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An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws

(Act No. 3815 as Amended)

PRELIMINARY TITLE

DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE

Article 1. Time when Act takes effect. — This Code shall take effect on the First day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty-two.

Article 2. Application of its provisions. — Except as provided in the treaties and laws of preferential application, the provisions of this Code shall be enforced not only within the Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, its interior waters and maritime zone but also outside of its jurisdiction, against those who:

1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship;

2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands of obligations and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands;

3. Should be liable for acts connected with the intro-duction into these islands of the obligations and securities mentioned in the preceding number;

4. While being public of cers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their functions; or

5. Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, de ned in Title One of Book Two of this Code.

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW2

Criminal Law, De ned

Criminal law is that branch of municipal law which de nes crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. (12 CYC. 129)

What is a Crime?

A crime is the commission or omission by a person having capacity, of any act, which is either prohibited or compelled by law and the commission or omission of which is punishable by a proceeding brought in the name of the government whose law has been violated. (Wharton’s Criminal Law, 1957, vol. 1, p. 11)

Constitutional Limitations on Power of Congress to Enact Penal Laws

Limitations on the power of Congress to enact penal laws are found in Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. These limitations include:

1. The law must observe both substantive and procedural due process. (Art. III, Section 1)

2. The law must be general in application. (Art. III, Section 1)

3. The law should not impose cruel and unusual punishment or excessive nes. (Art. III, Section 19)

4. The law should not operate as a bill of attainder or as an ex post facto law. (Art. III, Section 22)

Bill of Attainder

A Bill of Attainder is a legislative act which in icts penalty without judicial trial.

Ex Post Facto Law

An ex post facto law is one which: (1) makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was innocent when done, and punishes such an act; (2) aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was when committed; (3) changes the punishment and in icts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the

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crime when committed; (4) alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or different testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense; (5) assuming to regulate civil rights, and remedies only, in effect imposes penalty or deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful; and (6) deprives a person accused of a crime of some lawful protection to which he has become entitled such as the protection of a former conviction or acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty.

The test whether a penal law runs afoul of the ex post facto clause of the Constitution is: Does the law sought to be applied retroactively take “from an accused any right that was regarded at the time of the adoption of the constitution as vital for the protection of life and liberty and which he enjoyed at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him’’?

The crucial words in the test are “vital for the protection of life and liberty.” We nd, however, the test inapplicable to the penal clause of Republic Act No. 7653. Penal laws and laws which, while not penal in nature, nonetheless have provisions de ning offenses and prescribing penalties for their violation operate prospectively. Penal laws cannot be given retroactive effect, except when they are favorable to the accused. Nowhere in Republic Act No. 7653, and in particular Section 36, is there any indication that the increased penalties provided therein were intended to operate retroactively. There is, therefore, no ex post facto law in this case. (Roberto S. Benedicto and Hector T. Rivera, Petitioners, vs. The Court Of Appeals, et. al, G.R. No. 125359, September 4, 2001)

Felony, Offense and Infraction of an Ordinance, Distinguished

If the crime is punished by the Revised Penal Code, it is called a felony; if by a special law, it is called an offense; and if by an ordinance, it is called an infraction of an ordinance.

Theories in Criminal Law

The theories or the schools of thought in Criminal Law are as follows:

1. Classical or Juristic Theory — where the basis of criminal liability is human free will. The purpose of the penalty is retribution in view of the voluntariness of the act or

APPLICATION OF ITS PROVISIONS

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PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION(2008 Edition)

There have been numerous changes in our penal laws requiring the revision of this book. The Supreme Court in a multitude of decisions has set distinctions in the application of the country’s penal laws. The latest statutes such as Republic Act No. 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006) and Republic Act No. 9372 (Human Security Act of 2007), as well as landmark decisions including People vs. Genosa (G.R. No. 139581, January 15, 2004) and Valenzuela vs. People (G.R. No. 160188, June 17, 2007) were discussed in this edition. We have likewise incorporated at the end of each Chapter/Title the relevant bar examination questions, in the hope that it will assist the bar examinees in their review of Criminal Law.

We express our gratitude to the Supreme Court for awarding the CENTENARY BOOK AWARD to the FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW authored by the late DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO.

We dedicate this humble work to the memory of our father, DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO, whose name is the best legacy for his family and to our late mother, CLEO ZAPATA GREGORIO, who has remained our inspiration and pillar of strength, despite her demise.

CARINA MA. GREGORIO

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PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION(1997 Edition)

Since the last edition of this book, new and novel doctrines in the fi eld of criminal law have been established by our Supreme Court and new laws have been enacted by the Congress of the Philippines. In view of the clamor of the students and practitioners of law, his family updated the Fundamentals authored by the late Dean ANTONIO L. GREGORIO. All important decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, recent penal statutes as well as codal provisions have been collated and included in this edition. It is hoped that, as in the past, it will be of help to the law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar for whatever it may be worth.

Acknowledgment is made to those who have been of help in the preparation of this book, particularly to the staff of Rex Book Store.

We dedicate this humble work to the memory of our father, DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO whose name has remained the best legacy for his family, and to our loving mother, CLEO ZAPATA GREGORIO who is our inspiration, our beacon light and above all, our pillar of strength.

