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Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX

Jeff Reedreedjh@vt.edureedjh@crtwireless.com(540) 231-2972

James Neeljames.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012www.crtwireless.com

October 3-4, 2007

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Jeffrey H. Reed• Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech• Willis G. Worcester Professor, Deputy

Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG)

• Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering

• IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal Processing and Education

• Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum

• Highly published. Co-authored – 2 books, edited – 7 books.

• Previous and Ongoing CR projects from– ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix

• Email: reedjh@vt.edu

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James Neel• President, Cognitive Radio Technologies,

LLC• PhD, Virginia Tech 2006• Textbook chapters on:

– Cognitive Network Analysis in – Data Converters in Software Radio: A

Modern Approach to Radio Engineering– SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A

Modern Approach to Radio Engineering– UWB Simulation Methodologies in An

Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems

• SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004 papers on analyzing/designing cognitive radio networks

• Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com

Cognitive RadioTechnologiesCCognitiveognitive RRadioadioTTechnologiesechnologies

CRTCRTCRT

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About Virginia Tech• Virginia Tech has approximately 26,000 students• The College of Engineering grants the 7th largest

number BS degrees in the US, and is ranked 14th by US News and others

• The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering is one of the nation’s largest ECE departments, with broad resources:– 72 tenure-track faculty and 12 research faculty

members– 1,100 undergraduate and 570 graduate students

• Wireless Telecommunications is a principal focus area– 25 ECE faculty are involved in various aspects of

wireless communications research and teaching.– Large number of the ECE graduate students are

majoring in wireless telecommunications field.

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• New Wireless Umbrella Group– MPRG, CWT, VTVT, WML, Antenna Group, Time

Domain Lab, DSPRL

• Officially rolled-out June 2006• Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than

111 students • Backlog in research growing• University providing initial financial support• Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic

technical growth effort

Wireless @ Virginia Tech

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What is Wireless @ Virginia Tech?

A comprehensive organization focused on wireless research to support our educational mission.

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Research Areas• Algorithm Development• Antennas• RF Circuit Design• MEMS• UWB• Position Location• RF Systems• Cognitive Radio/Networks• Collaborative Radio• Software Radio• Smart Antennas and Diversity

Schemes• Radio Resource Management• Network protocol design • Cross layer optimization

• Game Theory Analysis• Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline

systems • Land Mobile Radio• MIMO• Interference Cancellation• Channel Measurements• Channel Modeling• Simulation Tools• VLSI Implementation• Reconfigurable Computing• RF material-characterization• Security• Networking• Sensor networking• Satellite Systems• Wearable computing and communications

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Current and Recent Research Sponsors

• Applied EM• Army Research Office• AeroAstro• Astron Wireless Technologies• Ausgar Technologies, Inc • Bradley Fellowship Program• Catalyst Communications

Technologies • Cisco Systems, Inc.• Comteh• DRS Technologies• ETRI• L-3• Laboratory for Telecommunication

Science• Luna• Motorola

• Nanosonics• National Institute of Justice• National Polar-Orbiting Earth Sensing

Satellite Program • National Science Foundation• RFMD• M/A-COM• Office of Naval Research• Rosettex Technology & Ventures Group• SAIC• SPAWAR Systems Center • Tektronix• Texas Instruments• U.S. Army• U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

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2006&2007 Classes from Our Wireless Summer School

• Software Design for SDR• Cognitive Radio• Turbo and LDPC Codes • Embedded Systems and SDR• High Frequency RFID• UWB-based Positioning• Issues and Applications of UWB • Networking Technologies for SDR• Issues and Applications of Wearable

Computing• Game Theory for Wireless• Antennas for Wireless Comms• RF MEMS for Wireless• An Overview of 802.15.4a• Interference Rejection/Mitigation

Techniques

• Software Radio Specification• Resource Management in Ad Hoc

Networks • Satellite Communications• Active Antennas• Hands-on Intro to SCA-Based SDR• Oscillator Design and Noise

Performance• Simulation of Communication

Systems• Public Safety Comm Systems

Requirements and Designs• Networking Cognitive Radios• Coupled, Co-evolving Social and

Telecommunication Networks• FPGA-Based Signal Processing

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Small business incorporated in Feb 2007 to commercialize VT cognitive radio research

Provide traditional wireless engineering services and develop critical cognitive radio technologies

Email: james.neel@crtwireless.comreedjh@crtwireless.combin.le@crtwireless.com

Website: crtwireless.comTel: 540-230-6012 Mailing Address:

Cognitive Radio Technologies147 Mill Ridge Rd, Suite 119Lynchburg, VA 24502

Cognitive Radio Technologies

Cognitive RadioTechnologiesCCognitiveognitive RRadioadioTTechnologiesechnologies

CRTCRTCRT

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CRT EngineeringGeneral Engineering Services

