4 0.902m2×103 706.4 ± 104.6737.2 ± 120.6 0.417m2×103 474.4 ± 39.5537.5 ± 53.2 0.484m2×103 1180.8 ± 84.41274.7 ± 97.3 0,357m2×103 294.5 ± 43.3247.6 ± 39.2 0.502m2×103 41.6 ± 12.453.0 ± 19.6 0.990m2×103 1516.9 ± 77.01575.2 ± 90.8 0.574m2×103 71.6 ± 13.775.1 ± 17.4 0.632

Pine standsAcacia standsYoung plantationsRecently logged forestsTotal forest landsPotentially nesting forest 489.5 ± 20.0531.2 ± 20.6 0.151

Nesting territory

m2×103 106.6 ± 11.470.0 ± 9.3 0.051m2×103 174.9 ± 17.9121.1 ± 13.3 0.151m2×103 40.6 ± 6.852.5 ± 10.6 0.431m2×103 1.3 ± 0.72.7 ± 1 0.590m2×103 0.5 ± 0.40 ± 0 0.797m2×103 5.7 ± 3.24.4 ± 2.5 0.467

n 7.1 ± 0.27.1 ± 0.2 0.906n 4.4 ± 0.24.3 ± 0.2 0.642- 0.6 ± 0.00.6 ± 0.0 0.585- 1.3 ± 0.11.3 ± 0.1 0.866

km 3.2 ± 0.23.1 ± 0.2 0.580

Fields with scattered buildings

Gorse-heath and dunesBeaches and coastal rocky areasMarshUrban areasLand cover richnessForest cover types richnessLand cover types diversityForest cover types diversityForest-non forest ecotone

m2×103 68.3 ± 9.449.1 ± 7.4 0.51Fields and meadows

Relief index Built-up areasPaved roadsOld mixed Eucalyptus standsMixed Eucalyptus standsTotal Mixed Eucalyptus stands

urned Eucalyptus standsTotal Eucalyptus standsForests with scattered trees

Breeding sites

m2×103 94.1 ± 9.884.2 ± 9.8 0.788m2×103 26.9 ± 4.827.6 ± 4.8 0.850

m2×103 105.7 ± 22.1100.2 ± 21.6 0.627m2×103 4.4 ± 2.58.5 ± 4 0.522m2×103 240.3 ± 38.6197.2 ± 31.9 0.620m2×103 149.2 ± 30.2109.0 ± 26.2 0.984m2×103 2208.9 ± 81.32179.5 ± 95.6 0.856m2×103 2000.4 ± 84.91965.7 ± 102.6 0.949m2×103 427.2 ± 32.3458.4 ± 41.2 0.670

.

m 193.8 ± 11.9185.4 ± 11.3 0.698% 15.5 ± 0.815.7 ± 0.7 0.692

0.3 ± 0.07 0.001m 133.0 ± 14.1176.6 ± 12.3 <0.001m 200.8 ± 21.3260.4 ± 21.9 0.007m 1404.7 ± 77.01340.5 ± 79.4 0.464m 550.6 ± 35.6598.7 ± 30.8 0.117

Other landscape variables

m 947.7 ± 58.41883.4 ± 55.9 <0.001

Territoriality

m2×103 992.5 ± 59.41028.1 ± 69.5 0.791m2×103 251.2 ± 24.8240.7 ± 28.5 0.757m2×103 14.5 ± 4.216.6 ± 4.2 0.627m2×103 3.5 ± 3.10 ± 0 0.699m2×103 55.4 ± 13.626.5 ± 8.9 0.751

n 11.3 ± 0.211.5 ± 0.2 0.467n 7.4 ± 0.27.5 ± 0.2 0.605

0.8 ± 0.00.8 ± 0.0 0.6181.8 ± 0.11.8 ± 0.1 0.936

km 14.9 ± 0.516.0 ± 0.7 0.214

m2×103 565.2 ± 38.6569.6 ± 43.3 0.844

UnitsVariables Reference plots p-value(U)

Table A3. Cont.

Breeding sites