Fungi From Rhizoshperic Soil and Its Impact on Productivity

8/6/2019 Fungi From Rhizoshperic Soil and Its Impact on Productivity

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AMAM--FUNGI FROMFUNGI FROM

RHIZOSHPERIC SOIL AND ITSRHIZOSHPERIC SOIL AND ITSIMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITYIMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY

DR. M.L. GUPTADR. M.L. GUPTASCIENTISTSCIENTIST

MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANTMICROBIOLOGY AND PLANTPATHOLOGY DIVISIONPATHOLOGY DIVISION

CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICINALCENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICINALAND AROMATIC PLANTS (CIMAP),AND AROMATIC PLANTS (CIMAP),LUCKNOWLUCKNOW--226015226015


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Mycorrhiza refers to a mutualistic, symbioticMycorrhiza refers to a mutualistic, symbiotic

relationship formed between fungi and livingrelationship formed between fungi and living

roots of higher plantsroots of higher plants There are three major groupsThere are three major groups

of mycorrhizae:of mycorrhizae:

Ectomycorrhizae andEctomycorrhizae and

endomycorrhizae.endomycorrhizae. The ectomycorrhizae areThe ectomycorrhizae are

generally, association ofgenerally, association ofhigher woody perennials.higher woody perennials.

The fungi from intercellularThe fungi from intercellularramifications of myceliumramifications of myceliumwithin the host cortex (thewithin the host cortex (theHartig net) and dense hyphalHartig net) and dense hyphalencapsulations (the mantle)encapsulations (the mantle)


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Endomycorrhizae are characterized byEndomycorrhizae are characterized byfungal penetration of the host cells.fungal penetration of the host cells.

Three types of endomycorrhizae areThree types of endomycorrhizae arerecognised viz., orchidaceous, ericoid andrecognised viz., orchidaceous, ericoid andvesicularvesicular--arbuscular.arbuscular.

The associated endophytes infirst twoThe associated endophytes infirst twobelong to higher fungi with septatebelong to higher fungi with septatehyphae.hyphae.


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VesicularVesicular--arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) orarbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) orPhycomycetous mycorrhizae are formedPhycomycetous mycorrhizae are formedby fungi belonging to the orderby fungi belonging to the order GlomalesGlomales inin

Zygomycotina.Zygomycotina. The name vesicularThe name vesicular--arbuscular (VA) refersarbuscular (VA) refers

to the formation of typical morphologicalto the formation of typical morphologicalstructures called vesicles and arbuscules instructures called vesicles and arbuscules in

the cortical region of the rootsthe cortical region of the roots It is believed that there is exchange ofIt is believed that there is exchange of

carbon and phosphorus nutrition betweencarbon and phosphorus nutrition betweenthe two symbionts for mutual benefits. Sixthe two symbionts for mutual benefits. Six

genera viz.,genera viz., GlomusGlomus,,AcaulosporaAcaulospora,,GigasporaGigaspora,, Scutellospora,Scutellospora, SclerocystisSclerocystis andandEntrophosphoraEntrophosphora have been shown to formhave been shown to formmycorrhizal associationmycorrhizal association


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VAM are remarkably widespread,VAM are remarkably widespread,distributed geographically throughout thedistributed geographically throughout theplant kingdom. They occur over a broadplant kingdom. They occur over a broadecological range from arctic to desertecological range from arctic to desertenvironments.environments.

Their benefits to the crop plants are wellTheir benefits to the crop plants are well

documented. Higher plant growth anddocumented. Higher plant growth andyield responses have been reported inyield responses have been reported inmany crops such as barley, lucerne,many crops such as barley, lucerne,soyabean, corn and mungbean.soyabean, corn and mungbean.

VAVA--mycorrhizae double the efficiency of Pmycorrhizae double the efficiency of Pfertilizers and help the utilization offertilizers and help the utilization oftraditional sources of P fertilizers liketraditional sources of P fertilizers likebonemeal and rock phosphate morebonemeal and rock phosphate more

efficiently.efficiently.


