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Future of Computation with Electronic Nanotechnogy Presented By Shubhra Karmakar.
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Transcript of Future of Computation with Electronic Nanotechnogy Presented By Shubhra Karmakar.
CS-603 Nanotechnology 2Spring 2004
Outline
Technology shifts in computation What is electronic nanotechnology? Approaches to nanoelectronic devices Nanoelectronic devices in future computers Solid-state nanoelectronic devices Molecular electronic devices Conclusions
CS-603 Nanotechnology 3Spring 2004
Technology Shifts in Computation
Rapid increase in transistor density i.e., number of transistors/chip
This Increase being dictated primarily by- Need for greater computational speed
- Need for greater computational memory
Increase in transistor density Scaling down device sizes
- Size shift: Inches to Microns to Nanometers
- Technology shift: Micron technology to
Nanotechnology
CS-603 Nanotechnology 4Spring 2004
What is Electronic Nanotechnology ? Electronic Nanotechnology Nanoelectronics
Nanoelectronics: Development of electronic devices having smallest feature size between 1 to 10 nm
Possible electronic devices in computers that can be scaled down to nano levels- CMOS- Memory- Switches
CS-603 Nanotechnology 5Spring 2004
Place of Nanoelectronics in Moore’s Space
1.E+11
CMOSDoubles every 1.0 year
TransistorsDoubled every 2.3 year
1.E+10
1.E+09
1.E+06
1.E+03
1.E+00
1.E-03
1.E-06
Mechanical RelaysDoubled every 7.5 years
Nanometer
doubles every few months?
1880 1920 1960 2000 20302010 2020198019401900
From Gray Turing Award Lecture
Ops
/se
c
CS-603 Nanotechnology 6Spring 2004
Approaches To Nanoelectronic Devices Two approaches:
- Develop “nano” descendants of present solid-state
microelectronics
- Fabricate nano devices from molecules Molecular
electronics approachPath I
Scaling down current S-State devicesPath II
Molecular Electronics
CS-603 Nanotechnology 7Spring 2004
Promising Nanoelectronic Devices in Future Computers
Path I: Nanoelectronic Solid-State Devices- Nano CMOS
- Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD)
- Single Electron Transistor (SET)
Path II: Molecular Electronic Devices- Molecular Electronic RTD
- Spintronics
Quantum-Effect Devices
CS-603 Nanotechnology 8Spring 2004
The Future of CMOS
Current VLSI systems rely heavily on CMOS technology With nano miniaturization:
- A CMOS is predicted to have 1010 transistors by 2012
- Operating speeds will be 10 – 15 GHz (compare to current 1 GHz !) Example: Today’s CMOS gate length = 120 nm 22 nm (2014)
100 nm
CS-603 Nanotechnology 9Spring 2004
Scaling Limits of CMOS As we scale down, devices
will become- More variable
- More faulty
As we scale down, fabrication will become
- More expensive
- More constrained
As we scale down, design will become
- More complicated
- More expensive
From Shibayama et al, 1997
CS-603 Nanotechnology 10Spring 2004
Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD)
Made by placing insulating barriers on a semiconductor => creates island or potential well between them
Only finite number of discrete energy levels are permitted in the island
Electrons can pass through the island by quantum tunneling- If incoming electron energy matches (or
resonates) with an energy state inside the island, then current flows through: “ON” state
- If energy states inside and outside do not match: “OFF” state
Multiple logic states are possible- As voltage bias is increased and resonant states are established, switches “ON. Then switches “OFF” and then switches “ON” as soon as next level energy states match
CS-603 Nanotechnology 11Spring 2004
Single Electron Transistor (SET)
Bell Lab researchers fabricated the first SET in 1987 Similar tunneling concept as RTDs
- One electron tunnels from source to drain, through the barriers
CS-603 Nanotechnology 12Spring 2004
Summary of Quantum-State Nanoelectronic Devices
Device Advantages Disadvantages Status
RTD - Multiple logic states- Semiconductor
based- Capable of large
scale fabrication
- Same scaling
limitations as
CMOS
- In production
SET - High Gain- Similar operation to
FET
- Very low
temperature- Control
challenges
- Experimental
CS-603 Nanotechnology 13Spring 2004
Molecular Electronic Devices for Future Computers
Molecular Electronics – Uses covalently bonded molecules to act as wires and switching devices
- Molecules are natural nanometer-scale structuresE.g., A molecular switching device is only 1.5 nm wide!
