'''fT' ^^P^^^^^^ing different sedimenta^^'p'r · 2015. 3. 17. · Values of porosity, grain size,...
Transcript of '''fT' ^^P^^^^^^ing different sedimenta^^'p'r · 2015. 3. 17. · Values of porosity, grain size,...
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UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dalm Entered)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER
NORDA Technical Note 233
2. GOVT ACCESSION NO,
READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Physical and Acoustical Properties of Surface Sediment from Venezuela Basin: A Data Report
Final 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHORfs; 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERfsJ
Kevin Briggs Michael Richardson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity Ocean Science Directorate NSTL, Mississippi 39529 ■
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS
P.E. 61153!*
". CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Same
12. REPORT DATE
January 19B4 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
282 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME 4 ADDRESSr//d///oren( Irom Controlling Olllce) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thit report)
Unclassified 15«. DECLASSIFI CATION/DOWN GRADING
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (-of (/i/s ReporO
Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the abstract entered In Block 20, II dlllerent Irom Report)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide II neceaaary and Identity by block number)
Sediment Geoacoustic Properties Deep-Sea Sediments Venezuela Basin
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse aide if necessary and identity by block number)
Physical and acoustic properties of surface sediments collected with a " 0.2b-m2 box core were measured from 45 stations in the Venezuela Basin Samoles
vinces° 'add tLTt^'r' '''fT' ^^P^^^^^^ing different sedimenta^^'p'r M°??'y w^c ?^ ^° transects between the locations. Location 1 (15°orN, 69 22'W) was on the eastern slope of the Beata Ridge in 3950 m water depth Sediments were pelagic foraminifera ooze. Location 2 (13°45'N! 67°45'W) was in
DD , ^°N""73 1473 EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE
S.'N 0102- LF-014- 6601 UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whan Dmim Enlmrad)
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UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSiriCATION OF THIS PAGE (HhM Datm Bnfnd)
the central Venezuela Basin in 5050 m water depth. Sediments consisted of interbedded turbidite and pelagic sediments. Location 3 (13°30'N, 64°45'W) was on the western flank of the Aves Ridge in 3500 m water depth. Sediments vjere predominantly hemipelagic in origin.
Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOs, organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional wave velocity, and attenuation were determined from 6.1 cm inside diameter cylindrical subcores. X-radiographs of 36 X 44 X 3 cm rectangular acrylic subcores were made to determine sedimentary/ biological structure. Probes used to measure shear strength and compressional wave velocity were occasionally inserted into whole box cores for additional measurements. The color of freshly collected sediments from whole box cores was also noted.
In this report we present the entire data set in table form, flethods of collection and subsequent laboratory and computational analysis are presented in detail. The data presented here will be the subject of more detailed analysis in future publications.
S/N 0102- LF- 014-6601
UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(TWi»n Dmtm Bnfnd)
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NORDA Technical Note 238
Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi 39529
Physical and Acoustical Properties of Surface Sediment from-Venezuela Basin: A Data Report
Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited
Kevin Briggs Michael Richardson Ocean Science Directorate Oceanography Division
January 1984
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I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Physical and acoustic properties of surface sediments 2
collected with a 0.25-m box core were measured from 45 stations
in the Venezuela Basin. Samples were collected from three
locations representing different sedimentary provinces in
addition to transects between the locations. Location 1
(15°07'N, 69°22'W) was on the eastern slope of the Beata Ridge
in 3950 m water depth. Sediments were pelagic foraminifera
ooze. Location 2 (13°45'N, 67°45'W) was in the central Venezuela
Basin in 5050 m water depth. Sediments consisted of interbedded
turbidite and pelagic sediments. Location 3 (13°30'N, 64°45'W)
was on the western flank of the Aves Ridge in 3500 m water
depth. Sediments were predominantly hemipelagic in origin.
Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOo, organic
carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional wave
velocity, and attenuation were determined from 6.1 cm inside
diameter cylindrical subcores. X-radiographs of 36 x 44 x 3 cm
rectangular acrylic subcores were made to determine
sedimentary/biological structure. Probes used to measure shear
strength and compressional wave velocity were occasionally
inserted into whole box cores for additional measurements. The
color of freshly collected sediments from whole box cores was
also noted.
In this report we present the entire data set in table
form. Methods of collection and subsequent laboratory and
computational analysis are presented in detail. The data
presented here will be the subject of more detailed analysis in
future publications.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the
ships' captains and crews of the R/V GYRE (cruise 79G7), USNS
LYNCH (cruise 708-80), and USNS BARTLETT (cruise 1301-82). We
also wish to thank all of the scientific colleagues who
participated in the aforementioned cruises. Without their
support a project of this scope would have been impossible.
Thanks to David C. Young, Frank Carnaggio, and James Matthews
for designing and fabricating the compressional wave velocity
probes. Special thanks are extended to Skidaway Institute of
Oceanography and Steve Bishop, in particular, for use of the CHN
analyzer and to NAVOCEANO for the training and use of the
Micromeritics Particle Size Analyzer. We thank Richard Ray for
the compilation of data exhibited in Appendix A and David K.