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They increase water efficiency of crop,They increase water efficiency of crop,

alleviate micronutrient deficiency, alleviatealleviate micronutrient deficiency, alleviateheavy metal toxicity, increase saltheavy metal toxicity, increase salttolerance of the crop and reduce diseasestolerance of the crop and reduce diseasesof the plants. The primary benefit isof the plants. The primary benefit is

however, the more efficient supply of P tohowever, the more efficient supply of P tothe Plantsthe Plants


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Palmarosa seedling (i) inoculated with VAM isolate (ii)uninoculated

control. Seedlings are three months old. Note the better growth ofinoculated seedlin


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VAM TECHNOLOGYVAM TECHNOLOGY

Interest in mycorrhizal fungi has reachedInterest in mycorrhizal fungi has reachedits peak in recent years. The ability ofits peak in recent years. The ability ofthese fungi to produce a dramaticthese fungi to produce a dramaticresponse in plant growth is wellresponse in plant growth is welldocumented.documented.

Phosphorus plays a vital role in plantPhosphorus plays a vital role in plantmetabolism and nitrogen fixation.metabolism and nitrogen fixation.

Legumes require high P levels for theirLegumes require high P levels for theirgrowth and effective nodulation. Legumegrowth and effective nodulation. Legume

is a cheapest way to enrich tropical soilis a cheapest way to enrich tropical soilwith nitrogen. Because of the beneficialwith nitrogen. Because of the beneficialeffects of P on all the nitrogen fixingeffects of P on all the nitrogen fixingorganism.organism.


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P has a tremendous potential as anP has a tremendous potential as an

indirect source of nitrogen.indirect source of nitrogen.VAVA--mycorrhizae not only help tomycorrhizae not only help to

conserve and use phosphorusconserve and use phosphorusefficiently but also help in nitrogenefficiently but also help in nitrogennutrition of plants.nutrition of plants.


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VAM fungi has potential importance in theVAM fungi has potential importance in therecovery of disturbed lands and these canrecovery of disturbed lands and these canbe effectively used in land reclamation.be effectively used in land reclamation.

They have been conclusively shown toThey have been conclusively shown toimprove revegetation of coal spoil, stripimprove revegetation of coal spoil, stripmines, waste areas, road sides and othermines, waste areas, road sides and otherdisturbed habitats. In stress sites,disturbed habitats. In stress sites,

population of VAM fungi provides apopulation of VAM fungi provides anutritional advantage to associated plantsnutritional advantage to associated plantsin addition to providing resistance to lowin addition to providing resistance to lowpH, heavy metal toxicants and highpH, heavy metal toxicants and hightemperatures.temperatures.

The use of mycorrhizal plants forThe use of mycorrhizal plants forrevegetation at such stressed or disturbedrevegetation at such stressed or disturbedsites has now become a normal practice insites has now become a normal practice inmany countries.many countries.


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The use of VAM fungi in afforestation isThe use of VAM fungi in afforestation isalso gaining imporance. The beneficialalso gaining imporance. The beneficialeffects of inoculating forest nurseries witheffects of inoculating forest nurseries with

endomycorrhizae to improve plant growthendomycorrhizae to improve plant growthare well known. Many of the forest treesare well known. Many of the forest treeshave been shown to form VAhave been shown to form VA--mycorrhizae.mycorrhizae.Attempts are now being made to employAttempts are now being made to employthem as inoculants in forest nurseries tothem as inoculants in forest nurseries toavail their benefits.avail their benefits.

Utilization of mycorrhizal technology inUtilization of mycorrhizal technology in

commercial production of food, fiber orcommercial production of food, fiber orfuel has been minimal. One of the mainfuel has been minimal. One of the mainreasons is the difficulties in inoculumreasons is the difficulties in inoculumproduction.production.


