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![Page 1: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamentals of Fire and
Emergency Services
Chapter 1
History of the Fire Service
Jason B. Loyd
James D. Richardson
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 2: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
• Describe the evolution of firefighting in the United States and other countries.
• Explain the history of early firefighting organizations.
• Describe early fire vehicles.• Describe early personal protective
equipment.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 3: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives
• Understand fire service traditions.• Describe the origins of fire facilities.• Explain the U.S. fire dilemma and its
causes.• Discuss the changing role of the modern
firefighter.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 4: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Evolution of Firefighting Services
• 1st century BC, city of Rome was subject to conflagrations
• Roman fire brigades were originally slaves
• Approximately 6 AD, Emperor Augustus organized freedmen called “vigiles” to patrol the streets
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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The Evolution of Firefighting Services
• In 64 AD, fire destroyed two-thirds of the city of Rome
• After the fire, Emperor Nero instituted building construction standards to help prevent another fire from destroying the city
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 6: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Evolution of Firefighting Services
• 11th century, William the Conqueror of England instituted first fire prevention activities– Signal at 8 PM each night required homes to
extinguish all candles and cover cooking fires
– This was called couvre feu, which became the English word curfew
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 7: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Evolution of Firefighting Services
• The Great Fire of London (1666)– City burned for 4 days and consumed 430
acres, 13,000 homes, and 89 churches– City rebuilt with wider streets and brick
replaced wood and pitch for buildings
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 8: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Evolution of Firefighting Services
After the Great Fire of London:• First insurance company formed
– In addition to insuring property, this and later companies assumed responsibility for actual firefighting
• Firemarks placed on buildings to identify which properties were protected
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 9: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Evolution of Firefighting Services
In the United States:• Houses required to have a bucket on front step
for bucket brigades• 1648, volunteer fire wardens established in
New Amsterdam (New York City)• 1679, Boston established first paid firefighters
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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The Evolution of Firefighting Services
In the United States:• 1736, Benjamin Franklin established first
volunteer fire company in Philadelphia • History of the wooden fireplugs• Hand pumpers
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
• Firefighting technology dates back to 2nd century BC
• Greek engineer invented basic hand pump which operated on the principle of a siphon and could propel a jet of water toward a fire
• Not until the 17th century were hand-operated pumps placed on wagons
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
![Page 12: Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 1 History of the Fire Service Jason B. Loyd James D. Richardson Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e1b5503460f94b087d2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
• 1672, Dutch inventor Jan van der Heiden developed first fire hose
• 1679, Boston imported first fire engine to America
• 1743, first American-built fire pump produced by Thomas Lote of New York
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
• 1829, steam-powered fire pump constructed in London by John Braithwaite
• 1841, group of insurance companies contracted for the construction of a self-propelled fire steam engine similar to a train engine
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
• 1907, American-built internal combustion fire engines appeared– Early versions were either pumping engines
or tractors to pull the fire equipment
• Early 19th century saw the addition of horse-drawn fire wagons
• Horse-drawn era lasted about 100 years
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
• 1853, first US steam-powered fire engine constructed in Cincinnati
• 1910, those two functions were combined to both move the apparatus and pump water
• 1923, Chicago Fire Department became first completely motorized fire department in the U.S.
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Early Firefighting Apparatus and Fire Vehicles
In addition to fighting fires, today’s firefighting vehicles provide services for
highly specialized functions
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
• Victorian firefighters used their beards to protect from smoke inhalation by dipping the beard in water and holding it in their teeth
• 1825, first protective mask, the French apparatus Aldini, tested in fire conditions
• 1870s, fire departments use “Neally’s Smoke Excluding Mask”
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
• Early 20th century, first self-contained breathing apparatus known as the Gibbs came into use
• 1945, the air pac allowed for breathing fresh air in smoke-filled environment
• Today, AirPac steel cylinder replaced by light-weight composite air bottles- Pressure regulators provide positive pressure
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Personal Protective Equipment and Fire Facilities
• Early volunteer-era equipment was stored in a shed
• With advent of the professional full-time firefighter, firehouses were needed for sleeping quarters and equipment storage
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Fire Service Insignias and Traditions
– Red fire engines
• Badges
• Maltese Cross
• Dalmatian fire dog
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Modern U.S. Fire Dilemma
Fire statistics show the U.S. lagging other nations in fire security
• Examples: – In 2001, direct property loss due to fire estimated at
$11 billion ($44 billion if WTC loss included)– In 2004, direct property loss due to fire estimated at
$9.8 billion
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
The Modern U.S. Fire Dilemma
• 1973 U.S. Fire Administration report shows Americans have casual attitude about fire danger
• The 2001 terrorist attacks and resulting Patriot Act and establishment of Homeland Security, have had impact on national fire policy and its implementation
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The Scope of Fire and Emergency Services Today
• Firefighters today are no longer single-role providers
• In many cases dual- and triple-roles required of emergency workers today
• EMT and NREMT certification a minimum standard in many states/municipalities
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The Scope of Fire and Emergency Services Today
• 2003 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 mandated a national (NIMS) system for all government and private emergency workers
• Modern fire and emergency services embrace standards established during annual FESHE Conference
• Majority of emergency calls are medical in nature rather than fire-related
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Summary
• Fire service requires emergency workers be able to respond to all hazards
• Future trends will emphasize fire prevention and education
• Fire service is becoming more diverse
Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
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Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency ServicesJason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson
Questions ?