. 1. fl11'll'rl11t.l

, 1JYI~ 7

ft~fiJJl'nff1ft11~fl'Y1

i ..:Jfl ~l5 'Y1 rl1 ~ ihtfl' 1 « ~i ~ mf!U'~hrmhnn ntHJ1Y1J~~i..:~fl'~ Yl "i ..:Jfl iJ'hun" L U111 ~1 I \

~f..:J~fl'« 1 ~UUflU~~1fl~fl flflff«~ li'f!..:JYl (Auguste Comte) L~Q1rJ111 LUU "11.Vuani~

ftlftfti" (Q~een of the sciences) miJnfl~::'2lfl..:Jii'fl..:JYl tJ77fl1fl'1ft'fli'Y11..:J'YltJ~~~..:J~~1[J 2

iim1~~~1.rtJ.ffu~ ..:J~1LL1'l:: tf ..:JfliJ1'YlrJ1fl~L ~itm~fl fh.1 LUUfl'1ft'~i ~i'lf111iJ(f1trqJiJ1fl «1"1l1 I 4, I

~it..:~ ~~1'l:: 1.u"!l~~~rJ1ifudju~«ilfluft'm~~ ..:~trnfiflt1~fl7!fl1iJ11l ~fl iift'1"1l1m::~flm::~1rJ

tu~1iJ~~1..:~ 1 Ltlu~1u1uiJ1n 9i'1mh..:~1li'LLn tt..:~flli3flu1m7fl1«u1 tt..:~fliJ1'Ylu1m,.Lilfl..:~ tf ..:JfliJ1'YlrJ11117 ~L ~'YlV tf ..:If! iJ1 'Y1 rJ1 f117UU 'YlU 1 fl17 i ..:Jfl iJ1'YlrJ1f117 mif~ i ..:Jfl iJ1 'YlrJ1Ufl7

i ..:JfliJ1'Ylm"lfutJ'Yl i ..:Jfl iJ1'YlrJ1'W~u 11111 '11'l'1

~ 1'VIftJi ..:JfliJ1'YlrJ1'Y11..:11117fl1l ~1 LUU ft'1"1J1'VI~..:J~U1ft'U 'l ~L ~71:: L ~rJ1'WU tltJ'I.t'flfl fl~1 'Y1 1l flU LL 1'l:: fftJ f!Wn~ 1ltf ,

i..:~mi1'Ylmm..:~m,-4ln~1ii«17::H1trllJ 4 th::m,. 3 111LLrl

(1) fl11iJtfiJ"Wut,-::w;h.:~m14ln~1fftJtf.:~fliJ

(2) ft'tnUU~H j 'Y11-lf111flf1~1 ,

(3) f117~~fl.:J~fl17't11-lf117flfl~i (educational organizations)

( 4) f117flf1~1LU!1U::~Ltlu«'1u~~-l"'lfl.:Jft'tnUU~U j

1 fiv.-Yi~L~llliflt~LL'ln til!Jevnln'i llv~Yi l"tl fl. fl. 1830 ~fl::tJ1'1niJl"rm;,~~nqh'1"tJ ""''· 1843 1tJ1il~ Raymond Williams, Key Words (London : Fontana, 1983). p. 295.

2G .. Duncan Mitchell (ed.), A Dictionary of Sociology (London: Routdlege and Kegan Paul, 1970).

p. 37. 3Robert E.L. Faris, (ed.), Handbook of Modern Sociology (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966), pp. 734-735.

so 103 151

. .., . ~. tl111Ji'l1tlqJ'Utl~fll1ftflM1

· 1111 Rmt1ilf1 mfl·u;4 ~1~ tr1 1 '"i 1u:> L uutnft fli LL ~~if ~ilfl11llft 1fY tytlntr1~i.i1111fl n ,;1

Ln ~LL~~ fln1{li"Jfu 'YlHf1Yl' fl1ftu 1~n11m1llfLuus' ~ft1fYty~~., lu1111rh t ~ll"\ ~iiVt ~"~u ~1nm12J'Vln'ii ~7~f1Yl!il~~'Yl7 ~an11 ,,.1 .. -.1 ( fl11lltllf) Luuli'uL VtflLL v:~1'!J!J" ~"11tru

L UU 1117 L iou 110fl10Lfitl LU V:1-3U V:~fl1l-fi 1' !)!)ft -3ft 17 ~~ fu~ t~fifli) L~il ~\1. ~1 fl il1"Jf'2J1 a\I.L U\1.

~flL~lllfULLv\~m~tJ1\l.f117i!ULflo1Ldil~LUU~f11'lf~L,Of111 "t.lj_t{lftJ!t.IUln 1 ( 1117~S ~~-3Vt~1U

mfl'u~ ~nuLL~~Tiu) m1Rn~1 LUL' ~f1'Yl! fl1ftfli tieJm7 \ ~~ueJ1"Jf"Jf1L ~il~1fl~~t~ ~1 ~~u 1111 Liuu11ummfif1 2

\u 1~nfl~1'uflmnialtta~a (384-322 rlnu fl.ff.) U11"lfqjn'n 1u11mt~n~11t1'11 3

"1117 L ~fl17flfll!-1UftL011"JfUi.i~.Uif17~'YltJ9JeJ"Jf~fl1fl17ll ( fl11lJL;J' tyLL~~fl11liL~illl) LL v\~ mm1tm"

\uqflfiilll1tl71"lfqjil'-3nq~il ~11wia ltJflD'U (1561-1626) t~n~11t1' m ~tlH i liu11fl11llftimhu1~ 4 u~~ilmL vi-3Vti1~~71Uei!ft LtJflilU mh1-l1 fl113J'fLL~~il1u 1;J'JJeJ~ ll"\ ,;l)LUU'JJil-3mh-3Ltf(i1flU 5

s. tn1ftflM1 1un1n1 u11w

LUil17fJ!77llf1'n 1tJ71l\l. fl17flf1~1f;if1~Ufltlf1l\1.!77ll (111~111'11 L'on11 paedeia

flV(Yl~Lifl17flfll!-1LU1lnt1n'n t'lilnl1Lfl,Oli~1L~LtJuortVtq) ~11)fl17fln1!-1LU1lnnn'n Vtli1U~..1fl17L,[J\lf!N11'nl L ~il~1~Yhi«LC\.LflU ~~~£1-3th~ ft ~~ilU1-3;)i ..1t-3DU~;)~ LUU ~~Lilil-3 ~" ll\fHI4 tiel 111fln ;J~tlnmil-3ilU1..117 LL~ti'tln17unmil~£1U1-311~ ~;J~ Luu ttlfl1ll~'"i 1u

1 Vl1::11'11'l'Uj\t; '1P1111'11U u1lmlfvt4~ul~t'lltl1Dttnu ("' ~L"nVC"l : tn~::1::flll1!11ll, 2525 ; ..,'It, 79·150)

tJ~~IJ1fl11..,~£1£11f111~f ~~~YIL'I11JLtl"UiJ';IfiJLLnfYUL,.lli-1LLfltl'l'll'll1ri£l \~L~fl~ -1'!111 '5qjtjj1 lu "'JL'I"'J 'tt.h~£11J 1 'il\4 ii~11Vi ii~1~ a~.,,a~mtu.:: '. '

2Ltl'u~'5fl ~,..,L'I11JLYifl£lutY\Jti{Lulo'f.l::ll~l11. Yl'£l~1-1Uiti11~Vl thd\J1U~Lofl'1h~1us.i'l" ll.'1.'l.~nqn~ tl11Lll'll, JI'JmHnfiiJY. n'-'LYIVC"l : «11Y1'1l1nnflhJ~,. 2512

3Arlstotle : Quoted by 'Diogene La~us, ef.George Seides, ~ornp. The Great Quotations. New York,

Simon and Schuster, Pocket Book, 1967, . . · ,q 4"Nam et Ipsa sckntla pc)testas est'' . (knowledge Itself Is power) In Religious Meditations : of Heresies

· 5Knowledge and human pow'er Me ,~onynous. ' ·.'::"1

so 103

1ut'U.i£J~e:JTl£Jli111lf17 fl~ .,'JL 1t:HI~ ~ilth'tU~~ ~5 ffil111~111LL«'nfui) "1il1 Llli"

~1e:J '\~11J'YILL11~1~m-311qJqJ1" (triumvirate) ~il 1lfilfl~t~ft (Socrates) LVU~lfl (Plato) LLflt

m7ft 1flL~~ (Aristotle) Low~ 1flLUUfl~6'lfe:Jflf'l'tt~ft~!Jum~11U1 ~qj lilrJilL Vifl1flLUUfl~6 ~e:J111L owfl lfli.1fi ~6~ ii~e:~t Sv'1111nfla m7H 1flL~~YI1u~dmhT·hm,-trn~1LiluL~a 'l"lle:J '17111

~n~u-lHmrJ fl111lflil LL~tf111«i1'1t:p..Jiliv ~-3dL ~~fti'HVi~Li'lt!'l~ W1ULth~111£Jft 'l~il

~1e:J~il1Jflii"lle:J'If111fl f1 ~1m1Jfl111JL ~U"lle:J'Ie:J7ft lflL~ftflilf111 Lfl7£J lll.j~fl ~ 1 ~ffn~ lfl111J~"ll e:Jrll'l~fl~e:J'I f1~11fle:Jf111 L-n'l~-311 q}q}TelULUU now6 2

untli'1l'qJ1"lf11fl'lfl~~~i.1~mffEJ-31uqfl11~~iru ·~1e:~qfl'l11ltnl~e:JLlJe:Ji'Yii'u~ i'ft'L'lf~~ (Bertrand Russell, 1872-1969) ilmlllL~U'h f111flfl~lm1ii~il~1J1!JL~£l1~Lnill.jfl~f11ll'W ~~-3tl11111U lft11ltl1tf111 1~LLn 'W~t (Vitality) iii~. (Courage) ~~1Jftq}q}1 (Sensitiveness)

LL~t 11 qJ q}l (Intelligence)

V v tf I "4 V v 4. tl11lJtU.I'VtU1i1~'t11Hn11ftfl'I!Jlfl1JtHfUJ

ilitL~udn~1.,'1"1J11'1111fl~~il fle:J fl111JL~rJ1WU1tWll'l 1) flTiflfl~liflJ 2) 1m -3«11'1

"lle:J -3tf 'lfl1J111EIU£lfl

4.1 tniud"uri'ui1~11lHtn1flmm1mnhuH1oii;)fiH , ,o.ui"~ftJJ

fl111li1J~uiiiu1U1thtf111 ~-3e:JH1tl.jLUUifil j ~-3~ ( 1) f111flfl'lt1fllJLff1~Jfi~

(2) m1flf1~1fllJf111ti'la'l

(3) f111flfl~lfilJ1~Uli111J

\,. fhtn~ "ijil1Jflfi'Yl1-'m1~m;wfl"1nv" L\41'rHu.hnvwl : 011~111;1 (fl\,lL'YlVf'l : ftiJ1fliJW,jfliJfl1ftttf

(n~"th:::Lnfllno, 2524) ~11'1 30

2ft. thfn~, ~~~J'n ~1f1 31 fl~,j ~ll'\4hfl1vt'f\4fl1'1L~IJLfiiJ tlfl\4:::'ilfJ,lLVi1'11flLLL'I:::fJ1ft 1tlL~1'111(l\4

a. William Ebenstein, Great Polit(cal Thinkers, Plato to the Present (Calcutta ; Oxford and lbh, 1960),

pp. 1-108

b. Fmest Barker, trans. The Politics of Aristotle (New York; Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 311-352.

3w. fi'lfn~. if1flltf'1. ~1l''l 38 91fl~ll'~fmmrl'wL'Il'll~ ffl on Education.

so 103 HiS

.. " ( 4) m·urn~1n1l'fl'~i~ (classes)

(5) fl11flfl'l~nri11mi3JL~e:l'fi'1~LLt'l~fl1~~1 (ethnic groups)

( 6) fl11flfl~1rl1lfl11 Li'u~f"llel -'ILU11'fl'~ 1flU~1\I.fnel11fl'f1

~ih:nq~~111fl111L~tnn~ (peer group)

4.2 tllllld'lllfwiaihunmqtlaio

fl113JH3J~~f1~'VdHm1flfl~1n1Ji-'lfl3J111U~flfl~-1,,'i'l~tlLUWllfl j ll-li1-1~~ ii'l'lf ' .f'l " ,._., I .f'l " AA.=t" A " A_,

Lu~LL'U'U Lelfl1tl (one-way) LL"Lu~LL'U'U 'YI11tl 'VI'lfl qm:ntl (two-way traffic)

~ -1m~Li'u~11 "m.,~.,1~1«fi-"~'Y11-"~" 'VIi'fl "m-,~.,1~1«1~n~" ~-"~dL 'Y'l11~ 1) m1fln~1 !J'U'YI'U1'Yith~qj b~fl11rl1'VI~~« 111'Y'lLLt'l~fl1~'U1~flTI"llel-'IH _,fl3J111U'U.flfl LLt'l~ 2) i -'lfl3J111U~flfl

fi!J'U'YI'U1'YI~h~qj L~fl11fh'VI'U.fl« 111'Y'ILL~~fl113JLU~ 'iJL'U. 1 _,fl11 flfl~1

4.s nininlll&fi~1lnmwailwacmrw1wflwnH LLfiL~ 3Jd'U. fl11fl fl~1 "\ll,li'~mLUflflflflLU\1.~ tllU\1. (Institution) L;1 'Y'l1~ f~H'VI1fl ~ -1d

I

L 'Y'l11~ L'l.l.« ~urieJ~uu LU'I.I.L 1 t'11'VI ~1ui'nn'VI;il LL3!~~tJ 3J1LL«1 fl11fl n ~1 L tl~«' 1'1.1. 'VIit_,"llil _,;t1~

m fl 'Ufli1'VIi fl"llil-'lfl1 «'1.1. 1 'V13J1Ufl11aJ"ll fl11 L i'u~ fl11 « il~ il ~L ~fl'l il'U LL V: _,;!1 ~fl'l il 'lJ fl'f1

LLt'~~f1~'YI1 -'lfl1«~ 1 ~ilLL3Jti'U'Yl'U1'YIL~'U.fl1 LL~:::'Y'l'l ~« _,eij'VIiilUfl'U1'fl'fin 1'V1\t 1~ «fl~ 1'11'1 fl11

fl1-1 j ~1U I " I

1~uYiilLit1lYi~1nfl~:::un41'11lrl1_,L -Au_, L'li'l.l. m111i~~~iLLV:_, 1) m'lflm~nnuLfl,.~sn~

LLt'l~ 2) fl11flfl~1n'Ufl11Li'Jil.:l

4 41.1 ....

5. fl11ftfl\Jlfl\Jfl11lfl1M!tl\l

fl11 flfl~1ilfl113Ji1l~'U.ffiuL,il.:I'YI1.:1Lfl1~J ft;J"lJil .:IH .:lfl3J3J"\ ~~ L 'Y'l11::: f11 .:~fi L tJ~ij~ I

A I A 'V11elLL-1~3J (dimension) 'V\~.:1

5.1 011 nnlll 1wqtunllfl1n11ll \

l\1. m1 Lfl'l ~!fi ;Jft ~n~ L tl'l.l.i .:~fl'l!L n ~~1.fl113J~1 L tl~~il .:~m fl'n~!l~~fl113Jf ~LL~n fl1 .:~ ~1flfl11 Lfl1~J fi~ L'l.l.qflilfl«TVI fl113J m1 flf1~1 L'l.l.qflL n ~fl'l fl1111LL'U'Ui -'!L~ 3J11ltim13J ~1 L tl~ f.t ~'

~il .:1 'ti~tinnflfl~13J1fl fl11 flm;o1111f'IU .:~~ufi111~1LtJ'I.I.Ifil .:1 'tiL 1 ~1'VI ~1vtJ ~.:I~'YI11'Ufl'U. vf1 1Jif I\. ' I

111:::~'UL -Au.:~ti1::tl3Jflf1~1Un 4 ftL f\tJ.:I'Y'leJLL-A'1

5.2 qflftfle1Uifl11V Lfl~fl1fl113Ja'.:lti'U'Yl'U1'Yift1tr~L'U.f1flll\\ ~ .. LLflfltl1111~tifl11 LU ~U'U.LLU t'l.:lft _,fl3JL -ti' ~ ~

: r , ;t ~,

154 50103 .. :

~qflilfl~1~fl'l7ll 1117 Ltl~tnULU~\Iflf -3ft1~ty-Jl&-3 l&mL1rm11 ''rn7\1~11tlfl~1~ 1177ll" 1

f-3L1i~'Uti7~3J1 mLntllJ 200 Ull1LL«1 £lm7\f1~l'l"-31'U fi'U.-31'U~tl-3Sl1117fl111;.11J111~U

" 5.3 ~tlf.!fli11lttl11JJU1tl11

~£lll1111tl~ a-33.1~1~ "'fi713J Lfl11flf "~ 2 i'lm~'a1h~111 m 40 ihJ1LL«1 LfJ717J1i';l

1 ~11 lfi' L t1 ~vu 1 tllu~ 11 L~t~m7j:.J ~911" n1 "il"~ 1~ 1111 il~ 3Jft1 LL ~~ m7j:.J ~fiLfl' t~ ~u1 Lllfl LL fl~ I I '

~ULflfl~1ll17t1111~l'h l#i'LttllfiLLA'1 l4\L1ifiLfJ7'17J1i;JfiL~U ~\l'11lt1'l.u 'YI1-3 •• 11171J1m7" ~7fl

"ilfl~1~1117ll1J11117" (service industry) lfu j:.Jft~"tliifi113J~1LU'U 'l.um1l ~U7~'111'11U£1 I ~ I ....

.. A A I AA41:t A 1117fJ11'!71'Yl ~ .rt!U 1111Lf13J[J-33Jll111"JJU

n. FJ'lN1'tllh:1Wn~mia'lln 1111l.J1~11tl1JtllfMJD"'fi'Uft1'U L ~ qfl1+Lff1'!7~';1LL1J1Jil91~1~ft't1 111J1n11 ~tl1111 Liju

"'11WHU11fl1-3'' 7~tl1J~L7tJ1111LUU~i "flmft~"JJ11" (White collar workers) "»uiou"JJtl\1

~YI1-31ULuqflil91~1~71173Jtnfi11LLfi11~H';l111qflilfl~1~1117llLL1J1Jj:.Jifl (manufacturing industry)

~ \lfiU~1U1Ull111tl«11'17m!:LUU "fl17ll111" ~1t~~iLL7 \1"1'U1JHflf .JL7vm1u11LU'U "~Y\1\I'l'U ""' .... ... I

fltlLHtJft11~U" (Blue collar workers) tlU~ll1tJii\11111lL~"'f1Tn13J4i'tJ\IL'illltiLLU1Jit'11 LL~~

l« Lft~u7~Llln~~Ll.J7t~~ L Ot~u lfi'J1v

V. n11flflH1cfTHfYtJ1iJ'W1HU ? ' .

. louqflilfl~1~ 1177ll1J11117iifi113.J~1LU'U ~;J~ L 'l-\'iim7fl111t1~fl£1U-n'Hq; \1 tf 1Wl1J I I ._

fl'lni'1lUL~tlLU'U~YI1\11U 66 fltlL~flf"JJ1'l" Lorlu LU1117YhutyiiLU11179171';l~tl1JUtl};J 'l.u

1111 'l'l-\'fl1l.J111,;.1nH11{1~1l1tJ LL~~ 'l.u.m1 'l.iLfl~tl "'tmn ~l'nju'l ~aJ~H i LfiDHl. Yi1~Lfl~tl .:~ I

U ft d UA k,~ tt ~3Jtl-311ft ~7tl Lfl7tl-3,.111fi1'U11U (computers)

FJ. n11flnH1ttY117uimq, : m'11oot;a11ln,n11W'mu1

m7t'i'Ufl1'11fviiD11tf 1tlt1J~" 'luLrr7 ,;.! 1i ;JqflL7 \1\ll'U L Yi71tiim7 u"ll-J"Jlu nu.t~~ "~.~•n 1 ~1 ~111u1,;n Lfl~7t~~u1tJ\11'U Lfl\\'1~ «-JdDll~1 ltJ~ 1111 \\'3JL ~ ~1nHt1'1u. ~11i ;J LLftt.