Young for careful review of the manuscript. This work was
supported by Program Element 61153N; Ralph R. Goodman and James
E. Andrews, Program Managers.
n
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Iv
LIST OF TABLES ., " ' 1v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1
A. SITE SELECTION 1
•. B. FIELD COLLECTION . . 3
C. FIELD ANALYSIS .,./ 7
D. LABORATORY ANALYSIS ... 15
III. RESULTS 18
IV. REFERENCES 19
APPENDIX A—SEDIMENT ACOUSTIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FROM BOX CORES COLLECTED IN THE VENEZUELA BASIN . 21
APPENDIX B-FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA FOR SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN BOX CORES FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN = 19
APPENDIX C--X-RADIOGRAPHS OF SEDIMENTS COLLECTED FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN 233
APPENDIX D~COLOR DESCRIPTIONS OF CORES 253
APPENDIX E—COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY PROBE DATA 257
APPENDIX F~SEDIMENT SHEAR STRENGTH MEASURED WITH HAND-HELD VANE SHEAR PROBE 263
m
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Location of sampling sites in the Venezuela Basin 2
Figure 2A. MK III box corer ready to deploy 6
Figure 2B. Deployment of box corer from rear U-frame of USNS BARTLETT 6
Figure 2C. Retrieval of box corer containing bottom sediment sample 6
Figure 2D. Subcoring of box core sample after detachment of box core and spade from box corer with aid of cart 6
Figure 3. Block diagram of compressional wave velocity probe measuring system 10
Figure 4. Line drawing of compressional wave velocity probes 10
Figure 5. Block diagram of sediment core compressional wave velocity and attenuation measuring system 13
TABLES
Table 1. Location, depth, date, and time of collection for the 68 box core stations occupied in the Venezuela Basin 4
Table 2. Listing of subcores collected from 45 box core samples obtained for physical/acoustic properties analysis 8
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION
This report presents data on the horizontal and vertical distribution of
surface sediment physical and acoustic properties. The data was collected in an
investigation of the effects of biological processes on the physical and acoustic
properties of deep-sea sediments. Results from the biological collections will be
included in subsequent reports. The entire data set on the following sediment
properties is printed in the form of tables: porosity, grain size distribution,
percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^), organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength,
color, and sedimentary/biological structure, sediment compressional wave velocity,
and attenuation. Methods of collection and subsequent laboratory and computational
analysis are presented in detail. The data presented here will be the subject of
more detailed analysis in future publications. The purpose of the report is to make
the bulk of the sediment data available as rapidly as possible to others involved
with this study.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Site Selection
Three locations representing different sedimentary provinces in the Venezuela
Basin were selected for study (Fig. 1). Location 1 was on the eastern part of the
Beata Ridge (15°07'N, 69°22'W) in 3950 m water depth. Sediments were pelagic
foraminifera ooze. Location 2 was in the central Venezuela Basin in 5050 m water
depth and centered about 13°45'N, 67°45'W. Sediments were interbedded turbidite
depositions and pelagic sediments. Location 3 was on the eastern flank of the Aves
Ridge in a hemipelagic sedimentary province in 3500 m water depth and centered
about 13°30'N, 64°45'W.
A total of 99 stations were occupied consisting of: 19 box cores, eight
trawls, and one dredge haul at location 1; 23 box cores and nine trawls at location
2; 18 box cores and eight trawls at location 3; three box cores along a transect
between locations 1 and 2; five box cores along a transect between locations 2 and
3; and five trawls collected about 130 km north of location 2. A listing of the
depth, latitude, longitude, date, and time (GMT) of each box core sample is
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presented in Table 1. Data pertinent to the trawl and dredge hauls will be
presented in subsequent publications.
Samples were collected on three oceanographic cruises. Stations 1-6 were
occupied from the R/V GYRE, cruise 79G7, which departed Panama City, Panama, on 10
November 1979 and terminated at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, on 26 November
1979. Stations 7-19 were occupied from the USNS LYNCH, cruise 708-80, which
departed Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, on 2 July 1980 and returned on 28 July 1980.
Stations 20-99 were occupied from the USNS BARTLETT, cruise 1301-82, which departed
Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, on 14 October 1981 and returned on 8 December 1981.
B. Field Collection
Sediments were collected with the 0.25-m^ MK III box corer depicted in Figure
2A-D. The design and function of the box corer were essentially the same as the box
corer described by Hessler and Jumars (1974) with two exceptions: (1) the safety
bar holding the release bolt was triggered by the downward fall of the column
through the frame sleeve that released a lever holding the safety bar (this safety
acted to prevent accidental triggering of the spade arm on deck or while the box
corer was in transit to the bottom), and (2) spring-loaded doors at the top of the
core box replaced the screened vents and flapper valves. A pinger, fastened on the
wire 25 m from the box corer, was used to monitor sample collection on a Line Scan
Recorder. Box core descent was approximately 50 m/min until the sampler was 50 m
from the bottom. The box core was then lowered into the bottom as slowly as weather
conditions permitted (10-25 m/min). The box core was retrieved at 50-75 m/min.
The box cores containing undisturbed surface sediment with overlying water
together with the attached spade arm were carefully removed from the coring device.
Cylindrical subcores (6.1-cm inside diameter and 46-cm length) and/or 36 cm (width)
X 3 cm (thickness) x 44 cm (length) acrylic subcores were used to collect
subsamples of the sediment. Extreme care was exercised to obtain relatively
undisturbed subsamples with the sediment-water interface preserved intact within
the subcores. In order to obtain undisturbed samples of the pelagic and turbidite
layers at location 2, a second set of subcores was taken after manual removal of '
overlying sediment layers that had high shear strength and resistance to core
penetration.
