Funkční vlastnosti rostlin

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Ekologické funkce rostliny (Weiher et al. J. Veg. Sci. 1999)

Šíření

Uchycení

Vytrvávání

konkurenční schopnostplasticita

udržení prostoruzískání prostoru

odpověď na disturbancivyhnutí se disturbanci

Doporučené funkční vlastnosti (Weiher et al. 1999)

Vytrvávánínadzemní biomasa

výškaSLA

life historyklonalita

vegetativní regeneracezačátek kvetení

• Které funkční vlastnosti rostlin spojené s jejich vytrváváním ve společenstvu jsou nejčastěji používány ve studiích zaměřených na odpověď vegetace na pastvu a kosení?

Výška malá (< 40 cm) 12 12Výška velká (> 60 cm) 12 11Raunkiaer hemikryptofyta 11 10Architektura rozeta 11 10Raunkiaer geofyta 11 4Architektura bez rozety 10 10Life history jednoletky 10 9Raunkiaer chamefyta 10 8Raunkiaer terofyta 10 8Life history trvalky 10 8Raunkiaer fanerofyta 9 1Taxonomie jednoděložné 8 8Architektura polorozeta 8 5Výška střední 7 5

celkový počet studií 22, celkový počet vlastností 18obhosp.opuštěné

počet studií citlivé

klonalita

vegetativní regenerace

CGO, jeho role, roční přírůstek, počet dceřinných rostlin, cyklicita prýtu,

persistence spojení

BB, počet, sezonalita,vertikální distribuce

http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz/

This presentation will help you to understand the data stored

in CLO-PLA3

1.2.3 Clonal growth traits

1.1 Structure of output data

Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3

1.2 Explanation of traits

1. TRAITS

1.2.1 Whole-plant traits1.2.2 Bud bank traits

1.2.3.1 Examples1.2.4 Additional data

Contents (1/2)

This presentation will help you to understand the data stored

in CLO-PLA3

2.1 List of traits and variables 2.2 Description of CGO types


2. VARIABLES

2.3 Description of bud bank types

Contents (2/2)


The output table consists of five

blocks, marked with different colours. The output form for

Fragaria viridis is used as an example.

1. TRAITS

Whole-plant traits Bud bank traitsClonal growth traits

additional data

Reference

Additional data


1.1 Structure of output data


A brief explanation of traits follows on next

slides. For morphological terms see glossary

(accessible from the main menu).

1.2 Explanation of traits

Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2 Explanation of traitsGuide to traits used in CLO-PLA3

Does primary root survive over entire plant life-span?

How does the plant reproduce? (literature data only)

Does the plant develop a storage organ not utilized for clonal growth?

At which age the plant flowers for the first time?

What is the life-span of the genet?

1.2.1. Whole-plant traits

Bud bank includes all buds on a plant

which are at disposal for vegetative regeneration.

Vertical distribution of buds in five layers.

Categorized numbers of buds per shoot and layer in well developed plants assessed from

the number of nodes or leaves.Types of the bud bank

derived from the mode of perennation of bud-bearing organs.

1.2.2. Bud bank traits


Types of CGO (clonal growth organs) are delimited using plant morphology: origin of CGO (stem, root, leaf),

its placement relative to soil surface (above-ground, below-ground), its storage function. This classification

of CGOs includes 17 categories (numbered 1 to 17). For a detailed description see section 2.2.

1.2.3. Clonal growth traits


1.2.3. Clonal growth traits

Clonal growth traits are evaluated

for particularCGO separately,

one plant may havemore CGOs (see examples on next

two slides).


