Function and Structure Function and Structure NotesNotes

Mi Espacio Mi Espacio

A A Proficiency Planning Proficiency Planning DocumentDocument

Function: Function: Getting to Know SomeoneGetting to Know Someone

StructureStructure:: Question wordsQuestion words

Use question word vocab at the beginning of the Use question word vocab at the beginning of the sentence to ask ?.sentence to ask ?.

¿¿QuiénQuién es la maestra? es la maestra? They do not say They do not say DODO in questions; just use the in questions; just use the

correct form of the verb.correct form of the verb. To ask a question without a question word, To ask a question without a question word,

simply place the verb before the subject: simply place the verb before the subject: ¿¿Vas tú Vas tú a la clase?a la clase?

Question WordsQuestion Words¿Cómo?¿Cómo?==How?/What? How?/What? ¿De dónde?¿De dónde?==From where?From where?¿Qué¿Qué ??==What?What? ¿Quién / quiénes?¿Quién / quiénes?

==Who?Who?¿Cuál / cuáles? ¿Cuál / cuáles? = = Which?Which?¿Cuándo?¿Cuándo?==When?When?¿Dónde?¿Dónde?==Where?Where? ¿Por qué?¿Por qué?==Why?Why?¿Cuánto(s)?¿Cuánto(s)?==How much/many? How much/many?

StructureStructure:: Personalized Question and Personalized Question and AnswerAnswer

PQ+APQ+A is used to get to know someone in a Spanish- is used to get to know someone in a Spanish-speaking country. speaking country.

These questions and answers must be memorized; by doing These questions and answers must be memorized; by doing so, you will look much smarter in Spanish than you really so, you will look much smarter in Spanish than you really are. are.

Questions and Answers (Preguntas y respuestas)Questions and Answers (Preguntas y respuestas)

1.1. ¿¿CómoCómo te llamas? te llamas? Me llamo Me llamo Scott.Scott.

2.2. ¿De ¿De dóndedónde eres? eres? Soy de Soy de Newport.Newport.

3.3. ¿¿CuántosCuántos años tienes? años tienes? TengoTengo quince (15) quince (15) añosaños..

4.4. ¿¿DóndeDónde vives? vives? Vivo en Vivo en Newport.Newport.

5.5. ¿¿CómoCómo estás? estás? EstoyEstoy bien / mal / regular. bien / mal / regular.

6.6. ¿¿CómoCómo eres? eres? SoySoy alto, flaco, y popular. alto, flaco, y popular.

7.7. ¿¿QuéQué es ésto? es ésto? EsEs un libro.un libro.

Function: Function: Exchanging Numbers with Exchanging Numbers with

someone who is hotsomeone who is hot

StructureStructure:: Using cardinal numbersUsing cardinal numbers

Counting in Spanish is as easy as counting in English; you Counting in Spanish is as easy as counting in English; you just use different words to express each number.just use different words to express each number.

Use “Use “Mi número esMi número es…” or “…” or “Mi teléfono esMi teléfono es…”…”

1. Uno1. Uno 16. diez y seis16. diez y seis 31. treinta y uno 31. treinta y uno 900. 900. NovecientosNovecientos

2. Dos2. Dos 17. diez y siete17. diez y siete 40. cuarenta40. cuarenta 1,000. 1,000. un milun mil

3. Tres3. Tres 18. diez y ocho18. diez y ocho 50. cincuenta50. cincuenta 1,000,000. un 1,000,000. un millónmillón

4. Cuatro4. Cuatro 19. diez y nueve19. diez y nueve 60. sesenta60. sesenta5. Cinco5. Cinco 20. veinte20. veinte 70. setenta70. setenta6. Seis6. Seis 21. veintiuno21. veintiuno 80. ochenta80. ochenta7. Siete7. Siete 22. veintidós22. veintidós 90. noventa90. noventa8. Ocho8. Ocho 23. veintitrés23. veintitrés 100. ciento / cien100. ciento / cien9. Nueve9. Nueve 24. veinticuatro24. veinticuatro 200. doscientos200. doscientos10. Diez10. Diez 25. veinticinco25. veinticinco 300. trescientos300. trescientos11. Once11. Once 26. veintiséis26. veintiséis 400. cuatrocientos400. cuatrocientos12. Doce12. Doce 27. veintisiete27. veintisiete 500. quinientos500. quinientos13. Trece13. Trece 28. veintiocho28. veintiocho 600. seiscientos600. seiscientos14. Catorce14. Catorce 29. veintinueve29. veintinueve 700. setecientos700. setecientos15. Quince15. Quince 30. treinta30. treinta 800. ochocientos 800. ochocientos

Examples:Examples: 57 = cincuenta y siete57 = cincuenta y siete 11 = once11 = once 125 = ciento veinticinco125 = ciento veinticinco

Practice:Practice:1.1.6565

2.2.3232

3.3.9999

4.4.2626

5.5.My number is 867-5309My number is 867-5309

Function: Function: Talking about your stuffTalking about your stuff

StructureStructure:: Nouns (singular and plural)Nouns (singular and plural)

A A nounnoun is a word that represents a is a word that represents a personperson, , placeplace, , thingthing or or conceptconcept. .