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Make the following observations with a compound microscope

Spore colour:

Spore diameter : Range m; mean m

Sporocarp (present or absent) if present, diam. mSpore contents: (globular, reticulate or granular)

Colour of the content

Spore wall number ; wall diameter: m

Width of each wall mWall ornamentation present or absent

Hypha present or absent. If present

Pore diam. m

Pore occluded? Yes No

Septum at pore? Yes No

Type of hyphal attachment,

(straight, recurved, funnel shaped, branched, constricted or swollen).

Identify the species with the help of descriptions given in the manual.


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Glomus

Chlamydospores


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Gigaspora


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SCUTELLOSPORA


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Sclerocystis


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ISOLATION OF VAM SPORES FROM THE SOIL

Take 100g of soil

Put it in 500ml water and stir well

Allow heavier particles to settle down

Decant the suspension through 710 m sieve

Pass the suspension through a series of sieves

Viz 425, 250, 106, 75 and 45 m

Collect the residues from 250 and 106 m sieves for sporocarps andlargespores and for small spores from 75 and 45m sieves

Mount them in lactophenol on clean slides and examine them undermicroscope

Write down the characters for identification of spores


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ASSESSMENT OF VAM INFECTION IN ROOTS

Collect the roots and wash them well in water

Cut them into 1 cm bits

Put in 10%KOH solution

Incubate at 90

0

C for 2 or 3 hours

Wash the root bits in water (decolourize the coloured roots with H2O2)

Acidify them with 5N HCl

Stain the roots in 0.5% trypan blue or cotton blue in lactophenol

Mount the root bits in glycerol or lactophenol on clean

microscopic slides

Observe for Vesicular/Arbuscular/hyphal infection under microscope.


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Studies on mycorrhizal association in Palmarosa

Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinivar. motia) the source of palmarosaoil, was found to be associated with a vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus. The symbiont Glomus sp. was isolatedfrom the rhizosphere soil, established and multiplied with its naturalhost palmarosa for the first time. The endophyte appeared to be anundescribed Glomus sp.Table : Effect ofGlomus sp. on Growth response and mineral uptake in

Palmarosa

S. No. Treatment Growth response Mineral uptake

No. of

Tillers

Height

(cm)

Dry wt

(g)

Soil Plant

P (ppm) K (ppm) P (%) K (%)

1. Glomu sp. 22 275 130 6 24 0.18 1.75

2. Control 6 150 20 10 36 0.11 1.40

C.D. % 5 % 5.996 38.430 21.440 2.531 0.793 0.028 0.302

1% 9.994 63.730 35.560 4.198 1.316 0.046 0.502

0.1% 18.597 119.190 66.500 7.852 2.462 0.086 0.938

Thus experimentals showed that the mycorrhizal associations enhanced growth, totalbiomass and mineral uptake especially phosphorus and potassium significantly over

control


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Palmrosa root showing extensive colonization of endophytic mycorrhiza

Root cortex showing cluster of spores ofGlomus sp.

Spore ofGlomus sp. With oil globules

Intramatrical vesicles ofGlomus sp. in the root cortex of infected root

Arbuscules ofGlomus sp. in cortex of infected roots (scale bar = 20m)


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Another VAM-fungus Glomus aggergatum have been isolated fromrhizosphere soil of palmarosa growing at CIMAP forms. This symbioticfungus is successfully established, maintained and multiplied with itsnatural host for further studies. Details morphological characters of

the symbiont have been studied and recorded as a new report onpalmarosa.

The glasshouse experiments showed that inoculation of palmarosawith Glomus aggregatum caused a two fold growth and three foldbiomass production as compared to non mycorrhizal control plants.

