Fuel Quality, Air Pollution and Health in Pakistan.ppt
Transcript of Fuel Quality, Air Pollution and Health in Pakistan.ppt
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Zafar Fatmi, Head Division of EnvironmentalHealth Sciences & Assistant Professor
Dept. of CHS, Aga Khan University
National Workshop on Cleaner Fuelsand Vehicles
Islamabad, Pakistan19th May, 2010
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Synopsis
1. Major air pollutants of concerns for health.
2. Fuel/vehicle emissions and its health effects.
3. Air pollution in developed and developing
megacities.4. First large scale health effects study on air
pollution (PM) in Karachi preliminary results[one-year]
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Burning MOUTH/LUNGS
Burning KITCHEN
BurningCITIES
NOTE: 60-90% similar chemicals. Difference in distance and concentration.
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Environmental BurdensPremature Deaths
Source: WHO Global Burden of Disease
Environmental
Risks
Global Asian Asian %
of
Global
Outdoor Air 799,000 487,000 61%
Indoor Air 1,619,000 1,025,000 63%
Tobacco 5,400,000 3,700,000 69%
Lead 234,000 88,000 37%
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Effects of Air Pollution
Human Health Respiratory, cardiovascular morbidity (illness) Mortality (death)
Heritage
Nitric/Sulfuric Acid erosion Natural Resources
Acidification (lake and stream biology) Visibility
Agriculture
Ozone crop effects Global warming and climate change
Increase in green house gases Increase temperature --- diseases like mosquito growth and
related diseases
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Major Vehicle/Fuel Emissions
CO2
,
CO Diesel Exhaust
Particulate matter
Lead
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Hydrocarbons (HC)
Secondary by-products
(Ozone and PM)
Air Toxics (mobile source)
Aldehydes
Benzene
Methanol
Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons
Vehicle type (HTV, LTV), Age, Maintenance, Exhaust treatment, Wear of parts (tires and breaks), Type and Quality of Fuel, Engine lubricants
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Particulate Matter in Ambient Air
Coarse particles: TSP /PM10 /PM5 Include wind blown dust as well as
bacteria, pollens and mold spores.
Fine particles (PM2.5): Tinyparticles or droplets in the airmainly from combustion.
Sources: Motor vehicles and reaction ofgases or droplets in the atmosphere.
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BloodIncreased coagulability
Peripheral thrombosis
Altered rheology (flow)
Reduced oxygen saturation
Systemic InflammationOxidative Stress
Proinflammatory mediators
Leukocyte & platelet activation
PM2.5 Inhalation
Brain
Increased cerebrovascular
ischemia
HeartAltered cardiac
autonomic function
Increased dysrhythmic
susceptibility
Increased myocardial
ischemia
Vasculature Accelerated atherosclerosis
Endothelial dysfunction
Vasoconstriction and Hypertension
Lungs
Inflammation Oxidative stress
Accelerated progression
and exacerbation of COPD
Increased respiratory symptoms
Reduced lung function
Multiple mechanistic pathways / complex interactions and interdependencies
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Lungs have a greater
exposure to theenvironment than anyother part of the body including the skin.
6 liters per minute airinhaled
Lungs surfaces area isequal to land area ofa small house (80m2)
Why lungs are exposed more?
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Pollutant Potential health effects
TSP/PM10/2.5
Wheezing, asthma Respiratory infections
COPD and exacerbation
Excess mortality including CVD
Nitrogen dioxide Wheezing
Respiratory infections and reduced lung
functions
Sulphur dioxide Wheezing, asthma
COPD, CVD
CO Low birth weight Increase peri-natal deaths
Benzopyrene Lung cancer
Cancer of mouth, pharynx, larynx
Smoke
Cataract
Health Effects Studies
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Lead in Blood and IQ decline amongChildren
[Lanphear BP et al., 2005]
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Health Effects of Diesel
Advantages of diesel engines:
higher fuel efficiency
low CO and CO2 emissions
Disadvantages:
High emission of PM, NOx, and chemicalsattached to PM (e.g. PAHs)
Health effects:Acute effects (e.g. exacerbating asthma)
Cancer
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Diesel Effects on Childhood Illness(Janssen NA, et al., 2003)
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-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
15-64 65+ 15-64 65+
Reductions in Deaths after Sulphur Restriction
Cardiovascular Respiratory
%R
eductionin
annualtrend
-1.6%
-2.4%
-4.8%
-4.2%
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Megacities and Air Pollution
An estimated 20-30% of all respiratorydiseases in Asian mega-cities such as
Beijing Jakarta, Karachi, Kolkata and NewDelhi arise due to air pollution.
