Ketones

• Carbon-Oxygen Double bond

• Both R groups contain at least one carbon

Carboxylic Acids

• Has a Carbon-Oxygen double bond and an alcohol group on the same Carbon

• R group can be any organic structure

Esters

• A Carboxylic acid structure with the acidic Hydrogen replaced with an organic structure

Amines

• Any organic structure containing Nitrogen

• Each R group can be any organic structure

Amides

• A Carboxylic Acid with the Alcohol group replaced by an Amine structure

• R groups can be any organic structure

Important Biological Organic Molecules

Vitamins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Vitamins

Vitamin D Important features:• Can be water soluble or fat

soluble• Important fat soluble vitamins

include: A,D,E, & K– Aid in :vision, calcium absorption,

blood clotting, and serves as an antioxidant

• Important water soluble vitamins include: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C– Aids in metabolism and Red

blood formation as well as nerve functions

Carbohydrates

Can be broken into two groups

• Polysaccharides – Complex carbohydrates– Basically 3 or more sugars

• Simple sugars– Includes monosaccharides

and disaccharides• Monosaccharides are the

most basic units of carbohydrates

• Disaccharides are when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction and form into one molecule

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

• Are both referred to as simple sugars. These are sweet in taste and are broken down quickly.

• Important for quick sources of energy

sucrose

Monosaccharides Disaccharide

Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds

• Important for storage and structure

Useful for structure and energy storage….

• Starch

– Important for energy storage in plants

• Chitin

– found in the exoskeleton in insects, spiders and crustaceans

Lipids

• Large group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents

• Contain cholesterols and fatty acids

• Important for energy and for transporting nutrients to various parts of the body

Proteins

• Made of amino acids arranged in long linear chains which are then folded into macromolecules

• Present in nearly every process within the cell

Nucleic Acids…

• …are linear unbranched polymers of nucleotides

Include DNA and RNA, which are essential for life– Found in all living things

DNA• Deoxyribonucleic acid

contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living things (except a few viruses)

• Shaped in a double helix which is stabilized by hydrogen bonding

RNA

• Sometimes used as genetic material instead of DNA

• Like DNA is a long strand of components called nucleotides– Except RNA:

• is only one strand instead two• has uracil instead of the thymine base in the backbone• Is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose

– There is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2’ position.