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Spanish 4 Grammar Concepts
Heli Martin
Table of Contents1. El Presente 2. Irregular yo form3. Irregulars 4. Ser5. Estar6. Ser y estar con adjectivos7. Gustar8. Verbs like gustar9. Nouns/articles/adjectives10. Preterite v Imperfect 11. Preterite y trigger words12. Preterite Conjugation13. Preterite Irregulars14. Imperfect y trigger words15. Imperfect conjugation 16. Imperfect Irregulars
17. Present Subjunctive18. Impersonal Expressions19. Subjunctive in Noun
clauses20. Subjunctive in
Adjective clauses21. Commands22. Object Pronouns23. Prepositional Pronouns24. Possessive adjectives +
pronouns 25. Demonstrative
adjectives + pronouns26. Reflexive Verbs27. Por y Para28. To become- hacerse,
ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser
El Presente • Used to express actions or situations
that are happening in the present• Used to express habitual actions or
actions that will take place in the near future
• Regular –ar, -er, -ir • -ar: o, as, a, amos, áis, an• -er: o, es, e, emos, éis, en • -ir: o, es, e, imos, ís, en
Irregular yo form• Irregular yo forms: many –er and –ir verbs have irregualr yo forms
in the present tense. • Verbs ending in –ger or –gir change to –jo
coger, colegir (e:i), dirigir, escoger, recoger…ex: Coger – changes to cojo in yo form
• Verbs ending in –guir change the gu to g in the yo formconseguir,distinguir, extinguir, seguir…ex: Conseguir (e:i) – changes to consigo in yo form
• Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change the c to z in yo form coercer, convencer, ejercer, esparicir, mecer, remecer, vencer, zurcir, conducir, producir, concocer, palcer, crecer, aparacerexceptions are hacer and decir
• Verbs that end in –uir add y before o, e, and a atribuir, concluir, construir, distruir, exclurir, destruir, incluirex: atribuir – atribuyo, atribuyes, atribuye, atribuimos, atribuís, atribuyen
Irregulars• Irregular in present tense or combine a stem change with an
irregular yo form or spell change• Stem changes: e-ie, o-ue, e-i• e-ie: acertar, advertir, negar, atravesar, entender, comenzar,
defendir, pensar…ex: cerrar- cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cerráis, cierran
• o-ue:almorzar, rogar , dormir, volver, sonar, soler, poder, morir, encontrar…ex: contar- cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, contáis, cuentan
• e-i: competir, concebir, despedir, medir, servir, repetir, vestir…ex: pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
• *Notice that there is no stem change in the Vosotros or Nosotros form*
• Ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van• Dar: doy, das, damos, dais, dan • Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen• Venir: vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
Description, Origin, Characteristics, Time,
Occupation, Relationship, Possession, Event, Date
Ser
Ser
• Means to be • Used to express an essential equality
soy somos
eres sois
es son
Health
Emotions
Location
Present Condition
Present Participles.Rules:•-ar to –ando•-er and –ir to –iendo or -yendo
Estar
Estar
• Means to be• Used to express
condition
estoy estamos
estás estáis
está están
Ser y estar con adjectivos• Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities.• Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in
appearance or condition.• Some adjectives change their meaning when used with either "ser" or
"estar".• Examples : Listo : means clever when used with ser
means ready when used estarMalo: means bad when used with ser means ill when used with estarRico: means rich when used with ser means tasty when used with estarVivo: means lively when used with ser means alive when used with estarBueno: means good when used with ser
means well when used with estarMoreno: means dark haired when used with ser
means suntanned when used with estarAburrido: means boring when used with ser
means bored when used with estarSeguro: means safe when used with ser
means sure, certain when used with estar
Gustar
• Means to like or to be pleasing• Me gusta el libro - I like the book• Me gustan los libros – I like the books• When the noun that you like is plural
use –an• Pronouns – me, te, le, nos, os, les • A mi me gusta, a ti te gusta, etc.
Verbs Like Gustar• These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an “e” stem changer.