1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (1/2)

Growth of Fragaria viridis, a species combining necessary and additive clonal growth organs.The short epigeogenous rhizome ("a" in the figure) is a necessary clonal growth organ (CGO) and above-ground horizontal rooting stem (stolon) is an additive CGO. The epigeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial stem bases of sympodial shoots. The rhizome growing at the soil surface has shortened internodes and is gradually pulled below the soil surface by roots. Its youngest parts bear green leaves at the nodes. During the current year (t0), the shoot consists of a leaf rosette (thick arrow). Its apical meristem develops an inflorescence in the second year. In the same year an offspring rosette arises from the axil of the uppermost leaf of the rosette. Generations of the shoots overlap and the plant flowers every year (t0 and t1; the dotted flowering shoot was formed in spring and died in autumn of the t0 year). The above-ground rooting stem consists of several generations of offspring shoots which arose during one season. Their first internodium is always long and is followed by several short internodes. The spacer between offspring rosettes splits in winter. Offspring plants grow several years (t1, t2, t3) as rosette shoots and produce their first stolons in the fifth year (t4), sometimes from the second year already. The offspring flowers usually in the fifth year of its life (t4).

t1

t4t3t2t1

a b

t0


Growth of Geranium sanguineum, a species with necessary and regenerative clonal growth organs (CGO). The hypogeogenous rhizome is an necessary CGO (a), adventitious sprouting from injured roots functions is a regenerative CGO (b). The hypogeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial bases of sympodially growing shoots (a). The bases are parts of shoots growing horizontally below the soil surface and bearing scale leaves. Above-ground parts of the shoots are non-rosette and annual, flowering every year (t0 and t1; the dotted shoot was formed last spring and died last autumn). Size of sprouts originated on root fragments are similar to those of seedlings. The shoots are replaced by sympodially growing new ones every year, producing hypogeogenous rhizomes with short increments. It takes several years (t1, t2, t3) before the new shoots flower for the first time.

t0

t1

t1 t2 t3

ab

1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (2/2)


If all adult plants in all populations develop a clonal growth organ (CGO), its role is considered

as necessary. If CGO is not needed for flowering and ovewintering of a plant and its is absent in some

plants or populations, its role is considered as additive. If a CGO develops after an injury, its role

is considered as regenerative.

1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (1/6)



Monocyclic / dicyclic / polycyclic shoots. Cycle length corresponds to the life-span of a shoot,

starting by sprouting of a bud, followed by vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting, until shoot death.

Persistence of connection, such as stolons or rhizomes, between parent and offspring ramets.

Rate of clonal multiplication.



Increment of clonal growth organ in horizontal direction. Some water plants form turions

or tubers which can be dispersed independently of the parent plant.

Dichotomous branching results in two equal branches. Indefinite vegetative growth of apical

meristem with flowers produced on side branches is called monopodial. If apical meristem terminates

its growth by producing generative organs and its growth is taken over by lateral branches, plant growth is sympodial. This concept is applicable

only to stems, not to adventitious sprouting from leaves and roots.



Offspring tillers may grow either vertically within sheath of subtending leaf

(intravaginal growth) or horizontally, breaking through sheath of subtending leaf

(extravaginal growth). Both types are sometimes combined in one species.

In some plants are roots initiated on clonal growth organs of stem origin concentrated at distal or proximal

part of the clonal growth organs (CGO), or are distributed regularly along the CGO. Not applicable to the following

CGOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16.



Leaves are either regularly distributed along the stem (no rosette) or partly concentrated at plant

base (semirosette) or middle and upper cauline leaves are missing and all leaves develop at shoot

base near the ground (rosette). This trait is for monopodial plants defined for flowering

shoots only. Dicyclic shoots bearing a rosette in the first year of plant life and tall leafy shoot in the second year are classified as semirosettes even if rosette leaves decay

at the time of flowering already.

Clonal offsprings of plants are either about as large as parent ramets

or considerably smaller.


When in ontogeny clonal type of clonal growth organs are formed: before, after, or at the time

of generative reproduction.

Shoot generations of sympodially growing plants may but need not overlap.

In monopodially growing plants shoot generations always overlap.



Filled only if the investigations were made on living plants by

the authors of the database.

Geographical coordinates.

Name of the person who identified the studied plant material.

Type of data.

1.2.4. Additional data (1/2)


Link to photographs of the herbarium specimens used in the study.

Type of the habitat from which the data originated.

Link to photographs of the studied plants.

Link to a B&W ink drawings of the studied plants.

Geographical area from which the data originated.

1.2.4. Additional data (2/2)



All variables in the output form are

categorical. The Fragaria viridis output form is used

as an example.