\'11'11 "m,-tJ~1l£lfl« ,,.., m·ul" Ltl14tfVIMl'liflf ,u.,.n 'l 1411lbt1n"m)l!t 1flr.ttl'ntJ,-:::1ifl~«•rhmJ~ 10VJ1!1' ~ £J

mi114a~ 'YI£lr.ti4fl (Arnold Toynbee) L14il fl.fl. 1881. Ltl14L'£l"~'lilMrDq~11m1"tJ~~£jflft1Von1"1"i.IL;'lJiJD:::t,- LLfijjn

,-:::~11Lrl14tl 1827 thwfum,. LtJ~r.t~utJa"nHtifnnN~fl ufiVolnlJa "\14LL~£l ,m,. LtJSrJ14utJa"~ iiN an Hi' "flll~f'l !J ii~'" tJ1"::ll1114 150 illllLLA''l t'laL14'Yifl'l1"1"bt 1830-1839. 1thfl~ Raym()nd Williams. op.clt., p. 166.

sO 103 155

fl113Jft13J1'ltlL u m'l li'ufl111 ~u~ut~~num'l t~i'um,- fl n bt1L u,-:::flu ~ ..t~La::: ilfl113J

~1LUU~-;J:::~eJ-3L~tlm'l~~U1Lfi"~U~1U I I

~1tlU1-3fiL ~wn" ~tl fl1111~1LUU fi-;J:::~ti-3~~U11ULL'U'UU 1 nm fl «£J-3d1tJ1 1.J

1'Ylq '1~'1 Li4eJ'I.~ftl3J1'ltt"JJ1tJ1~~1U1tt111n lULLuulvuJ i U'l1niJ~" t-rl~ u1nm~ ft1111'l mtlttLf\4 tl-3~1\t 1m t~v-rfil 3J1i'Uf11'l'UtlnL 1~1

.... 41.1 ...

6. fl11ftflM1fl1Jfl1111Jt>~

... .,. .. ... I .I" I VI. Ill ... ... Jl.,. I J 1111" b3Jtl-33Jtl'Yl1iVi ~fltlfl113JLuU LuLU 1-3f111" ftf) bl-1 LL~::: 1111" ft f)bJ-1n3J'lJ'Yl'lJ1'YlfltlL '1 tl'l'l11

'Yl:J-31111" Liltl-3 ~1~i'u~T;h ·"fl11l~8~"' <tfut V-'Lih hJ1n j 11LUttL4t~-3"lltl-3 "e11u n" LUU o I I

A A d tv t ~~ L'ltl-3'\'lL nU1n'Uft 1111:::LL ~-31111"LuU "ftl1i110Uf' (public:) 1

" ~ I "' "" t( I o4 k. A "' I 111.1 ... -;J::; u n ... t1tlU1-3fl113Jft 3JViU 151"::: ~11-31111" ft n bl-1 r11Jfl1'l L3J£l-3"-3fltl LuU -c_, .., ~ _.. .. •

6.1 01tlhJ1~1ttfllU811J'Uqfl 8v18an Ofl&a81

bUUfl~b~~';lf11'l ri1aciall (fascist) 1"u 'W11f1Ulc; (Nazi) "l.ltl-3fifiL~tliri1tr-3 , L ~tl-3 eJ~"'.ufta!~tJ,-:::111 t'U.ft -3fl'l13J 1~nflf -3~fttl-3<tfu t~iim'lU-3~'lJ '\. ~iim,-i -3«t1U11 ft 9itf1}!ty1

"' " 1 ... ~ "l.ltl-3flUL i1t~"1119i~1-3 j nuuu~ '1~1Lbflflfl1-3flU111nLL~:::i'j'lJ1~U-3~1J '\. ~unutl-3~ilLI8eJft1tJ · "811W"

(Aryan) ~tl~111u~--3flU "m,-n::" tl1-3iiN1"1.l11~13.1'1.-rltb ti1~i'UflU"1!19i~u j <tfuilm,­

tJ~na-311~tlun1TnH~9itr1}!~1 t3Jin::LUU~1b ~~tl'l ~1Lb"-3 ~it!N1~1fifi13J

fl11"U-3tl1J'Y11-3f111" Lilti-3Li4tl 'l ~iim,- ilm,- "aaentJijllil" (discriminate) 9ieJ~ilL ~tlft1tJ U1LUU~1u~~-3"l.ltl-3 "~'Ylf9it~fhuth" YlieJ "flttL~tlft1U acw,f~" Liunnwh "antisemitis~"

~~"l.ltl-3\t 1uu1mL~::: 3J1fl'lf111"'1'11-3111'l Li:ltl-3 Lttqfl tift L ~tl-f ~ fi~m ft"f11'l'Yl1\ t'U.n'l'l 3JLLft " I "

flULUtl'laJUL;ttlft1UU1tiU1-3VlbUUU'l1niJm'lm "holocaust'' n~l1~tlflttLIBeJ«1UU1\}ni-3~1'l I " '

VI ~Ltlu ~1u 1utt'u 1 o «1uflu _ LL ~:::~YiVit~1::: ~it1111~fieJVitJVi111fl-3'l m1n lutJ,-::: L 'Ylfl~\4.

fl1tlU1'11~LLri tl~L1Jtlifl 1ei1flii. (Albert Einstein) ~~~UVi'lJ'Ylqbt~ UlJvtYIBil~'W (theol\ll ' II I 11 I ,

of, relativity) tl'\.tft13J1'ltl~~fl'l:::Lil"th3J1~;iu3J1L.rlu3J~1ft -3fl'l13J 1~nfli' .:~Yi 2 1.'1

flu ~ilfl1uJffl113Jft13J1'l tt L-rlu 1eJ« tflii. ~~ ~u~it3J1';11nLtJtl'l 11itqflvhwsn « ~ilLilw. · ~1\1.1'\.1. 111'1."1f\tt1tJ LL~:::·1bn« -3Lfti3J~~U'l:::L 'YlflsiJ.:If'Ufl'\.1.~ -3~m1111m1ii«13J1'ltl~ .:1 L'liu «~i'Jr r

m11imt~i'u1.J,-o/ 1u"1fl1eu1-33J1n fle:J wwi'j,i.lLllimLtlu~hv .. ,~tJ,~lu'lfihnml''UalJetr·:

1 ~~1Dih.Jl!lillhmh:tm-3L'!.4 \.1~~~91 i~;:fiv m'l;fltl4:." 7fff1l'mfrl'171/ (m;-31'Yl~"'l : lJV.l"i'Ylvl«n~lllfhl4~ 2528), v.\1'1 13-17.

156

I

~7fl "CUID~i'u" (brain s.ain) 1u"JJ~ftJI:t~w~·uJi'hiJwhu~1lJ~ftEI ~tJLiJwhrJ A " VI " Vt'lfl tnm-:n~~ (brain drain)

6.2 nnih.h~mftal1i'SJflllt1m ' '

TlilUU YUl. 2500 flUmmnuslfl11ll1l1fl~iJ\-;) L'Vi'l1~Ltel~U1ifl112.lff12.1111l'Yl1\l i'YltJ1fl1lHrlLL~~L 'Ylfl1U 1~~"JJel.:J91ULWitel1d1'!11fl~U j ~1 1~fl ~L~~£1fl1'Hlelfl'fl11flUfl7fl1fl'lll 'hti~i'Jmmnn~tJ ~elEI "~11lllUlt" (artificial satellite) m .:JLL'l fltlelfl 1tJufl fl'A11Yi1ti'LiJu

"151fiLL'lfl LLqJfl11 mniutl'l1fl~111utl~1rJU- V4.fl. 2500 1~\n~L ~9jfl11 m~v'h 1 ~flUe:JLll7 nu

~Uil'l~VtUflL Yi'l1~ ~~111'Vi 1'JS L1rJ91ff12.11'lilW .:Jfi11L nD11 ( Li'DmiJUil1~1i'ff LsnrJ11 "~ ~91itfl" Sputnik) ~U 1tJ1f1~11fllJ 1~n1~\uu"lf1flLL'lfl

fl1'l~~Vt111V41'lfL1UffU'l~ff\J~ ~(f1Li ~flf .:~dvh 1 ~f~lJ1~6L117flU ~Smfir.J L nD'l fi11iJ a ~ u

1u1.:Jfl11Lij6.:11~~1Htl'l~L'Ylfl LL~~~.:Jfl112J~Uhttl~'l~lJlJfn'l~fl~111 7~lJlJLL~~i~fl1'l 'Yl1.:JflTI~fl~1"JJel.:J~Vti'JflU,5m 41-:~~u ~.:~t~rim'l~U~1mh.:~"llwl~ LVt1lJ1U1.:Jfl17~fl~1th~li1-U1Wu~ ft11ll ft. 1etCJnmn1 (Dwight D. ~nhower) 1~i.:~m7\~ilm'lVt1'Yl1.:Jtli'utl'.:J

., I

fll'l ~fl~1'Yl1.:Ji'YlEI1fl1~.-t7 LL~~ L 'Ylfl 1u 1~~ ~~qJfl~1fl'iXU ~el fl17Ui'lJU'l.:JVt ~fl ~ 9177~ 4fu , ., u

ii'lirJllLL~~'l~4flJ~U j L ~elL ~fll'l ~fl~1'Yl1\1~1U~ULifmun11L~ll 1~rJ~.-ti"lf1lJ1.:Ji"Jf1~13J ~1LUULU h .:JLi'rJu~iflll~1i'YlmirJ L'lfu i"lf1~11~1rJfl17~~1flil£lfl1tl , .

6~3 nn\hJl~tnftltlUUcUU

2.11L~LsnD~ifl~tu.~bUU "-,V~tf.:Jflll,. (plural society) ~il s:lflUVt~1mfel"lf1fi ~ .:1 .. ·M I

s:J~1U1U1!1flil~'l1lltlU '14\un fl17s:lf1Ull1b~Dtl7~2.11 tu.i'e:m~~ 50 iiflULftl~1EI~Utl7~ 2.11 m ~ ~ I 1

i'elrJ~~ 37 flUL~m'ilrJ'YliiWLL~~ Lfel«1rJ1 'YlrJ~fl~1U 1'1.1. ~U.:J 1~Dfti'JU1~2.11L ~LsifrJtl7~ flellJ I ~ ~ 1

Jt "'•' ... I :! t ... tl... :! .ot .. ~~~ J:' ... "1[1~1-\ 1'Y1Lfl7 .:J11flUL-Delff1[J 2.11L~[J~~~~[JL 'l[JlJflUL-Del~1[JilU j ';).:J L'flllfl17flelflfll)~ 2.11[1'1.1. 1'1.1. 1

tl7~fl1'l~L~1flm~illJflU~ffl~1Eill1L~D11LUU "11iJU91i' (Bhumiputra) ~ .:J~Ltl ~9112.1~111 ' u ,

1J91'l"JJil.:JLLHU~U ~L~rJ1ill..lfl11~fl'IY1fi~ile!~1ll1'!f "11iJU91i' s:J1ilfl1\i'UelrJfl11 L'lfu fl17 , "il u ,

L~W'YlWLif1Li'EIU2.1~1i'YlrJ1t\'VUel[Jll1fl~eltl7~2.11 tu.i'ilEI~~ 5 L vh~u LL.~~ LLiiLflfl"llU ~~~~~.:!

ft 111UU fl11~fl~1Lfl .:Ji'J lJ1 ~fi13JDel llil~ 1lJ1 91 ~1mh.:J~el fll'l~ Lelfl'!fU 1~mu Yi1~ fl q llflUL ffl

~1EI~U~tl1~~ .:Jfl~~ 1 ~i'JU1~fl~tlJ191L~~~~.:Ji'Ylmt\'melfl"llUtel "LllfliL~fh" (Merdeka) ~u UflfJU1~[.Jlllfl~~

SOlOS 157

1. amuunnnrnn i .'lflll,'YID1f11"5 flfl171L ~fl'l1ll~U t ~flU~ muu ~L~tnffunnL~lJ~fl1"5 ~il'U LU"5:: ~uth-:~ i

ti" ~£J"5::.ru

(1) th::~llflfl\71

(2) aJ1rllllflfl171

(3) ~flllflfl\71

"'.'Ifill~ aJlJ '"'3-lt~L ~llfl'l1llft 1~qj'il£l.'lf11"5 L~lJU fl1"5~£lUll1fl fl~11~£l L~£l~flf11~~ ~1Ull1~ fnll'ftlliUll1LL«~ fl1"5 L7ou f11'1~ilU ~1flflilU111ll LU.l!1U ~1 £l LU~ muu 'Yl1.'1fl1~U n:::

L ~" 1~11 t~.h Vio.'ILL911uth::L nfl1 'YIDL vhtfu ~1'flLL~t!f7:::ilunu1'Yl'YIHm"5 fi nt71ll1fl luq hu ~ lloqm1 ~HLL~::"' ~ .'J;}1fl,f~ 1ffl1J1"lJ'il£l .'If'! 1ft~ 1fl'~ ~ftiiU'Yl1J1'YIL~ 'Y1Hfl1"5 L ~ f11"5 fl 11171

fl£lll1L~£li .'lflllLU·!l~LLtl ~ -:lll1fl~U 111"5 fltl~1 1l\'uttfl£l£lflll1 LtlUH1U ~1 £l"'l.bD~ Lfl1; '

LuYn:: (specialized sector) ~£lil~~1ll'~Lf1flm"5flflt71l~ttfl"5.'1LL~::tl~fl~1Tl"5L~£l1'flqth=:~ .'!~ .·

.;.,n~11li!Dfl"5" ~ililm7ft~"'~mtfl"5 t1m-,tlneJiuf11~~il~ m7ilfh711flmu 'W1~m.,tlli'~ ·

n1., va lli'uilvHL tl~ m .'lm"5 1unHn£l"'ll1rJ~1£l lflua m'jj'um7 Lilil .'lm7tl n~., £1-:ILL ~=="' muu

~" j (L,/~ ~1rJfl1"5rJ£Jlli'ufl1'lltl.'ltl"5::f11f'IUrJ1!m\um7~a!m.'I1U)

«tnUUTl1"5flf11711ll''llll1llll1fl~Uif.'IL~LL~il-:1~1U1U tl~t1m"5~il'U.~L~::~1U1U~~1U'U. ~1U 1UU~L ~~U~ll1Df111ll11 L'llL7DUL~ililJqD.'I1-ftllJ~-l L"lfU L'll L ~L~nLf1L7rJUil111J1~ . (kindergarten--111171LfJ£l"53J'~~ -lLLU~fl1llfl1'h .~ "1~L~fl ") i.'ILLflmqLW~,-l 3~4 'il11J LL~:: 111"5 L7rJ""5:: .ru~flllflfl\71 ttl"JYL 1 ~1ll1fl~'U.L 'W"51::'!1li1U;)U ~.'1'1::~utJ1 qJ qj1Ltlfl (~ .'IL7Ufl~il fl1.'1 j fiu. L-rlu Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) LU.tl"5::L'Ylfltl-lflqt7LL~::~'VI'fJmll1m ~1il

Doct~ur d' etat LUU"5::L'YlfleJf-lLfl«) eif.'ln1n::L~lJUUJfttl1qLn« 30 tJ LU"fiu

LULLJ'il£1.'1~1~ 1u.~ ~1uu. 1~'!1U1DL ~ ll~Ull1nn11Liillll1fl lt~rJLuYn:: tu.,::.ruth:: ~ll LL~::3J'1!'rJllflfl171 1~fJ1ofl1lJ1Tl\U.'Jh-3fitJ1::'Jf1fl"5L~aA~il01-l"51flLi1 ft1Wf1J'Yl1.'llf1U~flllflf1171 ,fu, LU. 1J1-lU"5:: L 'Ylfl£1;11u 1U.ll'Tlflfl171£l0Hll"'1fl'1~ tlfl"51ft1'U.'iltl -lll'Tlflflt71fl£Jtl"5::'Jf111"5~

. I I .

ll1nfl"fl tlfurl ~·wfJ£Junm .,Dihl'nfint71~"tl"5::ll1tl4i'Elu~:: e «WfJDunm tltl7::'Jf1m

U"5::ll1nl. 237 «1UflU LLfi£hl'flflfl1!t1911lltUI1ll'U~flllflfl'll!t1ll1flfl11 3,100 LL ~-l'11llfl'U.LL«1

~-l 13 «1U.fl'U.Lfl17

158 so 103

'ileh'IU1::L'Ylfl~~u, 11~1')~el 'f'H'lbiJel.:J~~'W.~~;i~1q4 i122 ~1\l.flU. LLl'l::iht11fl111~t1tl1~3J1nl. ~ I

2,000,000 flU.Lfl'IY 1 111nL'ilel.:I,'Yl£JUU. ~HI11!\4~ftlifl111~1fi13Jfl1~Trl~fl113J fie1fi£im1«el'"

q; ,:m111::~u illi£J3Jtl L'l1£J Ltl~~1u. 1U.3J1111111 200 L~ V:-i!. LLt'l~ 'VI111U1lLu 'Vi1~3J'V111'Ylm~u'ilel"

i'!£i 16 LLV:.,'J £i«tnU~Lel11"lf~ 23 LLV:.:J (L,_.tl 'Vi.fl. 2530) 1~uih::i\'1J3JVI11'Ylmi£lLel11"lf'"

5 LLV:.:J

e1i1.:1 L~tl1:: L 'Ylfl' 'Yl£JU-il£i1'Yltni£J« -ilsii 1'Yl£J1t\'rJ'YlH1111'Yl'V\11 L"lf~ ~tl1. i'Yltnt\'[1~111';1 LLt'l~i'YlVl~Vmihfl11'1Y1 LL t'l~ ~u, , ~ mtJ,_.~~,_.1\4:3J1fl sS .:1113JU 11fl11 'IY1L,j1~1£l ffU.LL~1 iJ 111111111 1,000,000 fl'" 'VI1flfl~LUWeYm1t'h~~~tt~intJt'l::Lrh j nll"JJel-il~~~ ~el tl1::111m

i elrJ 1.'1:: 2 'il e1 -i!tl1~"lf 1111 ~ .:1tl1::L 'Yl fl

1 u.m mtl1:: L 'Yl fl' 'Ylvifu fl11'Yl111l11L~'l::£J:: L 11.'11tl1:: 3J1 m 1 "111 \ILL v: .,'1-)[J ( 'V\~el I I I

1 generation sif.,'Jilel11LUU.L1t'l1 25-30 tJ 1~£Jilel11LUWrl1.,'1ellqLu~VYi'4flflt'l£ifl1el1lflf1

£i'4fl1 i~1 LUU.fl1el1lflf11 'VI~) ~~1~3J1if~£i1111L tJ ~[J~LLU t'l.:J~H 1flqj'Yl1.:1~1U.~~3Jfl11 'IY1

I o,. tl ... e)[J1.,'1~e)[J 2 1~ 1111 f) e)

(1) 1h~fl11U1fl fie1 1l11'il[J1£l3J'V111'Yl£J1~£l~1J3J111fi1~£JLU~3JV111'Yl£11~£JLif£J .,'!LVI~~~ Ltlu.LL v:.,LL1n1~tJ ru1. 2507 flmfie1u 25 tJ111LL~1

(2) 1.h~m1~atH ~el1111'ilti1£J1111flflM11::4i'u~~3Jfl11M1L ~,r1~-il~~~ ~1um1« mtlu. 1

3J'VI11'Yltn~V113Jfl1LLV\.,'IL~u 'Vi.fl. 2514 ~~flm~elU1t3J1ru. 16 U3J1LLt\'1 LLI.'lt£il1'11fl11M1

t'l-ii'YltLUtl~L7u~tJ1~3J1m 37,ooo fl~ 1u.tl 'Vi.fl. 2527 · £i'll'nfl11M1L~'YltLU£J~ (~elffiM1

«t11U.1l1'Vi'~ LLiJ~::;t1J,~t'l-ii'YltLl1£J~Li'£JU. L~111flL7£Ju.~,_. j) LlJ~~1~1~Lfi~fl11 500,000 fl~ 2

e1~"' 1111« .,'IL«~3J'Yl1.:1~1~~~ 3Jfl11M1ifu. Ltl~ u. 1uu1£J'ilel -i11JHU1t L 'Ylfl Lrhif~ 111.:1

tJ1tL 'Ylfl L"lf~ i "'r~1tJ7 1~,tl~m13J~h..-,tym.:~m1 flfiM11::4i'uf:l~3JflfiM13J111 vnmtl7vu­

Lriuuffu,'Ylu «'VIf!m3J~m LLL'lt~~u.

1Minlstry of Education, Science and Culture, Government of Japan, Education in Japan, 1982 (Tokyo,

1982). p. 23 ·r::l.j11i:l'll'ntim;1~1lflfYI1i'Yl£J1~£J•h.:~ 1 1,s22,111 flU. m'l:::lJ'Il'ntim~n1u.i'Ylm~£J'Jill'I!U.Dm.h:::ll11\.l. 40o,ooo

flU.

