Chapter 7Chapter 7Physical & Cognitive Physical & Cognitive

Development in Middle & Development in Middle & Late ChildhoodLate Childhood

Physical Physical DevelopmentDevelopmentHeight & Weight Height & Weight

ChangesChangesGrows 2 – 3 inches by age 11Grows 2 – 3 inches by age 11

Gains 5 – 7 pounds per yearGains 5 – 7 pounds per year

NutritionNutritionLevel of nutrition affects livesLevel of nutrition affects lives

Better nutrition affects peer Better nutrition affects peer relationships, emotional relationships, emotional responding, activity level, & responding, activity level, & cognitive performancecognitive performance

Cultural growth patternsCultural growth patternsVariations result from Variations result from

geneticsgeneticsDiet affects genetic, racial, & Diet affects genetic, racial, & ethnic differencesethnic differences

Childhood Childhood ObesityObesity1 Child in 18 in U.S. is 1 Child in 18 in U.S. is

ObeseObeseRisk heart disease, diabetes, Risk heart disease, diabetes, & becoming overweight adult& becoming overweight adult

Combination of Combination of Heredity & Heredity & EnvironmentEnvironmentCultural predispositions but Cultural predispositions but not a matter of geneticsnot a matter of geneticsPoor diet, lack of exercise, & Poor diet, lack of exercise, & sedentary lifestylesedentary lifestyle

Treating ObesityTreating ObesityNeed to learn to control Need to learn to control eating habitseating habitsControl the food at homeControl the food at home

Motor Motor DevelopmentDevelopment

Gross Motor Gross Motor SkillsSkillsNo reason to separate boys & girls in physical exercise until puberty

Fine Motor SkillsFine Motor SkillsIncrease in myelination produces finer abilities

By 11 & 12 they can manipulate objects with almost the same dexterity as adults

Social Benefits of Social Benefits of Physical Physical CompetenceCompetenceAthletic competence = social desirability

Health IssuesHealth IssuesAsthmaChronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, & shortness of breath

5% of children in U.S. are sufferers

Triggered by: colds & flus, pollution, cigarette smoke, dust mites, animal dander & excretions, stress, & exercise

Psychological Disorders5% of preteens suffer from depression, 13% between 9 & 17 from anxiety disorders

Children’s symptoms not the same as adults

Treatment with drugs can be a problem

Sensory Sensory DifficultiesDifficultiesVisual Impairment

Blindness – visual acuity less than 20/200 with correctionPartial blindness – visual acuity of 20/70 after correction

Auditory Impairment1% - 2% of school age children are affectedThe adaptation depends on the child’s ageAuditory difficulties are sometimes accompanied by speech impairments

Speech ImpairmentsSpeech ImpairmentsIn 3 – 5% of school age

Includes: Stuttering, Aphasia, Dysarthria, Dysphasia, Impairment of Speech, Inability to Speak, Language Impairment, & Slurred Speech

AD/HDAD/HDCharacteristics:Characteristics:Inattention, impulsiveness, low-Inattention, impulsiveness, low-frustration tolerance, & a lot of frustration tolerance, & a lot of inappropriate activityinappropriate activity

3% - 7% of those under 18 are 3% - 7% of those under 18 are affectedaffected

Drugs are short-term helpDrugs are short-term help

Behavior therapy is a useful Behavior therapy is a useful treatment along with drugstreatment along with drugs

Piaget & Concrete Piaget & Concrete OperationsOperations

Ages 7 – 12 YearsAges 7 – 12 YearsApplies logical operations to concrete problems

Uses cognitive & logical processes to answer questions; appearance isn’t an influence

Decentering: the ability to take in many aspects of a situation at a time

Still remains tied to the concrete & physical, not understanding the abstract or hypothetical or formal logic

Criticisms of PiagetCriticisms of PiagetHe was successful in describing cognitive development

He underestimated children’s capabilities

His theories don’t apply cross-culturally

Information Information ProcessingProcessingLimitations in

ProcessingSize of memory is based on experience

MemoryThe ability to encode, store, & retrieve informationEncoding records information into a useable formStoring places it into a memory systemRetrieving brings it into awareness

MetamemoryAn understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges & improves during middle childhood

Control StrategiesConscious, intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processingStrategies for remembering include rehearsal, organization, linking, etc.

VygotskyVygotskyZone of Proximal DevelopmentThe level at which a child can almost understand or perform unassisted

The focus of education should be on interaction with others

Cooperative LearningChildren work together in groups to achieve a common goal

Reciprocal TeachingTechnique to teach reading comprehension

Skim a passageQuestion the central pointPredict what will happen

Mechanics of Mechanics of LanguageLanguage

SyntaxSyntaxRules of how words & phrases can be Rules of how words & phrases can be combined to form sentencescombined to form sentences

PragmaticsPragmaticsRules governing the use of language to Rules governing the use of language to communicate in a social settingcommunicate in a social setting

Metalinguistic AwarenessMetalinguistic AwarenessThe understanding of one’s own use of The understanding of one’s own use of languagelanguage

BilingualismBilingualismUse of more than one languageUse of more than one language

I.Q. TestsI.Q. TestsIntelligenceThe capacity to understand the world, think rationally, & use resources effectively when challenged