2. VARIABLES


2.1 List of traits and variables

Clonal growth organ rooting in the soil and providing connection between offspring

plants or formed by a creeping axis of a plant; nodes on the stem bear leaves,

internodes are usually long, the stem serves as a storage organ and a bud bank;

vegetative spreading may be fast and persistence of the horizontal above-ground stems differs considerably among species.

1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems

10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems

1


2.2 Description of CGO types (1/17)



2Detachable over-wintering

buds of water plants composed of tightly arranged leaves filled

by storage compounds; the turion develops axially or apically, are usually dormant and need

vernalization to re-grow.



Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground;

depending on the location of storage within the buds they are called bulbils

(storage located in scale leaves) or stem tubercules (storage located in the stem

part); they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having

no dormancy; young plants regenerating from bulbils and tubercules resemble

seedlings in their morphology and size.

3





A meristem which would normally develop into a flower, forms a vegetative

bud (plantlet, bulbil, root or stem tubercule) and may be soon detached from the parent plant; alternatively the whole inflorescence

lays down and plantlets root at the soil surface; offspring morphology and size

is similar to seedlings.





Detached parts of shoot with rooting ability.

5





6

Plant formed by a small frond (e.g. Lemna); an extremely reduced plant body of aquatic plants; its growth results in the production

of similar structures which are soon detached from parent plant.





Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground; according the location of storage within

the buds they are called root tubers (storage located in an adventitious root);

they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having no dormancy; young plants

regenerating from tubercules resemble seedlings in their morphology and size.

7





Adventitious buds on leaves formed after shedding or detaching of leaves from the parent plant; on bare wet

soil they develop into plantlets resembling seedlings in their

morphology and size.

8





Perennating stem-originated organ formed above-ground (Serebrjakov

and Serebrjakova 1965); its distal part is covered by soil and litter or pulled

into the soil by the contraction of roots; nodes bear green leaves, the internodes

are usually short; the rhizomes bear roots and serve as a bud bank and storage organs; vegetative

spreading is usually slow (up to a few cm . year-1), persistence of epigeogenous

rhizomes differ considerably among species.

9





Perennating stem-originated organ formed below-ground

(Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); the rhizome usually grows horizontally

at a species‑specific depth and after some time it becomes orthotropic and

forms above‑ground shoots; the horizontal part of the rhizome bears bracts,

a few roots developed at the nodes, and has long internodes; vegetative spreading is often fast, up to several

meters . yr-1; persistence of the hypogeogenous rhizome differs

considerably among species.

10





Plant develops only one perennial tuber (usually formed by the hypocotyle), no offspring tubers are produced; in

senescing plants tubers may start to decay from their center resulting eventually in plant fragmentation.





Below-ground, usually short‑lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin;

offspring tubers are attached to a parent tuber or produced at the end of

a hypogeogenous rhizome; the parent plant dies back in autumn, except for the stem

tuber(s) which bear onedominant bud, each utilised for spring

regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed; in addition some plants

produce smaller tubers and/or tubercules; plants growing from them resemble

in morphology and size seedlings.

12





Storage organ consisting of storage leaves and a shortened stem base;

the bulb is formed by organs produced within a single season or in the course

of several seasons; by itself it represents one renewal bud; in addition, some plants produce smaller bulbs and/or bulbils; plants growing from them

morphologically and in size resemble seedlings.





Plant possessing a primary root system without adventitious roots and buds;

senescing tap root of old plants decays from the root center, in some species causing plant fragmentation; an old individual genet disintegrates into ramets bearing parts of the main

root and one or a few shoots; vegetative spreading is poor; the tap root serves as a storage organ and vascular link

between shoots; the bud bank is situated on the perennial bases

of shoots (caudex).

14





Plant roots (main root including the hypocotyle, and adventitious roots) form adventitious buds spontaneously or after

an injury; when buds are formed on horizontal roots they may enable

an extensive clonal growth; persistence of the roots with adventitious buds considerably differs among species.

15





Below-ground storage organ; in some plants it serves as a regenerative organ

of root origin bearing a bud or buds of stem origin; in that case the plant dies back in autumn, except for the

root tuber(s) with the buds, later utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old

tubers decay and new ones are formed.