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Table 1. Location, depth, date, and time of collection for the 68 box core stations occupied in the Venezuela Basin. Station listings do not include the 30 trawl hauls and dredge haul.
Depth Station (m)
3958
Latitude
15°08.3'N
Longitude
69°24.6'W
Date GMT
1* 15 Nov 79 0226 2 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 15 Nov 79 1018 3 3958 15°14.7'N 69°14.7'W 15 Nov 79 1535 4* 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 15 Nov 79 2223 5 3958 15°35.5'N 69°17.3'W 16 Nov 79 0320
6* 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 16 Nov 79 1820 7* 5058 13°49.6'N 67°45.0'W 6 Jul 80 0105 8* 5059 13°48.4'N 67°40.7'W 7 Jul 80 1224 9 5054 13°46.6'N 67°45.2'W 8 Jul 80 0001 10* 5056 13°43.7'N 67°43.5'W 8 Jul 80 2103
11# 5060 13°46.0'N 67°49.7'W 23 Jul 80 0345 12# 5060 13°46.7'N 67°46.8'W 23 Jul 80 0842 13# 5060 13°49.4'N 67°42.7'W 23 Jul 80 1516 14 5054 13°50.6'N 67°39.0'W 23 Jul 80 2050 15* 5060 13°45.4'N 67°47.8'W 24 Jul 80 0752
16 5054 13°45.0'N 67°40.4'W 24 Jul 80 1620 17 3517 13°32.8'N 64°45.7'W 25 Jul 80 2150 18 3517 13°25.6"N 64°47.7'W 26 Jul 80 1143 19* 3514 13°25.1'N 64°51.0'W 26 Jul 80 1508 20* 3934 15°05.2'N 69°22.8'W 17 Oct 81 2335
21 3937 15°07.6'N 69°24.1'W 18 Oct 81 2053 22 3934 15°07.3'N 69°22.9'W 19 Oct 81 0241 23 3933 15°07.0'N 69°24.0'W 19 Oct 81 1223 24 3936 15°06.1'N 69°24.2'W 19 Oct 81 1606 25* 3934 15°07.9'N 69°22.7'W 19 Oct 81 2114
26 3940 15°06.4'N 69°22.3'W 21 Oct 81 0902 27* 3935 15°07.9'N 69°20.6'W 21 Oct 81 2342 28 3949 15°07.4'N 69°20.0'W 22 Oct 81 1236 29 3959 15°03.5'N 69°21.6'W 23 Oct 81 0340 30 3945 15°09.0'N 69°34.2'W 23 Oct 81 0845
31 3949 15°04.3'N 69°19.7'W 23 Oct 81 1234 32 3945 15°00.9'N 69°17.8'W 23 Oct 81 1637 42 4322 14°50.8'N 68°59.7'W 29 Oct 81 1659 43 4493 14°45.1'N 68°52.1'W 29 Oct 81 2336 44 4805 14°19.8'N 68°22.2'W 30 Oct 80 0958
macrofauna box core disturbed box core, no subsamples collected
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Table 1 (continued)
Depth Station (m)
5065
Latitude
13°53.1'N
Longitude
67°44.9'W
Date GMT
.45* 31 Oct 81 0210 46 5053 13°50.5'N 67°47.7'W 31 Oct 81 2104 47 . 5049 13°44.4'N 67°48.3'W 1 Nov 81 0305 48 5049 13°44.1'N 67°48.8'W 1 Nov 81 0808 49* 5052 13°37.4'N 67°50.5'W 1 Nov 81 1630 ,
50 5052 13°52.2'N 67°48.3'W 2 Nov 81 0612 51 5049 13°44.9'N 67°48.0'W 2 Nov 81 1226 52* 5052 13°49.5'N 67°50.3'W 2 Nov 81 1825 ' 53 5049 13°47.3'N 67°47.9'W 3 Nov 81 0836 ■'■- 54 5052 13°43.0'N 67°44.8'W 3 Nov 81 1434
55 5050 13°46.4'N 67°47.7'W 3 Nov 81 2149 56* 5049 13°46.6'N 67°47.7'W 4 Nov 81 0741 57 5046 13°42.9'N 67°47.6'W 4 Nov 81 1747 67 4749 13°35.9'N 65°52.1'W 18 Nov 81 0646 - 68 4447 13°34.0'N 65°45.0'W 18 Nov 81 1429
69 4188 13°34.7'N 65°28.6'W 18 Nov 81 2200 70 3937 13°33.9'N 65°24.2'W 19 Nov 81 0415 71 3775 13°31.6'N 65°10.8'W 19 Nov 81 1057 72* 3476 13°29.6'N 64°45.2'W 20 Nov 81 0522 73 3542 13°33.6'N 64°42.1'W 20 Nov 81 2135
74 3503 13°32.6'N 64°44.0'W 21 Nov 81 0218 75* 3506 13°32.1'N 64°42.5'W 21 Nov 81 0934 76 3490 13°33.8'N 64°41.4'W 21 Nov 81 1934 77 3477 13°28.5'N 64°40.8'W 22 Nov 81 0207 78* 3447 13°32.7'N 64°43.0'W 22 Nov 81 0646
79 3495 13°33.4'N 64°43.3'W 22 Nov 81 2320 80 3429 13°32.3'N 64°32.9'W 23 Nov 81 0415 81* 3437 13°26.2'N 64°38.1'W 23 Nov 81 0921 82 3433 13°35.6'N 64°40.3°W 23 Nov 81 1954 83* 3464 13°23.0'N 64°26.3'W 24 Nov 81 0202
84* 3487 13°28.8'N 64°44.0'W 24 Nov 81 0745 85* 3472 13°30.1'N 64°40.2'W 24 Nov 81 1210 86 3440 13°32.rN 64°39.6'W 25 Nov 81 0013
macrofauna box core
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Figure 2A. MK III box corer ready to deploy
Figure 2B. Deployment of box corer from rear U-frame of USNS BARTLETT
Figure 2D. Subcoring of box core sample after detachment of box core and spade from box corer with aid of cart
Figure 2C. Retrieval of box corer containing bottom sediment sample
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i-;-
One to 24 subcores were collected from each box core (except from stations
11, 12, and 13 which were disturbed samples). A listing of subcores by type of
analysis is presented in Table 2. Some subcores were used for more than one type of
analysis (e.g. compressional wave velocity and shear strength). Because of the
dual-use of subcores, there will appear to be a disparity between the total number
and the sum of the individual subcores. Those collected for analyses by workers
outside of NORDA (i.e. benthic foraminifera: Barun Sen Gupta, LSU; meiofauna:
Donald Woods, U. of Alabama; muramic acid: David White, FSU; microfaunal lipids:
H. Rodger Harvey, U. of Georgia; radionuclide distribution: David Schink and Norman
Guinasso, Texas A&M) will be the subject of subsequent publications.