Mental AgeThe age of children taking the test who, on average, achieved that score

Chronological AgeCalendar age

Intelligence QuotientMental age divided by chronological age X 100

I.Q. TestsI.Q. TestsBinet’s TestBinet’s TestDefined intelligence as that which his Defined intelligence as that which his test measuredtest measuredReasonable indicator of school Reasonable indicator of school performanceperformance

Stanford-BinetStanford-BinetAdministered orally, taker progresses Administered orally, taker progresses until unable to go onuntil unable to go on

WechslerWechslerAllows for identification of specific Allows for identification of specific problemsproblems

Kaufman Kaufman Assessment BatteryAssessment BatteryAllows the administrator to assist in Allows the administrator to assist in the taker’s performancethe taker’s performance

What IQ Tests TellWhat IQ Tests TellReasonably good predicting Reasonably good predicting school performanceschool performanceNot good at predicting income Not good at predicting income or future successor future success

Alternative Alternative Views of Views of

IntelligenceIntelligenceFluid IntelligenceThe ability to deal with new problems & situations

Crystallized IntelligenceAccumulation of information, skills, reasoning, & memory learned through experience that can be applied to problem-solving

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceAnalytical, creative, & practical intelligences

Gardner’s 8 IntelligencesMusical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, & naturalistic

Alternative Views of

IntelligenceVygotskyIntelligence is assessed by looking at how well an individual performs alone and with help

SternbergIntelligence is seen in the way people store information & use it later3 aspects of memory:

Componential element: reflects how efficiently people can process & analyze information

Experiential element: is the insightful use of component intelligenceContextual element: concerns ways of dealing with the demands of

the environmentRacial differences?

Full-Inclusion Full-Inclusion ClassesClasses

Least Restrictive Least Restrictive EnvironmentEnvironmentThe setting most similar to that of The setting most similar to that of children without special needs for a children without special needs for a full educationfull education

Special needs children, by law, Special needs children, by law, must be integrated into the regular must be integrated into the regular classrooms & regular activities to classrooms & regular activities to the fullest extent possiblethe fullest extent possible

MainstreamingMainstreamingIntegrating special needs children as Integrating special needs children as much as possible into traditional much as possible into traditional educational system & provide them educational system & provide them with a broad range of educational with a broad range of educational alternativesalternatives

Full-InclusionFull-InclusionIntegrating all students, even those Integrating all students, even those with severe disabilities into regular with severe disabilities into regular classroomsclassrooms

Below the Below the NormNormMild Retardation

Scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 on IQ testsCan reach the 3rd to 6th grade levelAbout 90% of retardation

Moderate RetardationScores in the range of 35 or 40 to 50 or 55 on IQ testsUnable to progress beyond a 2nd grade level5% - 10% of the retarded

Severe RetardationScores range from around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40 on IQ testsA small number of retarded

Profound RetardationScores are below 20 or 24 on IQ testsUsually have little or no speech, poor motor control, but may learn basic self-care skills

Above the Above the NormNormTalented or Gifted

Children who give evidence of high-performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership, or specific academic fields & who require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop such capabilities3% - 5% of the population

Educating the Educating the GiftedGifted

Acceleration ProgramsAllows the gifted student to move ahead at their own pace, even if it means skipping to higher gradesAcceleration programs are very effective

Enrichment ProgramsStudents are kept at their grade level but enrolled in special programs & given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic

SchoolingSchoolingPrimary Schools in U.S. Primary Schools in U.S. are a Right & are a Right & RequirementRequirementAround the world 160 million children don’t have access to even a primary educationAnother 100 million don’t progress beyond the elementary levelClose to 1 billion are illiterate

Readiness for SchoolReadiness for SchoolDelay of entry isn’t necessarily an advantageAge may not be the critical factor

Teaching Teaching ReadingReadingCode-based

ApproachReading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie readingPhonics, & how letters & sounds are combined to make words

Whole-language ApproachReading is a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral languageLearning to read is through the exposure to complete writing

Reading Reading StagesStagesStage 0 (Birth – 1st

GradeLearning the essential prerequisites for reading

Stage 1 (1st & 2nd Grade)Phonological recoding skills

Stage 2 (2nd & 3rd Grade)Reading aloud with fluency

Stage 3 (4th – 8th Grades)Reading becomes a way to learn

Stage 4Have the ability to read & process information reflecting multiple points of view

Home Home SchoolingSchoolingReasonsReasons

Some parents feel 1-on-1 attention is better, others are dissatisfied with schools, others it is religious or culturalHomeschooled generally do as well on standardized testsAcceptance into college seems no different than traditional schoolsMost who homeschool are more affluentDrawbacks: no social interaction, no experience with diverse population, most parents are not trained teachers

Multicultural EducationCulture

Set of behaviors, beliefs, values, & expectations shared by members of a particular society

SubcultureGroups within a larger culture

Multicultural EducationForm of education with the goal of helping minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities built on their original cultures

Cultural Assimilation ModelThe goal of education is to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture

Pluralistic Society ModelAmerican society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features

Bicultural IdentityMaintaining of an original cultural identity while integrating into the dominant culture