Table : Effect ofGlomus aggregatum on the growth, biomass production and

phosphrus uptake of palmarosa

Treatments

Height (cm) No. of

Tillers

Stem

thickness

(mm)

Fresh wt (g) Phosphorus content

Plant (%) Soil (ppm)

Glomus

aggregatum

155 18.80 19.00 220 0.1650 5.60

Control 80 7.80 8.00 70 0.1080 9.20

S.E. +/- 8.324 1.257 0.894 11.726 0.0041 0.129


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Effect ofGlomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum andG. mosseae were evaluated on the productivity ofPalmarosa var. Trishna, Lemongrass var. Praman,

and Citronella var. Manjusha in the field conditionalong with proper control

Table: Effect of VAM-fungi on the productivity and essential oil yield

of aromatic grasses

S.

No.

Treatment Palmarosa Lemongrass Citronella

Biomas

s

Kg/plot

% oil

yield

Total oil

content

Biomass

Kg/plot

%

oil

yield

Total oil

content

Biomass

Kg/plot

%

oil

yield

Total oil

content

1. GA 7.20** 0.62** 44.64** 11.00** 0.64 70.40** 5.50** 0.95 52.25**

2. GF 6.50* 0.62 * 40.30 * 9.20 * 0.64 58.88 * 4.60 * 0.95 43.70 *

3. GM 5.80 0.60 34.80 7.80 0.62 48.36 3.60 0.94 33.84

4. Control 4.80 0.60 28.80 6.60 0.64 42.24 2.90 0.92 26.68

C.D

.

5% 1.23 - 6.17 2.36 - 16.64 1.06 - 8.45

1% 2.09 - 9.23 4.19 - 27.23 2.43 - 17.12


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Results indicated that all the VAM fungus arecapable of to enhance the total biomass yield of

the plants. However, among them GA respondedwell and enhanced the herb and oil yieldsignificantly over the control. Besides, it issurprising that GA has enhanced the herb as wellas oil yield ofcitronella to more than 80%.

reason was noted that control plants were foundsuffering with serious yellowing disease whichwas drastically reduced the total herb yield incontrol treatment.


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Table: Effect of different VAM-fungi on the growth and productivity of

peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Treatments

Height

(cm)

Shoot

fresh

wt (g)

Shoot

dry wt

(g)

% oil

Content

Root

colonizatio

n (%)

Chlamydospore

s population

(100g-1 soil)

GA 42.20 68.40

(131.1)

25.30 0.62 49.00 664

GF 47.10 72.60

(145.3)

27.40 0.61 67.70 408

GM 39.30 55.60

(87.80)

19.90 0.60 58.40 684

C 35.40 29.60 10.60 0.60 - -

C.D. 5% 2.14 2.84 3.04 0.09 4.77 41.90

1% 3.32 3.99 2.26 0.13 6.94 61.00

Where as C= Non mycorrhizal control

GA= Glomus aggregatum, GF= G. fasciculatum,

GM= G. Mosseae

(..) Value in the parenthesis indicate the percent increase over control


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Table: Effect of different VAM-fungi on the nutrient uptake of

peppermint

Treatment

Nutrient uptake (ppm)

P K Zn

GA 2.80 (100.00) 16.10 (73.10) 0.76 (46.20)

GF 3.20 (128.60) 20.50 (120.40) 0.95 (82.70)

GM 2.60 (85.70) 16.30 (75.30) 0.68 (30.70)

C 1.40 9.33 0.52

C.D. 5% 0.35 0.88 0.08

1% 0.48 1.23 0.11

Note:- Values in the parenthesis indicate the percent increase overcontrol


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Table: Influence ofG. fasciculatum on the growth, total herb yield and

root colonization of menthol mint cultivars under field conditions

Mint cultivars Height

(cm)

Fresh herb

yield

(q/ha)

Dry herb

yield

(q/ha)

Essential

oil yield

(%)

VAM

colonization

(%)Hyb.77 Treated 41.25 83.855

(26.53)

26.238 0.613 57.20

Control 36.30 66.273 20.363 0.607 13.20

Shivalik Treated 63.35 90.617

(52.27)

26.714 0.640 68.20

Control 53.80 59.510 16.976 0.620 19.60

Gomati Treated 65.80 100.085

(29.82)