To make most nouns plural in Spanish, add an To make most nouns plural in Spanish, add an ““ss” if the word ends in a ” if the word ends in a vowelvowel ( (aa, , ee, , ii, , oo, , uu).).

If a word ends in a If a word ends in a consonantconsonant (any letter other (any letter other than a,e,i,o,u), add an “than a,e,i,o,u), add an “eses.”.”

If a noun (or adjective) ends with the letter “If a noun (or adjective) ends with the letter “zz,” ,” the “the “zz” becomes a “” becomes a “cc” when plural and you add ” when plural and you add an “es”. an “es”. LápizLápiz = = lápiceslápices..

Examples:Examples:

1.1. El coche El coche = = los cocheslos coches

2.2. El árbol El árbol = = los árboles los árboles

3.3. La actriz La actriz = = las actriceslas actrices

StructureStructure:: Adjectives and Noun/Adj. Adjectives and Noun/Adj. AgreementAgreement

An An adjectiveadjective is a word that describes a noun. is a word that describes a noun. Good = Good = buenobueno

Spanish adjectives generally follow the nouns Spanish adjectives generally follow the nouns that they modify. that they modify. El coche rojoEl coche rojo..

Nouns that end in “Nouns that end in “OO” are ” are masculinemasculine and most and most nouns that end in “nouns that end in “AA” are ” are femininefeminine. THIS IS . THIS IS IMPORTANT for AGREEMENTIMPORTANT for AGREEMENT

Spanish adjectives Spanish adjectives must agree must agree in in GENDERGENDER and in and in NUMBERNUMBER with the nouns they modify. with the nouns they modify.

Most adjectives can be spelled 4 different ways Most adjectives can be spelled 4 different ways in Spanish:in Spanish: BuenoBueno BuenoBueno, , buenabuena, , buenosbuenos, , buenasbuenas. They all mean . They all mean

the the SAMESAME thing. thing. Some adjectives that end in “Some adjectives that end in “EE” can only be made plural by ” can only be made plural by

adding an “adding an “SS””

Structure:Structure: Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives are words that let people are words that let people know to whom or to what something belongs.know to whom or to what something belongs.

Unlike most adjectives, these are Unlike most adjectives, these are ALWAYSALWAYS found found BEFOREBEFORE the nouns that they modify. the nouns that they modify.

These words are adjectives; they must match the These words are adjectives; they must match the nouns that they modify.nouns that they modify.

Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives

Mi Mi //mis mis = = mymy

Tu Tu // tus tus = = youryour

Su Su // sus sus = = hishis / /herher

NuestroNuestro//nuestrosnuestros//nuestranuestra//nuestrasnuestras = = ourour

Su Su // sus sus = = theirtheir

Structure:Structure: The verb The verb SERSER

SER SER means “means “to beto be” and is ” and is used to describe used to describe people, places, and thingspeople, places, and things..

Remember to change the verb Remember to change the verb SERSER to match to match which subject you are using.which subject you are using.

For For ITIT or or THEYTHEY, when referring to objects, use the , when referring to objects, use the forms forms ESES or or SONSON..

The forms of the verb The forms of the verb SERSER are: are: Yo Yo soysoy I am. I am. Tú Tú ereseres You are. You are. Él/ella/Usted Él/ella/Usted eses He/she/You(form) is / He/she/You(form) is /

are.are. Nosotros Nosotros somossomos We are. We are. Ellos/ellas/Ustedes Ellos/ellas/Ustedes sonson They/You all are. They/You all are.

Examples:Examples: Mi ipod es negro.Mi ipod es negro. Su cama es alta.Su cama es alta. Nuestras escuelas son divertidas.Nuestras escuelas son divertidas.

Practice:Practice:1.1.Their friends are nice.Their friends are nice.

2.2.Your girlfriend is ugly.Your girlfriend is ugly.

3.3.My poster is tall.My poster is tall.

4.4.Our desks are fat.Our desks are fat.

5.5.His chair is short.His chair is short.

Function: Function: Setting your mood or Setting your mood or posting your statusposting your status

Structure:Structure: The verb The verb ESTARESTAR

ESTAR ESTAR means “means “to beto be” and is ” and is used to describe used to describe feelings and location. feelings and location.