CARINA MA. GREGORIO

April 22, 1997

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PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION(1988 Edition)

This edition has been updated by recent Supreme Court Decisions in Criminal Law and penal legislative enactment.

The decisions have been evaluated and collated so as to follow established jurisprudence. Again, the assistance of the former students of the author, namely: WALTER F. REYNOSO, Customs Examiner, Manila International Container Port (MICP), Department of Finance; and Manila Assistant City Probation Offi cer ZENAIDA H. BRIOSO, former Technical Assistant in the Offi ce of the Assistant Administrator, PA, Department of Justice and part-time Professor, Social Science and Education Departments, Philippine Normal College, Manila, is acknowledged for proofreading the manuscript and checking the citations. The Bar questions in Criminal Law are also included. It is earnestly hoped that humble work will also prove to be useful to law students, bar reviewees and also to the bench and bar.

THE AUTHOR

Manila, PhilippinesJanuary 11, 1988

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PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION(1985 Edition)

This edition includes a supplement of recent Supreme Court decisions and of penal statutes, which are pertinent presidential decrees and “batas” enacted by the Batasang Pambansa. Such updates the citations without affecting the context of the format. The author does hope this edition will also be of help to law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar.

Acknowledgment is extended to Walter F. Reynoso and Zenaida Hermo Brioso, his former students at the UST Faculty of Civil Law (1976) and SSC School of Law (1984), respectively, and both Assistant City Probation Offi cers of Manila, for proofreading the manuscript and checking the citations, and to his former secretary, Ms. Patrocinio P. Conato, for her assistance, in many ways.

ANTONIO L. GREGORIO

Manila, October 28, 1985

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PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION(1983 Edition)

The author could not resist the request of his former students and friends to come out with the latest edition of this humble work. So, recent Supreme Court decisions and legislative enactments have been collated and incorporated. 1981 and 1982 Bar examination questions in Criminal Law are included. Again, the end in view is primarily for those preparing for the bar examination not to encounter diffi culties, due to time constraint, in assimilating the fundamentals of criminal law.

Deep appreciation is extended to Miss Patrocinio P. Conato, the personal secretary of the author, for the help in the revision of this project and of course, to the staff of REX PRINTING CO., INC., who made this edition possible.

DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO

Manila, February 14, 1983

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PREFACE TO THE 1981 EDITION

Since the last edition of this humble work, new and novel doctrines in the fi eld of criminal law have been established by our Supreme Court. Because of the clamor of his students that this “Fundamentals” be updated, the author perforce has to muster time and effort to make a more practical and simplier approach in the treatment of the subject. It is hoped that, as in the past, it will be of help to the law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar for whatever it may be worth.

Again, appreciation is extended to Miss Patrocinio P. Conato for typing the manuscript and to the staff of Rex Book Store for their unsolicited cooperation and encouragement.

THE AUTHOR

May 15, 1981

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PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

The author has been encouraged by his former students, most of whom are now members of the bar, to revise the last edition of his humble work, for the benefi t of the current crop of law reviewees and law students. It is indeed gratifying to know that it has been immensely helpful to many, including those who are in the practice of law. All the important decisions of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Appeals, as well as recent penal statutes and presidential decrees have been collated and included in this edition. The aim of the author is to present the basic fundamentals of criminal law in a simple manner for easy reading and understanding.

Acknowledgment is made to those who have been of help in the preparation of this book, particularly to the daughter of the author, Miss Carina Gregorio, who supervised the proofreading; Miss Patrocinio Conato who typed the manuscript; Atty.Lily Gruba, former student of the author in the Ateneo College of Law, who helped in checking the citations, and to the staff of REX BOOK STORE, for their infi nite patience and cooperation.

THE AUTHOR

Manila, May 30, 1978

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

BOOK ONE

Page

Preface ...................................................................................... iii

PRELIMINARY TITLE — DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE ...............................................................

Article 1. Time when Act takes effect ....................... 1Article 2. Application of its provisions ...................... 1 Review Questions ....................................... 8

TITLE ONE. — FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY.................... 9

Chapter One. — Felonies .................................................... 9

Article 3. Defi nition and elements ............................ 9Article 4. Criminal liability ....................................... 16Article 5. Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed but which are not covered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties ................................. 23Article 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies ........................................................ 26Article 7. When light felonies are punishable .......... 36Article 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony .......................................................... 37Article 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies ............................................... 43Article 10. Offenses not subject to the provisions of the Revised Penal Code.................................... 44 Review Questions ....................................... 45

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Chapter Two. — Justifying circumstances and circumstances which exempt from criminal liability ........................................................................... 47

Article 11. Justifying circumstances ........................... 47Article 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability ........................................ 72 R.A. No. 9344 — Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 .................................... 73 Review Questions ....................................... 89

Chapter Three. — Circumstances which mitigate criminal liability ........................................................ 91

Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 91 Review Questions ....................................... 130

Chapter Four — Circumstances which aggravate criminal liability .......................................................... 132

Article 14. Aggravating circumstances ....................... 132 Review Questions ....................................... 201

Chapter Five. — Alternative circumstances .................. 203

Article 15. Their concept .............................................. 203 Review Question ........................................ 209

TITLE TWO. — PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR FELONIES ............................................................. 210

Article 16. Who are criminally liable .......................... 210Article 17. Principals ................................................... 212Article 18. Accomplices ................................................ 219Article 19. Accessories ................................................. 224Article 20. Accessories who are exempt from criminal liability ........................................ 229 Review Questions ....................................... 230