29.117 0.593 60.60

Control 57.20 77.093 22.852 0.563 16.80

C.D.

at

P=

0.05

M 2.24 8.548 0.24 0.010 2.24

V 2.74 10.485 0.29 0.012 2.76

P=

0.01

M 3.10 11.794 0.33 0.014 3.09

V 3.80 NS NS 0.017 3.82

Where as :- M = Mycorrhiza Glomus fasciculatum, V = Variety/cultivarNS = Non-significant

() = Values in the parenthesis indicate the percent increase over the control- treatment


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Table: Effect of different G. fasciculatum on the nutrient uptake of

menthol mint cultivars

Mint cultivars

Nutrient status in soil (mg/kg) Plant uptake (kg/ha)

N P K N P K Hyb.77 Treated 48.50 20.90

(-36.66)

66.50 31.345

(32.34)

4.772

(15.77)

35.110

(13.14)

Control 57.40 33.00 70.50 23.685 4.122 31.032

Shivalik Treated 50.90 21.60

(-24.21)

64.50 33.401

(75.78)

4.934

(66.46)

36.864

(39.68)

Control 54.10 28.50 77.50 19.001 2.964 21.726

Gomati Treated 48.50 17.80

(-27.35)

64.50 33.477 6.211

(71.34)

36.928

(22.02)

Control 50.40 24.50 66.00 34.559 3.625 30.263

C.D.

at

P=

0.05

M NS 4.15 NS 4.997 1.082 4.425

V NS NS NS 6.113 NS NS

P=

0.01

M NS NS NS 6.881 1.504 6.146

V NS NS NS NS NS NS

() Values in parenthesis indicate the percent increase or decrease (-) overthe control treatment


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Table: Effect of dual inoculation of VAM-fungi and growth promoting

bacterium on the growth and nutrient uptake of palmarosa

Treatment

Plant

height

(cm)

Fresh

biomass yield

(g/plant)

Phosphatase

activity

(g/100mg/30mt)

Phosphorus

content (mg/g

dry wt)

% root

colonization

VAM

population

(per-100gsoil)

Shoot Root Shoot Root Shoot Root

Control 64 33 14 197 83 0.86 0.88 - -

GA 81 46 23 222 127 1.01 1.27 75 406

PF 80 61 29 229 110 0.92 1.20 - -

GA+PF 94 67 35 307 132 1.09 1.50 86 676

GA = Glomus aggregatum; PF = Pseudomonas fluorescent

Experimental findings indicated that dual inoculation promoted 14% highercolonization of palmarosa roots than GA alone. It also increased thephosphates activity (59%) and phosphorus content (71%) in the roots ofhost plant. Similarly PF incorporation along with GA enhanced the herb yieldby 45% more than sole application of GA. Experimental findings, thus,concludes that dual application of micro-organisms seems to be more

effective to improve the productivity of palmarosa than their individualapplications.


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Interaction effect of some useful micro organism on the root colonization,

herb yield and essential oil content of Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Treatments Root

colonization

(%)

Spore

population

(100-1 soil)

Shoot fresh

wt per pot (g)

Essential oil

contents (%)

Control - - 96.2 0.40

BM - - 134.2 (39) 0.45

AA - - 104.7 (9) 0.50

GA 71.2 680 129.7 (35) 0.45

GA+BM 89.4 (23.8) 860 144.5 (50) 0.45

GA+AA 56.0 600 112.0 (16) 0.45

BM = Bacillus megatherium, AA =Aspergillus avamori, GA =Glomus aggregatum

(--) indicate percent higher yield in comparison to control


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Mycorrhizal association of Indian basil. A. Healthyplant, B. Root colonization of basil showing vesicles

and spores ofGlomus aggregatum


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Effect of VAM-fungi on the growth andproductivity of Catharanthus roseus

A glass house experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of

various VAM-fungi viz. Glomus aggregatum (GA);G. fasciculatum(GF);G. mosseae (GM);G. intraradices (GI) and G. versiforme(GV) on the growth and biomass production of this plant.

