Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh...
Transcript of Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh...
FundamentalsofInformationSystems,SeventhEdition
1FundamentalsofInformationSystems,
SeventhEdition
Chapter 3Database Systems, Data
Centers,and Business Intelligence
PrinciplesandLearningObjectives
• Datamanagementandmodelingarekeyaspectsoforganizingdataandinformation– Definegeneraldatamanagementconceptsandterms,highlightingtheadvantagesofthedatabaseapproachtodatamanagement
– Describelogicalandphysicaldatabasedesignconsiderations,thefunctionofdatacenters,andtherelationaldatabasemodel
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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)
• Awell-designedandwell-manageddatabaseisanextremelyvaluabletoolinsupportingdecisionmaking– Identifythecommonfunctionsperformedbyalldatabasemanagementsystems,andidentifypopulardatabasemanagementsystems
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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)
• Thenumberandtypesofdatabaseapplicationswillcontinuetoevolveandyieldrealbusinessbenefits– Identifyandbrieflydiscussbusinessintelligence,datamining,andotherdatabaseapplications
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WhyLearnAboutDatabaseSystemsandBusinessIntelligence?• Database:
– Organizedcollectionofdata• Databasemanagementsystem(DBMS):
– Groupofprogramsthatmanipulatethedatabase– Provideaninterfacebetweenthedatabaseanditsusersandotherapplicationprograms
• Databaseadministrator(DBA):– SkilledISprofessionalwhodirectsallactivitiesrelatedtoanorganization’sdatabase
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DataManagement
• Withoutdataandtheabilitytoprocessit:– Anorganizationcouldnotsuccessfullycompletemostbusinessactivities
• Dataconsistsofrawfacts• Totransformdataintousefulinformation:
– Itmustfirstbeorganizedinameaningfulway
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TheHierarchyofData
• Bit(abinarydigit):– Circuitthatiseitheronoroff
• Byte:– Typicallymadeupofeightbits
• Character:– Basicbuildingblockofinformation
• Field:– Name,number,orcombinationofcharactersthatdescribesanaspectofabusinessobjectoractivity
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TheHierarchyofData(continued)
• Record:– Collectionofrelateddatafields
• File:– Collectionofrelatedrecords
• Database:– Collectionofintegratedandrelatedfiles
• Hierarchyofdata:– Bits,bytes,characters,fields,records,files,anddatabases
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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys
• Entity:– Aperson,place,orthingforwhichdataiscollected,stored,andmaintained
• Attribute:– Characteristicofanentity
• Dataitem:– Specificvalueofanattribute
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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys(continued)
• Key:– Fieldorsetoffieldsinarecordthatisusedtoidentifytherecord
• Primarykey:– Fieldorsetoffieldsthatuniquelyidentifiestherecord
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TheDatabaseApproach
• Thedatabaseapproach:– Traditionalapproachtodatamanagement:
• Eachdistinctoperationalsystemuseddatafilesdedicatedtothatsystem
– Databaseapproachtodatamanagement:• Poolofrelateddataissharedbymultipleapplicationprograms
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DataCenters,DataModelingandDatabaseCharacteristics
• Whenbuildingadatabase,anorganizationmustconsider:– Content:Whatdatashouldbecollectedandatwhatcost?
– Access:Whatdatashouldbeprovidedtowhichusersandwhen?
– Logicalstructure:Howshoulddatabearrangedsothatitmakessensetoagivenuser?
– Physicalorganization:Whereshoulddatabephysicallylocated?
