Fuel Cell Diagnostic

8/9/2019 Fuel Cell Diagnostic

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Frano BarbirPictorial Resume

energy partners
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ichet.org/about_ichet/donors/donors.html


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Diagnosisnoun

Investigation or analysis of the cause ornature of a condition, situation or problem

Diagnostic(s)noun

the art or practice of diagnosis


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Diagnostics in fuel cell development process


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design

fabricate

test

model

Knowledge:

materials

processes

interactions

requirements

diagnostics

Shouldit work?

Does

it work?


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Diagnostics in control development process


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Diagnostics in operation


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controller

fuel cellcontrol

element

measurementsensor/

transmitter

process

variable

manipulated

variable

controller

output

signal

measured

value

disturbances

error

set point

measured

process

variable

signal


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Observe(voltage/current, pressure drop, temperature)

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120


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Change a parameter and compare


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First fuel cel l law :

One cannot change only one parameter in a fuel cell

change of one parameter causes a change in at leasttwo other parameters, and at least one of them has an

opposite effect of the one expected to be seen.

F. Barbir, PEM Fuel Cells Theory and Practice, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005


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nmmmmm

Fuel cells: Problems at different scales

12700 km 12.7 km 12.7 m 12.7 mm


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Change a parameter and compare

Disturb and observeSmall disturbancesLarge disturbances (exaggerate or accelerate)


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controller

fuel cellcontrol

element(s)

diagnostics

process

variable(s)

manipulated

variable(s)

controller

output

signal(s)controller

action

signal

desired/expected

state of health

diagnosis

measured

values

disturbances


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Diagnostics in operation

Post mortem diagnostics


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Online

Offline

Post mortem


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Electrochemical techniquesPolarization curve

Current interruption

Electrochemical Impedance

Spectroscopy

Cyclic Voltammetry

CO Stripping Voltammetry

Linear Sweep Voltammetry

Current Distribution MappingPartial MEA

Segmented Cells

Species Distribution MappingPressure Drop Measurements

Gas Composition Analysis

Neutron Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

X-ray Imaging

Optically Transparent Fuel Cells

Embedded Sensors

Temperature Distribution MappingIR Transparent Fuel Cells

Embedded Sensors


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Polarization curve

Polarization curve hysteresis

Comparative polarization curves

Current interrupt

AC impedance spectroscopy

Pressure drop

Current density mappingTemperature mapping

Flow visualization

Neutron/X-Ray imaging


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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 500 1000 1500 2000

current density (mA/cm)

cellpotential(V

)

activation losses

resistance losses

mass transport

lossesresulting V vs. i curve

theoretical (ideal) voltage


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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 500 1000 1500 2000

current density (mA/cm)

cellpotential(V)

normal polarization

curve

higher resistance

drying?

mass transport problems

flooding?

hgher activation losses


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Data should be taken at multiple current or voltage points.

Typical points would be open circuit and 5 or 6 points between 600 mV/cell and

850 mV/cell,

15 minutes dwell at each point

The data from the last five (5) minutes should be averaged and then plotted as

average current versus average voltage.

Protocol on Fuel Cell Components Testing


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Polarization curve sweep


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Qiangu Yan, J. Power Sources, Vol 161, 2006, pp 492502


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Presented at IECEC, Portsmouth, VA, August 12, 2003

Static Feed UNIGEN Cycle Test (Total 8/1/03 3:00 PM - 147 cycles)Electrolysis: 60 min @ 200 ASF; Fuel Cell: 40 min @ 300 ASF

160 F, 50-75 psig

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

1.90

2.10

2.30

2.50

50.00 50.50 51.00 51.50 52.00 52.50 53.00 53.50 54.00 54.50 55.00

Elapsed Time (hr)

CellVoltage/DifferentialPressur

> 100 LEO cycles

Fuel Cell

40 min

Electrolysis

60 min


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M. Weiland, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,

2012, in print


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Flow visualization



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Polarization curve at cell temperature 80C

anode/cathode humidifier temperatures 80/60C

hydrogen/air, 30 psig, H2 stoich 1.5, air stoich 5.0

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

cellpo

tential(V)

0 200 400 600 800 1000current density (mA/cm)


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Flow visualization



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A

Current interrupt method for measurement of fuel cell resistance

Fuel cell Load

Digital osciloscope

voltage

time

Immediate rise involtage, VR

Slow rise to OCV

Vact

Time of current interrupt

Cell voltage before

current interrupt

OCV


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Flow visualization



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Nyquist and Bode plots


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R

HF Resistance


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Flow visualization



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0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Time (seconds)

CellPotential(Volts),

Resistance(miliO

hm-cm2),

PressureDrop(

10kPa)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Temperature(oC)

Pressure Drop

Humidification

Temperature

Stack Temperature

Cell Voltage

Resistance


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0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500

Time (seconds)

CellPotential(V

olts),

Resistance(miliOh

m-cm2),

PressureDrop(1

0kPa)

20

40

60

80

Temperature(oC)Humidification

Temperature

Stack Temperature

Cell Voltage

Pressure Drop

Resistance


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Flow visualization



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S.J.C. Cleghorn, C.R. Derouin, M.S. Wilson,

and S. Gottesfeld, A Printed Circuit Board

Approach to Measuring Current Distribution in

a Fuel Cell, J. Appl. Electrochem., 1997


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L

o

k

a

l

e

M

e

s

s

u

n

g

e

n

local current density measurement

dynamic > 2000 measurement /s

local temperature measurement

local electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

4 mm


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D. Derteisen et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,Vol 37, 2012, pp. 77367744


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop

Current density mapping

Temperature mapping

Flow visualization



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iR camera


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Temperature Mapping with iR Camera


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smallest sensor

on the market

Sensirion SHT 71


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Temperature mapping

Flow visualization



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X Liu, et al. Water flooding and two-

phase flow in cathode channels of

proton exchange membrane fuel cells,

Journal of Power Sources,

Straight Channels

Interdigitated Flow Field


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D. Lee, J. Bae, Visualization of flooding in a single cell and stacks by using a newly-

designed transparent PEMFC International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37,

No.1, 2012, pp 422435


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S Basu et al., J Power Sources, Vol 162, 2006, pp 286293


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Inukai, J. et al. Direct Visualization of Oxygen Distribution in Operating Fuel Cells.

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 27922795 (2008).

K Takada et al. J. Power Sources , Vol 196, 2011, Pages 26352639


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Polarization curve



Current interrupt


Pressure drop


Temperature mapping

Flow visualization



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Real time detection

of liquid water inside

an operating fuel cell


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A. Turhan, K. Heller, J.S. Brenizer and M.M. Mench, Passive control of liquid water storage and distribution

in a PEFC through flow-field design, Journal of Power Sources180 (2) (2008), pp. 773783.

at Penn State University


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H. Marktter et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,

Vol 37, 2012, pp. 7757

7761


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P. Deevanhxay, Electrochemistry Comm., 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.05.028,


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Diagnostics important aspect of fuel cell R&D

Limited number of diagnostic methods applicable

for fuel cell control purposes

Definition of optimum performance must include

life time

In order to achieve optimum performance diagnostics

is crucial for prognostics and health management

Conclusions

More information about PEM fuel cells:


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PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice

Frano Barbir

PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice

Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005

ISBN 978-0-12-078142-3

Available from:

www.elsevier.com

www.amazon.com

www barnesandnoble com

Written as a textbook

for engineering students.

Used at hundreds of universities

In U.S., China, India, Korea, Iran,

Germany, Croatia

New updated edition coming out 2012!

Fuel Cell Diagnostic

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