• Analysis–Systems Analysis–MAC/Network behavior–SDR (SCA, STRS)

• Algorithm development–Traditional waveform processing–Location services–Signal classification/detection–Cognitive networking–Coexistence techniques

• Prototype designs from architecture to implementation

–USRP/GNU, DSP, FPGA

• GNU Radio and USRP related design and service

Training and Tutorials• Cognitive Radio:

– Technologies, Implementations, Genetic Algorithms, case-based reasoning, regulatory issues, implementation, networking, signal detection/classification, applications

• Game Theory and Cognitive Radio Networks

– cooperative and non-cooperative games, equilibria concepts, convergence and stability of self-interested behavior, techniques to evaluate and improve performance

• Software Radio– RF design and selection, data conversion

principles, baseband processing techniques, software architectures, multi-rate techniques, signal generation and pre-distortion.

• Emerging Commercial Wireless Standards

– OFDM/MIMO, WiMAX/WiBro, 802.22, 802.11a/b/g/h/n, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, Zigbee, WiMedia, Satellite, UMB, P25, TIA series, ATSC

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CRT Technologies

• Low complexity, “zero-overhead” algorithms for distributed radio resource management– Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies– PHY, MAC, NET control

• Processor Cycle Estimation Tool– Rapid estimation of cycles, energy, and

memory required to implement waveforms across variety of DSP platforms

Support 16 x more linksSupport 16 x more linksReduce interference by 30 dB

Cycles Mem Power

Waveform xxxxx

Cycles Mem Power

Waveform xxxxx

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Tutorial Objectives

• Understand state of the wireless world

• Understand how some key standards work and the tradeoffs available to implementations of those standards

• Understand the basic principles and deployment options of WiMAX

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Day 1 Schedule

8:00-10:00 Overview of the Wireless Market 10:00-10:15 Break10:15-11:15 TD-SCDMA11:15-12:00 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I12:00-1:00 Lunch1:00-2:30 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II2:30-2:45 Break2:45-3:50 WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n)3:50-4:00 Break4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed

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Day 2 Schedule

8:00-8:15 Review of Key Material in Day 18:15-9:30 WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y)9:30-9:45 Break9:45-12:00 WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX)12:00-1:00 Lunch1:00-2:30 WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h)2:30-2:45 Break2:45-3:30 Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u,

industry standards)3:30-3:50 Review 3:50-4:00 Break4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed

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Wireless

MinutesShamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todd’s soundtrack to “Around the World in 80 Days”, see

http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html for original context

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Comparisons

• This might be controversial – Depends on extensions of these standards.

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WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

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Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

802.15 Standards802.15.1 April 2002 Bluetooth802.15.2 Oct 2003 Coexistence802.15.3 Jun 2003 High data rate802.15.3a UWB (high rate)802.15.3b Doc Maintenance802.15.3c May 2008 mm-wave PHY802.15.4 May 2003 zigbee802.15.4a 2007 (ballot) UWB (low rate)802.15.4b Sep 2006 Updates 802.15.4 document802.15.4c No PAR (SG) Chinese WPAN802.15.4d PAR (SG) 950 MHz in Japan802.15.5 2008? WPAN Mesh

• Frequency Allocations• 802.15.1,3,4

– 2.4-2.4835 World– 2.4465-2.4835 France

• 802.15.4– 868/915 MHz– 862-868 Europe

• 802.15.3a– 3.1-10.6 GHz

802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006MBOA technologies became WiMediaHigh speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out

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WiMedia• Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a• Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369

– http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm – ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems

• PHY– Multiband OFDM QPSK– 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates– Range of 10 m indoor– Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels)– Mandatory support for band group 1

• MAC– Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc– AES 128– Support for Dynamic Channel Selection– Ranging via propagation delay measurements– Bluetooth-like information discovery

From Fig 28:

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WiMedia Implementations

• Primarily marketed as cable replacement

• Wireless USB out in Dec 2006– Hub-spoke model– Mandatory support for band

group 1– Mandatory rates of 53.3,

106.7, 200 Mbps– Initial Belkin device didn’t

live up to the hype• Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s • Reportedly not to WiMedia

spec• http://www.eetimes.com/ne

ws/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196602148

• Bluetooth 3.0 devices in 2008– http://gizmodo.com/gadge

ts/wireless/nextgen-bluetooth-30-on-the-way-179684.php

• Wireless Firewire and IP also supported over WiMedia standard

PAL: Protocol Adaptation Layer

WiMedia UWB Radio Platform

&/or

PAL PAL WiNET

&/or &/or

PAL

IP

MAC & Policies

UWB PHY (MB-OFDM)

PAL: Protocol Adaptation Layer

WiMedia UWB Radio Platform

&/or

PAL PAL WiNET

&/or &/or

PAL

IPIP

MAC & Policies

UWB PHY (MB-OFDM)