C. Field Analysis
Sediment acoustic measurements were made utilizing three different types of
apparatus: probes inserted into undisturbed box cores, USI-103 transducer-receiver
head with the USI-103 sediment velocimeter, and USI-103 transducer-receiver head
with different electronic components.
Replicate series of compressional wave velocity measurements were made at
0.5-cm intervals in four undisturbed box cores using the probes described in
Figures 3 and 4. A Tektronfx PG 501 Pulse Generator was used to trigger a Tektronix
FG504 Function Generator and a Hewlett Packard 1743A dual-time interval
Oscilloscope (Fig. 3). The Tektronix FG504 Function Generator drove the
compressional wave transducer with a 70-kHz sine wave triggered for 10jisec
duration every 2 msec. The electrical energy was transferred into mechanical energy
using a piezoceramic thin sheet transducer (12.7-mm long, 2.5-mm wide, and 0.25-mm
thick) cut from a G1195 series thin sheet manufactured by Gulton Industries. The
transducer was epoxied at one end into a 15-mm long, 10-mm wide window machined
into a 2.4-mm thick Phenolic Sheet and potted with Scotch Cast 8 (Fig. 4).
Compressional waves propagated through the sediments to two compressional
wave receivers that were built as identically as possible to the compressional wave
transducer. The mechanical energy was transferred into electrical energy by the
piezoceramic receivers, amplified (20-dB gain) by Burr-Brown 3622K Differential
amplifiers, and filtered by Krohn-Hite Model 3100R Band-Pass Filters (1-1000 kHz
low cut-off and high cut-off frequencies) set in the maximum flat butterworth
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Trigger
Pulse Generator
Function Generator
Compressional Wave Transducer
Dual-time Interval
Oscilloscope
Band-pass
Filter
20 dB
Preamplifier
Band-pass
Filter
20 dB
Preamplifier
I Compressional Wave Recieversi
Figure 3. Block diagram of compressional wave velocity probe measuring system
® 2.4mm thick
Phenolic Sheet
Scotch Cast 8 Piezoceramic
! Transducer
1cm
Figure 4. Line drawing of compressional wave velocity probes
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position. The time delay (At) between the two, amplified, filtered, received
signals was measured with the Hewlett-Packard Oscilloscope.
The first "At" measurement for each series was made in "the water overlying
the sediment-water interface. The difference in the distance between the transducer
and the two receivers was calculated from the "At" measurement and the
compressional wave velocity for sea water (calculated from MacKenzie, 1982) given
temperature, salinity, and depth. Temperature and salinity of the overlying water
were measured with a YSI Model 43TD temperature probe and an AO Goldberg
temperature-compensated, salinity refractometer. The difference in distance between
probes was assumed to remain the same during any series of measurements. Time delay
(At) measurements were made at 0.5-cm intervals as the probes were inserted into
the sediment. Simultaneous sediment temperature measurements were made with a YSI
Model 43TD temperature probe. Compressional wave velocity at each depth was
calculated from the difference in distance between the transducer and receivers and
the measured time delay.
Values of compressional wave velocity were determined for sediment in the
cylindrical core liners (stations 9, 14, 16, 17, and 18) with an Underwater
Systems, Inc. (Model USI 103) Sediment Velocimeter. Time delay measurements made on
distilled water through the core liner were compared to similar time delay
measurements on the sediment sample to determine sediment compressional wave
velocity using the following formula:
V = - ^ P AtV^ (1)
where V is the measured sound velocity through sediment (m/sec); V is the P "
measured sound velocity through distilled water (m/sec); At is the measured time
arrival of sound through distilled water minus the time arrival through sediment
(sec); and d is the inside diameter of the core in meters.
Values of sediment compressional wave velocity and attenuation were
determined at 1-cm intervals in the core samples collected at stations 21-84 with
an Underwater System, Inc. (Model USI-103) transducer-receiver head. A Tektronix
PG501 Pulse Generator, FG504 Function Generator, Krohn-Hite 3100R Band Pass Filter
11
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and a Hewlett Packard 1743A dual-time interval oscilloscope were substituted for
the electronics unit and oscilloscope usually employed with the USI-103 Velocimeter
(Fig. 5). These substitutes increased resolution of compressional wave velocity
measurements and provided accurate measurement of receiver voltages required for
attenuation measurements.