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Particulate Matter (PM10) (g/m3)Source: World Development Indicator, 2008, Volume 8, 3.14
WHO guidelines = annual mean < 50 g/m3
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Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) (g/m3)Source: World Development Indicator, 2008, Volume 8, 3.14
Developed megacities
Middle-income or developing megacities
WHO guidelines = annual mean
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Sulphur Oxide (SO2) (g/m3)
Source: World Development Indicator, 2008, Volume 8, 3.14
Developed megacities
Middle-income or developing megacities
WHO guidelines = annual mean
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Association of PM2.5 with Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Diseases in Karachi
Pakistan PI: Dr. Zafar Fatmi
Co-inv.: Dr Ambreen Kazi
Division of Environmental HealthSciences, Department of CommunityHealth Sciences, Aga Khan University,Pakistan.
Dr Nadeem Rizvi, Jinnah PostgraduateMedical Center.
Dr Sardar Alam Siddiqui, Karachi
University.
Joint Project of Pakistan-US Science and Technology Cooperative program
US PI: Dr. David O Carpenter
Co-inv.: Dr. Haider Khwaja &
Dr Azhar Siddiqui
Institute of Environment and Health,University at Albany, US.
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Association of PM2.5 with Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Diseases in Karachi
PM2 5 Tib t C t K hi
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50
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PM2.5
Tibet Center, Karachi[WHO guideline (red line) = 24-hrs mean 25 g/m3] [Annual mean=15 g/m3]
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300
30 Aug 14 Oct, 2008 24 Dec, 2008 08 Feb, 2009
18 Mar, 2009 03 May, 2009
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29 Jun, 2009 15 Aug, 2009
PM2 5 K i K hi
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50
100
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250
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24 Dec, 2008 08 Feb, 2009
PM2.5
Korangi, Karachi[WHO guideline (red line) = 24-hrs mean 25 g/m3]
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30 Aug 2008 14 Oct, 2008
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18 Mar, 2009 03 May, 2009
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29 Jun, 2009 15 Aug, 2009
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PM 2.5 in KarachiMinimum Maximum Annual mean
[Annualmean=15g/m3]
Tibet Centre 27 258 77.68
Korangi 29.6 278 99.28
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Results
Results adjusted for time trends,meteorological factors, seasonal patterns
Interpretation: For every 10 /m3 increasein PM2.5 leads to 16% more admissions (duecardiovascular diseases including myocardial
infarction, cardiac failure, ischemic heartdiseases), which needs medical attention.
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DPSEEA Framework
ACTIONEconomic and
Social Policies;
Clean
Technologies(Fuel)
Hazard
Management
Environmental
Improvement;
Pollution monitoring
and control
Education;Awareness
raising
Treatment
Rehabilitation
Driving Forces
(e.g. population
growth, economicdevelopment,
technology)Pressures
(e.g. Production,
consumption,
waste release)
States
(e.g. Natural
hazards, resource
availability, pollution
levels )
Exposures
(e.g.External
exposures, abnormal
dose, target organ
dose)
Effects
(e.g. well-being,
morbidity,
mortality)
Health and environment cause-effect framework(Ref: Kjellstriim T & Briggs D et al)
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Thank You!Zafar Fatmi
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.aku.edu/CHS/ehs-index.shtml
mailto:[email protected]://www.aku.edu/CHS/ehs-index.shtmlhttp://www.aku.edu/CHS/ehs-index.shtmlhttp://www.aku.edu/CHS/ehs-index.shtmlhttp://www.aku.edu/CHS/ehs-index.shtmlmailto:[email protected]