Treatments

Growth parameters Root

colonization

(%)Fresh biomass (g) Dry matter (g)

Shoot Root Shoot RootControl 38.7 26.3 13.3 8.8 -

GA 52.3 38.6 16.0 12.0 61

GF 51.0 35.0 15.7 10.3 48

GM 61.0 55.6 18.7 17.8 69

GI 56.0 40.0 16.0 13.0 67

GV 61.6 44.0 18.0 14.3 65

The finding indocated that all the VAm-fungi are capable of enhancing the growthand total biomass yield of this plant. However, maximum herb yield was found in G.mosseae (36.6%) followed by GV (36%), GA (35.1%), GI (30%)and GF (24.1%)over control. A similar trend was also observed in % root colonization of the plant.

Thus, higher root colonization by GM (69%) may be a reflection of increasedbiomass yield ofC. roseus.


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A portion root showing colonization by VAM -fungi


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Table: Interaction of VAM-fungi and root-knot nematode on

total biomass yield of black henbane (Hyoscmus nigerL.)

Treatment VAM-

rootinfection

(%)

VAM-spore

population(100g-soil)

Dry wt. of plant (g)

Root Shoot Total

Control - - 10.70 49.36 60.06

Nematode

(Mi)

- - 6.26 27.80 34.09

GA+Mi 75 370 10.70** 36.80** 47.50

GF+Mi 45 210 7.90** 33.80** 41.70

GM+Mi 53 230 7.33** 33.00** 40.33

C.D

.

5% 12.05 39.05 0.76 2.30 -

1% 17.13 55.51 1.08 3.27 -

GA = Glomus aggregatumGF = Glomus fasciculatum

GM = Glomus mosseae

Mi = Nematode-Meloidogyne incognita


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Table: Effect of different VAM-fungi on the nematode (M. incognita)

reproduction on black henbane

Treatments

Nematode

population in

total root

Nematode

population in

total soil

Total

nematode

population(root + soil)

Reproduction

factor (RF)

RF = PF/PI

Control - - - -

Nematode (Mi) 14066 21400 35466 7.09

GA+Mi 10755** 11600** 22355 4.47

GF+Mi 12889 15200 28089 5.62

GM+Mi 12427* 18760* 31187 6.24

C.D. 5% 1382.36 1736.60 - -

1% 1965.06 2468.75 - -

PI = Initial nematode populationPF = Final nematode population

-


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Meloidogyne incognita population development in Japanese mint

Treatment

% root

colonization

Fresh biomass yield (g) Nematode population % oil

contentRoot Shoot Total Root Shoot Total

Control - 192 203 395 - - - 0.51

Mi - 147 138 285**(-27.8) 113190 15600 128790*(25.75) 0.38(-25.5)

GA 45.5 194 204 398**

(+0.7)

- - - 0.52

(+1.9)

GA + Mi 40.3 172 150 322**

(-18.5)

79840 8000 87480*

(17.49)

0.40

(-21.5)

GF 60.0 196 206 402**

(+1.7)

- - - 0.53

(+3.9)

GF + Mi 55.2 180 153 333**

(-15.7)

54352 7200 61552*

(12.31)

0.41

(-19.8)

GM 65.5 198 210 408**

(+3.2)

- - - 0.54

(+5.8)

GM + Mi 62.0 185 203 388**

(-10.8)

46080 5600 51680*

(10.33)

0.48

(-5.9)

GA+GF+GM 80.0 200 218 418**

(+5.8)

- - - 0.54

(+5.9)GA+GF+GM+Mi 72.5 188 172 360**

(-8.9)

48800 6000 54800*

(10.96)

0.46

(-9.8)

C.D. 5% 12.05 2.14 2.81 - 1020.43 408.27 - 0.01

1% 17.13 1.72 1.54 - 1302.72 631.18 - 0.22

GA = Glomus aggregatum; GF = Glomus fasciculatum; GM = Glomus mosseae

Mi = Meloidogyne incognita ()**Parenthesis indicate-percent increase (+) ordecrease (-) over control.;()* RF value