The temperature of the cylindrical subcores was equilibrated with laboratory
temperature prior to measurement of compressional wave velocity (V ). Temperature
and salinity of the overlying water were measured with a YSI Model 43TD temperature
probe and a Guildline Instruments 8400A laboratory salinometer.
Sediment compressional wave velocity was determined using equation 1. All
sound velocities were calculated at the common temperature, salinity, and pressure
(23°C, 35 /oo, 1 atm) suggested by Hamilton (1971). All measurements taken with
the USI-103 transducer-receiver head were made at 400 kHz. Attenuation measurements
were calculated as 20 log of the ratio of the received voltage through distilled
water versus receiver voltage through sediment. Attenuation measurements were
extrapolated to a 1-m path length and reported as dB/m at 400 kHz (Hamilton, 1972).
Attenuation was also expressed as a sediment specific constant (k):
kf" (2)
where a is the attenuation of compression waves in sediment (dB/m), f is the
transmitted signal frequency (kHz), and n is a measure of frequency dependence. If
n is assumed to be one (Hamilton, 1972), then the sediment specific constant (k)
can be used to compare sediment attenuation to other sediment physical properties
such as porosity and mean grain size without regard to the frequency at which the
measurements were made.
Sediment shear strength was measured directly by a hand-held vane shear
device in undisturbed box core samples and with a Wykeham-Farrance laboratory vane
apparatus in cylindrical subcores. The hand-held vane shear device consisted of a
0-24 inch-ounce precision torque gauge equipped with a 1.89-cm high, 1.89-cm
diameter or 2.54 x 2.54 cm vane, after the design of Dill and Moore (1965). The
Wykeham-Farrance laboratory vane apparatus was equipped with a 1.26-cm high, 1.26-
cm diameter vane. The torque required to shear the sediment was measured with both
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TRIGGER
PULSE GENERATOR
FUNCTION GENERATOR
USI TRANSDUCER
DUAL TIME INTERVAL
OSCILLOSCOPE
BAND-PASS
FILTER
USI RECEIVER
SEDIMENT CORE
Figure 5. Block diagram of sediment core compressional wave velocity and attentuation measuring system
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devices. The rotation rate for the Wykeham-Farrance vane was 84°/min, whereas the
hand-held vane was rotated as slowly as possible, approximately 360°/min. Sediment
shear strength (r^) was calculated from the torque required to shear the sediment
(T) and the height (H) and diameter (D) of the vane using the following formula
from Monney (1974):
.,K21.4) ^^^
Hand-held torque measurements were made without regard to the resistance of the
vane shaft to rotation in the sediment. Measurements were made every inch after
additional insertion of the vane and its 50-cm shaft. Torque measurements made with
the Wykeham-Farrance vane do not include the resistance of the vane shaft as part
of the measurement. Sediment was extruded from the subcore after each torque
measurement exposing fresh undisturbed sediment for the next measurement.
Color descriptions of collected sediment were made with the aid of Munsell®
Soil Color Charts (1975). Depth profiles of hue, value, and chroma were determined
for sediments after removing a side of the box core. Depth profiles of color were
also determined for sediments extruded from subcores after vane shear measurement.
Sedimentary/biological structure was revealed by X-raying sediments collected
with acrylic rectangular subcores. Rectangular cores were constructed of two 3-mm
thick acrylic sheets (36 x 44 cm) separated by 6-mm thick acrylic sides (3-cm
width). One face was sealed with silicone sealant and held together with stainless
steel machine screws; the other face was sealed with neoprene and stainless steel
machine screws. Two 19-mm diameter holes in the top of the cere were used for
displacement of air during core insertion. The holes were closed by means of
neoprene stoppers after sediment collection. Bottom edges of the cores were beveled
to improve penetration. The bottoms of the cores were sealed with rectangular
acrylic boxes lined with cellular neoprene. Rubber straps held the bottoms fast to
the cores.
The rectangular cores were X-rayed by placing a 35.3 x 42.8 cm sheet of Kodak
AA industrial X-ray film on the back of each core and exposing it to 50 kV, 20 ma
for 30 sec with a Kramex PX-20N portable X-ray unit (Rhoads et al., 1977). For
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safety purposes, cores were X-rayed in a 1.6-cm thick plywood box lined with 1.6-tnn
thick lead sheeting.
D. Laboratory Analysis
All cylindrical core samples not extruded for sediment shear strength
measurements were refrigerated or frozen for subsequent laboratory analysis.
Refrigerated cores were used in determining sediment porosity, grain size, and
percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^). Organic and nitrogen determinations were made on
sediment from frozen cores.
Cores were sectioned at 2-cm intervals by extruding the sediment with a •
plunger and slicing the exposed sediment off with a spatula. Immediately after
sectioning, subsamples of extruded sediment for porosity determinations were placed
in preweighed aluminum pans, weighed, dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 hr, cooled
in a desiccator, and reweighed. Percent water was calculated by dividing the weight
of evaporated water (difference between wet and dried sediment weights) by the
weight of the dried solids and multiplying by 100. Using an average grain density
value of 2.65 for noncarbonate sediment (location 2) and 2.70 for carbonate
sediments (locations 1 and 3), porosity values were determined from tables relating
porosity to water content (Lambert and Bennett, 1972). The values were not
corrected for the salinity of pore water.