TITLE THREE. — PENALTIES ............................................. 231

Chapter One. — Penalties in general............................... 231

Article 21. Penalties that may be imposed ................. 233Article 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws ................ 234Article 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party ..... 236Article 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are not considered penalties ...................... 237

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Chapter Two. — Classifi cation of penalties ................... 239

Article 25. Penalties which may be imposed .............. 239

Article 26. Fine — When affl ictive, correctional, or light penalty ........................................... 243

Chapter Three. — Duration and effect of penalties ..... 245

Section One. — Duration of penalties ..................... 245

Article 27. Reclusion perpetua, etc. ............................. 245Article 28. Computation of penalties .......................... 247Article 29. Period of preventive imprisonment deducted from term of imprisonment ....... 247

Section Two. — Effect of penalties according to their respective nature ...................................... 250

Article 30. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute disqualifi cation ..... 250Article 31. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualifi cation ....... 251Article 32. Effects of perpetual or temporary special disqualifi cation for the exercise of the right of suffrage ............................... 252Article 33. Effects of the penalties of suspension from any public offi ce, profession or calling, or the right of suffrage.................. 252Article 34. Civil interdiction ........................................ 253Article 35. Effects of bond to keep the peace .............. 253Article 36. Pardon, its effects ...................................... 255Article 37. Costs — What are included ....................... 256Article 38. Pecuniary liabilities — Order of payment .................................................. 257Article 39. Subsidiary penalty ..................................... 258

Section Three. — Penalties in which other accessory penalties are inherent .................... 262

Article 40. Death — Its accessory penalties ............... 262 Article 41. Reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal — Their accessory penalties ...... 262Article 42. Prision mayor — Its accessory penalties .. 262Article 43. Prision correccional — Its accessory penalties ..................................................... 262

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Article 44. Arresto — Its accessory penalties ............. 262 Article 45. Confi scation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the crime ........................... 263

Chapter Four. — Application of penalties ...................... 265

Section One. — Rules for the application of penalties to the persons criminally liable and for the graduation of the same ................ 265

Article 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general.................................................... 265Article 47. In what cases the death penalty shall not be imposed; Automatic review of death penalty cases .................................... 266 R.A. No. 9346 — An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines ................................................. 267Article 48. Penalty for complex crimes ........................ 269 Article 49. Penalty to be imposed upon the principals when the crime committed is different from that intended ..................................... 284Article 50. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of a frustrated crime .................................. 286 Article 51. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of attempted crime ..................................... 286Article 52. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a consummated crime............................ 286 Article 53. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories to the commission of a consummated felony .......................................................... 287 Article 54. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime .................................. 287Article 55. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of a frustrated crime .................................. 287Article 56. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in an attempted crime ............................... 287Article 57. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime ................................ 288Article 58. Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories ..................................... 288Article 59. Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime because the means

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employed or the aims sought are impossible ................................................... 289Article 60. Exception to the rules established in Articles 50 to 57 ..................................... 289Article 61. Rules for graduating penalties .................. 291

Section Two. Rules for the application of penalties with regard to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances and habitual delinquency ..... 296

Article 62. Effects of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances and of habitual delinquency ................................. 296Article 63. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties ..................................................... 305Article 64. Rules for the application of penalties which contain three periods ...................... 307Article 65. Rules in cases in which the penalty is not composed of three periods ................... 309Article 66. Imposition of fi nes ...................................... 311Article 67. Penalty to be imposed when not all the requisites of exemption of the fourth circumstance of Article 12 are present ..... 311Article 68. Penalty to be imposed upon a minor under eighteen years of age ...................... 312Article 69. Penalty to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholly excusable ........... 313Article 70. Successive service of sentences ................. 314Article 71. Graduated scales........................................ 318Article 72. Preference in payment of the civil liabilities ..................................................... 319

Section Three. — Provision common to the last two preceding sections .............................. 320

Article 73. Presumptions in regard to the imposition of accessory penalties ................................ 320Article 74. Penalty higher than reclusion perpetua ... in certain cases........................................... 320Article 75. Increasing or reducing the penalty of fi ne by one or more degrees ................... 321Article 76. Legal period of duration of divisible penalties ..................................................... 321

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Article 77. When the penalty is a complex one composed of three distinct penalties ......... 322 Act No. 4103 — Indeterminate Sentence Law ............................................. 323

Chapter Five. — Execution and service of penalties ... 333

Section One. — General provisions ......................... 333

Article 78. When and how a penalty is to be executed ...................................................... 333Article 79. Suspension of the execution and service of the penalties in case of insanity ............ 334Article 80. Suspension of sentence of minor delinquents ................................................. 334 P.D. 603 — Child and Youth Welfare Code (Repealed by R.A. No. 9344) ........... 334

Section Two. — Execution of principal penalties

Article 81. When and how the death penalty is to be executed ................................................. 342Article 82. Notifi cation and execution of the sentence and assistance to the culprit ..................... 343Article 83. Suspension of the execution of the death sentence ........................................... 344Article 84. Place of execution and persons who may witness the same ............................... 345Article 85. Provisions relative to the corpse of the person executed and its burial .................. 345Article 86. Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional and arresto mayor ...................................... 345Article 87. Destierro ..................................................... 345Article 88. Arresto menor ............................................. 346 Review Questions ....................................... 347

