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Fundamentals of Information Systems
Fourth Edition
Chapter 4
Telecommunications, the Internet, Intranets, and Extranets
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 2
Why Learn About Telecommunications and Networks?
• Need to access data wherever it resides
• Fast, reliable communications– Exchange messages– Upload/download data and software– Route business transactions– Connect to remote databases– Send output to printers
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 3
An Overview of Telecommunications
• Telecommunications: the electronic transmission of signals for communications
• Telecommunications medium: anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 4
An Overview of Telecommunications (continued)
Figure 4.1: Elements of a Telecommunications System
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 5
Channel Bandwidth
• Telecommunications professionals consider the capacity of the communications path or channel when they recommend transmission media for a business
• Channel bandwidth: the rate at which data is exchanged over a communication channel– Usually measured in bits per second (bps)– Broadband vs Narrowband
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 6
Services
• Digital subscriber line (DSL): telecommunications service that delivers high-speed Internet access to homes and small businesses over the existing phone lines of the local telephone network
• Wireless telecommunications:
All major long distance carriers offer wireless telecommunications services that enable you to place phone calls or access the Internet
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 7
Networks and Distributed Processing
• Computer network: the communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices
• Network nodes: the computers and devices on the networks
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 8
Network Types
• Personal area network (PAN)• Bluetooth refers to the Danish king Harald Bluetooth
Blaatand who unified Denmark and Norway. In the beginning of the Bluetooth wireless technology era, Bluetooth was aimed at unifying the telecom and computing industries.
• Local area network (LAN)
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 9
Network Types (continued)
Figure 4.4: A Typical LAN
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Network Types (continued)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)• long distance phone calls; internet access
• International networks• laws regulating transborder data flow
• VoIP systems
• Mesh networking• way to route communications among network nodes
for continuous connections9
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 10
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 11
Network Types (continued)
Figure 4.5: A Wide Area Network
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 12
Distributed Processing
• Centralized processing: all processing occurs in a single location or facility– reduced cost– improve security– simplify backup and recovery
• Decentralized processing: processing devices are placed at various remote locations– suitable for companies with independent operating
divisions
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Distributed Processing (continued)
• Distributed processing: computers are placed at remote locations but connected to each other via a network– data can be allocated to locations that can process it
most efficiently– minimizes consequences of a catastropic event (e.g.
9/11 or Katrina)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 13
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 14
Client/Server Systems
• Servers: multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions, such as database management, printing, communications, and program execution.
• Clients: Access the programs and data available from the servers.
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 15
Client/Server Systems (continued)
Figure 4.8: Client/Server Connection
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 16
Communications Software and Protocols
• Communications protocol: a set of rules that govern the exchange of information over a communications channel.
• The channels are imperfect, but protocols insure communications are– fast– efficient– error-free
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 17
Communications Software
• Network operating system (NOS): systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to communicate with each other
• Network-management software: software that a manager uses on a networked desktop– Monitors the use of individual computers and shared
hardware (such as printers)– Scans for viruses – Update software and files– Ensures compliance with software licenses
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 18
Use and Functioning of the Internet
• Internet: a collection of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information with no single registration site
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Use and Functioningof the Internet (continued)
• Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard that enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 19
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 20
How the Internet Works
• The Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another
• If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first computer is directly connected, it can send the message directly
• If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the sending computer is connected, the sending computer relays the message to another computer that can forward it
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 21
How the Internet Works (continued)
Figure 4.11: Routing Messages over the Internet
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 22
How the Internet Works (continued)
Data is passed in chunks called packets
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport-layer protocol that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an assigned address on the Internet for each computer
• Hypertext Transport Protocol (http): As the default protocol, it can often be omitted
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How the Internet Works (continued)
Domain name includes an affiliation code
An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an internet domain name that (potentially) contains non-ASCII characters.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 23
• Country (.au, .ca, .mn)• Educational (.edu)• Organizations (.org)
• Business (.com)• Government (.gov)• Military (.mil)
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 24
Internet Service Providers
• Internet service provider (ISP): any company that provides individuals or organizations with access to the Internet
• Most charge a monthly fee
• Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or satellite transmission
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 25
The World Wide Web
• The Web, WWW, or W3
• A menu-based system that uses the client/server model
• Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your computer
• Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing users to access topics in whatever order they want
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 26
The World Wide Web (continued)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the standard page description language for Web pages
• HTML tags: codes that let the Web browser know how to format text - as a heading, as a list, or as body text - and whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 27
The World Wide Web (continued)
Figure 4.13: Sample Hypertext Markup Language
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 28
Web Browsers
• Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermedia-based menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical interface to the Web
• The menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with hypertext links
• Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computer’s Safari
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 29
Search Engines and Web Research
Search engine: Web search tool– Examples: Yahoo.com, Google.com
• Most search engines are free
• Searches can use words, such as AND and OR to refine the search
Google Basics• http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/basics.html
Google Advanced Operators• http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/refinesearch.html
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Search Engines and Web Research (continued)
Meta-search engine: submits keywords to several individual search engines and returns results from all these search engines
http://www.dogpile.com/
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 30
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 31
Search Engines and Web Research (continued)
Table 4.10 Popular Search Engines
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 32
Web Programming Languages
• Java– An object-oriented programming language from Sun
Microsystems based on C++– Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded
within an HTML document
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 33
Internet and Web Applications: E-Mail, Instant Messaging, and Push
Technology• E-mail is no longer limited to simple text messages
– Sound and images can be embedded in messages– Files that contain text documents, spreadsheets,
graphs, or executable programs can be attached
• Instant messaging: allows two or more individuals to communicate online using the Internet– Push technology (send information automatically to a
user rather than “on request”)
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 34
Internet Phone and Videoconferencing Services
• Internet phone service enables you to communicate with others around the world– Relatively inexpensive– Useful for international calls– Ability to keep your phone number when you move
to another location
• Internet videoconferencing– Supports both voice and visual communications
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 35
Shopping on the Web
• Shopping on the Web for books, clothes, cars, medications, and even medical advice can be convenient, easy, and cost effective– http://www.webmd.com/
• Bot: software tool that searches the Web for information, products, or prices– http://www.pricegrabber.com/
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 36
Web Auctions
• Web auction: Internet site that matches buyers and sellers– eBay is one of the most popular auction sites
• Traditional companies are starting their own auction sites
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 37
Music, Radio, Video, and TV on the Internet
• Music, radio, and video are hot growth areas on the Internet
• Audio and video programs can be played on the Internet, or files can be downloaded for later use
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 38
Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet– Internal corporate network built using Internet and
World Wide Web standards and products– Used by employees to have ready access to
corporate information– Reduces need for paper
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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition 39
Intranets and Extranets (continued)
• Extranet– A network based on Web technologies that links
selected resources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners
• Virtual Private Network (VPN): secure connection between two points across the Internet