From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES2006.ppt

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• Status– Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006– Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second

quarter 2007– Trial chips probably available late 2007

• Public data: (from wibree.com and http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/wibree_analysis/)– 2.4 GHz ISM band– Range 10 meters– 1 Mbps data rate – Likely to be integrated into Bluetooth products– Targets low power/low cost market

• Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth– Being brought into Bluetooth fold

• http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3682961 • More likely a competitor to Zigbee and Z-wave

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zigbee

PHY868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz

MAC

NetworkStar / Mesh / Cluster-Tree

Security32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption

Application

API

ZigBeeAlliance

IEEE 802.15.4

Customer

Silicon Stack App

Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/

– the software” – Network, Security &

Application layers– Brand management

• IEEE 802.15.4– “the hardware” – Physical & Media Access

Control layers• PHY

– 868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz– Band specific modulations– 20-250 kbps

• MAC– CSMA-CA channel access– Support for ad-hoc networks

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Applications

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802.15.4a,b

• 802.15.4b – Published September 2006 as

IEEE 802.15.4-2006 • http://standards.ieee.org/

getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf

– Beacon to reduce CSMA collisions

– Improved security (likely leverage 802.11i)

– Support for new frequency allocations

• 802.15.4a– Approved March 2007– Adds Impulse UWB and

chirp modes to zigbee (802.15.4) for signaling and ranging

– Impulse UWB operates in UWB bands

– Chirp (range only) operates in 2.4 GHz band

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802.15.5 PicoNet Mesh Networks

• Draft still being edited• Defines Mesh mode (MAC) for

802.15– Mesh messages

• Route outside PicoNet via MPNC (Mesh Capable PicoNet Coordinator)

• Beaconing used to distribute information and synchronize

• Routing approaches– MPNC can act as a topology

server– Location routing (using UWB

ranging)– Centralized routing– Distributed routing (route

discovery frame broadcasts)– Attempts to treat network as

set of connected trees

PN 3

PN 2

MPNC

MPCN

MPNC

MPNC

MPNC

PN 1

Mesh

IEEE P802.15.5™/D0.01, July 2006

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WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

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Past dates are standards approval dates. Future dates from 802.11 working group timelinesLetters are working group (WG) designations.

Letters assigned alphabetically as groups created.

No WG/ WG document

802.11c MAC Bridging work incorporated into 802.1d

802.11l “typologically unsound”802.11m doc maintenance802.11o “typologically unsound”802.11q too close to 802.1q802.11x generic 802.11 standard

802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2

Jun 1997 802.11 2 Mbps ISMSep 1999 802.11a 54 Mbps UNIISep 1999 802.11b 11 Mbps ISMOct 2001 802.11d global roamingJun 2003 802.11f interoperabilityJun 2003 802.11g 54 Mbps ISMOct 2003 802.11h spectrum managementJun 2004 802.11i securityOct 2004 802.11j Japanese spectrumSep 2005 802.11e real time QoSDec 2007 802.11k RRM measurementsMar 2008 802.11r fast roamingMar 2008 802.11y US 3.65 GHzSep 2008 802.11n 100 MbpsJan 2009 802.11u external networksFeb 2009 802.11w packet securityMar 2009 802.11p vehicular (5.9)Aug 2009 802.11s mesh networksAug 2009 802.11.2 test recommendationsSep 2009 802.11v network management

802.11 Alphabet Soup

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

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802.11n (more later)• MIMO evolution of 802.11 OFDM PHY

– Fully interoperable with legacy 802.11a/b/g

– Up to 4 antennas per device

• Data Rates– 20 and 40MHz channels – 288 Mbps in 20MHz and 600 Mbps in

40MHz (64 QAM, 4 spatial streams, 1/2 guard interval)

– Claim of 100 Mbps in real throughput

• Optional enhancements– Transmit beamforming with negligible

overhead at the client– Advanced channel coding techniques

(RS)– Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and

others)– 1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of

800 ns)– 7/8 rate coding

• Applications focused on streaming data– HDTV, DVD– interactive gaming, – enterprise

• Status– Nov 06 – group approved draft 1.06,

still 350+ comments to resolve.– In Draft 2.0– Lots of pre-n devices floating around– IP issues– Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008

• Wi-Fi Alliance – Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring– Certify to Ratified Standard when done.

