7/8/12

1

The Eukaryotes 12b: Fungi

Cell wall

Fungal Morphology

mold

hypha/ae

coenocytic

“fairy ring”

mycelium

budding yeast

Other: fission yeast

pseudohypha

Fungal Morphology

yeast bud

Dimorphic?

7/8/12

2

Asexual

Sporangiospore

/Conidiospores

General Fungal Life Cycle (based on having haploid adults)

plasmogamy

karyogamy

= zygote

Nutrition

all chemoheterotrophic, extracellular digestion

saprobes

parasites, predators

mutualists

Mycosis

systemic

subcutaneous

cutaneous

superficial

mycetoma

non-motile spores made in sporangia aseptate hyphae

7/8/12

3

P: Zygomycota: Rhizopus nigricans = black bread mold

Mucor spp.

Absidia spp.

zygosporangium

zygosporangium

sporangium

sporangium

Microsporidia = Microspora: unusual cells Examples: Nosema spp. (N. connori and N. ocularum) Ocular & GI infections Microsporidium spp.

Polar filament

non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores septate hyphae

7/8/12

4

dikaryon

inside ascus!

P: Ascomycota

(Eu)penicillium

P. notatum

P. camemberti

plasmogamy

karyogamy

Saccharomyces cerevisiae = baker’s & “top”-brewing yeast

S. pastorianus = “bottom”-brewing yeast

S. bayanus = champagne yeast

Peziza spp. ascocarp (made of dikaryotic hyphae)

(side-cut view)

ascus

Morchella spp. = morels

Tuber spp. = truffles

Gourmet items

Histoplasma

Blastomyces

7/8/12

5

Coccidioides immitis

“(San Joaquin) Valley fever” Aspergillus

A. flavus A. niger A. oryzae

aspergillosis

Candida albicans

Pneumocystis carinii/jirovecki

“thrush”

“yeast infection” = candidiasis, balanitis (male)

“PC”

Dermatophytes Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp. Epidermophyton floccosum

“ringworm” =

“Tinea ____” onychomycosis

Mycetoma formers Pseudallescheria spp. Exophiala spp.

7/8/12

6

Sporothrix

Stachybotrys

Claviceps -> ergot

ergometrine

ergotamine

lysergic acid

grain

non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores septate hyphae

Basidiomycota life cycle (mushroom-forming Amanita muscaria)

Karyogamy inside basidia

zygote

plasmogamy

7/8/12

7

Ustilago maydis = corn smut =

huitlacoche/cuitlacoche

Most used edible mushroom: Agaricus bisporus

Lentinula edodes = shiitake

Amanita spp. some edible, some poisonous

Amanita muscaria = fly agaric

death cap The Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera, & A. ocreata

Amanita calyptrata

Gyromitra esculentum = false morel

Cortinarius gentilis

Can be dangerous

Amanita muscaria = fly agaric

ear & jelly fungus

brackets bolete

puffball

Some other basidios stinkhorn

Bird’s nest

7/8/12

8

Pathogenic Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans Malasezzia furfur

can cause pityriasis

Disappearing “phylum” Deuteromycota = imperfect fungi

Aspergillus Penicillium Fusarium

endotrophic mycorrhiza

Symbiosis:

mycorrhizae crustose

foliose

Symbiosis:

lichens

fruticose

7/8/12

9

Usnea: usnic acid

Roccella: litmus & dye

Useful lichens