2 L~!J"liY1J7117~~~"lfYI1i'Yl£J1~!l71llthuy,.,) 71lf~-rlit!t;j~Lfl£J1Tl1J~1U.1U.1l'ntim;1ilLu. Banphot Virasai "Ramk­

hamhaeng University : A Case in Institution Building". Political Research and 1 Development Center. Faculty

of Political Science, Ramkhamhaeng University. 1984.

so 103 159

8. m19~fl~~nntn~nnt1tn.n ... _, ..... .v. ' .., .... .1 .. ..

8.1 lJ3uU1J1JIU'It:111n11v~ftH , flU fl11,.~{h'l"fl11'YIHfl1"HHlbt1 'VUJ1Utl.:J 1117 I

~~LW 11 .:JLiU~LL~d1 .:JLiU~LWnth~Lll'YltltlflLU'\.ULU\.1~1.:1 , If~ Lorl~ U1J1JYl*Lih~li~11'YIEil«u

~i'DLL1J1J~*Lih~m71.h~neumt~~«-:~,.,1miu~';l1JLLA'1 (t11"flf .:JLi'rm·h terminal programs

~miu~';l1JL~tl1'1ltl.:J~~UH 1~u13J4fD.:Jiifl17LifJ~fJD)

h .:~Liu~LL~~" m1!~nTlflfl'lY1~~ i s:i~nl!-m~ LU~D.:~Itm7 "ildHLU~'YIHfl11" ~i'tl "11.htu" (formal organization) fl11~~tl.:J~fl11LLflflfh.:Jil£lf11tlu~1LL~11;J~LU~th~L'Ylfl 'l~

L~m m'1ltl.:!l.h~L 'Ylfl1'Ylu f .:~s:ifn'l!tnL~LU~ "Ltlni'J'' (unitary state) 1~t11Jfl11flflbt1~~tl~ I I

fi'Ui,!U1~1l~HLU~«1~L~lll L ~11~ L~m mfith~ L'YlflYlLU~tlf~~'Ulfi',! Lorl~ «WfJmliim

LL~~ tltlft Lfl7 L~U fl11~~fl11flfl1y1fl~~LLU t'lfliltl n\tJ1~UL ~llfii'J LL~d'JU1~1~~1Jntl.:J~~i'U :ttJ~~fl11

_,., ' ..c ... " ..c 8.2 n111,1qfl111Jl'IU1'11qf111811U1Yililftlt

£1LL~11Uli'YI1.:Jfl11~~fl11'YIHfl11fl1lbt1~U1ft~ht!lh.:J~d.:~ ~tlfl11~LL~L&1lllf~~~LU~ fl1-;J~4f'tl.:~Lmh'l«t~ti1~LtJ~fiM~L~~qflm1ll~u i ~'iln~D.:~Liu~ti1u if,.,~1!~LL~11u11 LU~LU'Yll.:J "nu1uqfllllJI~U1'11qflilft1t:YIH" (specialization) 11111~~ flfh1~tltlH11~

I I I

thtJu~hUftil~LL~~1~u ~1~i'm7£l.:J711D~ j LnU1trUU1lfl1lbt1 Lorl~ fl';}fl11li~H j 1~ ·, I. I

fl~1ULlJ~Li'D.:J'1Jtl.:J~s:iw\t1ftLg,~1~ tl1DrlH1.,LLrl m1s:lthLL~U.:JUflLL~tLL\41 ~i'iltl1';l11~fi