Grain-size analysis of sediment was accomplished essentially as described by
Folk (1965). The silt and clay fractions from 4 to 10 ^(phi), however, were
determined with a Micromeritics® Model 5000 Particle Size Analyzer rather than the
standard pipette method. The sediment samples were soaked overnight in 200 ml of
dispersant solution (2.5 g of sodium hexametaphosphate per liter of distilled
water), then disaggregated by sonicating the sample with a cell disruptor for 12
min while stirring with a magnetic stirrer. The disaggregated sample was wet-sieved
with dispersant through a 62-/im screen to separate the sand-sized fraction from the
silt- and clay-sized fraction. The finer fraction was collected in a 1000-ml
graduated cylinder, and enough dispersant was added to fill the graduated cylinder
to 1000 ml . The coarser fraction was rinsed off the screen into a beaker with
distilled water and then dried. '
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The dried, coarser fraction was fractionated into -3 to -2, -2 to -1, -1 to
0, 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 0 intervals with an ATM sonic sifter and each
fraction was individually weighed to determine the sand-sized particle
distribution. The silt- and clay-sized fraction was thoroughly agitated by vigorous
stirring and aeration. A 20-ml aliquot sample representative of the total
distribution of particles in suspension was pipetted from the graduated cylinder
and into a preweighed beaker, dried in an oven, and weighed. After 5 days, 20-ml
aliquot samples were pipetted from the appropriate depths in the graduated cylinder
and into preweighed beakers, dried, and weighed to estimate the weight of
clay-sized particles in the 10 to 11, 11 to 12, and 12 to 14 0 intervals. At the
conclusion of six days of settling, all particles 10 0 and coarser were near the
bottom of the graduated cylinder. At this time the supernatant was slowly siphoned
into another graduated cylinder, leaving the settled particles and about 200 ml of
dispersant. The supernatant volume was recorded. A 20-ml aliquot sample was
pipetted from the supernatant after agitation, dried, and weighed to estimate the
weight of the particles finer than 100 . Finally, the sample remaining in the
graduated cylinder was sonicated and stirred for 12 minutes in a beaker prior to
size determination with the Micromeritics® analyzer. This particle size analyzer
determines the concentration of silt- and clay-sized particles in liquid suspension
at various depths in a sample cell by means of a finely-collimated, horizontal
X-ray beam. The concentration was presented in the form of a cumulative
"percent-finer-than" distribution trace in relation to the Stokesian diameter of
the particles.
Sediment grain size distributions were analyzed with an HP 9825A desktop
computer and plotted with an HP 9862A plotter (unpublished program is available on
request from MDR). Data were plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative
weight percent for all phi-sizes through 14 0. The fraction finer than 12 <p was
equally divided between the 12 to 13 0 and 13 to 14 0 intervals. Percentages of
gravel (< -1.0 0 ), sand (-1.0 to 4.0 0 ), silt (4.0 to 8.0 0 ), and clay (> 8.00)
were tabulated. The mean phi, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and
normalized kurtosis were calculated according to the graphic formula of Folk and
Ward (1957).
Percent CaCO^ analysis was accomplished with a gasometric apparatus based on
the design of Hulsemann (1966). Sediment subsamples were dried at 105°C for 24 hr.
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ground in a mortar and pestle, and stored in a desiccator prior to analysis. A weighed portion (200-500 mg dry weight) of the subsample was added directly to a flask from the weighing paper, and the amount of sediment adhering to the paper was subtracted to obtain the exact weight. A magnetic stir bar was added to the flask, and the flask was attached to the apparatus by means of a silicone-greased, ground-glass connection and secured with a joint clamp. Next, a side arm with 5 ml of 4N hydrochloric acid (HCl) was attached in the same manner to the apparatus above the sample flask, and the system was closed off from atmospheric pressure by' means of a three-way stopcock. Negative pressure in the system was created by
lowering an open flask of mercury connected to a 100-ml burette. After the side arm containing the acid was rotated emptying its contents into the sample flask, the
acidified sample was mixed with a magnet and heated with a Bunsen burner until the liquid bubbled up the sides of the flask. The system was allowed to come to thermal equilibrium with laboratory temperature before the mercury manometer was adjusted and the reading recorded. Barometric pressure was noted and recorded before and after each sample run. Two CaCO^ standards were run at the beginning of the day to test for leaks in the system.
■ ' > ■ . ■ -
The volume of gas (COp) released was corrected to standard temperature and pressure and converted to carbonate as CaCO, by means of the formula:
— X 0.1605 = % CaCO^ ^^^ TW ^
where V = observed volume of CO2, P = corrected pressure, T = room temperature (°K), and W = weight of the sample in grams. Gas pressure was corrected for barometric pressure, water vapor pressure, and temperature. Duplicates from each depth in the core were analyzed. If values of duplicates differed by more than 2%, another replicate was run.
Frozen sediment cores for organic carbon and nitrogen analysis were thawed before extruding and sectioning at 2-cm intervals. Care in sectioning and sampling the core was exercised so that organic contamination (e.g. plastic core liner) was not introduced. The samples of the cores were refrozen and stored until analysis at a later date.