Remember to change the verb Remember to change the verb ESTARESTAR to match to match which subject you are using.which subject you are using.

The forms of the verb The forms of the verb ESTARESTAR are: are: Yo Yo estoyestoy I am. I am. Tú Tú estásestás You are. You are. Él/ella/Usted Él/ella/Usted estáestá He/she/You(form) is / He/she/You(form) is /

are.are. Nosotros Nosotros estamosestamos We are. We are. Ellos/ellas/Ustedes Ellos/ellas/Ustedes estánestán They/You all They/You all

are.are. For For ITIT or or THEYTHEY, when referring to objects, use the , when referring to objects, use the

forms forms ESTÁESTÁ or or ESTÁNESTÁN..

Examples:Examples: Estoy triste.Estoy triste. Ella está deprimida.Ella está deprimida. Ustedes están enojados.Ustedes están enojados.

Practice:Practice:1.1.My friends are worried.My friends are worried.

2.2.We are surprised.We are surprised.

3.3.I am embarrassed.I am embarrassed.

4.4.You are happy.You are happy.

5.5.She is mad.She is mad.

Function: Function: Saying what you and your Saying what you and your

friends are doingfriends are doing

StructureStructure:: Subject PronounsSubject Pronouns

The The subjectsubject is the is the personperson, , placeplace, , thingthing or or ideaidea that that DOESDOES the verb. the verb.

Subject pronouns Subject pronouns are words used to represent are words used to represent the the subjectsubject in a sentence. in a sentence.

Subject pronouns Subject pronouns include: include: II, , youyou, , hehe, , sheshe, , itit, , wewe, , theythey..

In Spanish, these In Spanish, these pronounspronouns are: are:I = I = YoYoYou = You = TúTúHe = He = ÉlÉl She = She = EllaEllaYou (formal) = You (formal) = UstedUstedWe = We = NosotrosNosotros / / NosotrasNosotrasThey = They = EllosEllos / / EllasEllasYou all = You all = UstedesUstedes

StructureStructure:: Present tense AR verbsPresent tense AR verbs

VerbsVerbs are the action or power words in a are the action or power words in a sentence; they describe what sentence; they describe what someone is someone is doingdoing..

In Spanish, verbs must be changed In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to match the person (subject) (conjugated) to match the person (subject) using the verb.using the verb.

There is nice, easy pattern to these changes There is nice, easy pattern to these changes (conjugations) of the verb. (conjugations) of the verb.

Simply memorize the pattern in order to Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate verbs.conjugate verbs.

Remember: Remember: YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!

Pattern:Pattern:

To conjugate AR verbs, you must first take the To conjugate AR verbs, you must first take the STEMSTEM of the verb. of the verb.

The stem of any AR verb is the The stem of any AR verb is the INFINITIVEINFINITIVE minus minus ARAR (the (the infinitiveinfinitive is the stem + AR). is the stem + AR). HABLARHABLAR = infinitive meaning “to speak” = infinitive meaning “to speak” The The STEMSTEM of of HABLARHABLAR HABLHABL

Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add the ending that match each subject.the ending that match each subject.

Yo = O I speak= Yo hablo.Tú = AS You speak= Tú hablas.Él / Ella / Usted = A He/She speaks= Habla.Nosotros (as)= AMOS We speak= Nosotros hablamos.Ellos / ellas / Uds. = AN They/You all speak = Hablan.

StructureStructure: : Present tense ER/IR verbsPresent tense ER/IR verbs

VerbsVerbs are the action or power words in a are the action or power words in a sentence; they describe what someone is sentence; they describe what someone is doing.doing.

In Spanish, verbs must be In Spanish, verbs must be changedchanged (conjugated) (conjugated) to match the person to match the person (subject) using the verb.(subject) using the verb.

There is nice, easy pattern to these There is nice, easy pattern to these changes (conjugations) of the verb. changes (conjugations) of the verb.

Simply memorize the pattern in order to Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate verbs.conjugate verbs.

Remember: Remember: YOU MUST CHANGE THE YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!

Pattern:Pattern:

To conjugate To conjugate ER/IRER/IR verbs, you must first take the verbs, you must first take the stem of the verb. The stem of the verb. The STEMSTEM of any ER/IR verb is of any ER/IR verb is the the INFINITIVEINFINITIVE minus ER/IR (the minus ER/IR (the infinitiveinfinitive is the is the stem + ER/IR).stem + ER/IR). VIVIRVIVIR = infinitive meaning “to live” = infinitive meaning “to live” The The STEMSTEM of of VIVIRVIVIR VIVVIV

Once you have the Once you have the stemstem of the verb, simply add of the verb, simply add the ending that match each subject.the ending that match each subject. Yo = Yo = OO I live = Yo vivI live = Yo vivoo.. Tú = Tú = ESES You live = Tú vivYou live = Tú viveses.. Él / Ella / Usted = Él / Ella / Usted = EEHe/She lives = VivHe/She lives = Vivee.. Nosotros(as)=Nosotros(as)=EMOSEMOS//IMOSIMOS We live= Viv We live= Vivimosimos.. Ellos / ellas / Uds. = Ellos / ellas / Uds. = ENEN They/You all live = VivThey/You all live = Vivenen..