tli'n,;-1~hun ,.,m1 mt1 .:~unfi nM1 L tl~4f~

8.s nnaiJ~al'Ul'Uf)~ h~a;uu

Dd-:~ u'l:::"U1m1.,L-A~~ll1n .r.:~,f~ m1f~~~ 1-, .:~Lio~.if .:~L!J~~itrJlln~t1'L~u.:~LL 'VI.:~ L~rJ1rlD1113.lrim~u.:~ ~illl1~.:J£1m-,i.:~ft1'111'1lil.:l h .:JLirJ~ ti11lrl1~'l~u1:::L nfl1'Yiu~D 1) , m1

~~~.:~11 .:~Liu~Lt~irJll~~llfin,.1 1 f.:~Lillll!Lvtu.:~LLV:.:~Lilu1~~1ll,,'Yl LLUflllDm!l~ h .:~Liu~Lmull'

1tr1Lft'1l'll1nq;11.im 1'1m" "~'ll'-3fatjtlm a1m1Rn1!t,~ft::~utJad1-3fl\l.Ln-3thwfuLh" ffllflo~a~w l,jfl'" 1fl11

fl;\l.fl1 ft1'1l'fl-31\l.\~ty"l\l.f111it'Yl11flf111i'JLtlflft1flft 1::WlH1'\l.~ 16·2~ flli1~1J 2522 ~Wfl-3fJ£lfi111J'1J£l-3'1l'flL;U'I.4~ ftlltJt~~ 1 W-3tl1::Lflfl1::tYtJI!tEJaJtlft1fl i-3u~rl v..fl. 2490-251~ 'G«~ (~11naJ1ntt.1~11XaEJ) 11~L,EJ1.l.LfiltflaJijflaJflf11!t1 36 fl\1. ~flfJ1\tEJ1Jfifl1fi~'1l 7 fl\1. ~flEJ1\tfJV.Ul'!JfJ1111V.1::\l.fl1 6 fl\1. 1H~!EJ'I.4ft1\l.~~ft11J'lflEJ1ffJ 5 fl\1. lHLifl\1.

IJ1LLfl-fLflii~flfJlA'fJ 4 fl\1. 11-3LlfEJ\l.n,-3LflVlfl,ftLfltlt4'lflEJ1ffJ 2 flt4.11-3L'El~flnf1Ji'ty 2 fl\4 \l.£lflil1fl'lf\l.L{J\l.11~Li!l\l.

ft:: 1 fl\1. .,a1'f~Lifl1.l.1fl1ftfl1, 11~L,fl\l.1'flLYI .... fi'Ufli, lHLlfln4~\J~~~Ut'J~fo, 1'f.,n!fJ\l.1f1111'lflfl1fEJ, l1-3L,fl\l.1'1QJ\l.­

fift{J'lflE11A'fJ, h -3L,El\l.1'1QJ\l. 1'lflfJ1lttJ, l1-3L,fJ\l.ftfllMflG1; 1, -3L,El\4ft"'IJ\IIf\l.,flU1~ft::L .... fJIJ1111Jfl1ftm LLft:: nmi'lll-3

160 so 103

~illU~fl1!-1~~U 11111 2) 1~ .:JLi'£1UWfli'1'YlrJ,S.au vi-IILL1 fl'fil«.:Jti~Lfl«£l\1ft11i'Uth~"lf1ntJ1fl£1 3JlLUil'Yl1\I"Jf1ULiltl~ LL~~£1~a hul11LUUftfli1'Yl&1 2: -i .:~£lw 111'WLUULL1JUW~fim!-1 ~tl £I

ttmi'r.~u ,t ...,~ ~.:JLL~~"Jf1£J ~· v • 8.4 m1lu~u,,.,,D~aomu~~JJnnv~

~ 1WlU L \1.1~ ~lJ ~ i13J~ m~1fi £lm1 filft 1'il1 LL£.1 fltltl n1tJ L i'£.1 fl11 1 'Yltl1 L 'ilfl (campus) I I

LL£1fltltlfl1tJ 9i'1tltJH1~LLft 1) 3J~11'Yl£.11 «ow -\l'il~lUfl1U 'Yl'l sir .:J£11'Ylti1L'ilfl~ «na~fi~11J ~

fltl~-\1~ tl1L11tl~lilL~qj f-\1Wlilft-\l'il~1 LL~ti11'YltJ1L'ilfl~'f.:JWlilUflfl1U 2) 3J~11'Yl£J1fl£1 fli'urnum1h~ ~.,£l~li1nn~«na~~tJ1~w:-~uDm .· u~m'YlmL'ilflLu~~,£Jmma.:Jtl1~L'Ylfi1'Yl£J

"' 'I

ua mnnit£lm1 LUilfiUiiLi'£Ju 1~ ~utlii 1 L~u 'ilti.:J3J~ 11 'Yltl1«£J713Jt11 LL ~ .:JLi'v n-l1 u

1'Yl£.11L'ilfl -i -\lff.:Jtl~~n1~L3Jfl1~ 8 LU.il.:Jtl7~ L'Ylfl£1«1e:JU1.:J~-B'i!LL~-\I fie m nL'ilti-\13J'V111'Ylti1«£J I I I I '

I A _..,.J ~ .cl .fJ iiCII o A A ~ -=1 # td t LL~.:JLLfl~Yitl1L\l.tl. (University of California) "D\I'Yl'Yl1fl1)'Li13JL13J\L7fl¥ttl 'Yl\l.fl1L1Jtl1fl~tl

I I I

(Ber~ley) sir \ltl~fl1.fifl3J\l.fl1'lf1U Vh1U'i!ft 1fl LL~ti11'YltJ1L'ilfl~U 1 Dflfltl nUfl7~tlft LLti-\IL ~~ft I

(Li'£JflUtl11 UCLA fla University of California at Los Angeles) 1 sir .:Jti~'YIHL~'ilti.:J3J~i'j I I

LLfl~~a7Luv LL~~v.:~£11'Ylv1L'ilfl~u i iln ·k'11u YILilt~.:JLil1w (Davis) 'YlHL ~ila'ilti.:J3J~i'!

LL~~1'Yl£.11L'ilfl~ Lilti.:Jilf1U ~71\l.'i!ft ln ~ \IL UU ~ltn1tJL \4 'Yll.:Jfl17 LL 'W'YIU LL~~~Lile:J\J'lj1\l.fl1 1J1U171

LU\1.~\l,

... J4t, I J.s I S,J'f ... tlfl•l'ltltll.:J'VIU\Ifltl 3J~11'YltJ1«£JLL ~.ffJ3.lwfJ'il_£l .:J3J~i'J LLflfi~£l~ L ~tl ( L7£1fl'"Al State

Uni~ersity) LL~~£11'YlEI1L'ilfl£l~i13J~i'j L'1fu Cal~omia State University, (~Lila.:~) Hayward;

California State University, (~Ufl7) Sacramento ; 'California State University (~Lilt!-\!) Long Beach LiJU~U

I

~ 1Wl1J'Yl1\1111fl~\.L'iltl.:lft Wl! mm f11 £1~~11'Yl£J1 ~tiLL V:.:~3J~i'JU1£J£li fl L '1fu State

University of New York at (~Lila.:~) Albany, State University of New York at (~Lilti.:J) · Binghamton, State University of New York at (~Lilt!-\!) Buffalo LU\1.~\l.

. .. 8.5 f111~11\4\4f111

L\1.117 ru'il£l.:Jm~ L 'Ylff1 'Ylr.lflTI£1~ ~1tJ1'YltJ1L'ilfl £lnTI~ii7~1J1J '[oV;£!7a.:J£liflTIUil'iJti.:J1'Yl£.11L'ilfl

L'1fu ~3J~11'Yl£.11~tlft -\l'il~1Ufl1U 'Yli £17tl-\ltlif1171Jtl1'Yltl1L'ilfl ,t...,~'VI1il L ~ qjLL~~UflfllU LL.i

1 1thfl~ m:rf'll ml'll~fl::flm::. mn1nn?tftJnvvuvutiitJ; nl3L'Yl'Vl"l. ft1U'nfillri~Vl1Vi'Ylrn, 2s1s ~.mtJt<~ 1flllflm::un~'ll1m'l~fi::L~u·Hiullv.11'YltJ1~~ ~fl~~n·hu11 m '14fl'lflilw~n-3L~ilft ~tJ1'11t~o lJ'l'l'Vlfl ~'l::i11

so 103 161

£Jnfl11"1J~£J~1'YlU1L"lJ91~1~ 1 ~ qj L'!-4m m3J~11'Yl£Jl~U LL vl-:JLLfl~~£)·h\tui:h.h:: n-1'1-4 (Pr(;!sident) I I I

3J~11'YlU1~£16if -:ILU'!-44\lLL ~\4-:~fi.fl«1Ufl~-:J1imil LL ~\4-:~£Jfi fl11"1J~fldfiufl1"LU£liflifUj m~::iJ "LL"JfU-

L'lfflLL'l£lf' (Chancellor) ~ -:~Ltlu411LL ~U-:JLnflU j L vhth:: n-1u ~flileJlU 1~~t'f1":: 3J1fl LUU

~fuel ~"Jf£l1J LL~ fl:: 1 'Yl£J1 L"ll91

9. flufim~n1u!n.::aiJu~hul1~~,;o~nmuu~u 9 lu.lflnU~'jl!U~ -:~1~fuu 1tl1~1-1 j 1iWl1LUU "qfli -1fl3J1l1U~~-1~9lt'f1~m,-3J" (post­

industrial society) 1!1-1, LUU "qflmmff" (space age) 1!1-1 hi1n::1i'fl'rn'i£J::1,-thLt'f~-1

11m1"L11~uum.Jfl-:~£J~1-:~3J~1fl1fl1~Lfi~~u t~mu rn:: 1u-Hm1"L 'Ylfllu 1flii ~-:~~::L ~u1~11'lutl 'Y'-!.ff. 2526 111"~11"£JL3J71iu~ilufl~~l~\41u~-:~3J1fl~11fln~·£l1n~11" Time 1~~~HUL~fln

IJ

'l~ "Lfl~£J-:~fm~lU1tu." ~;'e)~1J1-:J'YhuLiun11 "~3J£l\lflfl" (computer) 'l~Ltlu~-:~~il • I

1J'Yl1J1'Yl3J1flrl~~LLvl-:IU (Li'fl''Y'-1Yi11LUU Machine of the Year) I '

m13JL~7~n11~'1l'1'YlH1'Ylu1fT1~~1 LLL'l::: L 'Ylfllu 1fliiLLL'l::: m,. Lu~uuLLu fl-:~Du i 1~i:i

~flm:::'YlU~fli.:tfl3JLu0~~1-:J i 1"13.1~-:J~L~rnnum,-flm!l-1 n~11~£l fl113Jf~H i ilfl113J

~l~ty3J1flll~u LLL'l::~£l.:!LUUm1~~'t1u~3Jf.l ~7£1 "t1u1fln" ~1f.l L'YlflUf1~7£J1~m,-'l~3J j

Lfi~~UL~ 3J£l ~-:~1fu ~ -:~£ifl113J~lLUU ~~::;@i£J-:~f~ 11.1,- LLm 3JtJ fl~UL UU. Yi Lff 1!1-L ~'Y'-!Ufl-11'1-4 ~i £l

L ~1WU1~"ll£l-:J~\41f.l-:J1U~N i 13.11 n::: L tlu"ll£J-:Ji'_!U1fl~i m£Jn"Jfu ~ -:~1fu~::: L ~u 1uu 1m1

u7,;''Yl~Ht'1U f,!1~1~fl~ fl1"3Jfl£l-1~H j £i1fl·Hfl11£lU13J~-1L~7ilfl113Jf£l~U£lf.J j £i

m1f~~ ~m~m~~ULiUULU~UU 1tJfldL~ 3Jfl ~£lU£lflL wttmnnm'lLU~ 1£Jfll~ L ~'Y'-!Ufl-11'1-4 ~i£1 L ~1WU1~1~'Lif.JU~£l L U ft tmTU1l1UUflfl LL«1 V -1ft13J111lf1J tl113JfL ~3JL~ 3J~1fl fl11 £l1J1 3JYl Lff 1!1- ·

LUUflf -:~m11 L-rlu "l11fu~1u I " "'

eJU-1 fl11 flfll!I-11JNU1::: L11'Ylil~fl'l!l-tu.:::Lu 'Y'-11::111 ~-:~it'u ~-:~ilm1f~41-:11:::UUflT~flfll!l-1 _::. !'I "" " " ,:t 'l • 0(. I ..J <'~ t <'~ 'l _ULuUL£lflL'Ylfl ~1£1 Lu'Y'-11::'YlH "lJU U«muU91H j L-DU fl113J 1) 1-1L1UU'Yl~11 U

n£J-:~'t1'Y'-1 2) m,-i:ih-:~Liuuf\l'lmi'n,; 'lum3Jf\L'lmm 3) h-:~Liuu117~n,-,-3J1wr~ LLL'l:::

4) h-:~Liuum,-11.1,-1!1-mu Ltlu@iu

' "' 10. nu~ml~~~~~l11JltJ'UO~fll1~~1Jffflt-Jl

m1flfll!l-1~1~n~113J1ii'Hii\utlunTl~~,.1JJ i riu1ut~uij1~L~1:::~-:~11Ltlu,-::~u'l~ LL~rifl3JLUU ~Lif1 'l ~11'J~~-:~~3J1U~1 £J~~3Jfl~\41;J:: LU'I-4~ mfnl!l-m::"ll£J.:tfl11 fl nl!l-1 13.1-lH:::

Ltlu,-::;~uu,-::113.1 3Jnu3J ~i£J~~3J 'lu,-::;~u~~3J (~·-nit~nf£J~H i riu 1uml!l-1e1-:~nql!l-

162 so 103

Lorltt post-secondary education' higher ed~tibn' tertiary educafion) si \ILU\4 m~fl fl'li1 . . . '

\UlflL v.ilennnmf1u \I flU ~Li'uufiii1'tJ1~q; ~rd¥7':t1tl~u j ~~ 3Jfl m;.1~erllL ilut'fl \l"llfl" I t•. ·. I

LLfl~~1if1f1~fim~£iL~i' 111'W LUfl1~ L~flfli"lf1YlL;rJ"r; fl11'1JL vhfl£i1flfl1~ LL~~ ~~if tljqj1 .

fl1~f:l~3Jflf11~t1£iiJ'f"lfty1fl1'1-3 j flij, 2 LL\41 UUl~l1~~ ilfl''ll~~~\1~3J1UflflL~fl f1"l13JL ~flL ~fif'Yl1\IU tytlj1'VI~ fl ~ t1Ul1Y'l'i1ifl1~vt,J~1\t\li\-~JiJ~~ 1u"lfuLi~·fltl UUl~i:UH i\ fl11

fl1~Li'£1'1.!.fltt'l~if'Ui'YIV1~U'VI7fl3J'VI1i'YIV1~tl~~flfl~.,1il\li\\l~nt~hLU'Y11\IiJ~Ufi f!f) L~flth~ ltJ"lfU

'lu 'YI1\111.Jtr~,3J 'luLd~11if1f1~ (L-rlu m~iinun-:~) · t..U~~ 'lttLL~i \lf111 (L ~mn,-w~u 1) ttflfl ~ ' .

~1flUU\Ifl1~1lfl\lfl1~f:l~3Jflfl1j1LoWflfl1~t'ffl~fli' 'K,mfifl1~"1Jfl\lfl'!.t.Lfl\l {social prestige) ~1£1

nt~

H 1'VIi''IJ~~~\I'VI ii1U"llfl\1~~3Jfl fl~1 'l ttft1U ~L~tllfl'IJ'W~:;~1"1fUqJ~11'VI11'Yltl1~tl9i1\l j

'l u th~ L 'Ylfl 1 'Ylmtu iln ~e1111.J1~ flfl 'IJ ~1n d t.h~.n11 ~ \I~L;iuu"llf) Liuw i'D "'l ~f1~fl \l~fl \I flU ' "

LWB~:;mn 'lum1~~~1il\lit :

10.1 ~1ti'Ylfl~i"lf1 (~fltt) '

10.2 LL~1\I'VI1f1"l111fLoW11 (1~D)

10.3 L~13J~"llU1\IiJ1~"1f1 (u1m7'Yl1\li"lf1m~)

10.4 ~\I'VIU1L~1111'~Uli1111 ( ~ \IL~13Jfl~ULL~~3J,~fl'YIH1'~Uli~13J)

11. th~lfll1'UtHtl111J-f1'U1~~Utlfi'Uflflll1 'It •

f11111fm~LLU\ILUUiJ1~ L1l'YI9iH j fitt ~L;iuuL ~Um1~~LLU\IU1:;Ul'YI1~n'lenf'fwfi~ f1~1U i fiu 11'41\ld .

I "" I II.# 1 I

11.1 l'lflfl,_ Liluf111a.~fYILilu~,.,~"llfl\li'Yln1m1LL"1Ju"ttu 1 .n \ILilu t~l1"Lifl\l'ti1 1 1tJ (L'liU i'YIU1fl1~fl'fi11iJ 'VI~fli'Jfl'1~fl'fi11iJ) LL~~L~fl\1Lu'W1:;L~1:;~\I (L-rltt L,fl\1

L~tl1fl'IJ~i m~ v.7flf1113JW3JoWU1h~v.1HiJ1~t 'Ylfl'"llfl\1~'1-t. 1~itLsntl LU\t~U) fit~ 11.2 l'lfloVvt m~iiLdflv..J1nui"lf1iJ1~ m'Ylv.~" v.7mL3Jm~i \li"lf1tl1~ L1l'Yl~ 3

LL911aJ1~~1fiw~"v.a.~~ m1~ 1LLun1111flflmiltti"lf1'~'W Ltlu m1 L ttuL1hv.a.~1v11 L ~fliJ~:; 1u"lfii

1'" m1n 1111'V11 L j[l "-now 11.3 l'lfl4Wtnl'U 1~LLfl f1113Jfl Ufl tli.~1'Yl1\l~ L UU~U 'Yli'6v.7 fl £ifl113J~:;·L~tl~el flU tJ , ,

LL~:;~n~" Lorlu n1\twut ~ufli' ~fl1fl113J tJ~a.~1m~11 1"1f1~U"lffl'IJLUUL,fl\lfl11L~u ~ nL~1LL~:;m~ ii1 ~\tva.~ 1 U111ilfl 'VI~ flf \IU1:; ~ ~fl13J~ ilt!'Yll\11' ~u 1i113J~ m~~1\t flU 'l u 'Yl1 \1

1'flq

so 103 163

. I

11.4 l'lf1lsW-3.Wlfl 14fLLrl fl111Jfen .:~1~~1Ltlt41fEl .:~£lrn7 ~Hlt4L~UJ~'H LLfltn';) t4fitJ u .

1~tJV1:: H'U 1111 m 1'1f1L it .:~;11~VMltl~ \11111 il~flfl t:ll~fl 1111 ~1 L \lw1f1~ L ~71tl~t4 'Vl1 'il tim 11J~"JJ LU\4H1t4L v. 1l) 1'1f1L~ \liJ1~ L flv1il't1 .:~fitJ1111t ~n\J ~l!ii91t4L ~iitr qjVt 1UEltJUt:~:: El~L t4 "JJEltJ L"JJ~ ~ 1 fi~

lwrn..1tf ..1fl1J1'YltJ1 ''Lt ~1~" LfltJ1fium7il3.l1.p~vtf1J~t41f~~YiElH 1Jm1~';l::'t'i1L ~El~ t t4 'i ..1fl1114fm.lH11'l.J't4

Lt4rn..14i'1t4~911nm , 1'1f1 ''Lt\liJ1~" L~EJ1fl'IJ1111i1""JJ1l1Yi~~t~1~nfi..11t:~L~m1i'Lv.~~t:~ LU\4n';l1~1 •

L U4f1t41111li'YifVitJ1111 l'il11sW-3.Ulfl Vt1J1tl~ ..1fl11~£1H ~ ~ El fl111J1 El'IJ f!Eltl L \41111

1ini'Yi~~u L"lfu 1~~1::v.d~L·wiltJ1 v.1m11JL~EltJ';lt4Lfiu1\J dju#f\4

, 11.6 l'lfl'U'111flt11fll'lfl'thu111'1fU 1'1f1dLiJt4~ El..1"1JEl ..1~~ ~ 1U fl~ ';l:: 'Vi 1V7::1tJ'1fULL n ~1\4713.1 ~~~1U flV1:: L1l'Yidm;Ji1El~m\'1 rlElt4N1U111-ifl fl'li1 LLflfl11 flfl1i1"1f1EJ L «t~n1 if fl11 d I I ~.9:'" ') " 'Yl;J:; Yl 1~ U.I.LLfl H1\4 713.1 ~ 'YIYl ..1 ~Wl::tJ::tf\4LLt:~::7:::tJ::tJ11

12. UlGJIW1011flfllJ1U'JO u

\Jf'1fqj1fl11 fl fl ~1 LL1 Tl'Vl1ElUU1~t1~-3 L ~fl111J~ 1~qjfltJ1'1f1fl11 LL ~:::l'1f1'fU'1filtJ L UU

Dt4~tJLL1fl ff1t41'1f1V1:::L1l'YI~U j ~El11i1m11Jti1~qjUEltJfl11

~ 1 v.fu Vi' 'if qj1fl17 ft m~1 uu 1~ttfl-3 L \tt411f11fYiLL t:~:::1'1f111f1 91 'Vl1 t~1'1f 1"111 v~ 1J'1fu

~ 1 U l'1f1 Tl17 n £ifl111J~ 1trl}J L ULLJ~ £lfl111J~ 1L iJu.YiJ ..1fl Tll!-1 ~ 11 ::'11El \ll 'YI tl 1 Tl11 LL "1JU~9h \1 j

'V'lElm7 El~" 1'1flth:: L1l'YI~" i tfu~t~11i1~ tu.~1UEltJT1~1 .I "' _. ,o4 .. • I .i 'l·"' ,. Jl " !"I "" u1"1fqJ1nl1flflM111\11tt11U-3 u1:: ~ ..1t~;J:: 'YIT111~~1Jf1Tl~1~1 1\1 fl111JL uULt:lfi'Yll\1

l'1f1flli' (academic excellence) -~..1d Ell';lfl~11~\1Lth'Vl111tld1~ty j ~..,d ~m ~ElL ~li'V\1-. I '

i'Ylm«miluLL v. fi .:~Yi L~1tJ1JLL~::tJn~·hu V.t~1 ""1J~1!-6~~u ,~~Uqjqjl Dt4;J::ff "~ t:~L ~fl11111El'l.Jl

Lt41'1f1fl17LL"1JU..1fl1..1 i LLNt Yifl1~ 1l'Vl_11'YIEJ1f!lf'l11~..1ff ..1Lfti1lm1f1~1i'u ~~ffl? .:~i1m1tnl'tJH~u L ~ff t:~\J1~u 1i111JL ;Ji qj\lil Tl \lUI titJ17t11111fi~LSiltlElfl11Tl7~ ~UL i'1m111fl~ L iJ ..1~f1..1H11II

I ' I I I

ElU-3 1JV111'YIEJ1ftlfl17 LtlU'a\4~1111 Lft1\4 1"1JEl..1t! tu.rnflLL~:::~n';l:; LtJut)' tu.sn~ L UUH mu fi"ll11::: I

~1..1fl111Jfl~fl111JL ~\4 fi~~1il (ij;J,.1fii)jLLt:l:::El1'1f"!f1) LLt:~::t~~El~fl~El\lfl'IJVt «m Vt~~ t:l LLt:l::

LUULL1m .:~~tf1J1J1"!fU~~i1tyqj1<Qij\';lLLt:l::: 1n17111 .

13. nm~JNt\IDo3f!~lJflO'YlflUIUfGJ~qJ1U10

L ~El'IJ11 qL~1'Vl111tJtl..1fl ~11 ll'Vl11'YIEI1fr.ltl11JtJi''IJf 'IJ1LL'l1ld~\lfl17 £ifn ~tu.::: ~ ..1d fl ~11 ~ El

164 80103

i\~ 111VleJ\n.J ~tl~ ';11 flfl1 11111' -111 ~~ L flrn f1t1fl1'l~·~'4 1tJL~ ~~ fl1111bfl ~tl'U. 1'V11"1Jt)-lli -llfl11111tl'U. tl fl

dju ~~-II ilL~~ 11lVIL~11~L'U.flT'5 ~~~'U.bL~1-I!WlU.1\::;fl1117~'U.fl~11.h~ L~'U.Utl)'VI1'U.1'U.1th~ fll7 Lb~~ /