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Thawed sediment samples were added to preweighed, precombusted (475°C)
beakers and dried at 90°C for 24 hr. After cooling in a desiccator the samples were
reweighed and ground to a fine powder in a clean mortar and pestle. Calcium
carbonate was removed from the samples by adding excess (approx. 110%) 4N HCl. The
amount of acid added was determined a priori from percent CaCO-, analysis of
separate sediment cores. After 12 hr, the acidified samples were brought to
seawater pH (8.2) by adding 8N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A Corning Model 125 pH
meter with a calomel reference electrode (ceramic-type junction) was used to
monitor pH. Samples were dried at 90°C for 24-36 hr, cooled in a desiccator, then
weighed to determine the reacted weight. Finally, the dried samples were ground in
a clean mortar and pestle, added to clean vials, sealed, and weighed.
Immediately before weighing a subsample of finely-ground sediment for
analysis, the vial was weighed again to correct for absorbed water. Any additional
weight due to water absorption was added to the reacted weight value. The subsample
(20,000-45,000 Mg) was weighed in a precombusted (475°C) aluminum boat and loaded
into a Perkin-Elmer Model 240 CHN analyzer for determination of organic carbon and
nitrogen. Duplicates from each depth in the core were analyzed. Additional
replicates were run if values of duplicates differed by more than 11.
III. RESULTS
The bulk of data in this report is presented in five appendices. Appendix A
contains data on the following sediment acoustic and physical properties:
compressional wave velocity (V ), compressional wave velocity ratio (V ratio),
compressional wave attenuation (k), porosity, percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^),
percent organic carbon (C), percent organic nitrogen (N), shear strength, percent
sand, percent silt, percent clay, mean ^(phi), standard deviation, skewness,
kurtosis and normalized kurtosis. Sample designator consists of station number
followed by subcore number (e.g. 3-4 designates the fourth subcore collected at
station 3).
Appendix B contains frequency histograms of grain size distribution data.
Grain size data were plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative weight
curves for phi sizes -4 through 14. Also included are percentage gravel, sand.
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silt, and clay and mean phi, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and normalized
kurtosis.
X-radiographs of sediments collected with the 36 x 44. x 3 cm rectangular
subcores are presented in Appendix C. X-radiographs depict sedimentary/biological
structure from eight stations and include X-radiographs from all three locations.
Images are "positives" produced from the developed X-ray transparency, and thus
darker areas of the X-radiograph denote areas of greater sediment density.
Color descriptions of sediments are presented in Appendix D. Color
descriptions are depicted as both Munsell® hue/value/chroma designations and soil
color names. The "hue" refers to red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The "value"
refers to lightness. The "chroma" refers to strength (departure from a neutral of
the same lightness). All descriptions are for sediments collected with subcores
except at station 31 where the color was described from a freshly opened box core.
Compressional wave velocity probe measurements are presented in Appendix E.
Appendix F contains sediment shear strength values measured with the
hand-held vane shear device.
IV. REFERENCES > ' ■ . ■ ■
Dill, R.F. and D.G. Moore (1965). A diver-held vane-shear apparatus. Mar. Geol.,
3:323-327.
Folk, R.L. (1965). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill's, Austin, Texas.
Folk, R.L. and W.C. Ward (1957). Brazos River Bar, a study in the significance of
grain size parameters. J. Sed. Pet., 27:3-26.
Hamilton, E.L. (1971). Elastic properties of marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res.,
76:579-603.
Hamilton, E.L. (1972). Compressional wave attenuation in marine sediments.
Geophysics, 37:620-645.
19
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Hessler, R.R. and P.A. Jumars (1974). Abyssal community analysis from replicate box
core in the central North Pacific. Deep Sea Res., 21:185-209.
Hulsemann, J. (1966). On the routine analysis of carbonates in unconsolidated
sediments. J. Sediment Petrol., 36:622-625.
Lambert, D.N. and R.H. Bennett (1972). Tables for determining porosity of deep-sea
sediments from water content and average grain density measurements. NOAA Technical
Memo. ERL/AOML-17.
MacKenzie, K.V. (1981). Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 70:807-812.
Monney, N.T. (1974). An analysis of the vane shear test at varying rates of shear.
In: A.L. Inderbitzen (Ed.), Deep-Sea Sediments: Physical and Mechanical Properties.
Plenum Press, New York, pp. 151-167.
Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975). Munsell Color, Baltimore, Maryland.
Rhoads, D.C., R.C. Aller and M.B. Goldhaber (1977). The influence of colonizing
benthos on physical properties and chemical diagenesis of the estuarine sea floor.
In: B.C. Coull (Ed.), Ecology of Marine Benthos. Univ. of South Carolina Press,
Columbia, South Carolina, pp. 113-138.
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APPENDIX A SEDIMENT ACOUSTIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
FROM BOX CORES COLLECTED IN THE VENEZUELA BASIN
Compressional wave velocity (V m/sec), compressional wave velocity ratio
(V ratio), attenuation (k), porosity (%), percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^),
percent organic carbon (C), percent organic nitrogen (N), shear strength (g/cm ),
percent sand, percent silt, percent clay, mean 0 (phi), standard deviation,
skewness, kurtosis and normalized kurtosis for sediments collected with cylindrical
subcores from box cores in the Venezuela Basin are presented. Sample designator
consists of station number followed by subcore number (e.g. 3-4 designates the
fourth subcore collected at station 3).