Aburrir- to boreImportar- tp be important toCaer bien/mal- to (not) suitInteresar- to be interesting toDigustar- to hate soemthingParecer- to appear to beEncantar- to loveQuedar- to be left over, remainVolver loco- to be crazy about Faltar- to lackDoler- to hurtFascinar- to fascinateMolestar- to botherSorprender- to surpriseHacer falta- to miss
• The construction a + [prepositional pronoun] or a + [noun] can be used to emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.
• Faltar and quedar express what someone lacks or has left. Quedar is also used to talk about how clothing fits or looks on someone
Examples: Te falta pelo. Nos gustan los libros.
Nouns• In Spanish, nouns ending in –o, -or, -I, -s, and –ma are usually masculine.• Nouns ending in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –z are usually feminine.• Most nouns form the plural by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –es to
nouns ending in a constant. • Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding –es
el hombre los hombres a mujer las mujeresla novia las novias el lápiz los lápices
• If noun is singular and it ends in a vowel that is stressed, the plural form ends in –es. The plural form doesn’t change if the noun form ends in –s which is unstressed.el tabú los tabúes el lunes los lunesel israelí los isrealíes la crisis las crisis
Articles• Spanish definite and indefinite articles agree in gender and number with the nouns they
modify.• Definite articles are:
Singular Plural Masculine:el losFeminine: la las
• Indefinite articles:Singular Plural
Masculine: un unosFeminine: una unas
• In Spanish, a definite article is always used with an abstract noun : la belleza el amor
• An indefinite article is not used before nouns that indicate profession or place of origin unless they are followed by an adjective.Juan es profesor Juan es un profesor excelente
Adjectives• Spanish adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.• Most adjectives ending in –e or a consonant have the same masculine and
feminine forms.• Masculine singular usually end in –o, -e, -l• Masculine plural usually end in –os, -es, -les• Feminine singular usually end in –a, -e, -l• Feminine plural usually end in –as, -es, les• They usually follow the noun they modify• If a single adjective modifies more than one noun, then you use the plural form• If at least one of the nouns is masculine, use the masculine form.• A few adjectives have shortened forms when they precede a masculine singular
noun: buenobuen, algunoalgun, primeroprimer, malomal, nungunoningun, tercerotercer
• When the adjective follows the noun, the meaning is more literal, but if it precedes the noun, the meaning is more figurative.
Preterite Imperfect
To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:
abaabasabaábamosabaisaban
The imperfect is used for actions in the past that are not seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a definite end.
To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:
éasteóamosasteisaron
The preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.
The preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.
El Pretérito y Trigger Words
It is a definite time in the past, and has a beginning or an ending.Trigger words that you could assume may deal with this are:
Ayer AnocheEl año pasadoLa semana pasada
Ante ayer
-í -imos
-iste -isteí s
-ió -ieron
ER
-í -imos
-iste -isteís
-ió -ieron
IR
El Pretérito
El Pretérito Irregulars
There are 3 main types of Irregular Pretérito verbs we have learned about. They are:
Car, Gar, y ZarCucarachaSpock
Car, Gar, y Zar Irregulars
-qué -camos
-caste casteís
-có -caron
-gué -gamos
-gaste -gasteís-gó -garon
-cé -zamos
-zaste -zasteís
-zo -zaron
Spock Irregulars!
3 different groupings.The words in each grouping are conjugated the same way.The groupings are:
1.IR y SER2.DAR y VER3.HACER
IR- to go SER- to be
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteís
Fue Fueron
DAR- to give VER- to see
I Imos
Iste Isteís
Io Ieron
HACER…. TO MAKE OR DO
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste Hicisteís
Hito Hicieron
Cucaracha Verbs
Endings for all are the same:
Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vin
Conducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj
Cucaracha Verbs
Snake
• In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs.
• The stem change is to opposite vowel with the first vowel.