ilm1 Vltlltll11~17'VI1'YlHLLif'l"llLL~~4il L itum1 .· ·

mh~17fl~111 am~n.L~~bfl'~Yfltlfli1L~~~it'f11t.JL Ubi! -II'Yl q"JY~ ~ ~flfltlfll1l Lfl11~ ~

Utl11vl1-11';11fl~ mV~m111Lilu1t.I~LLYf-;J7 -11 n~nt'm 111Ylfll1i11~~nu 1~111llt1Ue:Jn~ -llilm7bll~uu~ LL t.J ~ -II tl ~ 'Yj fl"lJ Ul.~

~-;JtJfll7~fl'lY1'VI1D ~ -IIL~tJfl11 11 ru..nfl '\Jitytyl"l1u" ~~l'U.fl~11~m~n LULLU1t.li''l5ty1 "' I "'

ih ilu ~l'U. 1U111fl :iJnilm111t1.-u. V11~il1u "1'D1fnti1 '-1 tt.J" i\1'l51;JVI~YJ~huH ~ n'Yl -lltll-;J

i\7~Utl11~1i!i'um1t.l1 -lll.b~-111.1.~1 ~ -IILU'U.~~'Vt)f ."1'l51~U"lftl'U" el'u1~LLfl fll1 L y;'U.~ ru.f11

"lJtl-llfl~t.I1~'U.li1111~1-ll i

t.l7 ty ~1"lfu el'u1. ilu~ ~~ ~ fl"lJ tl-llfl1'1 fl fll=nL~~~d:iJ111.h ~ ~ u flth~17 f1 L ilu.L tl'U. n t.l'l::; m1 1 u

fll1~-;J~U1~qn~1'l51~L1tJul ,XL '!Xu wun1u 'Yl1-llfl11&l~Yl·LL~::;Yl q"JY~L ,XL-ll1nu~ 111Vl~ LL Yf-;J1-II"lJtl-ll

i-llfl11

t.li''lf ~1m1 ~ n 'JY1~ nih1 111if1-11li'ui\~,Xm.,tlit'u~~ u 'IXDtJ ~ -11 ~~ft -111.~~ 11LL u 1t.li''lf ~1 m1~fl'lY1L,5u11d1uqf!du_,i\t~~th-ll ~t~nn"~fltl U1tl1tlbtJD{~ Lfl11. i"lfcnu~ (Hutchins) 1

tl~ fl tl ~ fll1 'U ~"lJ tl-111l'VIl1 'Y}tll a tlbb v\ -II'U.f11ilm1 fl LL a:tilu~ ~ ~ ~ .,'!~'U.6 ~ fl '!Yl ~ muu U1 ::;'151 ~ t.Jt~ tJ

(Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions) m Ufl'1'll'l\\~1'Ul'U111 L'U.11~i'!Lbfl~v-ltliLittJ .. '

fl1111~~"lJtl -lli"lfil'U.LUU fl11i'U"ti1 -11111Ylrt3J1i1f1L1li nhu n'VI ~1tl flU 1111Yf -11-;J tl v;u b em 1

mi~Ul~ U1bL1l'U. (Newman) 2

cv ..:t :.i.l cuVJ ~ ... 1 J"'4 U1'l5~lfll1 fl fl'!Ylbb'U.11.b1fl'U.L 'U. 'U. 'VI'U.fl LU'Yll-11 "ftauflU1\JI1flO'Ml" (liberal education)

~ -111.11-llfl{ -IIL1un11 liberal arts 'VI111tlii-llfl~t.I1'Yltllfll'l~l'h 1,XfluilL~1 (liberated) 1.11-II'Yh'U.

1 Vi'vf'V~Yi "3-~n~~ n1Y1" ~ -'~'V1111tJii-l!m1'VI ~~tltlfl'VI1Dm'l Lilu~~"5::;-;J,ntJfi~'VIiDml1JL~tl~h-~~ i ~t.l11fl-;J1m Vlil~ ~

1 ~L ~ lJLfhJlu

a. Robert M. Hutchins, et a/. What's College For? Public Affairs Press, 1961.

b. Robert M. Hutchins. Learning Society. Praeger, 1968.

c. Robert M. Hutchins. University of Utopia. University of Chicago Press 1964.

2 John Henry Cardinal Newm<)n. The Idea of a University. Christian Classics, 1973

so 103 .165

lp. Utllqjllhlninua~ "1~flnHil't)!ty1" ~~fl~~"ll £h'ltJf"'l qJ1 fl1"H~ m;.1 LL '\.nd fl fl m·n~'f N'\l' Tl fi 9l US:! "\t n1"111 1117, tJ1:! L1l'Yl

I

Lt~'i~Yl q1Y~ ~UT17:!'t1-3ij~ 1EJ1L~EJT111LUU "'\l'n1"111LftU" ~fl iit~t1~rl'UV.~Tl1"111LLU:!LL'\.41fl9l

L~-3 "ihirEJ" (deduction) 1 :I.J1T1Tl11 "lltJirEJ" (induction) nnih'lXtJV.3.11EJ~-3 nni-3ft:l.l~iij1U I I

... ... .... I fl ... I k VI k !"I ~ I "' .. 'M-£l'V\Sfl'Yltlt111Lu'\.4,-,7 -3fl~LL-rf1 (axiom) ~ dLuULTl m'rl flEJ1-3Ylftfl-3 (induction) V.3.11tl.tl-3

-----. ' ,,

Tl11~,-,,-, m1~IfD~L ~.L~1-i~t~ flt1YiEJ1V13J~ft 1l1Yifl17 tJ1 ~ -3LtJ~EJULLtJS-3t1~ Lft:l.lflLLS~U 1ltJtJ1:!~Tl~ 1. ,n '\.4111 fl tJ ~l)li

v.1n:1.1v.11Ylmit! 'l.t~itv:~.~tJi'"'l qJ1m1 ~ n1Y1m:I.ILLu 1 LL1 nd tle:J:~.~'Yl1 1. ~ « ml!uL£JuLmHLtlu

1tJ'lultJ"lleh'IT111LUULL'UtiV.£l1:1.11U-31'l1-3 (ivory tower) flflfl~L V.Uflft 1l1Yi~Ltlu,-,7 -3V.~m V.fjfl11 m

~Lfit~~u ~L~Elt1L~V-3"llt1Lf.,111 "tfqjqJ1tJ11ft1'Yl" v.it1 "flqv.1tn1Yl1-31"111Tl17" ~mtlu ft 1l1Yif111 m~V:1-3~1Tl~fl-3'Yl9lSfl"'YlH1'1'1EJ1fl1R9l-f LLS~~fl -3'Yl9lSt1-3'YlHi -3fl:l.l 1~LLfl Tl11flij

1nS,-,1TltJ11Tli)fl11 m~Lfttl~'\.4 ue:Jn,-,,nd tJ11V1f11fl'LLS~ LL1 "m~~u~H 1 'l.u«mu'l.\tJ7~ L1l'Yl "tr qjqj1tJ71ft1'Yl"

dijLLU11'\t:~.~~,-,~~~fl~UL~Lft9l~flfl~tJ1~L1l'l'l~,RUL,-,L7VUWt.LhV.1fl11a.rfLLliytm~fl" ~flV.~-:1 I"' "

1~ L7 "LU1R LL V:"fl11:1.1f«u hehU wll'.:~Se:J v.im«1U 1fltJH1~i!fi~u~t~ ~.:IU'\.4 ~L~VtJL7tJ.:!

~.:IL ~Ufl11 L..01~ "1J"'Ifl'Yl1.:1Uqjqj1" 1t~mtJ7EJtJL fiVtJrlti'Yi11V.:I.I m1J"'IT1 L UL1 Rft'\.49l1"11191Tl \J"'ITl

1~14fu711lflfl1V.11'1'1HU qj qj1 LL~tJ711lfl fl1V.11 ,-,ULftU"llfltiL"lJ9l LUT17 mil "1J"'Ifl'YlHU qj qj1"

~t1~u71n~m1:~.~f1t~v1~f~:~.~ ..... .. ~

16. u1~tlJ1fl11D~lJftfl1!J1UU1tl"tN u '

"' fl11ll9l :l.lfl fl1Y19l13JtJi'"'lqj1UftUtlft'11 '\.4 7111 L ~vuf,1ntJ1 ~ Rtl 1111 m v.ie:J-Irm ii ,,7 .:lel'\.4

,-,~ ij~ m~1flfl9l'\.4Lfl.:ILL~~ft'1U113J tJf"'lqJ1fl11 fl Tl1Y19l13JLLU1d~-3 1 ~ L 7vuf1"111tlUU 1ltJtJ1~ Tlfltl

mf'Y'l14fft' .:ILR73.11"111f'Y'lLLS~ "1"111\J"lfl~" v.i fl "1"1J1'1f1V"lt:l.l"'l\l." ( 1111ffnri1flU 1 ~LU'\.4 tJ1~ 1mnl~e:Jft'1U11:1.1) :I.IV.11'1'1V1«EJ L ULL'\.4 1tJf"1JqJ1dff ..'lfl.:ILUULL V. ft..'I~L ~:I.I~Um1ut LL~~ LR73.1Ri1..'1

U'lJ'lJ1 LL~1"111m7tJ1~ L1l'YldL'Il'u ttJ'l u 'l'lH~i'lu ~'\.t 1:1.11tJ7~qnt'iv.ie:J 'l...Om-,t«nu« 1l1YiLL1t~~e:J:I.I "lle:J..'I 1~ntr~~uu ,

1 'l11nl'm?it~uni\4, ttJnJ1l'tyqpitifnqH-1no 1no,tfmqH (fl\~LYI'Vi"l :. 'l1'111l'm?iflu\HI1\4 2524), ...,,x, 1e

LLfl:-:~11'1 37 l\4thil!IUJ'llil~ deduction '"ll "m1\h1l'u, fl1'lW\1l~1flV.fmnm"ti, fl1'l~flililfl" LLfl:: induction ·h

.. fl1'l~tl1l'u" fl1'lft\tl11111tl'l::ft1.Jfl1'l m

166 so 103

I ' <

tff"nty11l'ldftfl1y1LLt.nfi«fl-l~~mYnl.:: \14lf~fiU~~'IIIi'm#h 'I aSJqniflfl (pragmatic) ... I f < I I ...

LLU 1i1L '!!u m1th~q n~1"lf1f111 LL~~ L 7ll Lilu flosufuf1u 1~uli1 hi LLlt 'Jfl'J 1llfi~fl~ Hfi « fl 'lit

ilfl11 « mu\t~~llftfl'l~tl\UULL '111~-l1h~ft1YI,"01fl11 ~ -l~-1'11\Uflhl'lu 'nNf117~;,::; 'l{t ~LUU tJ1::: 1u"lfiL141

11. tlf-u,;tHon1/fi111Jfhf&ih.nb~lu'V'd tJi'"nty1fl~H~H fl-ldL ~U 11 f117ftf11~·1ri~~'ith~ 1f1H~~H ~LUUL oWr.J -lU7ty ty1'11UU1::: Lll'n

~~fl11llf,r1 j 1tJ 'llli'fl'lll~1r.J j L~fl\1 LLthl'l1tJ'li'tf1r.J~ULfl'I13J14f. f11m~~fl'J1llfll1fl LL.i1llH1ll11 nu 1m 1llft.fu 1 ~Lilutl1~ 1u"lft11~~fii~~L Vir.J"llfl'11 'nr.Jf1~1Tl1 "fl11llfrb li~'J

t ~ '

Lfl1fi1 hhfl~" li.1.'J.flflq'ni U71Lll"lf l~LfltJ'l)ltJ1tlfl11ll'lllll1r.J"llfl.:lfh~'IL Viuit1 111Lilfl~

fl11llfLiJULflUflflUU~;)U "rbli~'J" ~fl iJf!~tJ~~1'11\li~Ufllln1 L ~'tf1tJ~ULfl'113J1~ L Vi71:::

'Yhli;)U 1llH1ll17t11~ULL~~ L ~U L~fi111r.JUflf11~

tlf"lf qj1f117 ftfl'IY1LL U 'J~ff-fl'ldL ~U 11f11'H~fl'l~t1fl11 ~f1 ntth.Jt~f1 ~flULL~:;.ielf117W~U 1

i.:lflll .,t.:~di!'l'ti11~~LiJULL1J1J "tl,-~ Lr.J"JfUitr.Jll" (utilitarian) m1HL91ll~tl ~f) il'l'tiL~fl t11~ 1u"lfU'n1.:11'~qLL~:; L ~m~!1ufi1L rht.fu n~11 1~u«,tln~flf111flfl'lj1L ~fl "m1w~u 1"

<II ol\ IU

18. fll1flflWll'Wtlfll'J'WfU'Ul

LUU;);)UU~~L ~U~'Jr.Jti1JLLU'Jfi~dtl.:l "m7flfl'lj1L ~flf117~~U 1" ll1fl~U LLaj;,:; ~ , v ,

fl'J1llfi~L ~ULL~fl.i1.:1fiULU71r.J~~L~tJ~fimll 1 Uflfi~'n11Ltlfl7 3Jurfi .:~1tJHflUfl~~el\lfl qlY LL~~ Liir.JU '11\U.:!Stl~LL Vi-i 'Ill ~1r.Jll1fl 'lut11~ L 'n fT1 'nr.J 2 14JLLft 'UJJfllfltli f1 ~1111t11~ L~U w«fl"llfl \I

I A f'l " lllif .. ~ ft A U ~ u ~ fl A ft

f111f'lf11Y1fl11LuU f111Lflr.J1r.U '1111fl f111 111l!Hft ri1Jfl11l!LuU;)1 'I -(relevance)

'luil fl.f'l. 1974 ft111U1U1"lf1i1L~flf111flf11Y1 (ICED) ~.:l~tf1Ufl\11Ufl~~it'Jr.Jflifl l~L~ l!Lfl1 .:lf111ftf11Y11"lf1L~r.J'Jti1JUY.11J1'nf111~~llftf11Y1.iflf117W~U 1 f111flf11Y1L'fl .:~dl~i L1~1tl1~~llui'n1Y1'1111i'fl ~ 'ILUU11flj1W'llfl.:ILLU1dn11 2 1J f117flf11Y'l1fv'l<fn ~1Df1Ufl~ .:1

1 ~ Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University, New York : Harper and Row, 1963.

2~\t~Ga~~ f\a Small is Beautiful :Economics as if People Mattered, New York: Harper, 1975 -!~

iltJYl~~~ffi1-\'tn1:1Jtht'f'IJfiUbLWlf\flLil ~Yp11i tia nl'l~~~ 11flvt'h~~n~t'f'll.jflflfl bLfi:.:LtJ~m'l~~~ 1LL1JtJ "il'rf'lij:IJ1" 1flv1li

lfa~thLtl~1fl'l~n1'lL~qj 1 ti1fl~1Tl1fl1'l~f1l!l1fl'l'lLtl~1tJL~a "relevance" ~f1~1'lfitJ ~.Yl.«i'«~ «~fi1Ylii -i~Ltl~

ll'11n1'lflf1l!I171:1JftiJ!J~~~~£l~1'(1Vfl£l~~ '\lifflLfl£li;J:,:tj~bLri!1'l'l:IJ1li~1~\tfl

so 103 167

\

..

lilt! l -r\t111 tm.l.1'1.41"1f19i ~~-.11\411171ttr00£J Lft\4£JLL '1.4::-l1a.J'V111vitJ1«tJtn1SltJYIU1Yitl£l1117~f»\41

1t'f£JVH\t£ltJ 5 'Yl1.Jif1tlfl\4 1 ·

fl12.1'rifl'I-4::Y1.Jm:h1 2J'V111nn«um7~lL U\41117 t~£lL ~i1W1'1.U~£Jflmn7~f»'U 1 14i'LLri

( 1) 11'1.4 ·vn11£J:: 11fltlfl112J~lLUWY11-1H -1fl2JLL~::ifty'VI1i' -1fl3J

(2) fl7:: Lfi~EJ3JtHl1U\4LL~::'VI'I-i1V.:J1\4flH j L ~L ~i ty~\4L ~'el"lhEJW -'IL«i 3.11111~9»'\.111 {3) 1117th::qnfi1"1f11117L~tld-'!LLnUty'VI1 .

(4) «i'HL«iaJ~mm'Vim7flm~n'lwl::Y1'u~\4

19. 1JtlU1YilUU~ftilllUllvt'lltl-3tl11ln.h~&tlft,YilJ

i -'lfl2.11Yim'Yl1-'11117 fl m~1ft\4 hL~fl -'I'U'Yl'U1'YlLL ~:: ft ti1\4111'Vi"!l£l"fl1 ~ _, L\4fl~ilLL~::tf';] ~lr\4 " I I

112J't1 -'!« 1111::flih «"~:: LU.V\4LLU ~-11tl

1. fllLU\4~"1fitm~flfl~ 'lw« irm' l"llntJ ft iJEJeJqnn LL~::« irtJi'fl'l-4111i'l-4 nfileJ'I.4fi'l.4

fllft1\42J111LU\4 'Vi1::'i1 .:J'el1J13Jtf .,1f('e)\4 L ~f) 'l ~fl\4U1::Yiqth.J~llii"1ffl1J fi12Jli112J:: LWt'1'Yllifl1ft\41

1 im1 « fl\4 W1\4 'l 'VI tlJ ir11';1:: L U\4 'l \\'cri£J.:~~lD17 tl11 tl1 fl113Jft 1 L-! ';1"!1£1 .,11111 L 1tJ'I-41111 « fl\4aJn ';!::

1fi';J111fl112JftUI17 tl L\41111~l"!l'el.:JU11L 1EJ'I-4fi13JL~£l.:J111~fll14f« £1'1-41\J fl1;14fi''U1111El11V'tl .J11 I ... I I I

J"l A 'l"' ... ... A... A •'"I ... I ... I ~ "'"' Lu\4L ~fl \41"1f1'Ylft fl\4 L 'Vi71::u::\4 \4ft -'I'Ylfll ft'tl\4 ~ -'!Lu\4 'YlEJ 11EJ£l -'ILL~:: tlfl11~ 11'11fl -'!Lft 3Jfl fll ~il

i'um12JLfl17Vi'll'u~-amlHt't; -'J';J111~h•ii LL3l~2.1"1f\4L£l.Jn'll'u~-afl1L« il-a'I-4L tl'I-4LL'U'Umhm V: -'lfl112J

~-'112JLL~:: fl112J~11fi'el-'! I I

2. rri'Vi'V'l~U"!I-a "fll Li 2JLU £hJ'I-41ul'I.41::EJ:: 'VI«" « lit~ti-a3Jn'l-4 ~ -.1u ';I~U\4 1 'YltJ t~i'u

£111 EJ li112J';J111fl::1''1.4fl11 LL~:: t'f1Vfl113JLLfl1ltl1~fl\4L \4 l.Jf"lf ty11111 flfl ~1 1irm7 fl 11~1 LL ~:: 1111

L1EJ\41111ft'tl\4~-.1«iHU11J'VI1ftULii£l-.13J1~UU~~'l!\4 112J~.Jfl113J*'V13J1V"!I£l.J1117fl11~1nLtJ~m.t.1tJ I I I

LU\4fl112.llfn.J1117N11~ilfl'I-4Lfnm1"1fnn fllL,a.JLuSu1.4J1'1.4::\l111m::3J1LUWJ.rn11«.f .Ji1J1'1.4::Lu\4

iJTI1"1f11TI 1111ft £l\411~1DL!J'U.D1f'Vi L~Dfl1fl1tl-.1f"W-t,; ~'U. fl'U.«1'U. L 'VI tYL y.j -.1L ~-.1~.Jfl11a.JL ~i ty

li'11.41'ilttLU\4LU1'VIli1UL'U.1111~l1-.1iJ1f! Lflli1.,Uff fmSu-.1. 1'fi';J1flfl11ll~-'~tf-'~ fl11i'£J-.1~Wl\4 , u

L ~nm1~11 -1ifv. L'1.4d' -.1flll fllL;' ll~n 'littl'I-4Lfl,n-.1~DYIH1111 Ls:le.J LL~:: a1'11 ';!:: ~11tluu.Jtru ~111 11lJLL~::1::LtltJU9h.J i L'U.1111t1Zlli'V1\t1~ fh L~111Vi'Vi~U'!ID-.1fllL;'2JL~~tJ\41tJ

1Kenneth W. Thompson and Barbara R.Fogel. 'Higher Education in the Nat.~ on's Service. New York :

International Council for Eductional developm~nt (!CEDi; ,1980.

168 so 103

I

3. \lltt1J1DTI11N~flf11; Ltl~vuu.iJa.a\\J ";\"11 "',1l'uihn1 L 'ltu m1~~'U.1Lfl'1 ~!fi "VLL~:: i ~flll fJU1~",.W1£111lft ~LR111L ~tl1::"lf1"lf'U.ai1.,J1U:u~::m:: "V1Df111~~u1Dilfl~ H1U1Jii111 fl

3J1fl~'U. u1£J1J1Df111H~flf11;LU~D'U.LLtl~~ttJ ~.,\1\'Jltl1111 tu.W'U.il ~fl113Jifil ~fl11L'U. fl11~~\l1 1111 ftfl~1 ~~ij'U. 1mJ1D~fll::tt:: L 1~1"11il ~f111~fl81J11lfl1;L ~~'U. ~~L v1Dtl7:: 'VItli'lfh Li'~1D LL~::

I a, I I Q.> I '

~ ~flfl1;1flil ~L ViD ~'riD li'lmi1 v ~1111\tu UqJ'VI1\l'm 7vu hlijfh7vuL 'A3Jll1fl;iuL1Dv i Ltlu

LL'l ~~ ~fltl'U. 1. ~fJU1~ 191EJ1111lfl11~fl"""fll«D.,U.fi'UqJ'VI1~1EJl 15 LUi'l«D'U.~1fl~1 ''"~ rmru~ 11

~flfll L'U. ~.fl'. 2511 LL~::,j1L U'U.fl11fiD3J1~fl~~1EJU fh 1 ~ti13J1 tu.fl1;1 fliL ~ 3J111fl~'U. 'V'U.

Lfiu~1LL 'VIU~~1U3J1fl111EJ 1flm~ ~1:: 1uiY1LiJD ~ LL;l"ll m:: L~v1nu lwnwu'YILL~:: YfD -3tiunu~n1 ff -l'il1f!LLfl~'U.fl1;

A .J! 1. ..J "' I ..::. "' 4. J1'U.::'YlHLfi'1~J fl~"l1El~fl1;flfl.,l1 'U.ll1 ~1::EJ::L1~1fl~fl ~11'U. fl113JN'U.H1'U. 'Yl1~

Lf111;Jn"Vn1L ~fll LL~dh71"lffl111fiEJi1 1tlm1FJt~~ft 11f1 ~fl1J11£1 ~1tl lffJ ~"ll1'U."ll11D'VI111D14f 'W Lfl' ~L ~1l'V1f1L~'U.LiJfJ'U.U1:: ~1

5. ~'Un1::LL1i'l~Dll~H j n1L~fllii17.,l111'U.111YiL~h.Jt-fl3J1if fll~1Ltl'U.iffJ~~'U.1'U. L v1DJ 1'U.::'YlHLf111;Jfi ~ 1Y1D""'U.L 'VIfl111Jft'U. h1tl~fl11,'VI111D1~'WLfl' ~'Yl1~~\l L-rl'U. LUi) ftD'U.

111fll"lf1 'VI1D 13JiiL7£Ju9Jm v1£JL ~3J1fliel'U. 'V\3.11£1 Cl~flntlftJfUL~LiJfJ'U.ft ~'U. LL~:: iiD115:iLfiD1 iift ~ , \J . \J

