Fundamentals of computers

32
1 Fundamentals of computers

Transcript of Fundamentals of computers

Page 1: Fundamentals of computers

1

Fundamentals of computers

Page 2: Fundamentals of computers

2

An electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can

accept data (input), manipulate the data according

to specified rules (process), produce information

(output) from the processing, and store the results

for future use.

What Is a Computer

Page 3: Fundamentals of computers

3

The Components of a Computer

What is an input device

Hardware used

to enter data

and instructions

Page 4: Fundamentals of computers

4

The Components of a Computer

What is an output device

Hardware that

conveys

information

to a user

Page 5: Fundamentals of computers

5

The Components of a Computer

What is the system unit

Box-like case

containing

electronic

components

used to process

data

Page 6: Fundamentals of computers

6

What is the magical inside the black box

Memory

card

Sound

Card

Video

Card

Power

Supply

Page 7: Fundamentals of computers

7

The Components of a Computer

What are two main components on the motherboard?

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Also called a processor

Carries out instructions

that tell computer what to do

MemoryTemporary holding place for data

and instructions

Page 8: Fundamentals of computers

Components of a CPU are

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and

logical operations

Control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory

and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when

necessary.

A computer can have more than one CPU; this is

called multiprocessing. Some integrated circuits (ICs)

can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs

are called multi-core processors.

8

Page 9: Fundamentals of computers

9

The Components of a Computer

What is storage

Holds data, instructions, and information

for future use

Storage media

Physical material on which data, instructions,

and information are stored

Storage device

Records and retrieves items to and from

a storage medium

Page 10: Fundamentals of computers

CPU Manufacturers

American Micro Devices(AMD)

Intel

IBM

Motorola

Texas Instruments

10

Page 11: Fundamentals of computers

What’s All This About Bits and Bytes

Bit

A bit is the smallest increment of storage on a computer, it

can have one of two values (either 0 or 1).

Byte

A byte is a string of 8 bits .A byte is basically the smallest

unit of data that can be processed by family computer. The

largest decimal value that can be represented by a byte is 28

(2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x2 x2) or 256.

11

Page 12: Fundamentals of computers

Kilobyte (KB)

A kilobyte in binary is 1024 bytes(210), but it also used to

refer to 1000 bytes (the decimal interpretation).

Megabyte (MB)

A megabyte in binary is 1,048,576 (220) bytes. In decimal

it’s 1,000,000 bytes (106).

Gigabyte (GB)

A gigabyte is either 230 (1073741824) bytes or 109 (1

billion) bytes. By now the difference between the binary

version and the decimal version is quite significant.

12

Page 13: Fundamentals of computers

13

Storage device

What is a floppy disk

• Thin, circular,

flexible disk

enclosed in rigid

plastic shell

• A Zip® disk looks

similar but has

much greater

storage capability

(=170 floppy disk)

Page 14: Fundamentals of computers

14

The Components of a Computer

What is a hard disk

Provides much

greater storage

capacity than a

floppy disk or

Zip® disk

Housed inside the

system unit

Page 15: Fundamentals of computers

15

The Components of a Computer

What is a compact disc

Flat, round, portable metal disc

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Capacity: 673~768 MB

DVD-ROM

DVD+RW

Capacity:4.7 ~ 17.1 GB

DVD(digital video disc)

Page 16: Fundamentals of computers

16

The Components of a Computer

What is miniature storage

media

Digital

cameras

Handheld

computers

Portable, thin

memory cards

used in:

Page 17: Fundamentals of computers

17

Computer Software

What is a graphical user interface (GUI)

Allows you to interact with the software using

graphics and icons

Controls how you enter data and how the screen

displays information

Page 18: Fundamentals of computers

18

Computer Software

What is system software?

Operating System (OS)is a set of programs

that coordinates all

activities among

computer hardware

devices and allows

users to run

application software

Utility Programs allows the user to

perform maintenance tasks

usually related to managing a

computer, its devices or its programs

Programs that control the operations of the computer

and its devices

Page 19: Fundamentals of computers

19

Categories of Computers

Personal computers (desktop)

Mobile computers and mobile devices

Midrange servers

Mainframe computers

Supercomputers

Page 20: Fundamentals of computers

20

Personal Computers

What are the two most popular series of personal

computers?

PC and compatibles

use the Windows

operating system

Apple Macintosh

uses the Macintosh

operating system

(Mac OS)

Page 21: Fundamentals of computers

21

Personal Computers

What is a desktop computer?

Designed so all of the components

fit on or under a desk or table

Page 22: Fundamentals of computers

22

Personal Computers

What is a notebook computer?

Portable, small enough to fit on

your lap(2 lbs to 9 lbs )

Also called a laptop

Generally more expensive than

a desktop computer

Page 23: Fundamentals of computers

23

Handheld Computers

What is a tablet PC?

Resembles a letter-sized slate

Allows you to write on the screen

using a stylus

Smaller version is the modular

computer

What are Web-enabled handheld computers?

Allow you to check e-mail and access the Internet

Web-enabled telephone is a “smart phone”

Page 24: Fundamentals of computers

24

Handheld Computers

What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?

Provides personal organizer functions

Calendar

Appointment book

Address book

Calculator

Notepad

Page 25: Fundamentals of computers

25

Servers

What types of servers are there?

Midrange server Powerful, large

computer that supports up to a few

thousand computers

Mainframe Very powerful,

expensive computer that supports

thousands of computers

Supercomputer The fastest, most

powerful, most expensive

computer. Used for applications

requiring complex mathematical

calculations

Page 26: Fundamentals of computers

26

Examples of Computer Usage

What are five categories of computer users?

Home Small Office/

Home Office (SOHO)

Mobile

Large Business Power

Page 27: Fundamentals of computers

27

Examples of Computer Usage

What software is available for a home user?

• Web access

• Entertainment

• Communications

• Personal finance management

Page 28: Fundamentals of computers

28

Examples of Computer Usage

Local area network (LAN)

Productivity software

Specialty software

Web usage

E-mail

What software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO) user?

Page 29: Fundamentals of computers

29

Hardware

Examples of Computer Usage

What is available for

a mobile user?

Software Productivity

Presentation

Personal

information

manager

Notebook

computers

Handheld computers

Web-enabled

cellular phones

Page 30: Fundamentals of computers

30

Examples of Computer Usage

What are the needs of the large business user?

Web access

Public kiosk

Telecommuting

Network

Productivity software

Scheduling

Page 31: Fundamentals of computers

31

Examples of Computer Usage

What are the needs of a power user?

Speed and large amounts of storage

Types of power users

Engineers

Architects

Desktop publishers

Graphic artists

Page 32: Fundamentals of computers

32

Computer Applications in Society

What are some examples

of computer applications

in society? Education

Finance

Government

Healthcare

Science

Publishing

Travel

Industry