Dormi Dormimos
Dormiste Dormisteis
Durmio Durmierion
Snakeys
Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is more specific.In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.Leer
Imperfect y Trigger Words• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred
repeatedly.• They have no definite end or beginning• Trigger words:
a menudo
a veces
cada día
cada año
con frecuencia
de vez en cuando
en aquella época
frecuentemente
generalmente
muchas veces
mucho
nunca
por un rato
siempre
tantas veces
todas las semanas
todos los días
todo el tiempo
varias veces
Imperfect
- ar -er and –ir
aba ábamosabas abaisaba aban
ía íamosías íaisía ían
Imperfect Irregulars
Present Subjunctive • Wedding-
Wishing/wantingEmotionsDoubtDisbeliefImpersonal expressionsNegationGod/grief
Impersonal Expressions
Es bueno que…
Es mejor que…
Es malo que…
Es importante
que… Es necesario que…
Es urgente que…
The Subjunctive in Noun Clauses• The subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express will,
influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. • Irregular yo forms:
conocer conozca seguir sigadecir diga tener tengahacer haga traer traigaoír oiga venir vengaponer ponga ver vea
• Verbs that have stem changes in the present subjunctive. Remember that only –ir verbs undergo stem changes in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms.pensar (e:ie) jugar (u:ue)mostrar (o:ue) entender (e:ie)resolver (o:ue) pedir (e:i)sentir (e:ie) dormir (o:ue)
• A clause it a group of words that contains both a conjugated verb and a subject. In a subordinate noun clause, a group of words function together as a noun.
• There are three types : verbs of will and influence, verbs of emotion, verbs of doubt or denial
Verbs of will and influence• Aconsejar- to advise• Importar- to be important; to matter• Insistir (en)- to insist (on)• Mandar- to order• Prohibir- to prohibit• Recomendar (e:ie)- to recommend• Rogar (o:ue)- to beg, to plead• Sugerir (e:ie)- to suggest• Desear- to desire, to wish• Es importante- its important • Es necesario- its necessary
• Pedir- to ask for; to request• Preferir- to prefer• Prohibir- to prohibit• Proponer- to propose• Querer- to want, to wish• Es urgente- its urgent• Exigir- to demand• Gustar- to like• Hacer- to make• Necisitar- to need
The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence
Verbs of Emotion• Alegrarse (de)- to be happy• Es bueno que- it’s good• Es extraño- it’s strange• Es malo- it’s bad• Es mejor- it’s better• Es ridículo- it’s ridiculous • Es terrible- it’s terrible• Es una lastima- it’s a shame• Molestar- to bother
• Esperar- to hope, to wish• Gustar- to like; to be pleasing• Sentir (e:ie)- to be sorry, to
regret• Sorprender- to surprise• Temer- to be afraid, to fear• Es triste- it’s sad• Ojalá (que)- I hope (that), I
wish (that)• Tener miedo (de)- to be afraid
(of)When the main clause expresses emotion like hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the verbs in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause
Expressions of doubt, disbelief, and denial
• Dudar- to doubt• Negar (e:ie)- to deny• Es imposible- it’s impossible• Es improbable- it’s improbable• No es cierto- it’s not true, it’s not certain• No es seguro- it’s not certain
• No es verdad- it’s not true
• Es poco seguro- its uncertain • No es possible- it’s not possible• No es probable- it’s not probable• Negar- to deny• No creer- not to believe• No es evidente- it’s not evident• No estar seguro- not to be sure
When the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty, or denial the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause
The subjunctive in adjective clauses
• When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something that is known to exist, the indicative is used.
• When the antecendent is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used.
Antecedent certain indicative
Necisito el libro que tiene informacion sobre los prejuicios sociales
I need the book that has information about social prejudices.
Antecedent uncertain subjunctive
Necesito un libro que tenga informacion sobre los prejuicios sociales.
I need a book that has information about social prejudices.
Adjective Clauses
When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (nadie/ninguno) the subjunctive is used:
Antecedent certain subjunctive
Ella tiene tres parientes que viven en Puerto Rico.
She has three relatives who live in Puerto Rico.
Antecedent uncertain subjunctive
Ella no tiene ningun pariente que vfiva en Madrid.
She doesn’t have any relatives who live in Madrid.