~'U.LL~:: ijlDm« n11'VIU1L uiihLL 'VIU~'V\U1~~~'U.~1tl fl11~'U.1'U.~ -3111ii11d n1l ~fl tu.111YiLL~:: , fl113JLD1 h LHL'U.fl11« fJ'U.fl13J'V\U1~ ~fl'V\Vil'U. ~" ~f11JT111 tUL'U.l"lf1iJ'ViL ~ 3JLS fJ 11ft ~fl3J"ll1fl fl113J

L~fJ iiD L'U.ii'1fl1 fl1;1llft 13.111 tlfl~« t11U111'Vi~~Lil1J1flii

, I v _. vvd "''"''d 20. lJYilJUl 't1111~~UD~1Jflfllll : fi111Jil11vtU1iii1JlJD11111U11fl1·flliUil't11U

' . 1111 Ltl ~[J'U.LLtl ~~'V\ ~1Dtl1::m1l'" i ~fl3J n 11 ~u'Yl 'U1'Yl'V\7 Dfl113Jill~u1h:: 'V\ 1Hfll

nu~~iiLLflfl911-31tl"V1flL~3J L'U.1::D:: ~ijh ~L7D'U. 1'Yl 'V\1D h ~L7D'U.ft 2l'DnD'U. fl111li3J~'U.I 1:: 'V\11-3fl1; nu\l'm7Du2l'n Lfl ~~i'lfi'U.3J1fl ~D fl1; ilflYI111J L fl£J1fi1J~'U.L Vi 'V\1 D fl1 D 1Jflf1"llil ~

~ a, ~ I

·" ... ... ..J .. .. ..it: .If ."t: J'! ·" ... .... .. ... .. .e 1-41flL1£1'U. LL~::llfl11'l!1£1L'V\~DLflD~~ri'U. u'V,u'U.l-tl 1-t~f1L1"£l'U. 'U.flfl'fl~1 3J111n"ll'U. fl11Tlfll; I .

"V:: LfJ1 h Lft tJLL~LL1J1J Lfi1ln1 1111.;' fl(;ij'VIU 1Yl'V1\l'111tJ\ 'U. 1111 a1£J'Ylilfll"tr1LL9JDOHL~£11 fl1111 I \

i11~u f~ ~~'U.111 L 'U.1;U"llD ~1111fi fl1;1J1DH11VV ~fl ~· 111'ViL tluiifl1"11D "\l'm 7vu \l'nfi fl1;1~D

Ltlu "t>l911fJiifl1" L'U.LLJ"llD~\l'm7vu \l'nfin,;1LD~ 1i'IDL~'Vi1::1-u,-::.;'u£l"llflfl1;1 m~

m~ LL~lfl9JHfi1JfJ1~11V1ll111fl\l'fl fl111lft3J~Uf~~:: ilm1 Lfl11"~d1 L 111 ~L 'Vi11:: Dlq~ -3V D ll~fl UfJD1tl LLfid~l'U.fl111lff3J~'U.f~L U'U.fl tu.111Vi"1JD ~1111 flfl1;1 1flm~ 'Vi1:: L'U. 111 m3J'V\11'YID1 ~[J

so 103 169

I

th':::~1l'Ylfltr1fl~"lf1 · 'VIi'Llth::: ~1l'Ylfifu 1.-trJt3J!im·H,ilU~fl~ ~Dfl ~ ~'\.!. 1l'V11~YirJ1«V1111fl1 bL 'VI -3 I

'll'flflf11!-1'VI\'11rJflus:imq~1flf111m;n,-~fi~11111fttn'.ufrJtln

U'YlU1'Yl"llLl .:~m;,116lu,-:::tru~fl1lfl f11!-1~ .:~u 1 ;,::: 1.ifum1 aJirJu L fim.d1 t tluL ~ tlt~u

fY\'IrJ1 milfl1~tnl'flflf11!t1 1fiEJ'YirJ1tl111d1rJ'YlLlfl~"lf1f111 LL\'1:::~"111~'\.1. j L ~L 'Yh~-;,:::~1 t.; bL\'1::: I

L'\.1."11 m::: L~tl'l~'\.1. rJLlu!'Ufl1111tiflfl1111L ~w~m .:~'ll'nflm~i fiLl fum1d1rJ'YlLlflihmXuflt~ s:i~fl . . I i I I .

~.:~~wn;,::: LUU~7111L~'\.I. 'Yl1-3 'VI7mtlu~'V\1rJ7111nU~1!tV"llLl \lfl'\.I.L YlLl tu~-3fl1111'f fl'v.Yifitf m

~dflt~ "fi1!tVft'VI1rJ" LlU1-3t11ifl111 fi~~'VI1rJ il\"ll';,:::'V1111Dfi111111Ltlu~~.,\uft11Ll m~116 '"'

vnil1ll fl~ft'V11tlli'-3LU'\.I.fl1!-UL'\.I.a'\.1.~1JLL1fl 61

ft'VI1rJ" LWrl'\.I.~UVt~-3 ft'VI1rJ m nU'V1111tJtl-3

rn1 Luu~t~u 'Yl1~111L ~Ll tu~~11LL vl-1m13J'f m,1,.m u1:::~u~.-t11flm~t1~n1 ~1Llmftunfln1!t1Luu . ~1"11Ll-3~1LEl\l fiLl l~i'fnLffl1111flfl i:lL"ll'~1rJT111Yf'i1ftLl'\.l. L ~';lfl ~1LltJ1-3L~rJ1 Lrl'flUflflf11!t1 . u

« 11111 ~tifl1111flfl"ll~ \lfi'\.I.LLl .:~t~ (1flrJ tiL 'VI~~ \'ILL \'I:::U'\.1.11 f1 J1W1JLl \lfl1111'f~ LL 'ti ;,i -3) fim ';l Sj

«mv.Luu«'V11rJ 1uilnfi1111'VI111rJ'VId.:~~Ll «VI1rJ 'VIi'Ll ~71i!m:::l·h L~Lllf_,u,::: 1rJ"lf..rl~ I "'

. L TiflLLrltb::: L 'Ylfr"lf1~ fl111li11~Un LLU1Jtl1';111Ui:lfl1- fi 1!tU~'VI1rJLi11iiU11fllJ111fl;j'\.l.

J 21. 1JYl1JlYI'Utl~tllill1lJ

'VI~flLU'Yi1:::Yi'Yl1rfr1«U1iiLl~11 'Ylfl~nl.1 tift1 m;,im L1fifl-,~1 (LlH11VLtlutifr1«)

ii'VIu1~~Llfi1!tv1.-trJ«mu~1 ~Ll ( 1) ~1u~LWI1~ LLU:::\b~ (z) «.fl~fl· ~1'VI1LU~~ 't~ LirJu~ (3), «Yi'Yi~~Lu~fl' «11fl"ll1u1u 11111~ ULlflfi\'lu1'YlrJ1ll'1D~11itl.-tu.:~ (4) i:l~fl111-

~L;,u tlijL'lL'Yl~~ rJflULl-3L~U11fllJLULYhlu~.:~ (s). fi«1~ V.1f!m~i nh~~ ~1fl1111 .'1 ~ A l; • ~ J.' I f'l I A a. ..J ..J A ~ I J l; ..! ut:l\1~'\.1. ~'\.!. 'Ylfr'Yl\I'VI \'11tl ;,::; L 'VI '\.I. ~•111~f111f1~11~-3'VI'\.I. 1Y!Lfltl1ft1J1"lf1f111 ~ ~IJ1flf111'VIU-3fl1 \1 iD' -3

I t1 I •

LU'\.1. f111 L·'V\111::: fi11Ll·U1\IV" ~ Yi71::: fl11~ff11~\l. t djtl-3LL1 nfinLlL ~L TiflfllfYUfl1!tV li~Ll f111

· d1rJ'YlLlflfl1111'f 1 \I.LL~d ~~L tlutltl1-1B-1~~L fJufll m-;,1-,h::: ~Ll _, L tluflu ~ s:ifl1111f 1.~1 Ufl1111f

LL\'I:::ffnm1~1fl1111fl ~L ;,i qj_,Lln _,111~.:1 j i\4 11..1 nt~\1. ~1.h::: ~1'Yl~"lf1m1el'u Lfl 1 ~LLn~~"" 91'\.I.LEl \I«Ll -3YirJ1rJ111'VhflU \ ~iifl m 1.t1ft llnUT111 L U\U)1 ';1110 LftrJ fltl'U

1. fll-ElH1""Sli L\I.J1U:::~l1m1ut nn~;,:::Ltlu~fllllfu ~1Ltlu~;,:::~Ll-3N1Uf11:::u1u m1 LirJu fdjwffu i 1flut~ui qJqJ11!fl1'VI7Ll1till'fl1 . LLflm,.l11ufu1e -1t1l~1 L tlu«'fl \IL tlu

Lfl~ El \1 LLft fl -311LfJU~'Yl1 -3fl1111fLL\'I:.ifl111l~U111 a\ '\.1. f111 d1rJ'Yl Llfl111fl fl'Yl1 -11'~\1. 1l1111 L ~LL rl fi1!tv1~ Lft 11e tu ~Ltl\l.m';l11lial'ml:::~JJ_,tJn~~\ «l1fl1i11"11111 ~ \um,. d1rJ'YlLlflfl1111f ~1v

170 so 103

2. LUJ1U~~~LUf11111f ~~\fJ1o\p1J~:lhhfluLiJULf1~£h1fm~LtiULfl~tl~tiQL«11a ViD1D11J 1Avn1'1f1fl17 L vi JJ~1D m79it~fl11JNft"~u~! t~fl111Jfi'11'VI\hrn~11f1fl17 t~~ L ilu n_';J~fl'l LL'VI~~~~a';)~i'fnm"1~fif\a ~t~\lft~fiLLe:~~nnaurtu1fiu~Yl7\l~m1~ -,e:~-,

3. lu31'"~~L viJJ~Uf1111Jf1la\11J1e:I1Jl.\~ fl17flm~1 LfiDLu Vi1~ 1.ufu~t~11flm~miJu , - I

· _ L ft Sjt!U~UULL ~ ~fl17 dlrJYltlfl LLfl:: fti'Hft77ft1'_,U ti771J'tltl \Ia.!~ ~'!f19i 'V1\hn11a \I til ';111U1l'V11-

1'Ylr.J1frJ~\ILflD1WUrl'Ufl11R ~Lft1111YlD1fl11fiH j L ~~ \!Li'ti\I~U 1ti~1D ~ ..1ttLf!Dfl17ifuf11'1

' ' ' ,, , •A .. - n , . . cl cl

22. UYIUl'nautHD19110 'U!l'U~~t16\l ll~mtlllt~ lttllU\It\llYIA

m111iue3t~'1ft!'U11t1\lt11';117utlt~\tnfln1;~t1L'4~1'"nnti7~«1'Ylf1111Jftf\4s:klauL11flLnun11 m1tJ m.JufluLa.., t ~L iJu~iifl m1 fli m::u1~Tl1tthuYlat~1 no1m1fiilfl111Ja 1~tyhlt"llu t~n

m ~d'VIJJ1DC\I m7~tl1';111U~fttiU'~~1l'VI11'n~1ftt•~4{1l-3Lir-linn«auelflLLtle:~nn11iutl-,::_tt1J 'VIi't~3JtiD11, ~uflt~ 1111.-dftt~ULL'U'UL~Li'Duf ~,~,fJ).l';Jfl Li'DU~1tiU1\ILfiD1LL"';l~#fti\IL~iJ flT'H i' DU fl fl ~ 1 rJ

n';lnn",~ i 11a\l~,;v11l~1LiJu~a~·m1::iln£J'VI111Dtf\lllu ft1UL'VI~m7ti1::Vitlil L iJu 1ti~1Df1111JL flrJ'!ULL fl:: fl1111lhi% fl L Ufl'l 1 1JL 'V\3.11~ fl11'U 'Yl 'Ul'Yl'tltl \ltll';l176\UJ1'-l::~ LL U:: LL U 1

Yl1\lrl'UUflflfl1~1 Lflr.Ji1 i 1tl nantfla~1u1181J,hntt fl17LLU~LLU1'Yl'H1u~tt'V1111Dii.:Jm7 fLL ;'1\1 fl11 LL u::\t 1 LL fl~~17L ~.,1tlin~1Utlfln~it& \tJ ~1fl LU ~tl\IL i'nu 'VIi' tiL fl.D1rltJfl11 Li'tJu

fl11l'VIffl'tfl7 LflrJ~'H

· m1 fln~'liu1l'VI11Ylmfn 1. ut11~ L Ylfl1 nn\~nfl1tJLilu m1tf L 1 e:11 1a.~1"11\tan\tll u m ..1~hu

ft';Jfl7711Utlfl'VI ffl'\fl"' t1'..1L ~UU'llfl!)tl~i1 \t11) 1l'flflfl~1~1U 1U 'VI~~LfL 1 fl11H';J1flfl11Lif1

iuLi'DU \tJ\u 'Yl1\lft~flftU 1\4 Lif1'Yi1Utl\l. ''L~flL fi.:~~\ 'VIU \tJ~~u" LfL 1fl11tiLU.Yl1\IUUL fl \1

';JUL ftU Vi£li\ 3Jn iJf1113JftU hLLflfl117~ Li \ILLfl:: flifl fl~U ~1fl fl11 fliflfl1 tl ~'YlH~1U1'!f1fl17 «'1 flftU 1UL UU fl;)~fl1 'V11fltlH11U LL" fl~ flU \l::'Yi1'V1\t1~LL U~U 1LLfl~i'n ~ ~ L ~Uflfl fl~1«U111 1 u Yl1\lfl';lfl1711L«i li'VI fn~mfidaa.~';l~ L ilu nn LL u~u 1t1 · "L«i li'VI «ntt m" flt~11f1fl17~Lfln11i''U 'VIfflftfl"'

tJ

"' ..j , "' "' 23. UYIU1YiautH6191100 ~NftlflfJ1au6~flUfl11 l't\JU\11

11'1~UUtlfl;'l1fl;'l~\t)~a11LiJU "~Sj\;,~..1" (1JU +~~ti) fl11J11flftVi-nLL~1 ~tlrlU11 I - ,_.

Ltlu "L11unifl1" fla ~Ylftt~u1t) Li'nu\t) fl17flfl~1LttDLitmLli~t~1Jilfl111l'V1111DLnun11

so 103· 171

It

11 I I 'i.t

1117 L ~h~~ti'!AtlrJHLfl"U 'Yl1 -31117 1:u.i'!AL ~tl'\.1. LLql'V\111U ~ -3fl17 L tJ ~ti\ULU ~-3YlLfifli1'1.41B1flfl17tffl~U.

~1tl1117tl'IJ711tl11ihfu v.itl,1U1117L~t~fi'Ufi \ILL 1fl «a111 'V\11 j ~1tl f117flfl1~1~{1LflWlleH .

111ti~fu.~fl il~ m~·nfl'~Aa'ltuflm1::f1nfl1{1L Yh Lfl LLfi-3L~11L'Yh Lfl111L Y1u-3~tl · · · I I

1111 timif~ L flu. aT;J17~~ -3L tlu."1wrhiwnv f-11 1 11~ 11111 t1 f-111 11 tih L41 fl L~u1 f-11 111 ti

11U::fl fl ~ 1V.:: tl~ 111fl L ~71:: f117L flu.fl~ el1'l17 ~ L flu. f117 L flu1~1H 111 L;l. ~1:: LLfi fl17 ~1U.fh'f'Ufl171 LLfiV.111U~{If117\'( -3'YltlflfieHJ.7flfl'YlH~ ~\l.f7711 fl17 L~111~'f1-3i {I~~ ~111 L ~il111fl~ ~'U~fl LL~::· 1fltJ LQ vn:: 1117~-fH'V\i atJ, ·3Utl{ILU11"lf\l. '\1\i fl f-1'\.l.~\l. 1 'V\ 11Lif1111i'IJ"JI1 {11117:: fi ;)~ ~ 1 ~qrllfl {1ft ~f111-

l I I I

11'\.\ l!{j Lfl'l.l. YlUflm'IJ11f {lflll'IJLL 'Yl\l. 'YlH'!fl~YiflH17614fiutioUfltl LLflm7tl ij~V.oU 1Yifl1'HL~ fl {I I I

ti'Ylt11'YlYiL V.111::m791eJtil!ii'llf,l{lflU. ;J1u;,u.m::'t1 {1~11117tl~i1{1V.if1L~111~i'1{11 ~Lfiflil "fl"\"lf1fl-

ti ~6'' LL~:: "eJ1\"lJ1flfl ~~" Ufl11rlflL ~Lfiflfl1111tl ~1~ 11U~~El1fl;,:: v.1i "Lfl111L Yiuu Lfiv -31~ LL~::~ ~LL V: -am1 m:: Yi 1 L v. ~,~'" ueJ11ti~ ~« ::'Yi' flu. 1 u. 'YlH~ ~ti flft {lf111 iuf'l fl L fl u1il'f1 "fiu

ft -3fl111'YlU1~~\l. 1fl17V.ifllf {lfl111'YlEJ1~~\l. 1"lf1~

"" v 11.1 ... 24. lJ\111llU1fttJfl\J1ll'llt.UlJ6~

~ I~

11V.11'Ylm«uilu'Yltl1't11u.Lt {lfl17~~'" 1't1-3Ll+"lf'l.l.ti'Yl LL~:: 'lu.Li'lfl" m Yiih::n~11v.'ll'nttl 1u.L~fl{l'll1l-3i -3LL1fl«eJ11\'(1ou~Lilu.Lilfl-31 v.~ . (urban) 1flUL;l. ryi1:: 1u.~V.i'Jm111mtl7:: L41u.1 v.~ ~3JV.11'YlU1~tJtl1;)L~U1fitJ~3J"lJULileJ-3tilf1ufiu. 4 U7::fl17 eif,{lt~LLrl

fl. 11'\1\ 11'Ylti1~U 1'!AJ1U.::Uflfl17 flfl~1

"11. 11V.11'YlU1~U1U.J1U.:: L ~eu.,j1u. f-1. · 11v. 1i'Yl £11 «v 'lu J1U.::~ ~ui m1

{1, 3JV.11'Ylti1~U 1U.J1U.::fl1flrJ1-3"1lfl {1ft {lf-111

24.1 11V.11'Ylmiu1u.~i1u.::\tnm7fi n~1m;,Lir1 1tlilu'Ylti1'Yl 'lu."lf3J"lfu.Lilf1"1.1 ~-3d . , t.h~tn1 U1fl : 11V.11'YlU1itJ~11117 miJu.rrt ~fl17 fl fl ~1 LL1lt~flfl~th:: Lll'YltlH j 1~

1flmQ ~1::mlH~"~~ {ILL~neu.dtllil "~m1~" ~e~;,:: Lii'13JV.11'Ylu1iu1.1 ff1flrJ1{1flfl m1 'f

LUfliu\l'n~~,;1 1flu111~1fi'fl'llf1-.1_ -B~~\lne~.Jl~ 'llfl{IU.f17U1Ufl~fl (CUNY) v.~1uti111LL«1 3

th~tn1~0D~ : 11'V\11'YlU1«U~13J17tlL~fl17flf1~1~£1~1iflt1tl7:: 1u"lf~ti7::L11'YlfiH j 3 I l Q.t ....

L ~eYi;,:: LfliU11fl\l. 1 ~f1~1ouL!Je{I1V. qj LL~:: LL fi'iJ~'V\1 LUfiiL!\e<-3 fl17 fl fl '!;1LLtJtlitm ~713J't1 {lfl17

tiunfin,;1m~1\'i1{11U. 'lu.~3J"lJU. ti1m {lf117 « "unfin ~1flen 1tl1u"l( 11"lJU.L ~ m ilw~~1u. v.~.:J"llfl-3 <i' I

tl1::~ tlfl17 m 'Yl1\lfl17flfl'J;1 LL~::tilf-17 {11117 flfl'J;1LntJ1fi'tlflOUU1m ·.· I

172 50.1:03 ·.:.

•

th~m,~al1J : li'Vl11rnn~£J 1 «m,fln'81"'nf,,1-nm1 LL~~~L~£J1"1r1llJ'Yl1-.'IL 'Yl~ 1t.~.hu ~ -.'I';J:;hh11-.'11t.l. Lt.~.Liifl-.'1 1 'VI qJ Lt.!. 111 md«miTt.~.W4fl1f {F~ls Institute) LL vi -.'lli'V\1l'Yl[J1~[JL wwih~­LdLU[J LL~~«muwtb«~~a Dt.~.«~~bri L~m~fl1\t1£Jfi~~Sju'Ylu1'Ylll111

'' I e,.

th~m1iiil : li'Vl1l'Yl[J1~[Jt;'1ll11t1L « 1111flmY1~fi'Vl1m vhJL~ll1~ Lt.l.m mUli'Vl1l'Yl[J1~[J

~i4L1fl1'ii~ flflv4 i«~fiU~'\.1. (University of Wisconsin) Sj1J'Yl1J1'Yill111

. -• -4 , A "" 0 ~ '\ 'J "' A I

u1~fll1n't11 : li'V\11'Yl[J1 ~[Jt;' 1ll11 tiLL« 9H1J'Yl1J1'Ylt;' 1 flllJ L'\.1. 111':1' L 'VI fl1"'HT 11 'IY1 LL11'Y~~ ~ I I I I ' I

fiijm13J'fm1ll'll1t.~. 1llJU-.'113.lrmYi;J~th~11f11Jf11~Yi1~~ rn11ViLill-.'11t.l. L'V\3.1 i LL~~W111Vi13.l0

-.'11t.I.Yi1;Ji-.'l i 24~2 li'V\1l'Yl£t1~[J L'\.1.,!1'\.1.~1 ~fi\I,U1t.l. -.'11'\.1.~1flllJ~ « fl-.'1~ li'V\1l'Yl[J1~[J;)~ L'ih 1th ~£J1iifl-.'l

' I

nu-nll-nwufl...,~'\.1. 1~Mifl u'YIU1'Yl"llfl-.'lli'Vl11'Yl£J1 ~[J 1t.~.~1t.~.t LU'\.I.L ~flt.I.U1t.~.LL~t w ~ Liifl...,~wa..., , ~ ·u

li'Vl1l'Yltl1~£J1J1-.'ILL vl-.'11~W£J1£J1lJ~;J~«f1-.'ILL~ttli'uth -.'lUi L1 tu.Lm~'L~£J-.'I"llfl-.'l~t.I.L ~fiL ~Lii11i'U . ,

24.3 U'YIU1'Yl~«1ll"llfl-.'lli'Vl11mn~v~ -.'IL tlt.~.U'YlU1'Yl~ L~£Jii1li1LL~L~ll~fl 11111 ~uim1 LLrli-.'l~ll1~ L'lft.~. -.'11'\.1.~1Ul~£J«~ll 'Vlifll~£J~-.'ILL1~~fll!LUU~'IY

24.4 LL'\.1. 1'Yl1-.'l~~~li'Vl11'Yl£J1~£J;J~"Ih£J~~1111l11tl~1111 mLULiifl-.'11~ fi ~fl fl11'Yll~U Ltlu~'fdmh-.'11 ~LLni ...,~ll1um1ui'Vl11 -.'11Ufi~HijtJ,~i'Yl~ mw

25. tnnim:n 1~th~ nlftfl'.mqM

~11llti 1flllJ~ ;)~ 9i fl-.'liim1"1J[J 1£11111 fl11 '!Y1L u 1 ~ ~U'fl~ llfl11 'IY1 L U'\.1. ~~1~ wtl' 11 nu 1~[] i1hlLL31tt.~.th~ L 'Ylflel-.'111tl'IY ~ -.'IL~£J~1n~~1U1U~L1£JU 1 Uli'Vl1l'Yl£J1~£J el-.'111tl'IYL~£JLUU~m 11W

~L111£J-.'11mLL~D1U H 1 Wfl1~ 1tli1~uth 1~11;JU 1~i'U11l1"1JU 1'\.I.U 1li11LUUth~ L 'Ylfl~W1~fi1Yl~U 13.JL~£J~11~U LL«U£J1~111W"llfl-.'lel -.'111tl'IY« 3!£JL~fl 13-J~i U'Yl fl111 '!Yllld'J ;)~ L ~£J1iffl-.'lfl~1-.'l~ 1 ~ llJrlU

1111~ el -.'111 tl'IY 1~ L ;Ji llJrl11Wtl'1'Y11-.'I~ ~tll'Yl£J11111 fi~H 1 'VI qj'Vl ~1-.'1 1 'Yl£J111l11~ 119\1[] « 111W L UU I ~

