Fungal Taxonomy and Mushroom Hunting From Domain to Species Why study taxonomy?
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Transcript of Fungal Taxonomy and Mushroom Hunting From Domain to Species Why study taxonomy?
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Fungal Taxonomy and Fungal Taxonomy and Mushroom HuntingMushroom Hunting
Fungal Taxonomy and Fungal Taxonomy and Mushroom HuntingMushroom Hunting
From Domain to SpeciesFrom Domain to SpeciesFrom Domain to SpeciesFrom Domain to SpeciesWhy study taxonomy?Why study taxonomy?
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DomainsDomains
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KingdomsKingdoms
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MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPINGS:Basidiomycota -- Most Basidiomycota -- Most
charismatic macrofungi; spores charismatic macrofungi; spores
produced in basidia; well-produced in basidia; well-
developed mycelium with developed mycelium with
narrow septate mycelium.narrow septate mycelium.
Ascomycota -- Include other Ascomycota -- Include other
charismatic macrofungi; spores charismatic macrofungi; spores
produced in asci; largest groupproduced in asci; largest group
Basidiomycota -- Most Basidiomycota -- Most
charismatic macrofungi; spores charismatic macrofungi; spores
produced in basidia; well-produced in basidia; well-
developed mycelium with developed mycelium with
narrow septate mycelium.narrow septate mycelium.
Ascomycota -- Include other Ascomycota -- Include other
charismatic macrofungi; spores charismatic macrofungi; spores
produced in asci; largest groupproduced in asci; largest group
Glomeromycota -- Aka Arbuscular Glomeromycota -- Aka Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they Mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they
enter the roots of the plants; include enter the roots of the plants; include
some truffle-like species; large, some truffle-like species; large,
multi-nucleate asexual sporesmulti-nucleate asexual spores
Zygomycota -- Include molds; may Zygomycota -- Include molds; may
have asexual or sexual spores; grow have asexual or sexual spores; grow
on dungon dung
Chytridiomycota -- Structured simply Chytridiomycota -- Structured simply
with unicells or short-branched with unicells or short-branched
hyphae; in aquatic and moist hyphae; in aquatic and moist
terrestrial habitatsterrestrial habitats
Deuteromycota -- Aka fungi Deuteromycota -- Aka fungi
imperfecti, include molds; not very imperfecti, include molds; not very
well-studiedwell-studied
Morchella esculentaMorchella esculenta
Amanita muscariaAmanita muscaria
This is all changing...This is all changing...
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Kingdom
Division
Subdivision
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Fungi
Eumycota
Basidiomycotina
Hymenomycetes
Agaricales
Coprinaceae
Coprinus
atramentarius
Kingdom
Division
Subdivision
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Fungi
Eumycota
Basidiomycotina
Hymenomycetes
Agaricales
Coprinaceae
Coprinus
atramentarius
From Kingdom to SpeciesFrom Kingdom to SpeciesFrom Kingdom to SpeciesFrom Kingdom to Species
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Types of HymeniaTypes of Hymenia
Jelly
Toothed
Gilled
Puffballs
Polypores
Truffles
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Types of HymeniaTypes of Hymenia
Club, coral or fan-like
Molds Rusts
Cup
Morels, false Morels and
Elfin Saddles
Crusts
And more...
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VocabularyVocabulary
Anastamose - Gills or hyphae that diverge and re-converge
Basal - At or near the base
Cespitose - Tufted or clustered
Cystidia - Microscopic specialized sterile cells projecting from the gills, tubes or stalk
Entire - Gills with smooth edges, not serrated
Epigeous - Growing above ground
Hymenia - Spore-bearing tissue
Hypogeous - Growing below ground
Lamellae - Gills
Rhizomorph - Interwoven hyphae (often visible)
Sclerotia - A balls of hyphae that can stay dormant for long periods
Sterile - Infertile
Substrate - The food source of the fungi, what it is growing on
Anastamose - Gills or hyphae that diverge and re-converge
Basal - At or near the base
Cespitose - Tufted or clustered
Cystidia - Microscopic specialized sterile cells projecting from the gills, tubes or stalk
Entire - Gills with smooth edges, not serrated
Epigeous - Growing above ground
Hymenia - Spore-bearing tissue
Hypogeous - Growing below ground
Lamellae - Gills
Rhizomorph - Interwoven hyphae (often visible)
Sclerotia - A balls of hyphae that can stay dormant for long periods
Sterile - Infertile
Substrate - The food source of the fungi, what it is growing on
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Parts of a MushroomParts of a Mushroom
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Descriptions of morphologyDescriptions of morphologyGet to know the
terminology of your field guide.
For every mushroom you see, try to find as
many ways to describe it as possible.
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A Few important FamiliesA Few important Families
Agaricaceae: Saprophytes with
membranous stalk, gills pinkish when young and brown spores.
Some stain red, some others stain yellow. Most are
edible.
Agaricus bisporus
Amanitaceae:Ectomycorrhizal, cap may carry veil tissue,
may either have a partial or universal veil, white gills and
white spores. Responsible for roughly 90% of
mushroom poisonings.
Amanita phalloides
Boletaceae: Mycorrhizal, convex to
flat cap, has tubes (pores) as hymenia. Stalks have various
types of ornamentation.
Varying shades of yellow, brown or black
spores. Usually squishy and maggoty
but yummy.
Suillus luteus
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A Few more important FamiliesA Few more important Families
Clavariaceae: Finger-like
structure, the upper half of which bears spores. May be saprotrophic,
mycorrizal or parasitic. Most are
edible but not choice, some cause
gastrointestinal distress.
Polyporaceae: Most are Bracket fungi with pores, but some have
gill-like structures, and some have
stems. Most have white spores. Saprotrophic.
Includes Trametes, Lenzites,
and Polyporus.
Russulaceae:Chalky stem, with a
brittle cap that is plane in age. The
flesh contains large spherical cells called
“sphaerocysts.” Have a hypogeous relative, like many
other epigeous fungi. Some are
edible, some cause gastrointestinal
distress.
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Hunting MushroomsHunting MushroomsThere are estimated to be
10,000 species of mushrooms in North America, although I would venture to guess that
there are far more than that. Of those, about 250 are
considered edible, and only about half of those are actually
yummy. There are only a handful of species that are so poisonous that they can kill you, but a whole lot that will
give you a belly ache. There are also some species that are easier for some people to
digest than others. Always start with a small amount.
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TIPS ON HUNTING MUSHROOMSWarning: Improper identification can result in sickness, and even death. Get more than one book, find other people to work with, and always double or triple check your work.
Things to look for:-substrate-recent weather-abundance-growth habit-date-location-nearby plants
Use all of your senses, move slowly. Increase your awareness of your local ecosystem, re-connect with it and watch yourself
become a part of it.
Supplies in the field:-Basket and/or non-plastic bag-knife.-ID bookSupplies back at home:-Microscope-Hand lens-More mushroom books-Paper and bowl for making spore prints
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Ethical HuntingEthical Hunting
Keep in mind that mushrooms are an important food source for many
animals.
When hunting, its important to remember that each mushroom takes a lot of mycelia, sugar/energy and carbon to make, and that that’s how they distribute their spores.
Some people say only take a 1/3, or ½ of a patch. Once you get to know the
fungi personally, it’ll be easier to
estimate what an appropriate amount
looks like.
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Questions...?