Image from: http://www.tgnsync.org/products

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• Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz – 3.7 GHz (US Only) – FCC opened up band in July 2005– Ready 2008

• Intended to provide rural broadband access• Incumbents

– Band previously reserved for fixed satellite service (FSS) and radar installations – including offshore

– Must protect 3650 MHz (radar)– Not permitted within 80km of inband government radar– Specialized requirements near Mexico/Canada and other incumbent users

• Leverages other amendments– Adds 5,10 MHz channelization (802.11j)– DFS for signaling for radar avoidance

(802.11h)• Working to improve channel

announcement signaling • Database of existing devices

– Access nodes register at http://wireless.fcc.gov/uls

– Must check for existing devices at same site• Higher power could extend range to 5km

Source: IEEE 802.11-06/0YYYr0

802.11y (more later)

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802.11p (more later)• Dedicated Short Range

Communications (DSRC)– Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p– AKA (WAVE) Wireless Access for

Vehicular Environment• Ready by 2009• 5.850 to 5.925GHz band• Goal

– Telematics (collision avoidance)• Roadside-to-vehicle • Vehicle-to-vehicle environments

– 54 Mbps, <50 ms latency• Possible competitor to cellular• Range up to 1 km

• Atheros released an early chipset for DSRC (version I, current work is on version II)

IMMINENT

FRONT

COLLISION

Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.

In-Vehicle Displays and Annunciations

Traffic Signal

Traffic Signal

OBUs on Control Ch

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

IMMINENT

LEFT

COLLISION

Radar Threat Identification

Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes the message because only it matches the threat address.

up to 100 m (328 ft)Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper expansion, etc.

Car NOT Stopping

IMMINENT

FRONT

COLLISION

IMMINENT

FRONT

COLLISION

Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.

In-Vehicle Displays and Annunciations

Traffic Signal

Traffic Signal

OBUs on Control Ch

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

IMMINENT

LEFT

COLLISION

IMMINENT

LEFT

COLLISION

Radar Threat Identification

Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes the message because only it matches the threat address.

up to 100 m (328 ft)

up to 100 m (328 ft)Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper expansion, etc.

Car NOT Stopping

From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available: http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%205.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf

Collision Avoidance Scenario

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802.11r (more later)• Modify MAC and security protocols to support faster handoffs

– Important as voice over WiFi becomes more popular• Status

– Standard out in 2008– Will be certified by WiFi Alliance

• Features– QoS reservation– Encryption key distribution– 5 step handoff process to 3 steps

http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN

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802.11s (more later)

• Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic self-configuring network of access points (AP) called and Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh

• Status– Standard out in 2009– Numerous mesh products available now– Involvement from Mitre, NRL

• Features– Automatic topology learning, dynamic

path selection– Single administrator for 802.11i

(authentication)– Support higher layer connections– Allow alternate path selection metrics– Extend network merely by introducing

access point and configuring SSID

IP or Ethernet

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WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

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802.16 Family (WiMAX)802.16 Apr 2002 LOS 10-66 GHz802.16a Apr 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16c Jan 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16d Oct 2004 Combined 802.16,a,c802.16e Dec 2005 Mobile WiMAX802.16f Dec 2005 Net Management

Database (MIB)802.16g Spring 2007 Network

management plane802.16h Fall 2007 License-exempt

Coexistence802.16i 2008? Mobile Management

Information Base 802.16j 2008 Mobile Multihop Relay

CFP Dec 2006802.16k Fall 2007 Network Management

(to WG ballot)802.16m 2009-10 4G

Projections based on data at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/milestones/dev/milestones_dev.html

WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation.

Available at www.wimaxforum.org

Commercialization Roadmap

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802.16e (Mobile WiMAX, 802.16-2005)

• Ideally, 802.16 + mobility– Really intended for nomadic or low

mobility– Not backwards compatible with

802.16-2004• http://

www.unstrung.com/document.asp?doc_id=76862

• Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise

• Advance equipment and planned deployments, particularly for WiBro

• PHY– Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO– Convolutional turbo codes– Optional block turbo codes, LDPC

WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org

PHY Spec Overview

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Other Mobile WiMAX Features• Frame-by-frame resource allocation• Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

(HARQ)• UL and DL Scheduling• Variable QoS• Three handoff methods

– A traditional Hard Handoff (HHO)– Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS)

• A list of reachable base stations is maintained by mobile and base stations, but base stations discard packets if not the active BS

– Macro Diversity (MDHO)• Same list is maintained, but all

base stations in the list can participate in the reception and transmission of packets.

• Security– AES for traffic and control data– EAP– Privacy and Key Management

Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2)– 3-way handshake on handoffs

• IP Core Network (supports Voice Over IP)

• Multicast Broadcast Services– Like cellular multicast services

• WiBRO– Defines a set of options for

Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment

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802.16h• Draft to ballot Oct 06,

67% approve, resolving comments)

• Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation

• Explicitly, a cognitive radio standard

• Incorporates many of the hot topics in cognitive radio

– Token based negotiation– Interference avoidance– Network collaboration– RRM databases

• Coexistence with non 802.16h systems

– Regular quiet times for other systems to transmit

From: M. Goldhamer, “Main concepts of IEEE P802.16h / D1,” Document Number: IEEE C802.16h-06/121r1, November 13-16, 2006.