TITLE FOUR. — EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY ....................................................................... 349

Chapter One. — Total extinction of criminal liability ........................................................................... 349

Article 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished ............................................... 349

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Article 90. Prescription of crimes ................................ 353 Article 91. Computation of prescription of offenses ... 354 Act No. 3326, as amended — An Act to Establish ... Periods of Prescription for Violations Penalized by Special Acts And Municipal Ordinances and to Provide When Prescription Shall Begin to Run ..... 358Article 92. When and how penalties prescribe ........... 361Article 93. Computation of the prescription of penalties ................................................. 362

Chapter Two. — Partial extinction of criminal liability ........................................................................... 363

Article 94. Partial extinction of criminal liability ...... 363Article 95. Obligation incurred by person granted conditional pardon ..................................... 363Article 96. Effect of commutation of sentence ............ 364Article 97. Allowance for good conduct ....................... 365Article 98. Special time allowance for loyalty ............ 366Article 99. Who grants time allowances ..................... 366 P.D. No. 968, as amended — Probation Law ............................................ 366 Review Questions ....................................... 379

TITLE FIVE. — CIVIL LIABILITY ........................................ 380

Chapter One. Persons civilly liable for felonies ........... 380

Article 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony ...................................................... 380Article 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases ............................................... 389Article 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavern-keepers and proprietors of establishments ........................................... 391Article 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons........................................................ 392

Chapter Two. — What civil liability includes ................ 396

Article 104. What is included in civil liability .............. 396Article 105. Restitution — How made .......................... 398Article 106. Reparation — How made .......................... 398

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Article 107. Indemnifi cation — What is included ........ 400Article 108. Obligation to make restoration, reparation for damages, or indemnifi cation for consequential damages and action to demand the same — Upon whom it devolves ...................................................... 401Article 109. Share of each person civilly liable............. 402Article 110. Several and subsidiary liability of principals, accomplices, and accessories of a felony — Preference in payment ........ 402Article 111. Obligation to make restitution in certain cases ............................................... 403

Chapter Three. — Extinction and survival of civil liability ............................................................. 404

Article 112. Extinction of civil liability ......................... 404Article 113. Obligation to satisfy civil liability ............. 404 Review Questions ....................................... 407

BOOK TWO

CRIMES AND PENALTIES

TITLE ONE. — CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS .................. 408

Chapter One. — Crimes against national security ....... 408

Section One. — Treason and espionage .................. 408

Article 114. Treason ....................................................... 408Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason ........................................................ 417Article 116. Misprision of treason ................................. 418Article 117. Espionage ................................................... 419

Section Two. — Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war ....................................................... 420

Article 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals .................................. 420Article 119. Violation of neutrality ............................... 421Article 120. Correspondence with hostile country ....... 421Article 121. Flight to enemy’s country .......................... 423

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Section Three. — Piracy and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters ............................. 423

Article 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters ...................... 423Article 123. Qualifi ed piracy .......................................... 427 P.D. No. 532 — Piracy in Philippine Waters ........................................................ 427 R.A. No. 6235 - Aircraft Piracy or Hijacking ................................................ 428 Review Questions ....................................... 429

TITLE TWO. — CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE ................................................... 431

Chapter One. —Arbitrary detention or expulsion, violation of dwelling, prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings and crimes against religious worship .......................................... 431

Section One. —Arbitrary detention and expulsion ............................................................... 431

Article 124. Arbitrary detention .................................... 431Article 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities .................................................. 434Article 126. Delaying release ......................................... 438Article 127. Expulsion .................................................... 439

Section Two. — Violation of Domicile ..................... 440

Article 128. Violation of domicile .................................. 440Article 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally obtained ...................................................... 441Article 130. Searching domicile without witnesses ...... 444 ....................................................................

Section Three. — Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings ............. 445

Article 131. Prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful meetings .................................. 445

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Section Four. — Crimes against religious worship .................................................................. 448

Article 132. Interruption of religious worship .............. 448Article 133. Offending the religious feelings ................ 448 Review Questions ....................................... 451

TITLE THREE. — CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER .... 452

Chapter One. — Rebellion, Sedition and Disloyalty .... 453

Article 134. Rebellion or insurrection ........................... 453Article 134-A. Coup d’etat—How committed ................. 457Article 135. Penalty for rebellion, insurrection or coup d’etat .............................................. 458Article 136. Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection ........ 461Article 137. Disloyalty of public offi cers or employees ................................................... 463Article 138. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection .......... 463Article 139. Sedition — How committed ....................... 464Article 140. Penalty for sedition .................................... 466Article 141. Conspiracy to commit sedition .................. 467Article 142. Inciting to sedition ..................................... 467

Chapter Two. — Crimes against popular representation .............................................................. 469

Section One. — Crimes against legislative bodies and similar bodies .................................. 469

Article 143. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly and similar bodies .......... 469Article 144. Disturbance of proceedings ....................... 469

Section Two. — Violation of parliamentary immunity ............................................................... 470

Article 145. Violation of parliamentary immunity ....... 470

Chapter Three. — Illegal assemblies and associations ................................................................... 472

Article 146. Illegal assemblies ....................................... 472Article 147. Illegal associations ..................................... 473