Adjective Clauses• The personal a is not used with direct objects that represent hypothetical
questions:subjunctive: Busco un abogado que sea honradoindicative: Conozco a un abogado que es honrado
• The personal a is maintained before nadie and alguien, even when their existence is uncertain:subjunctive: No conozco a nadie que se queje tanto como mi suegraindicative: Yo conozco a alguien que se queja aun mas
• The subjunctive is commonly used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she is uncertain.
• If the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used.
Commands• Affirmative tú: simply drop the s
los irregulares- di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven• Negative tú: put it in yo form and change to opposite vowel
and add an ‘s’los irregulares- TVDISHES
• Affirmative Ud./Uds: put in yo form and change to opposite vowel los irregulares- TVDISHES
• Negative Ud./Uds: same as above • DOP + IOP + ‘sé’ can attach to an affirmative• DOP + IOP + ‘sé’ must go before the negative command
Indirect Commands
• The construction que + [verb] in the third person subjunctive can be used to express indirect commands that correspond to the English let someone do something.
• If the subject of the indirect command is expressed, it usually follows the verb
• Example: Que pase el siguienteLet the next person pass
• Pronouns are never attached to the conjugated verb when using the subjunctive
• Example: Que se lo den los otros; Que no se lo den
Object Pronouns• Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.• Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done. • Indirect object pronouns:
me noste osle les
• Direct object pronounsme noste oslo/la los/las
• They both precede the conjugated verb• Indirect object example: Carla siempre me da boletas para el cine.• Direct object example: Ella los consigue gratis.
Object Pronoun Placement
• When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached to the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.
• Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no gender.
• When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may either be attached to the present participle or placed before the conjugated verb.
Double Object Pronouns• The indirect object prounoun precedes the direct object pronoun when
they are used together in a sentenceMe mandaron los boletos por correo Me los mandaron por correo
• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or lasLe damos las revistas a Ricardo Se las damos
• When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper word stress:Infinitive: cantármelaPresent Participle: escribiéndoleCommand: acompáñeme
Prepositional Pronounsmí me myselfti you, yourselfUd. you, yourselfél him, itella her, it
nosotros/as us, ourselvesvosotros/as you, yourselvesUds. you, yourselvesellos themellas them sí themselves
Prepositional Pronouns• Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of
prepositions. Except for mí, ti, and sí, they are identical to their corresponding subject pronouns.
• A + [prepositional pronoun] is often used for clarity or emphasis.
• The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself, themselves) is the prepositional pronoun used to refer back to the same third person subject.
• When mí, ti, and sí are used with con, they become conmigo, contigo, and consigo.
• These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mí and ti: entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según
Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns • Used to express ownership or possession• Spanish has two types of possessive adjectives: the short/unstressed
forms and the long/stressed forms.• Both of the forms agree in number and gender with the object owned and
not with the owner.
Short/Unstressed Long/Stressed
Mi(s) My Mío(s)/a(s) My; (of) mine
Tu(s) Your Tuyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours
Su(s) Your; his; hers; its Suyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of yours); (of) his; (of) hers; (of) its
Nuestro(s)/a(s) Our Nuestro(s)/a(s) Our; (of) ours
Vuestro(s)/a(s) Your Vuestro(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours
Su(s) Your; their Suyo(s)/a(s) Your; (of) yours; (of) theirs
Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns• Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they
modify:En mi opinión… Nuestras revistas…
• Stressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they modify and are used for emphasismi amgio el amigo míotus amigas las amigas tuyas
• Because su(s) and suyo(s)/a(s) have multiple meanings, the construction [article] + [noun] + de + [subject pronoun] is used to clarify the meaning.
• Possessive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives and are preceded by a definite article.No tengo mi papel Me prestas el tuyo
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
• Specify to which noun a speaker is referring to. • They precede the nouns that they modify and agree in number
and gender.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
EsteEseAquel
EstaEsaAquella
EstosEsosAquellos
EstasEsasAquellass
This; theseThat; thoseThat; those(over there)
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
• There are three sets of demonstrative adjectives.este : used to point out nouns that are close.ese : used to modify nouns that are not close.aquel : refer to nouns that are far away.
• Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives except they carry an accent mark on the stressed vowel.