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• Expand coverage, capacity by adding relay stations

• Intended for licensed operation• Not intended as a mesh network

– Actually a tree• Support mobile units

802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay• Relays controlled from base

stations• Fixed Relay

– Permanent installation– Useful for coverage holes

• Nomadic Relay– Temporary fixed installation– Extra capacity for special

events (military SDR conferences)

• Mobile Relay– Placed on mobile platform to

support users on the platform– Useful for public transport

(buses, trains)

Modified from Fig 1 in IEEE 802.16mmr-05/032

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802.16m

• Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMT-Advanced)

• http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/• Requirements still being defined

– http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-07_002r1.pdf

Projected Improvements over 802.16e

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WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

42/82

Cellular TechnologiesStandard

Release Date Purpose

Peak Data Rate Comments

IS-54 1990 2G 8 kbps Phasing out (IS-54B) IS-136 1994 2G 8 kbps Phasing out iDEN 1993 2G 24 kbps Motorola proprietary WiDEN 2002 2.5G 132 kbps Motorola proprietary GSM 1990 2G 9.6 kbps GMSK HSCSD 1997 2.25 G 38.4 kbps Up to 4 traffic channels/device GPRS 1998 2.5 G 171.2 kbps EDGE 2000 2.5 G 384 kbps Higher order modulation EDGE Ev 2006 2.75 G 1 Mbps Multiple carriers, higher order

modulation WCDMA 1999 3G 2 Mbps FDD popular, TDD also available HSDPA 2003 3.5 G 20/2 Mbps 10 Mbps w/o MIMO HSUPA 2004 3.5 G 20/5.5 Mbps TD-SCDMA 1999 3.5 G 2 Mbps China, Smaller bandwidths supported TS-SOFDMA 2007 3.5 G 100/50 Mbps China OFDM/MIMO LTE 2007 4 G? 100/50 Mbps AML OFDM/MIMO IS-95 1993 2G 14;4 kbps DSSS IS-95b 1999 2.25 G 64 kbps Cdma2000 1xRTT

1999 3G 144 kbps CDMA 3G1x

3x 2000 3 1.25MHz chan. 3x Not deployed nor completed EVDO 2001 3.25 G 384 kbps Cdma450 is a downbanded version EVDV 2002 3.5 G 4.8 Mbps Dead on Arrival EVDO Rv A 2004 3.5 G 3.1/1.8 Mbps EVDO Rv B 2006 3.5 G 74/27 Mbps UMB 2008 4 G? 500 Mbps OFDMA/MIMO

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Cellular Overview• Two primary competing approaches to 3G

– 3GPP Family• GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMA-

TDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE• Promotional www.gsmworld.com • Standards www.3gpp.org

– 3GPP2 Family• CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB• Promotional http://www.cdg.org • Standards www.3gpp2.org

• One vision– Voice + high speed data + mobility

• One dominant IP holder (Qualcomm)

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GSM Coverage

http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm

WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan,Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty)

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CDMA Subscriber Stats (June 07)

Stats as of June 2007 http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf

Justcdma2000

All CDMA Better upgrade path, Lots of cannibalization of IS-95

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Global Cellular Market Data

http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

• Currently over 2.3 billion cellular subscribers worldwide (INSTAT)

• By 2010 projected to be over 3.6 billion (over half the world - INSTAT)

• 3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has most of the market (77% in 2005, 83% in 2006)– Most of that lead is in GSM

• 3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a massive jump on 3GPP

• However, WiMAX may soon outpace… As of July 07

http://www.3gtoday.com/wps/portal/subscribers/

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North American Cellular Market

• 3G almost exclusively 3GPP2

• Significant number of legacy deployments

http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php

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Cellular Evolution Paths

• General trend to higher data rates via transition to OFDM, MIMO, wider bandwidths, VoIP, and greater flexibility

UMB

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GPRS• General Packet Radio Service

• Packet-based protocol layered over GSM or IS-136 networks– Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps– Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol)– Packet-switched link

• Makes possible data transfer without circuit connection

• Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously

• Widespread deployment

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EDGE

• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution• Data rate expected up to 384 kbps

– Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data rates

– Typically 100 kbps• Technology compatible with both GSM and IS-136

standards

http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

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3G Standards• cdma2000 – 1.25MHz bandwidth

– 1x - Voice and basic data service (up to 307.2Kbps)– 1xEV-DO – enhanced data service only (up to

2.5Mbps)– 1xEV-DV – voice and enhanced data service (up to

5Mbps)– CDMA450

• 3GSM (WCDMA) – 3.84MHz bandwidth– WCDMA (UMTS) – Voice and basic data (up to 384