Molecular electronics will bring the ultimate revolution in computing power
- 1 trillion switching devices on a single CPU chip!- Terabyte level memory capacities!
Primary advantage – can be synthesized in large numbers; in the order of Avagadro’s number (1023)
Present day challenge is to develop methods to incorporate these devices in circuits
CS-603 Nanotechnology 14Spring 2004
Molecular Electronic Devices(…continued)
Molecular Electronic Resonant Tunneling Diode- Concept is similar to solid-state RTD
Chains of Benzene ring act like conductive wires- “CH2” (Methylene group) act as electron barriers
- Island or potential well formed between them Potential well in molecular RTDs is 10 to 100 times less than
solid-state RTDs
CS-603 Nanotechnology 15Spring 2004
Molecular Electronic Devices(…continued)
Spintronics- Spintronics Spin electronics Magneto-electronics- Discovered in 1988 by German and French physicists; IBM commercialized the concept in 1997- Exploits the “spin” of electrons, rather than “charge” in information circuits- Information is stored into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down)- Spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a wire
Spin orientation of electrons survive for a relatively longer time, which makes Spintronic devices attractive for memory storage devices in computers
CS-603 Nanotechnology 16Spring 2004
Spintronics(…continued)
Computers
Hard Drive- Uses magnetic spin to store long- term information- Information is retained on power loss
RAM & CPU- Uses charge to store information- Information is lost on power loss
Magnetic disk drives--like this 1 GB IBM Microdrive, are the most common devices that takes advantage of Spintronics
CS-603 Nanotechnology 17Spring 2004
Spintronics(…continued)
Advantages of Spintronics-based computers
- Non-volatile: no loss of data during a power loss
- Compact: because of increased miniaturization
- Energy efficient
- Highly customizable: Reprogrammable CPU
Magnetic RAM is a more imminent development than a magnetic CPU (CPU involves more complex h/w)
CS-603 Nanotechnology 18Spring 2004
Spintronics(…continued)
Potential Market for Nanoelectronic Memory and Logic Products, 2003-2013
Adapted from: BCC Research Report
CS-603 Nanotechnology 19Spring 2004
Snapshot of Active Research in Nano Devices
Nano CMOS
RTDs SETs Molecular Devices
MRAM Hard Drive
CS-603 Nanotechnology 20Spring 2004
Conclusions
The strides being made in nanoelectronics promise an exciting future for computation
Despite enormous progress in demonstration of nanoelectronic devices, many challenges remain
- Solid-state nanoelectronic devices: Important challenges are that
of fabrication, reliability and design
- Molecular electronic devices: Challenge is to incorporate these
devices in circuits Spintronics device development and commercialization of this
technology in memory devices of computers seems to hold tremendous potential
"Don't worry about what anybody else is going to do… The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Really smart people with reasonable funding can do just about anything that doesn't violate too many of Newton's Laws!" — Alan Kay in 1971
CS-603 Nanotechnology 21Spring 2004
References
http://www.cellmatrix.com/entryway/products/pub/Beckett2002.pdf http://nanotech-now.com/spintronics.htm http://policy.iop.org/v_production/v5.html http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/ http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~phoenix/ http://www.anl.gov/OPA/factsheets01/H-04.pdf http://www.bccresearch.com/editors/RGB-286.html http://physicsweb.org/article/world/11/9/7/1