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DataCenter
• Climate-controlledbuildingorsetofbuildingsthathousedatabaseserversandthesystemsthatdelivermission-criticalinformationandservices
• Traditionaldatacenters:– Consistofwarehousesfilledwithrowuponrowofserverracksandpowerfulcoolingsystems
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DataCenter(continued)
• Manyorganizationsnowuselargeshippingcontainerspackedwithracksofserversandcooledtoeasilyconnectandsetup
• Businessesandtechnologyvendorsworkingtodevelopgreendatacentersthatrunmoreefficientlyandrequirelessenergyforprocessingandcooling
• Backupandsecurityproceduresfordatacenterscanbeaconcern
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DataModeling
• Datamodel:– Diagramofdataentitiesandtheirrelationships
• Enterprisedatamodeling:– Startsbyinvestigatingthegeneraldataandinformationneedsoftheorganizationatthestrategiclevel
• Entity-relationship(ER)diagrams:– Datamodelsthatusebasicgraphicalsymbolstoshowtheorganizationofandrelationshipsbetweendata FundamentalsofInformationSystems,
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
• Relationalmodel:– Describesdatausingastandardtabularformat– Eachrowofatablerepresentsadataentity(record)
– Columnsofthetablerepresentattributes(fields)– Thedomainistherangeofallowablevaluesfordataattributes
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel(continued)
• Manipulatingdata:– Selecting:
• Eliminatesrowsaccordingtocertaincriteria
– Projecting:• Eliminatescolumnsinatable
– Joining:• Combinestwoormoretables
– Linking:• Manipulatingtwoormoretablesthatshareatleastonecommondataattribute
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel(continued)
• Datacleanup– Processoflookingforandfixinginconsistenciestoensurethatdataisaccurateandcomplete
– Databasenormalizationisoftenusedtocleanupproblemswithdata
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DatabaseManagementSystems
• Creatingandimplementingtherightdatabasesystemensuresthatthedatabasewillsupportbothbusinessactivitiesandgoals
• Capabilitiesandtypesofdatabasesystemsvaryconsiderably
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OverviewofDatabaseTypes• Flatfile
– Simpledatabaseprogramwhoserecordshavenorelationshiptooneanother
• Singleuser– Onlyonepersoncanusethedatabaseatatime– Examples:Access,FileMakerPro,andInfoPath
• Multipleusers– Allowdozensorhundredsofpeopletoaccessthesamedatabasesystematthesametime
– Examples:Oracle,Microsoft,Sybase,andIBM
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ProvidingaUserView
• Schema:– Usedtodescribetheentiredatabase– Canbepartofthedatabaseoraseparateschemafile
• DBMS:– Canreferenceaschematofindwheretoaccesstherequesteddatainrelationtoanotherpieceofdata
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CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase
• Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL):– Collectionofinstructionsandcommandsusedtodefineanddescribedataandrelationshipsinaspecificdatabase
– Allowsdatabase’screatortodescribedataandrelationshipsthataretobecontainedintheschema
• Datadictionary:– Detaileddescriptionofallthedatausedinthedatabase
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CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase(continued)
FIGURE 3.12Using a data definitionlanguage to define a schema
StoringandRetrievingData
• WhenanapplicationprogramneedsdataitrequeststhedatathroughtheDBMS
• Concurrencycontroldealswiththesituationinwhichtwoormoreusersorapplicationsneedtoaccessthesamerecordatthesametime
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ManipulatingDataandGeneratingReports
• QuerybyExample(QBE)isavisualapproachtodevelopingdatabasequeriesorrequests
• Datamanipulationlanguage(DML):– Commandsthatmanipulatethedatainadatabase
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ManipulatingDataandGeneratingReports(continued)
• Structuredquerylanguage(SQL):– AdoptedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)asthestandardquerylanguageforrelationaldatabases
• Onceadatabasehasbeensetupandloadedwithdata,itcanproducereports,documents,andotheroutputs
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DatabaseAdministration
• DBA:– Workswithuserstodecidethecontentofthedatabase
– Workswithprogrammersastheybuildapplicationstoensurethattheirprogramscomplywithdatabasemanagementsystemstandardsandconventions
• Dataadministrator:– Responsiblefordefiningandimplementingconsistentprinciplesforavarietyofdataissues
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PopularDatabaseManagementSystems
• PopularDBMSsforendusers:– Microsoft’sAccessandFileMakerPro– NumberofopensourceDBMSincludingPostgreSQL,MySQL,andCouchDB
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PopularDatabaseManagementSystems(continued)
• DatabaseasaService(DaaS):– Emergingdatabasesystem– Databaseadministrationisprovidedbytheserviceprovider
– Thedatabaseisstoredonaserviceprovider’sserversandaccessedbytheclientoveranetwork
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DatabaseVirtualization
• Usesvirtualserversandoperatingsystemstoallowtwoormoredatabasesystems,includingserversandDBMSstoactlikeasingle,unifieddatabasesystem
• Allowsmoreefficientuseofcomputingresources,reducecosts,andprovidebetteraccesstocriticalinformation
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Special-PurposeDatabaseSystems
• NoSQLDBMSscanhandledatathatdoesnotfitintotablesrequiredbytraditionalrelationaldatabases
• Apple’siTunessoftwareusesspecial-purposedatatoallowuserstofindsongs
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UsingDatabaseswithOtherSoftware
• DBMSscanactasfront-endorback-endapplications:– Front-endapplicationsinteractdirectlywithpeople
– Back-endapplicationsinteractwithotherprogramsorapplications
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DatabaseApplications
• Today’sdatabaseapplicationsmanipulatethecontentofadatabasetoproduceusefulinformation