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Chapter Four. —Assault upon, and resistance and disobedience to persons in authority and their agents ................................................................... 475

Article 148. Direct assaults ........................................... 475Article 149. Indirect assaults ........................................ 481Article 150. Disobedience to summons issued by the National Assembly, its committees or subcommittees, by the Constitutional Commission, its committees, subcommittees or divisions ....................... 482 Article 151. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or the agents of such persons........................................................ 483Article 152. Persons in authority and agents of persons in authority — Who shall be deemed as such .......................................... 486

Chapter Five. — Public disorders .................................... 488

Article 153. Tumults and other disturbances of public orders — Tumultuous disturbances or interruption liable to cause disturbance .. 488Article 154. Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful utterances............................ 490Article 155. Alarms and scandals.................................. 491Article 156. Delivering prisoners from jail ................... 492

Chapter Six. — Evasion of service of sentence.............. 494

Article 157. Evasion of service of sentence ................... 494Article 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorders, confl agrations, earthquakes, or other calamities .............. 496 Article 159. Other cases of evasion of service of sentence .................................................. 497

Chapter Seven. — Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense ........................................................... 501

Article 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense ......................................... 501 Review Questions ....................................... 503

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TITLE FOUR. — CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST 505

Chapter One. — Forgeries .................................................. 507

Section One. — Forging the seal of the Government of the Philippine Island, the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive ... 507

Article 161. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Island, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive .......................................... 507Article 162. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp .............................................. 507

Section Two. — Counterfeiting coins ...................... 508

Article 163. Making and importing and uttering false coins ................................................... 508 BSP Circular No. 61, Series of 1995 — Consolidated Rules and Regulations on Currency Notes and Coins.................... 510Article 164. Mutilation of coins — Importation and utterance of mutilated coins .............. 512Article 165. Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance .................................... 513

Section Three. — Forging treasury or bank notes, obligations and securities, importing and uttering false or forged notes, obligations and securities ....................................................... 514

Article 166. Forging treasury or bank notes, or other documents payable to bearer; importing, and uttering such false or forged notes and documents ........................................... 514Article 167. Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments not payable to bearer............ 516Article 168. Illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and other instruments of credit ....................................................... 518Article 169. How forgery is committed ......................... 520

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Section Four. — Falsifi cation of legislative, public, commercial and private documents, and wireless, telegraph, and telephone messages ................................................................ 521

Article 170. Falsifi cation of legislative documents ....... 521Article 171. Falsifi cation by public offi cer, employee, or notary or ecclesiastical minister ........... 525Article 172. Falsifi cation by private individual and use of falsifi ed documents.......................... 535Article 173. Falsifi cation of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of said falsifi ed messages ...................................... 542

Section Five. — Falsifi cation of medical certifi cates, certifi cates of merit or service and the like .. 543

Article 174. False medical certifi cates, false certifi cates of merit or service, etc. ........... 543Article 175. Using false certifi cates .............................. 544

Section Six. — Manufacturing, importing and possession of instruments or implements intended for the commission of falsifi cation ........................................................... 544

Article 176. Manufacturing and possession of instrument or implements for falsifi cation .................. 544

Chapter Two. — Other Falsities ........................................ 546

Section One. — Usurpation of authority, rank, title and improper use of names, uniforms and insignia .......................................................... 546

Article 177. Usurpation of authority or offi cial functions ..................................................... 546Article 178. Using fi ctitious name and concealing true name ................................................... 547 C.A. No. 142 — Anti-Alias Law ................ 549Article 179. Illegal use of uniforms or insignia ............ 550

Section Two. — False testimony ............................... 551

Article 180. False testimony against a defendant ........ 551

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Article 181. False testimony favorable to the defendant .................................................... 552Article 182. False testimony in civil cases .................... 553Article 183. False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affi rmation ................................ 553Article 184. Offering false testimony in evidence ........ 556

Chapter Three. — Frauds ................................................... 558

Section One. — Machinations, monopolies and combinations ........................................................ 558

Article 185. Machinations in public auctions ............... 558Article 186. Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade ........................................ 558

Section Two. — Frauds in commerce and industry ................................................................. 560

Article 187. Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold, silver or other precious metals or their alloys ................................. 560Article 188. Substituting and altering trademarks, tradenames, or service marks ................... 561Article 189. Unfair competition, fraudulent registration of tradename, trademark, or service mark, fraudulent designation of origin, and false description ......................................... 562 Review Questions ....................................... 564

TITLE FIVE. CRIMES RELATIVE TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS ..................................... 567

Articles 190-194. (Repealed and modifi ed by Republic Act No. 9165) .............................. 567 R.A. No. 9165 — An Act Instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act o f 2002, Repealing Republic Act No. 6425, Otherwise Known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, As Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes. ............ 567 Review Questions ....................................... 626

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TITLE SIX. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS ............. 628

Chapter One. — Gambling and betting ........................... 628

Article 195. What acts are punishable in gambling ..... 628Article 196. Importation, sale, and possession of lottery tickets or advertisements .......... 631Article 197. Betting in sports contests .......................... 632 P.D. No. 483 ............................................... 632Article 198. Illegal betting on horse races .................... 634 R.A. No. 954, as amended by R.A. No. 3063 ...................................................... 635Article 199. Illegal cockfi ghting ..................................... 635 P.D. No. 449 — Cockfi ghting Law of 1974, as amended by P.D. No. 1309, March 6, 1978............................................. 636