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Treatments Plant height (cm) Total fresh biomass (g) % root

colonization

Spores

population

(100-1soil)Shoot Root

1. Control 70 165 (42.24) 28 - -

2. GA 78 208 (26.0)*(79.3)** 36 62 660

3. BM 72 178 (7.9)* (53.4)** 30 - -

4. GA+BM 80 236 (43.0)*

(103.4)**

40 78 900

5. PA 62 116 18 - -

6. GA+PA 73 180 (9.1)* (55.2)** 30 42 480

7. BM+PA 66 160 (-3.0)*

(37.9)**

26 - -

8. GA+BM+PA 76 214 (29.7)*

(85.5)**

32 60 580

()values in the parenthesis are the percent increase(+) or decrease (-) inshoot weight when compared with treatment 1(*) or 5 (**)

Damping-off of henbane seedlings and itsmanagement

Interaction ofGlomus aggregatum (GA), Bacillus megatherium (BM), or itscombination with Pythium aphanidermatum (PA) on the growth and totalbiomass yield of Egyptian henbane

I t ti f b fi i l i i ith F i l i d it


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Interaction of beneficial micro organisms with Fusarium solaniand its

effect on the growth, herb and essential oil yield ofMentha arvensis

Treatments Height (cm) Fresh wt (g/pot) Oil

contents(%)

Total oil yield

(ml/pot)

CI 48 118 0.78 0.92

CII 46 78 0.80 0.62

FS 42 40 0.34 0.14

GM 56 188 0.82 1.54

PF 52 156 0.82 1.28

TR 52 152 0.80 1.22

GM+FS 50 134 (40.29) 0.80 1.07

PF+FS 48 120 (30.0) 0.81 0.97

TR+FS 51 140 (8.57) 0.81 1.13

FS = Fusarium solani, GM = Glomus mosseae,PF = Pseudomonas fluorescens, TR = Trichoderma viride

(..) percent loss over their alone treatment

CI = Control with unsterilized soil, CII = Control with sterilized soil


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Treatment

Conc. (%) Tillers plant-1 Height (cm) Fresh wt (g) Spores (100g soil-1) Root colonization

(%)

Benomyl 0.05 12.5 185.0 91.50 510.00 82.50

0.10 7.5 132.0 65.00 230.00 54.20

Karathane 0.05 11.0 124.3 46.50 250.00 62.40

0.10 10.0 86.1 45.20 182.00 47.60

Captan 0.05 10.5 157.7 92.50 450.00 81.00

0.10 11.0 120.5 55.00 295.00 65.60

Vitavax 0.05 17.5 224.4 94.50 570.00 88.50

0.10 10.0 102.5 57.00 248.00 55.00

Thiram 0.05 8.5 107.5 42.50 320.00 68.60

0.10 10.5 136.0 76.00 480.00 81.00

Dithane M-45 0.05 8.0 132.0 47.50 150.00 38.80

0.10 8.5 129.0 46.90 162.00 39.20

Brassicol 0.05 12.0 147.3 88.50 460.00 80.50

0.10 10.5 136.7 47.20 275.00 60.50

Nuan 0.05 7.5 127.0 41.00 220.00 51.50

0.10 7.0 125.5 38.50 190.00 48.00

Eucalox 0.05 15.0 154.8 99.50 585.00 90.00

0.10 11.0 136.5 78.00 390.00 78.00

Roger 0.05 7.0 122.7 52.00 200.00 50.20

0.10 7.0 119.3 49.00 190.00 50.00

Control - 10.5 133.25 74.25 367.50 74.25

C.D. 5% 1.206 12.120 8.703 55.038 7.0151% 1.254 12.608 9.049 57.224 7.294


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Fungi From Rhizoshperic Soil and Its Impact on Productivity

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