e11u Hm-.'lm,..Lilfl-.'1 LL~~fll11i1m1 LtJ ~[JULLtl~..., 1 u~1u~'YlHLfl1 'IY~n;JLLfl~ 1111 Lilfi-.'IL n~iit.~. ~f) ~ .~

el-.'111 tl'IYL~ll~fi[J LU~1UWl1liL ;Jitl}@]1..:J i I I I I ~

flU el -.'111 t1 'IY~ 1'\.1. 1U 'Vl'U-.'1 ~ -.'1 L i l!iJU~1 LL ~ ~ W£J1£J1llffU 'V\1 « 1 L 'VI~ LL vi -.'1 1111 L «fill f'111 ~ fl1

"llfl-.'lm~ L'Ylfl .1~ii11n«' ...,~tu.t~i ...,m~mnm1tJ "~..11u" 1u«'Vli'!f1Lllimmtll1tu.ti~,[J'Ylfl111"~Y

r 950 ~·f~ Mi fl1111 llfl-.'1 L v;'\.1, ~~tlfiU "llfl-.'11~ uu 1111 ~ 11'1Y1"llfl-.'lel -.'111 q 'IYL~Wn ~~ -.'I~U

50103 173

1 \

I

I I

L Yhf1Li:l'l.l.3J17~1.Jtlfl11flrl1;1c! ~1lqbt£lLL\l. 1l\l'3Jfi;J~ ~1fi'fl~1\l. 1\l.~th~ ~ ~~ LihL 7FJU L \1.

tHnl1wi'l.l.tlfl3Jflflbt1 fl17~D-31lqbtl3.1Ltlfllnm~ 1 ~ilm1 tifnbt1 1\1.7~ .rtJ3J~11'YlEJ1itl 111n ,

tlmi'l.l. 11 LU\l.~~L ~'l~~-3~Yh 1~c!-3nq~uJ ~v ~~ L\1. m~tJ'YltJ1'Yl~£l~nm7 L£ln ~.,~~1Hth~ L 'Ylfl

LL~~l~ilfl11~flff~flm::n773Jfl11L~ilflflbt1L~D~dlfltl Lord Robbins LU\l.th~ll'l'l.l.N~n~n s:i

if~ L~'l.l.mL\1.~ 1 «Ltlfl~ 111 1'l.l.tlfl1H~ n bt13J11l~'l.l. ~ .:~dfln in~Sjm.,tJ~ll'ilmll<fl'mL "~1111f" 1111~ ~ iim1Ltlfl "3J~11'Ylmivfl~1fli"l11" ~u1utJ .fl.fl. 1970 (Yi.fl. 2513) LU'l.l.fl17LL~fl~L~L~'l.l.11

I I I I

D~fl3J~1el1\l. 1';ltJD3J'ftJ~ innnfl ~ 1~tyV ~'JJD ~'111tl f\n rhi~fl\1. fi ilfl113JlLnU1 fi'tJfl ~1fli"l11

"JJn~cr~nq,A ,ntlfl~'l.l.L ftv~ 1 tJnn'l.l.3J~11'Ylu1A'D713J.,,LLV.~ fn~~L~tl1ntJ3J~11'Ylu1iv fl~1fl 1'111 L 7t~tJ L7v~;J1nwtt~Sn~ £ln"JJn ~11~ 11'YlrJ1~EJ"JJn ~cr ~n qbtLL ~ ~,fuL iJ"" 1" 1 ~ qJ

.., ... .., ... .., 26. t:\fll!IW~11't111YlUlt:\Uflt:\1~1'Vl,tl-3tl-30qll

m1 LUfl3J~ 11'Ylr.t1ivfl~1fl1"1111ln ~~ ~nqt; ( L"li'l.l.L~ib fi'tJ m1 L tlflll~ 11'YltJ1iEJ713J~1 LL ~ ~ . . I

L'l.l.tl 'Vi.fl. 2514) llli'1.Jfl113Jij'l.l. h;}1flflU ~1u 1U111fl Sj~~'" hilfl~D 111 L'l.l.1~EJ~ L 111LL7 n~ ~

129,000 "" il~ff ~1tJ~~fl13J1Lii'l.l. 43,000 "'" LLfi11~11'YlEJ1irJfl~1fl1"111'JJll.:ID.:Iflqbti'tJ1~ L -Au~ 2s,ooo flu L 'Vi11~13.1Yii'mJ~;J~i'1.J3J1nn111iu ~1~i'tJfl113J~3J1VLL ~~m., Ltlfl •• 3J~1-1'YlD1iDLtlfl" 'JJD~D~flqbt,f\1. llifl111.J~ {Chancellor) Lord Crowther llfmh11.,- £lti~d

1. Ltlfllnm~ 1 ~"" ~~111n 1flEJLu 'Vi1~~~'Vi~1fllnm~ L~1L7vu 13.11n~ 1flm ~'l 1flnf113J

2 •. LUflfl.,H L\l.LL~~ mu ~ l~LLrJ 1l11~3JWl1YlV1iEJ13Jii~1 LL Vi ~~\u:n m 1L'llflLUU n ;);)~ im;.m~ LLtltJ~ mll''l.l. 1l'773Jfl1 ~ft\1. h Lfl''it;J:::DU'Ylfl~WYlflLL ~~

3. Ltlfln11lluLL~n~1fm., 1~LLnm7~11~11fltJ1fvi'tJL'Ylfl~fl\~1l j 1um7«D'l.l.713J

~~m.,d1o'Ylnfl1'YlEJ1fl17'YlH1~tJtJm7 "fl1~\l1Uft11" (tfwnll'ty~ilL~ntJ 'Vi.fl. 2515 lflv

fl1~fl11';111U fl1 .3J.~.~EI 'lt3Jff1fJ ~1~i'1.J.,1D~flqbt "broadcasting")

· 4. Ltlfln11~1"u~n~fl113Jf1flfl113Ja1'" 11lurl m713.ltlfl~tl""1 t"~n111~c!u 1'V'lfl1~

'JJD~fl113J~fl3J"1 btU fl17ifl;J.fl1HYiD~;J::;i'tJ~111.J'Ylqbt~Vt!miflU~ LLtJ~n j riD3Jff ~N ~~~Dfl11 . L;Jity~Dfl~13J"JJD~fl113Jflfl

2 7. 11't111nuul'uAal~i'Vl,t>-3 ,nu

27.1 3JV.11 'YlD1ilJLtlflv.1 Dflil1fli"l11LL ~~I.L1·1l'JJD~1 'Yltl ~D3JV.11'YlD1 «v 1l'11 3Jfl1 « fli ' " • J

LL~:::ni7L!In::~ ~ ~~~i'tJnrnnn1.J'l.l.1L~n Y.•ft ~. 2476 LU'l~ti~L~3JLL7n1fu7:::1.Ju "\m \m\7m.u7u""

1.74 so 1()3 '

f

. LtJ"n1'Hll11.:J:I.J1f1 ~~1.h:;ti'.:J~~:;LitJ'U.ft111-J1~\t'1\~tlU1~"'EJ1~~1ff"l~ fit~ j :I.J1t.h:;~L~:I.J LD"n1Htt't~u~.:~ i ~1u~""m:;~" 'W.~. 2s6s'il1t'flf.:~Lii"L-If1~:1.1~11r~rn~unLLflu~.:~ ~.:~d

\1 v

1"u4i't~.:~iim,-ftfl1J~" L~fl m ~t~iii'Yli1 'W.fttnl!u fltm 11i'iiLHtJ.:JLiunifl.:J';J:; 1 ~!ifttnU'W.fl":l.lfl n~1 ' ,

~LU"n11.:Jfhwfu~~fl11:1.ltil:~.~1n~'U.L~fltl , ;J't.l.fl1:;i.:~'fJU1~L~'W.ft:l.lfl1'lLU":I.l~11'YltJ1~tl-1'1:1.lfl1LL~.:J1'W. Vi.~. 2514

21.2 m,- L U'W.:I.l~11'YltJ1~utLuu~~1~1'lf1"llfl.:J'l1:1.lfl1 LL ~"~""il~n~ m~ L ~ aJL~ :1.1~1n fttl11J'W.~~1"1"1fl"llfl.:Jel.:Jfl~~.r.:~d

n. L u"n1'1.:1 1 'W.LL~~1'W. 1'W. :l.l'VI11fltJ1«tJ~ ~1"1"1f1"llfl.:Je) .:Jfl tJ~i'uit' fl fl n~11 'U. ~ 1'W. 1'W.

~1ff" ~fl 25,000 flU1'W.thL1fl LLfl:l.l~11fltJ1frl~1:1.lfl1LL~.:J'fuunflfl~111a.:~ 37,000 fl'W.1u

ULL1fl (~"~"LU'W.1.h~:~.~1m 1% "lltl.:J1.h~'lf11ldfl\-.1~~'W'1 "llm:;~'W.) "ll. Lil"n1'1~ 1 'W.Ldmq :l.l~11'YltJ1A'~fl~1~1"1f1"llfl.:Jtr .:~n~~i'ULiil. 'W1:;~~ilmq~ .:JLL~

21 u~""tu LL~"llfl.:J1'Ylu~""fut~~1n" u11nlJi,."n~r~1~1quflu~"" ~tJ 16 t1 LL~:;:~.~1n~ I I ' I I

""L1iu 10 tJ (sn.:JLUUL1fl.:~1~LLU~nun1'W.f~HU'r!:Lfl.~ L"lfu Yiw~fJm:l.l7fl1 il1mh.:~L~fl~

1965 iiit'n~n~1~fl 1mL'l1fl LU1ti' L~t~i L~:~.~Lih~it~~t»:~.~'V111nu1~uu1"~""m"~1Lnt~L"ll1mq 60 tJ LL~:;ft ~im:~.~1 ff'W.~Ltlu~ mrhLL ~:; m~aJ1flf111. c50 tJ LL~1ti'aJfl'l L-If1L1uu 1uaJ~11'YltJ1~£l

L Yi neff ti' ) ;y.

"· Lil"n1'1.:~ 1 'W.Ldm1:1.1~ ~1n~ ~1tnJa.:~l.l,-:;«um,- 111 it'nfln~111:1.1fi1 LL ~ .:~ii~ .:JLL~ -if111"1ffl11iUL ftiJU'W. 'W,i'fl-.11'W.~'W. a..:~~WKU YiLfll*' iftf~1(L~'YI~1'l-ff'W.u'l:; 'Yl1'W.~U a..:~,-:; .ru'W. 1£l'W~

ii~..:!LL~,-:;.ru :1.1.~. 5 ~ua.:~~~~~~1!mcn~~nnfli~D7:;L 'YI~LL~1 ii~..:!LLfl'l:;t1UfllU'l:;"lf11J1~ ~"" a..:lddlUfl mu~ ")~") 1"t1ft1U:I.J~11'Yltl1«tJ'l11Jfi1~\o\'3ft:"flU111'Wi .:Jfi:I.J1 'YIEJ L'U.fl11:1.J~ ~lfl~ ~1[1

LL~:;~"~i'W.1w~:;.ru~1-.1 j , ,_.... , ... ..., ... ..., 2s. 1~tJ1Jfll1'1tlltml~fll1 11u1tyqp lt'N111l'ntnauflalVI1'WlOUtl~tl,mql!l

:1.1~ 11'Yl£J1 ~tl~ ~1"1"1f1"lifl . .:Jel ..:lfl ~~£lfl1'lL~'!Ill.fll'l L ~ :1.1 LL1 fl~ ~ -.1~1 fl~ £lm1 LLfl.:J~ -.1 The A .., ' A A . .

Open University Planning Committee L"flUfl'U.Ulti'W. 2510 L:I.JflL"flU'W~~111fl:I.J 2512 :I.J~1-

1'Yl£l1~[JL~:I.JLUULih 1m ..:!~U 1u~ 23 mn~lfl:l.l 2512 £im'lLL~-.1~.:Jflif1111J~~ULU'W.'Yl1.:Jrl11 LLt1:; L'W.U Vi.~. 2513 :l.l~11'Ylu1~m~:l.l~1Lit'W.m1

un~n~H:;1~fuu'YlLiuu1'W.1tl"lifl-.1fl1ftfl'W. Lt~huStJ..:~ 'VI'mLa!m:;vf..:~ kit ~mfl~fl..:~llt~ rh fl11'Yl "~fl \I'Yll-.11 'Yl[Jl ~1«~1 ~1U~'W.L tl-.1 1J 'Yl Litl'W. ~:; £lm11!1u 1 ~'ll'nfl fl~1'Yh~1tl ~~ m1 ';l ..:~1u

v

'so 103 175

/

\

"JJEh1Ufl~fl1~1nf1mJn11U~1 Lfl£1'1 LLfiSja~ 3.11 fl~L-ffl1'Hl1ilufl£13JV.1 Lfl~i 'V'IiaL Vt'un~n~1Ltlil L\\ ~UL81L£l.J Lda .J~1flSj.J1JU1~ 3.11 ti4L ~U .JYiil ~ .J1i'fSjf111 i.JWU 1U"JJ8 .J3J'V\11'nU1t\'tlfl12J~fiH j

L'U~.Jn q~L ~a 'l ~ll'flflfl ~1tllfu~1 LL'I-L~)l1 ~111~1 LL 'n'I-L 'ila .J2J'V\ 1i'nm ~u D nit .JSj1111il£l1111U1111

1'2111111'nHf mJ1~'lJ'U (113J~1 LL 'V\ .Jtif1~ 1Jtl 1 'n'Hlfl\1 1.J~1Ufl11Ufl111'n~ LL ~~ 1'n1 nfl\1 I I

.d _k alai ) .o/ ... f'! 6' .d• 1... .. 0 .d I o ¥ LL ~~ llfl l.'ltl L 'nuu1~ fl81J ,_. flfl11~1~8H11U'n u1 fl '1!-1 L ViaLL '1-L~'I-L 11111 L1rJ'UflH j ft 1'11\~ 1J

1111L1u"U L"UY.'a.JL1u"Ud"Uir.J.,.'Uti1'V\ftJ1'lJ1~'1-L_!1'1-LLU'I-LL1~1'V\~.Jtftlm~Lfi3Jfia 1 1'.111 L ~.a 1~ I

un ~ 11 '1!-1 t~tl1~ 1u'.11\1Lii2Jfi ti1'V'If1J~1·nu11~ n ~141'a .Jf"''V\1Lil.JLa .J 1"'v 2J'V\ 11'YlU1 t\'vfi 1'11\'1-L"'

~mL~~~1'1-L1'1-LL~

fl11 llfui~tyl'Uf)~lltlllYUJltltu U~olJtl~tl~flql' 2J'V\11'nU1fULtlfl"Jltl.JeJ.J11q'I!-Sj1111Hil'I-LL'I-L 6 H1"JJ1 t~~Lrl fl~Ufl1Hfli (arts) flfl1~1-

fl1Hfli (educational studies) fltUflfl1Hfli (mathematics) 1'nU1fl1Hfli (science) tf .Jfl3Jfl1Hfli

(social sciences) LL~~ L 'nflUfl1'nm (technology)

1111 t «tl1tyqp,f"~~ t-K1~1JtJLL1JtJ'l 'V'Ill f1aSjLLfifl~tlfl1~t~~iumsfifl VIi a B.A. 11111

un ~ fl'l!-1 ~~ ~u• 1"JJ1 Lflnfl12J ~ 3J'V\11'nU1 fu ~·a n~ai"' LL ~~ Lfl2Ju1"' ~'" i1 ~~11'1-LLL ~~ '" 3J'V\1-

1'nu1t\'mh"U3J1fl L'Uft'V'If_!m3J1m1~i1~1JtJd LLfiilH1.JL~tJ11'111~ B.A. '"' L'li'I-L (history)

B.A. (science) Li~I"U4i''U

29. 1tlJlJfl1tlJ11.4l'lf111.4lltn1nuuruaii~'Uf)~tl~nql'

3J'V\ 11 'nUl t\'u L Uil"Jla .JeJ .J11 q'l!-'l i1 ~ H a"ULLtJtJ if .JU 11JSjm1 uu n L U'I-L111fl L 1 U'I-LLLtJ u t"

H'V'If.!Yliaa£h.J~LiJ"UL'I-L2J'V\11'nu1t\'ufiH i L"Utl1~L'nfl1'nu tlm1~fl~1L~3Ji.JLLfi 1 3Jfl11fl3J

A 0-' I .c1 At l!ll .:!1 . I A A ~'\Ul.J 31 1i'U11fl3J LLfl1111ftiJ'U3JLYiU.Ju1~3J1tu, 9 L"'il'U 1~'V\11.J3Jf111fl3J~Utl-3~~1fl3J LfliJU

Yiqfl~111VULL~~tfU11fl2JLUU1~U~HiltJ1~ fl11~ifaH81J LL~~~.JYI~LUfJU

Uflfl111!1bUULL1flL1tJu1~ 5 mttJ1~'5'.111 ~.J~a11LUUfl1nlfiu\1~!1U (fo4ndation

courses) 111~1J1U 1'l11L 'V\~1dlfa.JLiVUffU~tJ1.J~~ .JLL~~ Sjm1V.~11 t\1,1fl113Jff11'V\\t11~WlHL1UU , ~ -3Sjfi111J1U L ~fi1LH2Jil 'V\t\'.J~111tiLL1fl1tJLLt\'1fiSjm~1J1U1'.111.ffu~ .Jf!a 1tJ 111~1J1U 1'.111~U,! 1U'

\1 '

'l.of'V\3J1ULmJ 100 L'liu 1'nrJ1fl1Hm~J1U 'lfl«~ s (Science) 100 Ld£J'V\1'n1.Jm::;u1u1'.111' a, 1.1 I I

itil1flutla~.JU f1a YitnU12JLnrJ1~\U~,1~'n1.JV4~mf. Lfl~ ~11'nm LL~::; 1i1 m1'nm ~ 11'1!-1b fiu1fft1 ' .. , . ' • 1 a,.. I

fli'l fhL it"'"JJ£1 .JiJ'U 'n1ULL1Jtl J1t1 j ;ft'al'!i~fi~1tl11~ fl11 L -fLfli a .Jii£Jfl 11 ~1~ -3 bL~'21it~ J1£1 fi ~"' :

f1 a 1111 tf ~L nfl ~" m::; i .J ~ ~111, 'l-ft~1a ~\:!nft tttJ'll''U'll'~u "1 ~.,

so 103

•

30. ll111l'nU1tllJt1'111h~'lfl,Jlft

80.1 tllUI\h

flt)Uft ..1fl7UI L~nflf ..1~ 1 fl112JLfa11ll't'lfliflL~~f.UULft:: 1ft11flLLU111fliLU~EJULLUft..1 .

l1.J1 wm.:~~f'l~u n11L~ ll5:ia~ll111 Lu"Jb ~n ft1,., ft1EJiutlLLft::u3lm::i~LiJui'aEJ i tl~u 1117

iilLLD..17t~1N"J11ii~ia7::~1HflUfh.,1~1Vfl7m~1ath-31'~Ulf172Jfla~LiJUlJ1t~1 LLfla~LU

1..1mau~llln1'1-n111..1\l'11 ~..1,fu L~al~Lfiil5:ili~1\Hfl712JLUU fl.fl. 1914 ~ ..1LLN"JJt11EJaanllJ

yf1Lft11 ·rh l~'L fiilfl11lllft1111« llm7~::ti~~~EJ11ftH~~uft LLft::fil1117L ~'Lfi;nfuii~"JJLU 1ftn

~t'lnflmfiil1117fil~..1iUUU1fi"J11ii (League of Nations) ~U nlJ7111~11«liL~ft1UfttLfiil« ..1fl11ll _, I ... t.. . I

Lt'lnfli' ..1-Yi 2 lutl fl.fl. 1939 ll~1« ..1fl11llfli' ..1U"JJEJ1EJ"llau"ll1tlli111D..11111L~ll uf111~ 17~iitil~

~..1m1li'YiEI1tl1ll ~..1l4i'Slm7«mUu1a..1fl1117ft~lJ1::"Jf1"111ii~ull1 a..11im1dfmti11 fla United

.4 s I I I .. l;: I •

Nations Organization ~7a"DaEJ£l11 UNO fltlli1L7EI11ftU j 11 United Nations ~1a UN

~~.,1';J1fl,fufi5:ia..1fl1111~U j fl1llll1 71li~..1~1.41EJ..11U~L~t1TnUflfl171 fa11 a..1fl1111

ff m~dh1EJ1fl1ft flol LLft::1'~u Ti71liLL V: ..1ft VtlJ7::"Jf1"Jf1ii (UNESCql ~ ..1SJU't1U1'Yl« 1il'qj LU 1117

«' ..1L«7ll d1tJ'Ylail1"Jf11111mlltJ7::Lnflfl1..1 j LLfl3!mtlulu.,-::~u~uJ1U v.ia1::~u3!'TiEJllfl11111 f117ff ..1Lft7llfl17fl11111iia1H::'Jht1ih L ~£i.fl11l1Lih h1t'VI1Hll~ 17EI"J11tll~f'l~ ..1~U ~~1EI..11U "JJa.:I~LUH LnfiiJ~.:~a~LU1l'\..1L'Yl~"l 4f1tl

U7111D 1111 m ~~1«U hiinau1..1Vt~.:l fla 1117fil ~..1liV.11'YlEJ1~EI«V.lJ7t"J11"Jf1ii (United

Nations University v.ia UNU) «mtrudihh\l'11..11ULVtqJad m liVt1Ufl7LfiLnEJ1

80.2 tJ'Jtliiua:a.Ji"'lftyl

~~ih.J'YIU1'Ylthilty 1um77L'li~';J:: l ~Slllv.11nrn~v«v. lJ7t"Jf1"111ii ~a a~fiL t'l"ll1i1117

a..1~fl17ftVtU7t"Jf1"Jf1ii ~..1LUU"J111YilJ1 fla U1EI~~U (U Thant) fl11ll~ilLtill£i~..1LLfltJ 'Yi.fl.

2512 LilEJ*';Jt 'l~«t1111u1u11.JLLUU"JJa.:~liVt11Yim~EJi1 i llJ flaSl~~., 5:imm7L~EJu 5:i~a..1«~il iim';J17 V LLt'lt\l' 11fl11 '111 LLfi1117L ~~a11l1Vt 11 'YlEI1 ~EI « V.lJ7 t"Jf1"J11ii n L ~a L ~s:iifa LLfl11fiH';J1fl

«t~itru Ti77llil1 fla LUUL~a..1fl11l1Lihhffu7::v.1Hll1 t'lll~ lYiiuft:: L ~aL «ill«i'1..1iuiirn'Yi LilEJ

tl1';117ii ffu\l'nfln'!1n:: li1';1111U 1u 1tJ1:: L nfl...f11ftn

1ULLUU"JJa ..1l1Vt 11'YIEJ1 «EJ«V.U7t"J11"Jf1ii fi11Jm1ll~ilL~ ll~l~1' fW.11117 3J1L UU u.a6u.~, «t11ii'u ~.Lilu.~. lutr';J~l!ufi.:~fl.:~l~~ .:~L ';)flU 173Jtii.~u~ .:~«' ..1L ~a 'l~Ltlu«m11un t'IH"JJa..1fj11"111ft .

fj11111'111 LLflllJ4fa ..11117 L ~Li~JU.1111:~1 t'la ..1LLUUlJ,.,11'YlEJ1«tJ~5:ia~LL«1 tli'"JftlJ1"" «n flann ~..1Un

so 103 177

I I 1

if lll~1fh nEnif£l~fiufl11 JJ~ihun1JJ911U11il ~2.111 ,;.u"1f1fi · LLl'l:: L Vtmr! « ~n'n'ilil ~th {l"lf\4 « n ,;.m:: "' ' , I

11£1 ~JJ~ 1'S't1u1 fm ~ fh\hil"" A'1tlft ll1tru 'lfu JJ1fln'hrn'l L ilu ~ mufi n ,;., .;1 il'l:: tt1·utJu JJ~ 1-

~YlEnfu ufll3.15:lm-,~tluLu~:::t11Slm7th::.*1Yltl1qjqj1

~ U"1f"1f1l ~ q)u"" ~«~tl'lt:'!S1~1.,t.Yt:h1llfli'lJ'l£1 ~fl ~1!911 (Charter) 'ilil ~JJ\i\1~'Yltl1fU

luLflilufu11flJJ vuT. 2516\~~ii~'Vfqfrtimm 'Vi.fl. 2517 ~111JJ~1~Ylm«ut~Lte1~~.,ilnnnuil flULL'lfl flil 911. L;JJJft L~JJ. LrJ«L«t~i (OrJ James M. Hester) -!~LflU~11\1~1LLWI.i\lilifl11lJi\ "Jlil.:lli~11YlU1fUibuilifl ~m~tl-lJ' 1 fJ ~tl \uL~£l'UflUU1UU 'Vi.fl. 2518 ilifl11lJ~~\It~ Lif1i'lJ~1LL ~\4.:1

