Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
FUTURE SMART-ER GRID: CHALLENGESPANEL: IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN POWER SYSTEMS PROTECTION AND OPERATION
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt*Loughborough University, UK
XIII IBEROAMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Monterrey,
Nuevo Leon, Mexico
19-24th February, 2017
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Agenda• Context: Where do we need to change?
• Smart grid, NO!/ Smart-er grid
• Smart-er grid: What it is?
• Existing Non-dummy systems
• Smart Network and Low Carbon
• Sources of Uncertainties
• Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future
• Context: Changes in GB
• Reduced inertia
• Declining Short Circuit Levels
• Can they deliver the solution?
• Closing… or Opening?
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied in any form or
by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these
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documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you.
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Context: Where do we need to Change?
EVIM
Storage
PV
MTDC
AC
System
Wind Farm
The other half of the challenge lies
in building the transport and
distribution networks
As the low-emission economy
evolves, building new generation
technologies is just half the
challenge
@fglongatt
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control and
Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power
Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power Generation. J.
Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer Singapore: 193-
231.
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
DC is a real option
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Smart DC Micro-grids
http://smgaznec.fglongatt.org/
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Smart grid, NO!/ Smart-er grid
• The term smart grid has
been in use since at least
2005, when it appeared in
the article "Toward A Smart
Grid" by Amin and
Wollenberg.
Smart Grids European
Technology Platformhttp://www.smartgrids.eu/
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
"Smart Grid / Department
of Energy"
https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--
2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks
Department of Energy & Climate
Change and Ofgem
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Smarter Grid
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
What it is?
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Smart-er Grid
Information Flow
Power Flow
Power Flow
Information Flow
Demand Response
AMI
DG-PV
Thermal
Storage
PEVUtility
grade PVWind
farm
Solar
farm
Smart Grid
Traditional
Environment
Merging Two Smart Infrastructures
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Future Off-grid
http://iuats.fglongatt.org/
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
SS SS
Tie-switch
Existing Non-dummy systemsBulk
Generation
Homes, Schools,
Shops, BusinessesTransmission Distribution
Very Good observability and
controllability
Limited coordination between transmission and distribution
Fossil FuelsCentralized plants
Networks are designed for “passive customers”“Fit and forget” approach Low asset use
Almost zero observability and controllability
CB : Circuit breaker SS: Sectionalizing switchASS: Automatic sectionalizing switch
LV Grid
MV Grid
N. Ochoa. Modelling of Distribution Networks: State-of-the-Art and Challenges
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
Tie-switch
Smart Network and Low CarbonBulk
Generation
MV Micro Grid
+
-
Local
control
Local control
Local
control
+
-
+
-
Massive penetration of renewable
Medium-scale renewable controllable
Full coordination between transmission and distribution
Local
control
Hierarchical
control
Distributed
Generation
Real-time monitoring and control
Local
controlCentralized network management Maximizing the assets utilizationMaximum renewable harvesting
Optimization forecasting
LV Micro Grid
Frequency response operation
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
Tie-switch
Smart Network and Low CarbonBulk
Generation
LV Micro Grid MV Micro Grid
+
-
+
-
IED: Intelligent Electronic Device
DMS: Distribution Management System
MEMS: Microgrid Energy Management System
SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
MV Microgrid
LV Microgrid
Communication link
DMS
SCADA
IED IED
IED
MEMS
MEMS
MEMS
MEMS
+
-
+
-
Smart Distribution Network
+
-
Electric Vehicle
Heat pump
Energy storage
Solar photovoltaic system
Wind Power
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Beyond the Smart-er Grid
http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR%20Exploring%20Beyond%20frontier.pdf
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Sources of Uncertainties
IM
MTDC
AC
System
@fglongatt
• Topology, parameters & settings (e.g.,
tap settings, temperature dependent line
ratings)
• Observability & controllability • Pattern (size, output of