Below-ground, usually short-lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin;

offspring tubers are produced at the end of a horizontal rooting aboveground leafy stem.

17





If there are both perennial and sesonal bud-bearing organs in one layer, the bud bank is classified as

perennial; combinations of perennial BB with

potential BB, and seasonal BB with potential BB, are

possible.


2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - seasonality of budsin different layers in relation to the soil surface (1/2)

bud bank seasonality in individual layers(perennial - 1/ seasonal - 2/potential - 3/ 1+3 / 1+2)

Buds on plant organs persisting for

less than 2 years form a seasonal BB.

The ability to form adventitious buds on leaves or roots

implies a potential BB.

Buds on bud-bearing organs persisting

for 2 and more years form a perennial BB.

bud banklayers>10 cm10 to 0 cm0 cm0 to -10 cm< - 10 cm

Bud numbers on stem plant parts

were assessed according to nodes, leaves or

leaf-scales. Bud count was thus indirect

and numbers are categorized.


2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - numbers of budsin different layers in relation to the soil surface (2/2)

>10 cm10 to 0 cm0 cm0 to -10 cm< - 10 cm

layers

numbers of buds in individual

layers

0, 1-10, >10

bud bank

This presentation will show you how to use CLO-PLA3

3. FEEDBACK

1.1 Data selection

How to use CLO-PLA3

1.2 Sending data to your computer

1. HOW TO USE

2. HOW TO CITE

How to use CLO-PLA3

1.1 Data selection (1/14)

... or click here to see a scrollable list of species that you can select

... or click here to see a scrollable list of species for which B&W drawings are in the database

click here to see a scrollable list of genera that you can select (see next slide)

How to use CLO-PLA3


select a genus, several subsequent genera (using shift key and left mouse button)

or several genera which are not subsequent (using ctrl key and left mouse button)

How to use CLO-PLA3


submit the selection to see a scrollable list of species that you can select

How to use CLO-PLA3


select a species, several subsequent species (using shift key and left mouse button)

or several species which are not subsequent (using ctrl key and left mouse button)

How to use CLO-PLA3


submit the selection to see alist items that you can select (slide XY)

How to use CLO-PLA3

To speed up the selection, you may press first character of the genus

after the list is focused on.

z


How to use CLO-PLA3


Select the items you you are interested in (... continue on slide no. 9)

Supplementary info (see next slide)

How to use CLO-PLA3

Click here to see B&W drawings


How to use CLO-PLA3


Show all items in the listShow checked items

How to use CLO-PLA3


this item was not checked

this item was not checked

this item was checked

this item was checked

How to use CLO-PLA3


Add selected items into cart

How to use CLO-PLA3


Show cart content

How to use CLO-PLA3


You may remove checked items from cart

Note that ........

How to use CLO-PLA3


You may go back to modify your last selection

Note that ........

How to use CLO-PLA3

After checking „detail“ and clicking „Show“, youwill see the data as they will be sent to you by e-mail

(next slide).

1.2 Sending the data on your computer (1/6)

Note that ........

How to use CLO-PLA3


Detailed view of the cart

How to use CLO-PLA3


Write down the e-mail address to which the data in the cart should be sent.

How to use CLO-PLA3


... and then click this button. The data will be sent to your computer

(columns are TAB-delimited). Such data can be imported into spreadsheet programs,

such as Excel.

How to use CLO-PLA3

When your selection includes too many (hundreds) items, manipulation with data

may slow down considerably. You may use several carts with lower number of items,

to avoid this problem.


How to use CLO-PLA3

If your mail box is size-limited, the data may not get through.


How to use CLO-PLA3

2. How to cite

Klimešová J. & Klimeš L. Clo-Pla3. - http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz/

For references of papers in which CLO-PLA data were utilised, see Publications in the main menu

How to use CLO-PLA3

3. Feedback

- Your experience with the CLO-PLA3- Contribution to the database by submitting your own data- References of papers in which CLO-PLA3 was utilized

are welcome

Funkční vlastnosti rostlin

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Transcript of Funkční vlastnosti rostlin