Kbps)– HSDPA – Voice and enhanced data service (up to

10Mbps)– TD-SCDMA – Chinese variant on WCDMA

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General 3GPP Technologies

• Generic Access Network– Supports handoffs between GSM networks

and 802.11 or Bluetooth networks

• Packet Switched Handoffs– Enables easier handoffs between different

3GPP networks

• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services– Simultaneous broadcast of data streams to

multiple recipients

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WCDMA

• Wideband CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)– Also known as 3GSM

• Different from CDMA2000

• Standard controlled by 3GPP

• Uses new spectrum

• Can be complemented by EDGE in less dense areas

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• High Speed Downlink Packet Access • W-CDMA downlink

• 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a • 5MHz bandwidth

– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), – MIMO (Release 6)– Hybrid ARQ – All IP core network

• (Release 4)• Originally ATM

Table from: http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/hsdpa.png

HSDPA

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HSUPA (EUL)

• High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Enhanced UpLink)

• Similar technologies to HSDPA• Demo by Ericsson May 2005

– Handsets 2007– http://www.mobic.com/news/publisher/view.do?id=3196

• T-Mobile planning deployment in Austria in 2007– http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/hsup

a/

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Long Term Evolution (LTE)• Targets:

– DL 100 Mbps in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz)– UL 50 Mbps in 20 MHZ (2.5 bps/Hz)– Reduced transition time between

states (such as between idle and active states)

– Variable bandwidth allocations: 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink

– At least 200 users/cell– Load sharing/policy across radio

access technologies• Standard targeted for 2008• Products in 2009

(http://www.ericsson.com/technology/tech_articles/super_3g.shtml)

• Downlink: Adaptive multilink OFDM (AML-OFDM), which means different bandwidths based on demand

– Variable prefix size• 4.7 ms to 16.7 ms• Intent to support up to 120 km cells

– Called High Speed OFDM Packet Access or HSOPA

• Uplink– Single-carrier– frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

with dynamic bandwidth allocation– Unique time-frequency interval to the

terminal for the transmission of user data (for orthogonality)

• Support for antenna arrays– Beamforming, MIMO

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TD-SCDMA (more later)• Time Division – Synchronous CDMA

– Synchronized uplink channels aided by joint detection

– China’s 3G technology• Core network is almost the same as WCDMA

– Requires mature 2G (GSM) network for implementation

• Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning Partnership Project)

• Multiple chip rates– LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW– HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW

• TDD link– Does not use paired frequency bands

• Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data services

– 1.6 MHz bandwidth allows flexibly spectrum allocation

• Partially motivated by avoiding paying Qualcomm royalties

• Significant deployment delays

B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang, W.Zhu, B. Li; “Recent advances on TD-SCDMA in China,” IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43, pp 30-37, Jan 2005

TD-SCDMA Multiple Access Options

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cdma2000 1xRTT

• 1x Radio Transmission Technology• Also known as:

– CDMA 1x– CDMA 3G1x

• Packet-switched (always on)• Maximum of 144kbps

– Typical 40-60 kbps

• Deployments– South Korea, US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan,

Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Uganda, Ukraine, Thailand, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India, China, Chile, Angola

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cdma2000 1x EV-DO

• CDMA EVolution Data Only– Designed to support only data applications

• VOIP– Also known as:

• CDMA 1x EV-DO• CDMA EV-DO

• Can offer data rates of 384kbps - 2.4Mbps– Does not mix voice traffic with data traffic

• Deployments:– South Korea: 01/25/02 (SK Telecom), 05/01/02 (KTF)– United States: 10/29/02 (Monet)– Australia (Hutchison)– Bermuda (Bermuda Digital)– Guatelmala (Movistar Guatelmala)

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cdma2000 1x EV-DV

• CDMA2000 EVolution Data and Voice• Intended to blend both voice and data traffic

– Can use existing EV-DO or 1x infrastructure as a starting point

• Data rates up to 4.8 Mbps• Dead on arrival

– http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_evdv_dead/index.html

– Qualcomm halted work on the standard in 2005• http://news.com.com/Cell+phone+makers+to+adopt+I

nternet+calling/2100-7352_3-5618191.html

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EVDO Rev B

• Adds Multiple carriers – 2xEVDO, 3xEVDO,…– Up to 15 1.25 MHz carriers within 20 MHz

• Adds support for 64-QAM modulation• DL 73.5 Mbps • UL 27 Mbps• Dynamic non-contiguous carrier allocation• Support for single carrier and multiple carrier

subscribers• Standardized 2006• Trial mid-2007 • Commercial deployments mid-2008

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EVDO Rev C (UMB)

• Spec published Sep 24, 2007– http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp– 3GPP2 (UMB) beats 3GPP to market again– Commercially available 1H 2009

