Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 1 Organizing Data and Information Chapter 3.

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

1

Organizing Data and Information

Chapter 3


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Principles and Learning Objectives

• The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach.

– Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management.

– Name three database models and outline their basic features, advantages, and disadvantages.


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• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making.

– Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify three popular end-user database management systems.


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• Further improvements in the use of database technology will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits.

– Identify and briefly discuss recent database applications.


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The Hierarchy of Data


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Keys and Attributes


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The Traditional Approach To Data Management


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The Database Approach to Data Management


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Advantages of the Database Approach


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Disadvantages of the Database Approach


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Data Modeling

• Planned data redundancy• Data model• Enterprise data modeling• Entity-relationship diagrams


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Entity-Relationship Diagram for a Customer Ordering Database


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Database Models

• Hierarchical (tree) • Network • Relational


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Hierarchical Database Model


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Network Database Model


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Relational Database Model


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Relational Models

Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files.

– Domain– Selecting– Projecting– Joining


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Linking Database Tables to Answer an Inquiry


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Building and Modifying a Relational Database


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Database Management Systems


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Providing a User View

• Schema - a description of the entire database

• Subschema - a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can modify the data items in that subset


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The Use of Schemas and Subschemas


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Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database

• Data dictionary – detailed description of data in a database


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Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary

• Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements• Assist programmers in designing and writing programs• Simplify database modification• Reduce data redundancy• Increase data reliability• Speed program development• Ease modification of data and information


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Storing and Retrieving Data


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Structured Query Language


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Database Output


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Popular Database Management Systems

• Paradox database• FileMaker Pro• Microsoft Access • Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet


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Worldwide Database Market Share (2001)


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Selecting a Database Management System

• Database size• Number of concurrent users• Performance• Integration• Features• Vendor• Cost


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Database Applications


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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining

• Data Warehouse - a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers.

• Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse.

• Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.


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Elements of a Data Warehouse


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Common Data Mining Applications


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Business Intelligence

Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form.

– Competitive intelligence– Counterintelligence– Knowledge management


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Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining


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Advantages of ODBC


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Object-Relational Database Management System

• Stores the following types of data as objects:– audio– images– unstructured– text– spatial data


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Spatial Technology


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Summary

• Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses.

• Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is collected, stored, and maintained.

• Attribute - a characteristic of an entity. • DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface

between a database and application programs. • Data mining - the automated discovery of patterns and

relationships in a data warehouse.

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 1 Organizing Data and Information Chapter 3.

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