• Commonmanipulations:– Searching,filtering,synthesizing,andassimilatingdatacontainedinadatabaseusinganumberofdatabaseapplications
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BigDataApplications
• DealswithlargeamountsofunstructureddatafromtheInternet,photos,video,audio,socialnetworks,andsensors
• SpecialbigdatahardwareandsoftwarecanbemoreeffectivethantraditionalrelationalDBMSs
• Somepeoplehaveconcernsorganizationsareharvestinghugeamountsofpersonaldata
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LinkingtheCompanyDatabasetotheInternetandMobileDevices
• SecurityalwaysaconcernwhenlinkingadatabasetotheInternet
• SemanticWeb:– DevelopingaseamlessintegrationoftraditionaldatabaseswiththeInternet
– ProvidesmetadatawithallWebcontentusingtechnologycalledtheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF)
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LinkingtheCompanyDatabasetotheInternetandMobileDevices
• Increasinguseofsmartphonesandtabletcomputerstoconnecttocorporatedatabases
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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,andDataMining
• Datawarehouse– Databasethatholdsbusinessinformationfrommanysourcesintheenterprise
• Datamart– Subsetofadatawarehouse
• Datamining– Information-analysistoolthatinvolvestheautomateddiscoveryofpatternsandrelationshipsinadatawarehouse
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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,andDataMining(continued)
• Predictiveanalysis:– Formofdataminingthatcombineshistoricaldatawithassumptionsaboutfutureconditionstopredictoutcomesofevents
– Usedbyretailerstoupgradeoccasionalcustomersintofrequentpurchasers
– Usedtopredictfuturesalesuptoayearinthefuture
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BusinessIntelligence
• Involvesgatheringenoughoftherightinformation:– Inatimelymannerandusableformandanalyzingittohaveapositiveimpactonbusinessstrategy,tactics,oroperations
• Competitiveintelligence:– Limitedtoinformationaboutcompetitorsandthewaysthatknowledgeaffectsstrategy,tactics,andoperations
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BusinessIntelligence(continued)
• Counterintelligence:– Stepsorganizationtakestoprotectinformationsoughtby“hostile”intelligencegatherers
• Onlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP)allowsuserstoexploredatafromanumberofperspectives– Providestop-down,query-drivendataanalysis
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BusinessIntelligence(continued)
• Datalossprevention(DLP):– Referstosystemsdesignedtolockdowndatawithinanorganization
– Powerfultoolforcounterintelligence– Anecessityincomplyingwithgovernmentregulationsthatrequirecompaniestosafeguardprivatecustomerdata
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DistributedDatabases
• Distributeddatabase:– Databaseinwhichthedatamaybespreadacrossseveralsmallerdatabasesconnectedviatelecommunicationsdevices
– Givescorporationsmoreflexibilityinhowdatabasesareorganizedandused
• Replicateddatabase:– Holdsaduplicatesetoffrequentlyuseddata
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Object-RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems
• Object-orienteddatabase:– Storesbothdataanditsprocessinginstructions– Usesanobject-orienteddatabasemanagementsystem(OODBMS)toprovideauserinterfaceandconnectionstootherprograms
• Object-relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(ORDBMS)– Providestheabilityforthirdpartiestoaddnewdatatypesandoperationstothedatabase
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Visual,Audio,andOtherDatabaseSystems
• Visualdatabases:– Usedtostoreimagesofchargeslips,X-rays,vitalrecords
– Canbestoredinsomeobject-relationaldatabasesorspecial-purposedatabasesystems
• Spatialdatatechnology:– Usingdatabasetostoreandaccessdataaccordingtothelocationsitdescribes
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Summary
• Dataisoneofthemostvaluableresourcesthatafirmpossesses
• Anentityisanobjectforwhichdataiscollected,stored,andmaintained
• Traditionalfile-orientedapplicationsareoftencharacterizedbyprogram-datadependence
• Therelationalmodelplacesdataintwo-dimensionaltables
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Summary(continued)
• ADBMSisagroupofprogramsusedasaninterfacebetweenadatabaseanditsusersandotherapplicationprograms
• DBMSbasicfunctionsinclude:– Providinguserviews– Creatingandmodifyingthedatabase– Storingandretrievingdata– Manipulatingdataandgeneratingreports
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Summary(continued)
• Databasevirtualizationallowsorganizationstousecomputingresourcesmoreefficiently,reducecosts,andprovidebetterdataaccess
• Databaseadministratorplans,designs,operates,secures,monitors,andmaintainsdatabases
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Summary(continued)
• Datawarehousesarerelationaldatabasemanagementsystemsspecificallydesignedtosupportmanagementdecisionmaking
• Dataminingallowstheautomateddiscoveryofpatternsandrelationshipsinadatawarehouse
• Predictiveanalysiscombineshistoricaldatawithassumptionsaboutfutureconditionstoforecastfutureevents
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Summary(continued)
• Businessintelligenceistheprocessofgettingenoughoftherightinformationinatimelymannerandusableform
• Competitiveintelligenceinvolvesinformationaboutcompetitorsandtheirstrategy,tactics,andoperations
• Counterintelligenceisthestepsanorganizationtakestoprotectinformationfromhostileintelligencegathers
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Summary(continued)
• Multidimensionaldatabasesandonlineanalyticalprocessingprogramsstoredataandallowuserstoexploredatafromanumberofdifferentperspectives
• Anumberofspecial-purposedatabasesystemsarebeingusedtostorelargeamountsofunstructureddatasuchasvisualandaudiodata
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