generators, types and
location of generators,
i.e., conventional,
renewable, storage)
• Parameters
(conventional and
renewable generation
and storage)
• Parameters of generator controllers (AVRs, Governors, PSSs, PE interface),
network controllers (secondary voltage controller), FACTS devices and HVDC line
controllers
• Contractual power flow (consequence of different market mechanisms and price)
• Faults (type, location, duration, frequency, distribution, impedance)
• Communications (noise, time delays and loss of signals)
• Time and spatial variation in load, load
composition, models and parameters
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future
Proliferation of
nonconventional
renewable
generation – largely
stochastic and
intermittent
(wind, PV, marine) at
all
levels and of various
sizes
• Large on-shore and offshore
wind farms
Wind Farm
Offshore wind power
Storage
Electric-vehicles
Renewable Energy Resources
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future
MTDC
Multi-terminal HVDC
Increased use of
HVDC lines of both,
LCC and
predominantly VSC
technology (in meshed
networks and as a
super grid)
• Liberalised market
• Increased cross-boarder bulk
power transfers to facilitate
effectiveness of market
mechanisms
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future
• Integrated “intelligent”
Power Electronic
devices
• Integrated ICT &
storage
• Small scale (widely
• dispersed) technologies in
Distribution networks
• Active distribution networks
• New types of loads within
• customer premises
Bi-directional energy flow
Different energy carriers
Multi-directional info flow
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Context: Changes in GB
15% of energy from renewable
34% reduction in CO2
emission versus 1990
2020
No renewable target
80% reduction in CO2
emission versus 1990
2050
% of end use energy ~20%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200
% of end use energy ~50%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050
Oil
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
CCS
Billio
n B
arr
els
of
Oil E
qu
iva
len
t p
er
ye
ar
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
% of end use energy ~40%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184
% of end use energy ~35%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas% of end use energy ~40%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247
% of end use energy ~40%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil
Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario
fglongatt 2013
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Reduced Inertia
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Declining Short Circuit LevelsAs the short circuit level decreases, the
size of the area affected by a voltage dip
will increase.
The effects of transmission voltage dips
are not only observable across the
transmission network, but are also
observable on distribution networks in the
vicinity of the fault (the effects are “3-
dimensional”).
The critical role that reactive
current injection plays in the
response of the network to a
voltage depression.
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Transformer terminal RET 541Distance Relay
PD531, AEG,
1991LFCB102 Digital Current Differential Relay
MiCOM P54x
P543, P544, P545 & P546
Current Differential Relay
M-3425A Comprehensive Generator Relay
Form 6
Recloser
Control
G60 Generator Protection System
Micrologic
Reyrolle 7SR210 & 7SR220 Argus
SIEMENS
Schweitzer
SEL-751A Feeder Protection
Relay
IPROTEC 7UT63 and
7UT635 differential
protection relays
Sprecher Distance Protection SPRECON-E-
P DD..6-Series
Line Differential Protection GRL100
VAMP by Schneider Electric
You have a lot of options, but can they
deliver the solution?
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Closing…
or Opening?
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Some of the main technical challengesLow Voltage Distribution Grids (< 1kV)
• Voltage rise/drops due to PV panels/EVs
• Thermal limits: Are the wires fit for purpose?
• More unbalances? Harmonics? etc.
Medium Voltage Distribution Grids (> 1kV
and < 150kV)
• Voltage rise due to wind power (rural
networks)
• Increase in short circuit level (urban
underground)
• Power quality, “Islanding” and Protection
• Thermal limits
• Increased energy losses? Variability?
• Stability and reserve requirements
Observability
Controllability
Inte
gra
ted m
ulti-
sca
le s
olu
tion
s
Integrated planning
operation with
transmission systems
Voltage
management
Thermal and
fault
management
Integration of
solution and
services
…
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Future Smart-er Grid: Challenges. Monterrey, Mexico 21 February 2017
Questions and Answers
Dr Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or
copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.
Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any
trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the
documents by you.
Thank you!