P.D. No. 1602 — Prescribing Stiffer Penalties on Illegal Gambling ................... 640 LOI No. 816 — To Exclude Certain Prohibited Games Under Presidential Decree No. 1602 ......................................... 642

Chapter Two. — Offenses against decency and good customs ................................................................. 645

Article 200. Grave scandal............................................. 645Article 201. Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions, and indecent shows ........ 645 P.D. No. 960 ............................................... 646 P.D. No. 969 ............................................... 646Article 202. Vagrants and prostitutes — Penalty ........ 650 Review Questions ....................................... 657

TITLE SEVEN. — CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS ....................................................................... 658

Chapter One. — Preliminary provisions ......................... 658

Article 203. Who are public offi cers .............................. 658

Chapter Two. — Malfeasance and Misfeasance in Offi ce .......................................................................... 660

Section One. — Dereliction of duty ......................... 660

Article 204. Knowingly rendering unjust judgment .... 660

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Article 205. Judgment rendered through negligence ... 661Article 206. Unjust interlocutory order ........................ 661Article 207. Malicious delay in the administration of justice ..................................................... 662Article 208. Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance .............................................. 663Article 209. Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor — Revelation of secrets ............... 664

Section Two. — Bribery .............................................. 665

Article 210. Direct bribery ............................................. 665Article 211. Indirect bribery .......................................... 669Article 211-A. Qualifi ed Bribery ..................................... 670Article 212. Corruption of public offi cials ..................... 670 P. D. No. 749 .............................................. 671 R.A. No. 3019 — Anti-Graft Practices Act............................................... 673 Memorandum Circular No. 11, Series of 1995 ............................................. 678 R.A. No. 7080 – An Act Defi ning and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder............... 687

Chapter Three. — Frauds and illegal exactions and transactions .......................................................... 692

Article 213. Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses ................................... 692Article 214. Other frauds ............................................... 694Article 215. Prohibited transactions ............................. 694Article 216. Possession of prohibited interest by a public offi cer ....................................... 695

Chapter Four. — Malversation of public funds or property .................................................................... 698

Article 217. Malversation of public funds or property — Presumption of malversation ............... 698Article 218. Failure of accountable offi cer to render accounts ...................................................... 705Article 219. Failure of a responsible public offi cer to render accounts before leaving the country ........................................................ 707Article 220. Illegal use of public funds or property ...... 707

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Article 221. Failure to make delivery of public funds or property .................................................. 708Article 222. Offi cers included in the preceding provisions ................................................... 709

Chapter Five. — Infi delity of public offi cers .................. 711

Section One. — Infi delity in the custody of prisoners ........................................................... 711

Article 223. Conniving with or consenting to evasion .. 711Article 224. Evasion through negligence ...................... 712Article 225. Escape of prisoner under the custody of a person not a public offi cer .................. 713

Section Two. — Infi delity in the custody of documents ........................................................ 714

Article 226. Removal, concealment or destruction of documents .............................................. 714Article 227. Offi cer breaking seal .................................. 716Article 228. Opening of closed documents .................... 716

Section Three. — Revelation of secrets .................. 717

Article 229. Revelation of secrets by an offi cer ............. 717Article 230. Public offi cer revealing secrets of private individual ................................................... 718

Chapter Six. — Other offenses or irregularities by public offi cers .......................................................... 719

Section One. — Disobedience, refusal of assistance, and maltreatment of prisoners ........................ 719

Article 231. Open disobedience ..................................... 719Article 232. Disobedience to order of superior offi cer, when said order was suspended by inferior offi cer ............................................. 719Article 233. Refusal of assistance .................................. 720Article 234. Refusal to discharge elective offi ce ........... 721Article 235. Maltreatment of prisoners ........................ 721

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Section Two. — Anticipation, prolongation and abandonment of duties and powers of public offi ce ...................................................... 723

Article 236. Anticipation of duties of a public offi ce ..... 723Article 237. Prolonging performance of duties and powers ................................................. 723Article 238. Abandonment of offi ce or position ............. 724

Section Three. — Usurpation of powers and unlawful appointments .............................. 725

Article 239. Usurpation of legislative powers............... 725Article 240. Usurpation of executive functions ............ 725Article 241. Usurpation of judicial functions ................ 725Article 242. Disobeying request for disqualifi cation .... 726Article 243. Orders or requests by executive offi cers to any judicial authority ............................ 726Article 244. Unlawful appointments ............................. 727

Section Four. — Abuses against chastity ............... 727

Article 245. Abuses against chastity — Penalties ........ 727 Review Questions ....................................... 728

TITLE EIGHT. — CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS ................ 730

Chapter One. — Destruction of life .................................. 731

Section One. — Parricide, murder, homicide ....... 731

Article 246. Parricide ..................................................... 731Article 247. Death or physical injuries infl icted under exceptional circumstances .............. 733Article 248. Murder ........................................................ 738Article 249. Homicide ..................................................... 741Article 250. Penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide ................................................. 742Article 251. Death caused in a tumultuous affray ....... 743Article 252. Physical injuries in a tumultuous affray .. 744Article 253. Giving assistance to suicide ...................... 745Article 254. Discharge of fi rearms................................. 746