" "' .. 30.3 &9f'I"U111JW ua:atanm1

n~1l'f11"JJ£1'11 ~.L~u.~. l«rh~u.,«m;m::ul'l::m1.tl~~m1R1..rlll i 11il-:t~m11um7 LL"" .,dt 1 ~ .,d . .

~ 1 I

( 1) li~1~YlU1ffJ«~t.h::"rl1"1f1flLtlu~u611l111tl'11~si\' ~~1Litum,-llufl'~11~u L~ULL'Vi-l I t , ,

fl11JJfLL l'l:: filtllJ1 2.11:: tYu1)' m-nflfl rf1;1 L Vi tln 1il:: W -:IL ~1 JJL ';1911.411 JJ nLLL l'l:: ~ fn fl11"Jlil-:1« ~-

tl1::"1f1"1f1fl , "' , I ·-~ I I I

(2) JJ~1~'YlfJ1«mw\'11it';l:::*w'-'~ulut1D-:tnLnu1num1JJLilum1JJ911rJ11il-:tli'!11!-U"1f1fi

L~fJ1filJfl11~~1.41LLl'l:: L~fJ1fitJ«1ftilTn'l 191fJ~1ltJ ( 3) L1il'I1~;J::fllflTI'5fufi11L~fJ1nlJtl1::Lf1U1! qJ~1fJl-:1 j L'1fu fl11"il~-,'1 llfi'U'ilil-:1

flUfJH"1f1tl fJ1\1111,;.1 fiH1~Uls11JJ fl113Jftll'~uf1flfJft\4fl1:: Vt11-:t~1:: L Yl fY~-:IVt l'I1U 1111 I I I , I

~11 -:!i'n,;.1l1'-it '11ft1.4tl111'ViLLl'l::fl111JU\4fl-:l fl11LU~fJULLUl'I-:I'YlHLf'11,;.Jfi~LLl'l::tf -:Ifill if -:ILL1fl«ilJJ

LLl'l:: 1111 \fYli'VifJ1fl1 fl11~ fu~Ufl11'Yl1'111'YlfJ1 fl1ft fli.ffu~lii·J 1ULL ~£m1\t 1 ltJ th:: q fl~ LL ~::

fl tu.fh~~11.41U~l'lfl£lfl1'lft \IL«11lfl nl.ll1'Vi11D-:Iif~flll'l1 ,;.o ' -

( 4) 2J~1~'YlfJ1fUft~U1t"1f1"1f1~;J:: L~ULL Vi1 m1J.Jf1il1flfl111i'Ufl11L ~fl1'1-:t"ll11\l

( 5) JJ~11'YlfJ1ffJ;J:::~ilmi l'lil-:IU "'\lfl~\!~1ft Vtth:::"1f1"1f1tlLLl'l::: 1i1'l1l\;\ qJ"lltl\lil.:l~fl11 r

( 6) ~tltl'l:::« .:~~~«nlurn71fmLl'l::: lurn1tlnillJ1" JJ~tl L ~il 1 ~iin11 Lfiu 1fl'Yl1-:t

1"1511111 1t1m\lo 'Vi1::: Lutl1:::L 'Ylfl~~1f-:1~~u11

(7) 1urrn1JnDtrnn:::«ut!mtfiflflm~, 1J·~,~'YlfJ1«u1il:::'ViU1U13JL~JJ~utl7:::ir~nm'Vi \~~ftfl,;.1l~"llU1ULL1t11\ILL"'-:Im1mili.Jful'l:::fl1::ittJfi113Jfl~LLVi1Vtl'l1ti~-:I~U

l78 so 103

.. 30.4 1Hl11.Ullft110~0111J11111 .. , , ... 1: . ·

"'' ll'V\lll'lUl~tJ ~.L~U.~. LU'U.VI'-btl·111U~ild~UtJUn'J11LVIqjLL~\I~VIth::'U1"l11fl 1~tJilftl'l~

a-mum'ViLL~dft~tJm.,-ufl1\l j ~\llh1nDL'i111fl11·104JLS:: I tos LL~..1f1Qll'~1RV~th::"l11"l11ii

« Twi'uu 1tJu1tJLL~::e)1u 1,.,q; "~Y1lum1u!~,~~gnuft muV~113l'lrJ1ir~ m1 llfl11"llt1"

~ 111111';11f19l1 LL l'l'U."lltl\IVI ~1t11.h:: L l'lfl 1~oil41'1.n,.~-3~\lt i2~. flU LU~:: &ifl111JtlLUUf111llfl11

1~tJ~1 LL V~U-l t1 irm1u~htlu~u1V~111i';lfl11"llil-311VI1~l1if-lltJ ,.

fl11LLfl\lt\ltlifl111J~nl::n11~DLMI1fnmn\l~flfl11ftVIth::"l11"lJ1~ £lifl111J~{j~"Jl1D f1t~1tl \ltl if fl11 ilH1tl flH j l4i'LL n 1 t1 \ltl i nTl1JtiH1t11J1 Vl11 1 il \ltl i f1111J~H 1v1HLL~ULL a::

~illu 1 LL~::1t~\IDinnu~H1tJ 1m \Inn 'l uL,il..1fl11 'lfth::: ltJ"l1,t~La:::m1t~m1'Yli'v.mmt11ll'U1ii ..

30.5 fl111~U I

llV~1'3l'ltJ1 ~tJa- V~th::"l11"l11ii LLU \IL~wn R\l'u~11 u t~n m tlu~ t1 \l'l.h:: Lll'Yl flln L~u nD "'Yl'" I a-

nd1ul11.fVI1~tlfl~~ (endowment) LLS:::L~U"ll1tJL Vl~ilLitl 'Vi1:: 1fl1 ..1f111 lli'Slm1~\1Ltl1VI3J1Dl.,. !' .

11L~UL'U.fltl"I1'YjUd';l:::iJ 500 A'1ULVIitJqJ~VIi'J fltl th:::~1tu. 15,000 A'TU.lJ1'YILfl17 LLVI~\IL~'U.'Yj'U. flltJ f1111J1';11fl';l1fli'JU1S"llt1..11.h:::L'YlflflH j VlitJ';l1fl\jS\liV~iilil-3flf111~U j f111t~t" fltl "11'Yj'U. d~u111fi L ~tlLUU VI ~r.n.h:: flU L « 11VI1f3'YID1ftJi \l~dl#J1~Dilfl11llilft1:: LL~:: fl111lfl ~el ..19l1

« 1Wi'UL~u"lhm VI ~mu 'Vi1:: 1fl1 \11111 LUUL~u thl1111 'lo(l u f111Yhf3 tvV~iD 'lu m1'A 11.W

V~\l'"11iD"llD\I~muu V~iDL~Dn,.,m1~u i il11lfi1~11L V~111:::w11 30.6 muhn1unul~tl,f~,;ltltn1~atntl'u

~.L~u.g. ,~1L~:U,..11U 1~ti~1Uftm'l)'u 2 th::Lil'Y) l#JLLn ft(l11N~D~Vltll~tm\"tl l~tlflH

(Incorporated Institutions) u~:: atmlU·hv~D V~iD a.cnWft1mtJ (associated Institutions) ' ' ' '

\'(';IU LVI ql"lltl \lf111ii1L itU\11U~1Uft mll'UR *-l'YllJ ft 111UU(\If1~11ii1L itU\11Wl1llfl1J

llV~11'Yltn~tJa- V~th::"l11"l11iiLtlu Lfl1 \lf111 i ltJ'lu'll m:::di11fl1 \lf111 ""fnDQ 3 '1.11::: Lll'Yl l~LL ri 1m" m1 ( ~t1~1u) fl1111~11 VID, Lfl1 .:~m1~~'" 111'!11fVLLa:: i \Ifill LLa::1fl1 \lf111 'luL' t1 .:~m1 t. . ' .,

.\

r. 1m \lf111 LLfla::: '1.11::: Lll'Yl ,.,::: ~1 L itum1 'lw6utJ ij~ Ltlf!t'f t11uu"' li'YIU~ L riu1ft1 .:~{( 1 wfu

u 1tJU1tJ1fu llV~11l'ltl1~tlftV~t11::"111"l11fid~lu~ri1VIUfl . ..

" ' 30.7 lflHfl11111fl : fl11flDtfnm11Uibl11b

Lfl1\lf111~t1~1Ufl1111~11VIrJ (World Hunger Program) i1wmuu~'l...;"fl1111111llJtl ' ' •• ' ... • • !

(~1mtlwhtJtJij'l)'iim,-) 1 ~11V~11'YlmfoRV~t11:::"l11"l11iiil«1tJnu 3 LL~~ l«LLn Rm'l)'u Lll"nu1nn

119

I '

LL~"tlL3Jimmn" t~drithU.13J,1 m r~ ".n·H~3JHl1 ft fllU'\.I.fl~HL oWtlfl17~~UY11"~'Ylfl lu 1~u I '

Lnrnnum'VI17 m i'J1mt~i th::L Ylfl~UL~u LL~::~u~11l"lf141f117LL ~"~~tltlu~ m n~ "3Jil ~1

'l-u.~utl fl.fl. 1977 !htn'Sfu"llt~" ~.L~u.~. ~1n 12 ti1::L 'Ylfl ri1~"~m~1 m ftmuu~"n~T"J I I II ,

.. .... ... ........ .l' 1 If L 7 tl "'Ylfl f1 ~1"ll m:Ufltl f\113.1\'1 tl "f117 Yl H 11"11''\.1. 1 f117"lltl "3.1~ ~U LL ~:: f111 ft '\.1. tl "f\113.1

li't~"m', m1 tl~ i'n~tl1'V117'VI ~ "m,. L ryw ~u1, L ihtl,-:: ~H~Y1Htl1'VI17 LL~~ n11111"lfu 1 m,-1 u

bb~'\.l.~~'\.1.1"lf1ii .r

UtlflL 'VIittl~1fl~U~ 3 LL ~" ~ "fl ~11 11i'Slfl113JV.01U13J~~:: fftL '\XSl~UDb ~ 3JL ~tl~~ 1lfi'UYj'\.1.~1fl ~.L~'\.1..~. ~::1thi1f117~'\.l.fl~1~~Utlf

rn1 h\;Yju'S~m ~tl~-f1~1L~tl"L1".11uSl e 1m "m,.~hunu 713.1~ "~flm~LL Y-~Y1Ufl1ft~i 3J'V111nu1 ~u 3J~fl ~ 1uL ~eJ ~m,. L uu 1,- fl~~tli' "LL~::fl113Jii't~ "m,-ttl,- ~U"lltl "~'VI n.J

so.s lflHfl11~aa~ : m1~flnl111'(V6uatd'~fl11 1fl7 "m,-dt~d1ufl113Ji'1J~fl"lftl'U"lltl"'tl"Eli f117U~ ~" L tlu"lf11 ~~""' fl113J'V13J1U"lltl _,

I

f117~~'\.l. 1~ ~LL~~ i "fi3Jn~tl "m,-Lbft'HVt1'5fn,fift13J17t1'1huli'1 L tl "'«J. '\.1. f117 ft'\.l.tl "fl113J~1

L tlu 'VI1mj ~fULL v\ "111fl3J~ ~ntll-ln~LU'\.1. LU#hu ~~q'VI1 tl 13J1'lf1'flq" Lfl 3JYiL~U1f117~~'\.l. 1 ~" I I -

1tiLUY11"Lfl7 ~J.fi~ LLthi 3JLtl ~tlWYlflYlH1tiLU 'Y11"f1!7~~'\.l. 1fl113JLU'\.1.3J~ ~DLUlf1U~H j . '

1flu Lu Y-~1~ fl113J"tl n "13J~tllm~1' fl t~L tluL~um 1 713J~ "m,. fti 1 "' "fl3J~u 1t1d I I

tl7~ L~'\.1. fi«U L~~f1~1LL~~ LLrrl"lltfty'VI1. ~tl LU#hui "LL'Hl tt;tJ,3JLU'\.I. Yi~'VIitl3J~1111~

(Yitl~~iu, pollution) 713J,Y"tr1}!'VI1i "fl3Jfh" 1 ~~"~""'~"~1Ltlu4\tl"Lilihm7~~'\.1.1L:U.m13J-'V13J1U~fttlflfl«t~"nUfl113JLUW;)1" :. ·.

1m"m,-1'VIqj'lu~hu.m7~~u13J~~u~:.:tf-3fl3J"llt~~ ~.L~u.~ Slli'1unu 3 1fl·Hm7 I I ' I I ~

1m "f117fi'VIU" 1lfLLTl f117'5~U LUL1tl"~fltl7:.: « "~' f17~1J1U f117 LL~:.: Lflit~"1l"llt!-3 "f117~~'\.l. 1"

.~~ ~~ Yi 1 f1171 fu~tl'VIU1U "1'\.1. ~ ~:: ffl~ "~""' 'l 'VIlJlflu 'l '\XL ~u1iit1 ~mJ 1" 1 f1 «'lift nu ft muu~ f1 ~1 v . I ., .... ....

f117Yi~U1'Ylfl~"L~'\.1.11 '

1fl'Hf117~ftt~"1~un m7'li'tl7:.: lu"lfd~1m nfllu. 1~~~uLSlt~"· 'VIU1U"1u~~~ LUUH1U

411Lilun,LL~~m~ft1'\U1U ~tl "ftll1~1111fl" (Marga ln.utute) 'luti7~LYlflfli~\lf11 ftmtrud

~tl11 "3J77fl" eS "flfl113J'V13J1EJL'lfUL~U1fiULU11Ut11fl!l I ' I , il

1fl7 "f117fi«13J,~LLfl fl17~f!JLL~:.:~tll'\.l. '1Lfl!l1fiti7::UUY1H111~"lf'\.I.UY1 1m \lfll7,1';)~ t~dmD'lli'm7~LL~"lla"\l~it iLL ~"'VI~~lumiL~uiiu 1 ·

1.80 so 103.

30.9 lnum1~auJ : o~114th~1uri~~nnfftm1ni"'vtu1n1111'U'Ilfl 1m :~~m-,dt~~mu Hht~ :~~t~irnn.JfiehvdltJu Lu "W1~ ~.-iTl :11th LLV.U:\1'1 t1 :liB fm,-ui\

e:l1udL~muii1LL v.u:~~i1n'h'1£J:IIt~fm,-u~fl'"~'" i lfl'l :111l11iifl~flt~1tld L-rlu .

1. H 111'WLL1~«mJthv.i'U1l11fi~'I.I.1"J1l4lJY\L'I.I.L~fl-f£l'I.I.~LUFJ1l~'l.l. 2. tl1'11ifl':n:utn1:111nu1fl1Hfli L ~tiLLlYiJtlf~1U1L1 m~LL ~:\ILL« :II 3. 111'1Li~~'" ~~ m.111"W~1L ~t11l11L1ll!ffi,-111'UI 4. 111,.f~ L'I.I.L4£J:~~ni'"Wmm~ 1

5. 1~if1fl~';)~1ini'"Wu1mut~u~:~~ 6. 1l1'1LiLLVt~:II"W«:II:II1'1.1.LVt3J j L-rl'l.l. "W«:II:II1'1.1.;)11lLLft..1£l1Yifl6 LiJ'I.I.#I'l4

I

7. 111'111:11'1.1. 1t11.J1FJLL~~ Lfl1 ~~ fl1H fli L nFJ1tl1.J'Yl"f"WU111'11i1'Ul"Jf1tl ... thwfu 1fl1 :111l1'1~;J~ii1LU'1.1.1l1,-n£l'l.l.fltl 1, 2, L'~~ 6

1fl~th~H :llfl"ll£J:II1fl'1..1~171l4~1'1.1.ni'"WFJ1m llflt~m7Lith~ LFJ"1f\h11lfl1Ulf~ii£J~ 1l1'11~m ~t!Vt1fl11:U1l v.3J~1LU'I.I.L"li'l.l.ff'l.l. LLtlLdt~ :11;)111L 1~1£iU£JFJ . ~:II;)~ ~..1VtU111tlL'I.I. Y\1:11711.J111l

LL~~1.h~~n#iN~:II1'1.1.1fn~1~vh1tlLL«1L~£l\~1 :11LH1:u1~U11l11iL~~N~ N~i'""~li1t1flt~L~~ 111~:111n1lTl~;)~YhL~~ 3F LV.~ j fi£J food, fibre, and fuel LLfi11i1l11;)~1fti:IILU'I.I.L'1.1.1tl~

I

13J1~rltl L~Lfi~N~LftFJVt1£JLLn~ ..1LL1~«£l:U

8o.1o tll1'Uifl~f)u1tn 111u L~mi1 j d 11f£i1lTHLtl:llt:llt~fi1l1'11.J~fl'l.l. ~ 2 ~ :IILU'I.I."Jf11D'I.I. L~itL-ifFJ "Jf11D'I.I. L~itL'iJFJ

Q.J I I I ....... ....... .,. 'I .,. J'! I ... ,1( "' .,. f'l tl ~'1.1.3J"Jf tiL H FJ :II L 'I.I.J 1'1.1.~Yl <1Jft1'1.1.L 1lFJ11J £l :111l1.J 111111:\ILLf..J'I.I. LL ~~ 3J1.J'Yl1.J1'YlYl1:11fl11 L<!Jtl :II 1111 1lfl7£l :II

1'1.1.D'I.I. lflitL-iftJ iln~:IILU'I.I.tt'11111'H~1l~1~iif£JLfttl:ll ~tl"lJtl.:tL"ll1fl£l ""Jf1tl 1:u 1n (Soejatmoko) L"lJ1

1~i'1.J11:111~LLii1l1'lf1'lf1tJL~£ltl'1~ 3J1 m iJ 1978 a... I - I

t~fm-,u~1 v.a.l~i11m L1:u 1 «iim"IvhLLN'I.I. 1 v.a.l ~ .:tLU'I.I.LLN'1.1.1~u~n~H Lflviim1tli'ut11 :11

LLN'I.I.b~ 3J ~TVI'f1.JLLN'I.I.1~U~fl~1-:td£i#f1ufi'u 5 ~1-li£1 1 Vt ~ j 1~LLn 1. 1.J'Yl1.J1'Yl"lltl .:ti'J 1'"m~U1'1.1.fl17Vi~'" 1LL~~ ntntl~FJ'I.I.LLtl~.:t1~flu l~n 2. 111'1~1'11;) LL~~11-:tLLN'1.1.1un~1~flt:IIH111U'I.I. ~i1i1'1.1.L ~FJ1ift~.:tfh.Jm,-1fm~£l -:1'1.1. 1FJ1.J1FJ

Lfl71Y~fi;J7~'i1u 1~11 ...

so 103 181

31. ~uth~1rlaa.Ye~aa1wq~uf1n)ji1\4a4nfinui~1ntiintnd'U.

' r~ '\"

D1,..11Yn11 ~ " '· .... .it,~::

YUI. 2526 . W.ft •. 2627 . 'YJ.ft ... ~529

tlf)ft111J 6 ,068,287,620 5,291,644,000 6,288,500,000

1. th'll' 11-31\UJ f 91 Y1 tJ 1-3 67,588,100 74,283,100 73,400,000

2. ~Yf1fl-311'1 maJ~111h'ltn'Cto 920,952,300 984,077,800 970,300,000

a.~~ 1~~01 ~m m~tfl'1 ina tti . ":'..

3. 336,337,500 352,580,700 355,200,000 i''

4. 3J~1~YilJ1~lJ~8'UUrl'U 42,345,800 427' 149,700 408,400,000

JJ~ 1~YID1~D L to -3 t ~ll t

5. 659,203,300 628,987,600 624,300,000

6. aJ~1~YilJ1~lJI'1'13Jft1ftfli 212,908,840 218,482,900 262,300,000

7. aJ~1~YilJ1~fJaJ~flfl 992.754,080 1 ,083,511 ,800 1,071,600,000

8. 3J~1~YifJ1flJ'11aJfi1LL~-3 144,267 ,ooo 14 7,438,000 152,1 00,000

9. aJ~1~YID1fDfl1'Ufl1'Urt'1'lL1~ 233,194,400 239,779,800 269,200,000

10. JJ~1~YID1~Dflfllhm 118,435,1 00 136,243,500 138,600,000

11. aJ~11YID1~llft -3'Ufl1'Ufl;" rti 480,5,94,500 463,485,600 499,800,000

12. a.~~1~nv1fo~ 1'2lnfJI'1'1aJ1i'11"Jf 69,647,800 97,148,600 80,200,000

13. tH11U"L Ylfl l 'U L fl~ 111'1 L 11 'J;-91'1 ul!H' 72,886;400 65,171,000 43,000,000

14. ft111U"L YlflL'U Lfl~V.'1::;Jf.l3JL11A'1 291 ,580,000 326,358,200 1 08,300,000

15. ft 1l1U'UL YlflL'U LflOV.'1::;Jf.l3JL11A'1 (1'Utj1) 82,500,000

16. tHn'l!"L rtfll-u 1mlv.'1::;JaaJL11A'1 (v.1::"m) 99,600,000

17. am1!"1!m4ifl~~"t11~11fl1ftfli 44,434,500 46,845,700 . 49,800,000

32. Bibliography 1. Brim, O.G. Sociology and the.Field of Eflucation. New York: Russell Sage Foun-

dation, 1958. 2. Brookover, W.B. A Sociology of Education New York: American Book Company,

1955. 3. Brown, Francis J. Educational Sociology. 2nd ed., Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1961. 4. Gross, N. "The Sociology of Education" ln_R.R. Merton, eta/ (eds.), Sociology

Today. New York: Basic Books, 1959, pp. 128-152. 5. Halsey, A. H., eta/ (eds .. ) Education, Economy and Society. New York: Free Press

of Glencol, 1961. · 6. Lieberman, M. Education as a Profession,. Englewood Cliffs; N.J.: Prentice-Hall,

1956.

182

J

·1J11W1'Un1JJ • '

1. 'Yi7~71'11173.lit (th~q'Yllr tlqfllfl). 711~if7tmtn'l'lltJm71flmn1nu. 11~\IL'Yl'Yi":l : mu~-

fl11'!Y1fl1t:nrf. 3J""11'YW1~rJL111Ymtl1tHrf. 2530

2. 1~m fl1tl~e1'1'U, n71Qf1Ufln1:17, 111,\IL'Yl'Yi":l, l~U1'Yi1U'11, 2518

3. q~3Ju L~fl\lff1, trmu1numum1nmn. 111 \IL 'Yl'Yi":l : 3J""11'Yl£Jl~£J713J~1LL'VI\I, 2518

4. Francis Brown. Educational Sociology and ed. Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961.

5. Banphot Virasai, ed. Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Challenges for

Tomorrow. Singapore : RIHED, 1977.

50103 183