• Data rates, mobile with 20 MHz bandwidth– DL: 288 Mbps– UL: 75 Mbps

• Key technologies– OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming– Flexible spectrum allocation– Enhanced QoS– Support for multiple access technologies

• Reduced latency

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Other Cellular Efforts

• iDEN

• CDMA 450

• OFDM-FLO (Qualcomm)

• DVB-H (GSM/ETSI)

• IEEE 802.20

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iDEN

• Motorola created Nextel popularized cellular technology

• TDMA 6 channels on 25 MHz• PTT, voice, data• May expand to 100 MHz (WiDEN) for 96 kbps• Other countries implementing iDEN networks:

– South Korea, Japan, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Singapore

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cdma450

• cdma2000 in 450 MHz band

• Permits migration of Nordic Mobile Telephone System

• Deployments in Asia, Europe, South America

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Media-FLO• http://www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml• Not 4G itself, but possibly indicative of

Qualcomm’s direction (they also own spectrum)• Mobile Video Broadcast (Digital TV, Digital Video

Broadcast-Handheld)• OFDM based system• 11.2Mbps at 6MHz• Run-time optimization of power, frequency, time• Chipsets available Nov 2004• Possible use in UHF bands (high power)• Standard released

– http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/flo_forum_multimedia_112805/

• Verizon to offer service in 2006– http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/news/verizon_media

flo_qualcomm_120105/

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Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld

• ETSI digital video broadcasting standard– Based on DVB-T

• Forum http://www.dvb-h-online.org/

• Backed by GSM networks

• Also OFDM based

• CrownCastle testing in Pennsylvania

• Numerous trials in Europe

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IEEE 802.20 • Fill performance gap between “high

data-rate, low mobility 802 standards” and “high mobility cellular networks”

• 802.20 Shenanigans • Allegations of process abuse brought to

a screeching halt when standard suspended in September

• Project Launched 2004• Looked to be dead in the water

– Flarion leading proposal– Qualcomm leading vote holder

• Turned around when Qualcomm bought Flarion (Aug 05)– http://www.dailywireless.org/

modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4532

• Went to proposal downselection process– Qualcomm (Flarion) TDD, FDD– ETRI– BEST-WINE (Kyocera)

• Reapproved in Dec 06• First meeting Jan 2007

• QTDD/QFDD Proposal• OFDMA data channel• CDMA control channel• Bandwidths

– 5 MHz – 20 MHz• MIMO

– Single, multiple code word– Pseudo- Eigen beamforming

• Space Division Multiple Access– Separate mode from MIMO

• Data Rate 260 Mbps– MIMO, 20 MHz

• Turbo coding• Time-frequency hopping• Supposed to support inter Radio

Access Technology handoffs

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Cellular Takeaways

• Two major approaches to 3G– >10 standards in those two families

• Legacies continue to be deployed– Cheaper than upgrading for voice

• Multi User Detection (MUD) and MIMO techniques that could dramatically increase capacity GSM and TDMA systems may extend lifetime of legacy systems. – http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/antennas/mimo/chenu_tournier

y.pdf

• Voice remains killer ap for cellular, data likely to be supported by other networks– Convergence of devices supporting cellular and WiFi

70/82

WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

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802.22• Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)

– First explicit cognitive radio standard– Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote areas– Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at VHF

and low-UHF– Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in these

sparsely populated areas

• Status (IEEE 802.22-06/0251r0)

– First draft finishing– First vote in Mar– Published 2009?

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Features of 802.22• Data Rates 5 Mbps – 70 Mbps• Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD• DFS, TPC• Adaptive Modulation

– QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread QPSK

• OFDMA on uplink and downlink• Use multiple contiguous TV

channels when available• Fractional channels (adapting

around microphones)• Space Time Block Codes• Beam Forming

– No feedback for TDD (assumes channel reciprocity)

• 802.16-like ranging

• 802.16 MAC plus the following– Multiple channel support– Coexistence

• Incumbents• BS synchronization• Dynamic resource sharing

– Clustering support– Signal detection/classification

routines• Security based on 802.16e

security• Collaborative sensing• Techniques in 802.22 will be

extended to other standards and to other bands around the world

73/82

WGANGlobalStar II, BGAN

WRAN<40 km802.22

WWAN<15 km

802.20, LTE, UMB

WMAN<5 km

802.16e,h,j

Material

Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

WLAN<100m

802.11n,p,s,y

WPAN<10mWiBree

74/82

Globalstar• Globalstar I Based on cdmaOne• Jan 2006 - FCC granted license to offer ancillary terrestrial service

– http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/about/newsevents/press_display.php?pressId=58

• Globalstar II– Moving to 48 LEOS for global coverage, unspecified improved performance

• http://www.globalstar.com/en/news/pressreleases/press_display.php?pressId=426

– Coverage still constrained by ground stations?– First launch in 2009?