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Section Two. — Infanticide and abortion .............. 747

Article 255. Infanticide .................................................. 747Article 256. Intentional abortion ................................... 748Article 257. Unintentional abortion .............................. 749Article 258. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents ........................... 749Article 259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives......... 750

Section Three. — Duel ................................................ 751

Article 260. Responsibility of participants in a duel .... 751Article 261. Challenging to a duel ................................. 752

Chapter Two. — Physical injuries .................................... 753

Article 262. Mutilation................................................... 753Article 263. Serious physical injuries ........................... 753Article 264. Administering injurious substances or beverages ............................................... 757Article 265. Less serious physical injuries ................... 757Article 266. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment ............................................. 759

Chapter Three. — Rape ....................................................... 760

Article 266-A. Rape, when and how committed ............. 760 Review Questions ....................................... 789

TITLE NINE. — CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY ............................................................. 792 Chapter One. — Crimes against liberty .......................... 793

Section One. — Illegal detention .............................. 793

Article 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention..................................................... 793Article 268. Slight illegal detention .............................. 797Article 269. Unlawful arrest .......................................... 798

Section Two. — Kidnapping of minors ................... 799

Article 270. Kidnapping and failure to return a minor ....................................................... 799

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Article 271. Inducing a minor to abandon his home .... 799

Section Three. — Slavery and servitude ................ 801

Article 272. Slavery ........................................................ 801Article 273. Exploitation of child labor ......................... 801Article 274. Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debts ................................... 802

Chapter Two. — Crimes against security ...................... 803

Section One. — Abandonment of helpless persons and exploitation of minors ................................ 803

Article 275. Abandonment of persons in danger and abandonment of one’s own victim ...... 803Article 276. Abandoning a minor .................................. 804Article 277. Abandonment of minor by person entrusted with his custody; indifference of parents .................................................... 805Article 278. Exploitation of minors ............................... 806Article 279. Additional penalties for other offenses ..... 807

Section Two. — Trespass to dwelling ...................... 808

Article 280. Qualifi ed trespass to dwelling ................... 808Article 281. Other forms of trespass ............................. 812

Section Three. — Threats and coercions ................ 812

Article 282. Grave threats ............................................. 812Article 283. Light threats .............................................. 815Article 284. Bond for good behavior .............................. 816Article 285. Other light threats ..................................... 816Article 286. Grave coercions .......................................... 817Article 287. Light coercions ........................................... 821Article 288. Other similar coercions ............................. 823Article 289. Formation, maintenance, and prohibition of combination of capital or labor through violence or threats ..................................... 823

Chapter Three. — Discovery and revelation of secrets ........................................................................ 825

Article 290. Discovering secrets through seizure of correspondence ....................................... 825

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Article 291. Revealing secrets with abuse of offi ce ...... 827Article 292. Revelation of industrial secrets ................ 827 Review Questions ....................................... 828

TITLE TEN. — CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY ................. 830

Chapter One. — Robbery in general ................................ 831

Article 293. Who are guilty of robbery .......................... 831

Section One. — Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons ................................ 835

Article 294. Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons — Penalties ......... 835Article 295. Robbery with physical injuries, committed in an uninhabited place and by a band or with the use of fi rearm on a street, road, or alley ........................................................ 850Article 296. Defi nition of a band and penalty incurred by the members thereof ............................. 851Article 297. Attempted and frustrated robbery committed under certain circumstances .. 853 Article 298. Execution of deeds by means of violence or intimidation ........................................... 854

Section Two. — Robbery by the use of force upon things ........................................................... 854

Article 299. Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifi ce devoted to religious worship ....................................................... 854Article 300. Robbery in an uninhabited place and by a band .................................................... 859Article 301. What is an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship and their dependencies ............... 859Article 302. Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building ....................................... 861 Article 303. Robbery of cereals, fruits, or fi rewood in an uninhabited place or private building....................................................... 863Article 304. Possession of picklocks or similar tools .... 864

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Article 305. False keys ................................................... 864 R.A. No. 6539, as amended — An Act Preventing and Penalizing Carnapping ... 865 P.D. No. 532 — Anti-Piracy and Anti- Highway Robbery Law of 1974 ................. 872 P.D. No. 533 — Cattle Rustling Law ........ 874

Chapter Two. — Brigandage .............................................. 877

Article 306. Who are brigands — Penalty .................... 877Article 307. Aiding and abetting a band of brigands ... 879

Chapter Three. — Theft ...................................................... 881

Article 308. Who are liable for theft .............................. 881 R.A. No. 7832 — Anti-Electricity Pilferage Act of 1994 .................................. 889 P.D. No. 704 — Illegal Fishing Law ......... 904Article 309. Penalties for the crime of theft ................. 909Article 310. Qualifi ed theft ............................................ 911 P.D. No. 705 — Revised Forestry Code .... 915Article 311. Theft of property of the National Library and National Museum ............................... 919 P.D. No 1612 — Anti-fencing Law of 1979 ................................................ 920

Chapter Four. — Usurpation ............................................. 923

Article 312. Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property ........ 923 E.O. No. 129 — Anti-Squatting Law ........ 925Article 313. Altering boundaries or landmarks ............ 928