• Esto, eso, and aquello are neuter pronouns that refer to unspecified things, ideas, or situations.
• They do not vary in gender or number.• They do not carry an accent mark.
Reflexive Verbs• In a reflexive construction, the subject of the verb both
performs and recieves the action.• To get or become is frequently expressed by the Spanish
verb ponerse + [adjective]• In the plural, reflexive verbs can express reciprocal actions
done to one another• The reflexive pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun.• Reflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns:
Ex: lavarse – to wash (oneself)
Yo me lavo
Nosotros/as nos lavamos
Tú te lavas
Vosotros/as os laváis
Ud./Ella/Él se lava
Uds./Ellos/Ellas se lavan
Reflexive Verbs• Verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care:
acostarse- to go to bed afeitarse- to shavecepillarse- to brush (one’s hair) despertarse- to wake updormirse- to go to sleep ducharse- to take a showerlavarse- to wash oneself levantarse- to get upponerse- to put on (clothing) vestirse- to get dressed
• Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a refelxive pronounaburrir- to bore aburrirse- to be boredacordar- to agree acordarse(de)- to remembercomer- to eat comerse- to eat upir- to go irse(de)- to go away (from)paracer- to seem paracerse- to resemble, to look like
• Some spanish verbs and expressions are always relexive; many are followed by a, de, & enacercarse (a)- to approach; fijarse (en)- to take notice of; arrepentirse (de)- to repent (of); morirse (de)- to die (of); atreverse (de)- to dare (to); olvidarse (de)- to forget (about);convertirse (en)- to become; preocuparse (por)- to worry (about); darse cuenta (de)- to realize; quejarse (de)- to complain about; enterarse (de)- to find out (about); sorprenderse (de)- to be surprised (about)
Por y Para Uses of Para Uses of Por
Destination (toward, in the direction of)Deadline or a specific time in future (by, for)Purpose or goal + [infinitive] (in order to)Recipient (for)Comparison with others or opinion (for, considering)Employment (for)
Motion or a general location (along, through, around by)Duration of an action (for, during, in)Reason or motive for an action (because of, on account/behalf of)Object of a search (for, in search of)Means by which (by, by way, by means of)Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for)Unit of measure (per, by)Agent (passive voice) (by)
Por y ParaExpressions with para:
No estar para bromas: to be in no mood for jokes
No ser para tanto: to not be so importantPara colmo: to top it all offPara que sepas: just so you knowPara siempre: forever
Expressions with por:Por allí/aquí: around there/here Por lo tanto: thereforePor casualidad: by chance/accident Por lo visto: apparentlyPor ejemplo: for example Por mas/mucho que: no matter how
much Por eso: therefore, for that reasonPor otro lado/parte: on the other handPor fin: finally Por primera vez: for the first timePor lo general: in general Por si acaso: just in casePor lo menos: at least Por supuesto: of course
To become- hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser• There are several different Spanish equivalents for the English verb “to become”• Ponerse is followed by an adjective and express a change in mental, emotional, or
physical state that does not last long:Me puse enfermo en Caracas I got sick in Caracas.Heli se pone roja cuando habla Heli turns red when she talks
• Volverse is followed by an adjective and indicates a sudden, profound, change in mental or emotional state:Se ha vuelto loco He went crazyElla se ha vuelto insorportable She has become unbearable
• Hacerse is followed by a noun or adjective and indicate a change brought about by effort:Mi hermana se ha hecho abogado My sister has become a lawyerMi abuelo se hizo rico My grandfather became wealthy
• Llegar a ser may also be followed by a noun or adjective and it indicates a change that has occurred over time and does not imply effort:La novela que escribió el ano pasado ha llegado a ser un superventas.The novel that he wrote last year has become a best seller.
To become• There are often reflexive verb equivalents for ponerse
+ [adjective]• When used with object pronouns instead of reflexive
pronouns, such verbs convey that another person or thing is imposing mental, emotional, or physical state on some one else.ponerse alegre alegrarseponerse furioso/a enfurecerseponerse deprimido/a deprimirseponerse triste entristecerse