Examples:Examples: Yo dibujo en la clase.Yo dibujo en la clase. Ellos comen mucho.Ellos comen mucho. Nosotros dormimos en la cama.Nosotros dormimos en la cama.

Practice:Practice:1.1.My friends write in school.My friends write in school.

2.2.Your girlfriend runs through the park.Your girlfriend runs through the park.

3.3.He works in the store.He works in the store.

4.4.They dream in the bed.They dream in the bed.

5.5.We read in the library.We read in the library.

Function: Function: Talking about your habitsTalking about your habits

Structure:Structure: AdverbsAdverbs

Use these adverbs to express Use these adverbs to express frequency of frequency of actionsactions..

AdverbsAdverbs do not change like adjectives do! do not change like adjectives do!

SiempreSiempre == alwaysalways

nuncanunca == nevernever

rara vezrara vez == rarelyrarely

a vecesa veces == sometimessometimes

todos los días todos los días == everydayeveryday

poco poco == a littlea little

Mucho Mucho == a lot / oftena lot / often

de vez en cuando de vez en cuando == once in a whileonce in a while

Examples:Examples: Mis amigos siempre leen en la biblioteca.Mis amigos siempre leen en la biblioteca. Nuestra silla nunca anda.Nuestra silla nunca anda. El mundo trabaja todos los días.El mundo trabaja todos los días.

Practice:Practice:1.1.We rarely go for walks.We rarely go for walks.

2.2.I always watch movies.I always watch movies.

3.3.She never goes on dates.She never goes on dates.

4.4.You dance often.You dance often.

5.5.They play instruments everyday.They play instruments everyday.

Function: Function: Discussing what you like or Discussing what you like or

don’t like to dodon’t like to do

Structure:Structure: The verb The verb GUSTARGUSTAR

You will essentially use You will essentially use GUSTARGUSTAR like this: like this:

II like the car = like the car = MeMe gusta el coche gusta el coche.. YouYou like the girls = like the girls = TeTe gusta gustann las chicas las chicas.. SheShe likes the drugs = likes the drugs = LeLe gusta gustann las drogas las drogas.. WeWe like the school = like the school = NosNos gusta la escuela gusta la escuela.. TheyThey like the movie = like the movie = LesLes gusta la película gusta la película. .

You will change the GUSTA to GUSTAYou will change the GUSTA to GUSTANN when when something plural follows it.something plural follows it.

In front of He / She , you will need to add the In front of He / She , you will need to add the letter ‘letter ‘aa’.’.

All you have to do All you have to do is add a verb is add a verb when you want to when you want to talk about verbs:talk about verbs:

Me gusta dibujarMe gusta dibujar. . A ella le gusta nadarA ella le gusta nadar. . Easy!Easy!

Examples:Examples: Me gustan los pantalones.Me gustan los pantalones. A ella le gusta leer.A ella le gusta leer. Nos gustan los teatrosNos gustan los teatros

Practice:Practice:1.1.I like my shirt.I like my shirt.

2.2.They like the skirts.They like the skirts.

3.3.We like the shoes.We like the shoes.

4.4.You like to eat.You like to eat.

5.5.She likes to hang out with friends.She likes to hang out with friends.

Function: Function: Understanding how to Understanding how to

describe qualities versus describe qualities versus conditionsconditions

StructureStructure:: The verbs The verbs SERSER andand ESTARESTAR

The verbs The verbs SERSER and and ESTARESTAR both mean “to be” in both mean “to be” in English.English.

SER SER = = SoySoy//EresEres//EsEs//SomosSomos//SonSon ESTARESTAR = = EstoyEstoy//EstásEstás//EstáEstá//EstamosEstamos//EstánEstán

I am = I am = SoySoy//EstoyEstoy We are = We are = SomosSomos//EstamosEstamos You are = You are = EresEres//Estás Estás They are = They are = SonSon//EstánEstán He/she/it is = He/she/it is = EsEs//EstáEstá

The tricky part is to know when you should use The tricky part is to know when you should use one and not the other.one and not the other.

The general rule of use is:The general rule of use is: Use Use SERSER for more permanent or lasting qualities and for more permanent or lasting qualities and

ESTARESTAR for more temporary conditions. for more temporary conditions.

How you feel and where you are, always use How you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR.the verb ESTAR.