Chapter Five. — Culpable insolvency ............................. 929

Article 314. Fraudulent insolvency ............................... 929

Chapter Six. — Swindling and other deceits ................. 931

Article 315. Swindling (estafa) ...................................... 931 B.P. No. 22 — Bouncing Checks Law ....... 964 P.D. No. 818 — Increasing Penalties for Estafa .................................................... 971

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P. D. No. 1689 — Increasing Penalties for Certain Forms of Estafa ...................... 974Article 316. Other forms of swindling ........................... 975Article 317. Swindling a minor...................................... 980Article 318. Other deceits .............................................. 980

Chapter Seven. — Chattel Mortgage ................................ 982

Article 319. Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property ...................................................... 982

Chapter Eight. — Arson and other crimes involving destruction .................................................................... 985

Article 320. Destructive arson ....................................... 985Article 321. Other forms of arson .................................. 989Article 322. Cases of arson not included in the preceding articles ....................................... 996Article 323. Arson of property of small value ............... 996Article 324. Crimes involving destruction .................... 997Article 325. Burning one’s own property as a means to commit arson.......................................... 998Article 326. Setting fi re to property exclusively owned by the offender ................................ 999Article 326-A. In cases where death resulted as a consequence of arson ................................. 999Article 326-B. Prima facie evidence of arson ................. 1000 P.D. No. 1613 — Amending Law on Arson ..................................................... 1001

Chapter Nine. — Malicious mischief ................................ 1004

Article 327. Who are liable for malicious mischief ....... 1004Article 328. Special cases of malicious mischief ........... 1005Article 329. Other mischiefs .......................................... 1006Article 330. Damage and obstruction to means of communication ....................................... 1007Article 331. Destroying or damaging statues, public monuments or paintings ................ 1007

Chapter Ten. — Exemption from criminal liability in crimes against property ........................................ 1008

Article 332. Persons exempt from criminal liability .... 1008 Review Questions ....................................... 1009

TITLE ELEVEN. — CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY ........... 1011

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Chapter One. —Adultery and concubinage .................... 1011

Article 333. Who are guilty of adultery......................... 1011Article 334. Concubinage ............................................... 1017

Chapter Two. — Rape and acts of lasciviousness ......... 1020

Article 335. When and how rape is committed (Rape has been classifi ed under Crimes against Persons by R.A. No. 8353, otherwise known as “Anti-Rape Law of 1997”) ............................................. 1020Article 336. Acts of lasciviousness ................................ 1020

Chapter Three. — Seduction, corruption of minors, and white slave trade .................................................. 1023

Article 337. Qualifi ed seduction .................................... 1023Article 338. Simple seduction ........................................ 1025Article 339. Acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party .................................. 1027Article 340. Corruption of minors ................................. 1028Article 341. White slave trade ....................................... 1029

Chapter Four. —Abduction ................................................ 1031

Article 342. Forcible abduction ..................................... 1031Article 343. Consented abduction ................................. 1034

Chapter Five. — Provisions relative to the preceding chapters of Title Eleven ............................................. 1037

Article 344. Prosecution of the crimes of adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction, rape and acts of lasciviousness .......................... 1037Article 345. Civil liability of persons guilty of crimes against chastity .......................................... 1046Article 346. Liability of ascendants, guardians, teachers, or other persons entrusted with the custody of the offended party ..... 1048 Review Questions ....................................... 1049

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TITLE TWELVE. — CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS .................................................. 1051

Chapter One. — Simulation of births and usurpation of civil status ................................................................. 1051

Article 347. Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child ........... 1051Article 348. Usurpation of civil status .......................... 1053

Chapter Two. — Illegal Marriages .................................... 1054

Article 349. Bigamy........................................................ 1054Article 350. Marriages contracted against provisions of laws ......................................................... 1057Article 351. Premature marriages ................................ 1058Article 352. Performance of illegal marriage ceremony .................................................... 1059 Review Questions ....................................... 1060

TITLE THIRTEEN. — CRIMES AGAINST HONOR ............ 1062 Chapter One. — Libel .......................................................... 1062

Section One. — Defi nition, forms, and punishment of this crime .................................. 1062

Article 353. Defi nition of libel ....................................... 1062Article 354. Requirement for publicity ......................... 1071Article 355. Libel by means of writing or similar means ......................................................... 1078Article 356. Threatening to publish and offer to prevent such publication for a compensation ............................................. 1079Article 357. Prohibited publication of acts referred to in the course of offi cial proceedings ...... 1079Article 358. Slander ....................................................... 1080Article 359. Slander by deed .......................................... 1082

Section Two. — General Provisions ........................ 1085

Article 360. Persons liable for libel or slander ............. 1085Article 361. Proof of truth .............................................. 1089

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Article 362. Libelous remarks........................................ 1090

Chapter Two. — Incriminatory machinations .............. 1091

Article 363. Incriminating innocent persons ................ 1091Article 364. Intriguing against honor............................ 1092 Review Questions ....................................... 1093

TITLE FOURTEEN. — QUASI-OFFENSES ......................... 1094

Sole Chapter. — Criminal Negligence..................... 1094

Article 365. Imprudence and negligence....................... 1097 Review Questions ....................................... 1108

TITLE FIFTEEN. — FINAL PROVISIONS .......................... 1110

Article 366. Application of laws enacted prior to this Code ................................................ 1110Article 367. Repealing clause ........................................ 1110 Other Penal Acts Repealed ....................... 1111