• http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/globalstar-2.htm

Green areas not available to North American subscribershttp://www.globalstarusa.com/en/content.php?cid=300

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Inmarsat• Broadband Global Area

Network (BGAN)– 492 kbps peak– 256 kbps stream

• Applications– Voice telephony 

E-mail– Internet access– Access to corporate

networks– File transfer– Video conferencing– Video broadcast

Video store-and-forward

• Yet to launch Pacific Satellite

• BGAN supported by I-4 Satellites– Based on Astrium’s Eurostar– Geostationary– 19 wide beams, 200 narrow spot

beams (I-3 7 wide beams) Variable QoS, can combine channels, variable QoS

– 16-fold increase in traffic capacity

http://www.inmarsat.com/bgan

76/82

Summary and Future Trends

Relevant Data and a Discussion on 4G

77/82

Convergence of Approaches• WiMAX becoming more like

cellular, cellular becoming more like WiMAX

• Cellular like waveforms converging to mix of OFDMA + MIMO optimized for low speeds with small cell sizes

• Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated like a cellular technology– Sprint’s XOhm network– Push for WiMAX to be classified as 3G

• http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/06000634/India-backs-Wimax-techon-3G-n.html

• WiMAX cell phones coming– Nokia, Motorola, Samsung– http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SP-A/

idUSSP31345620070904• Because 3G took so long to deploy, WiMAX may pass it by

Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/ WiMAX_and_ IMT_2000.pdf

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Breeding Successful Technologies

• Mobile WiMAX will be a MIMO standard, but so will WCDMA– Transition of technologies can significantly

extend useful lifetime of deployments• Enhanced EDGE • WCDMA + MIMO may steal LTE’s market

– 802.11n predates mobile WiMAX• 802.22 techniques opening up legacy

spectrum for other standards– White Space Coalition– 802.16m

• Standards can expect to continue to evolve even post-deployment– Need for SDR

• May make for smoother transition to 4G

Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekström, Anders Furuskär, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, Stefan Parkvall, “The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation,” VTC 06

79/82

4G• Wireless community already

looking towards 4G• Requirements being formalized

– 1 Gbps fixed– 100 Mbps mobile (end-to-end)– Support for heterogeneous nets– Global roaming

• Several candidates already emerging

– Cellular evolution– 802.16m– NTT DoCoMo’s 5 Gbps prototype

• http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment02.pdf

– China’s home grown standard• http://www.forbes.com/markets/

feeds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4151478.html

• Common techniques– OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes

optimized for low speed, but support for high speed, IP backbone

3G Americas, “Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology,” July 2007 Available online: http://3gamericas.com/PDFs/3G_Americas_Defining_4G_WP_July2007.pdf

http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment01.pdf

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Overview Take-Always 1/2

• High data rate systems migrating to OFDM + MIMO PHY– OFDM – WiMedia, 802.11a,g, 802.16, 802.20, 802.22, UMB,

LTE– OFDM + MIMO – 802.11n, 802.16e, 802.20, UMB, LTE

• More responsive/adaptive resource management (early cognitive radio)– Multiple QoS levels – 802.11e; 802.16e; 802.20; UMB, LTE,

EVDO, – Dynamic channel selection – WiMedia; 802.11h,y; 802.16h;

802.22 – Distributed sensing – 802.22

• Coexistence given increasing interest– Vertical handoffs – 802.21, 802.11u– Legacy systems – 802.22, 802.11h,y, 802.16h

• New bands opening up for old techs– 802.15.4d, 802.11j,p,y

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Overview Take-Always 2/2• Some spectral harmonization

– 5 GHz for WiMAX

• China pushing own standards– 802.15.4c, TD-SCDMA, TD-SOFDMA

• Emergence of Advanced Networking– 802.11s, 802.15.5, 802.16j

• Increasing # of technologies– Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones

• Convergence on AES for security– 802.11i, WiMedia, Mobile WiMAX

• All IP Backbone– Mobile WiMAX, UMB, LTE

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WLANwww.wi-fi.org www.wi-fiplanet.com/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/

802.15www.bluetooth.com https://www.bluetooth.org/ www.wimedia.org http://www.zigbee.org/en/ http://www.uwbforum.org/www.wibree.org http://www.multibandofdm.org/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/

802.16www.wimaxforum.org http://wimaxxed.com http://wimax.com http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/

3GPP Familywww.gsmworld.com www.umtsworld.comwww.gsacom.com www.3gpp.orghttp://www.tdscdma-forum.org/

3GPP2 Familywww.cdg.orgwww.3gpp2.org

802.20http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/

802.21http://www.ieee802.org/21/www.umatechnology.org

802.22http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/

E2R “Requirements and scenario definition,” Available online: http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E2R_WP4_D4.1_040725.pdf

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