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APPENDIX B FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTI^IBUTION DATA
FOI^ SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN BOX CORES FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN
Grain size data are plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative
weight curves for phi sizes -4 through 14. Also included are percentage gravel,
sand, silt, and clay and Folk and Ward's mean phi, standard deviation, skewness,
kurtosis, and normalized kurtosis. Data include three stations from location 1,
five stations from location 2, three stations from location 3, three stations along
a transect from location 1 to location 2, and five stations along a transect from
location 2 to location 3. ii
Station Subcore Sample Page
■'Mfc.
3 10 0-35 200 5 2 0-35 201 5 4 0-35 202 9 2 0-26 203 14 6 0-30 204
14 9 0-30 205 14 9 30-34 206 17 1 0-30 207 17 3 0-28 208 18 I 0-24 209
26 2 0-30 210 26 2 30-38 211 42 11 0-30 212 42 11 30-33 213 43 15 0-30 214
43 15 30-32 215 44 12 0-30 216 44 12 30-36 217 51 3 0-16 218 51 5 14-42 219 53 19 0-16 220
53 21 16-38 221 54 4 0-22 222 54 2 20-42 223 67 1 0-30 224 67 1 30-38 225
68 3 0-30 226 69 9 0-28 227 70 11 0-25.5 228 71 10 0-22 229 80 2 0-30 230 80 2 30-31 231
199
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CRUISE LYNCH
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CRUISE: LYNCM - SIHIIDH IH-6 SUMPLE SRHPLC Ii-I3CM CRUISE LY CH 7BB-Bi STHTiaN IH-B SflKPLC 2B-2SCM
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CRUISE §HBrLt I3fl-ai smnOM Hl-H SWIPLE 1-3 CM CRUISE IFWtLr I3JI-B3 SrnriQK H3~li SIWPLE I f-13 CM n srariGK sj-is SHMPLC TM-TZ CM
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fmjisE WMTLT lui-n smriDM CBUTHE ■PWrLT I3BI-B3 SmriON B1-! 5HHPLC 28-3B
230
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<RUI5E inRrLT l3BI-n SrRTIDN n-1 SRHPLE 3B-3I
231
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APPENDIX C X-RADIOGRAPHS OF SEDIMENTS COLLECTED
FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN
X-radiographs of sediments collected with X-ray boxes from intact box cores
are presented. X-radiographs depict sedimentary/biological structure from eight
stations and include X-radiographs from all three locations. Images are "positives"
produced from the developed X-ray transparency and thus darker areas of the
X-radiograph denote areas of greater sediment density.
X-radiograph Station Location Page
15 22 234 16 22 235 17 26 236 18 30 237 19 30 238
20 51 2 239 21 51 2 240 22 51 2 241 23 54 2 242 24 54 2 243 25 54 2 244
26 74 3 245 27 74 3 246 28 74 3 247 29 77 3 248 30 77 3 249 31 80 3 250 32 80 3 251
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I I 1
236
1 I m
I I
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237
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O)
238
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CM
239
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CM
240
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CM Csj
241
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CO CM
242
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CM
243
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CM
244
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CM ^
245
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I
CO
250
I I I I I I I I I I I I
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CM CO
?51
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APPENDIX D ' . , COLOR DESCRIPTIONS OF CORES , /' 1 t .;■,
Color descriptions are depicted as both Munsen®hue/value/chroma designations
and soil color names. The "hue" refers to red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The
"value" refers to lightness. The "chroma" refers to strength (departure from a
neutral of the same lightness). All descriptions were derived from subcores except
at station 31 where the color was described from a freshly opened box core.
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Depth station (cm) Hue/Value/Chroma
lOYR/6/3
Color
23(24) 0 to 3 Pale brown 3 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown
15 to 39 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
31 0 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 15 to 30 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
42(10) 0 to 6 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 6 to 39 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
43(6) 0 to 6 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 6 to 12 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
12 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 15 to 27 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
44(14) 0 to 3 lOYR/5/3 Brown 3 to 12 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown
12 to 33 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown
48(1) 0 to 10 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 10 to 11 lOYR/4/2 Dark grayish-brown 11 to 13 lOYR/2/2 Very dark brown 13 to 14 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray
48(4) 0 to 8 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 8 to 12 lOYR/4/2 Dark grayish-brown 12 to 14 lOYR/2/2 Very dark brown
lOYR/3/3 Dark brown lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown
14 to 16 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 16 to 18 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray 18 to 20 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray 20 to 21.5 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray
lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray 21.5 to 28 lOYR/5/1 Gray 28 to 32 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray 32 to 34 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray
48(9) 32 to 34 lOYR/5/1 Gray lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown
34 to 36 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray
36 to 40 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray
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Depth station (cm)
0 to 3
Hue/Value/Chroma
lOYR/5/3
Color
67(5) Brown 3 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown
lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 9 to 12 2.5Y/4/2 Dark grayish-brown
12 to 15 lOYR/5/1 Gray lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown
15 to 18 2.5Y/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 2.5Y/5/2 Dark grayish-brown
18 to 33 lOYR/5/1 Gray
68(4) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 9 to 15 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown
5Y/3/1 Very dark gray 15 to 21 5Y/4/2 Olive gray 21 to 27 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 27 to 30 5Y/4/4 Olive
5Y/5/2 Olive gray
69(7) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 9 to 13 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown
lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 13 to 16 lOYR/5/3 Brown 16 to 25 5Y/5/1 Gray
70(9) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown
5Y/4/2 Olive gray 9 to 16 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown
5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 16 to 18 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 18 to 21 5Y/5/2 Olive gray
5Y/4/2 Olive gray
71(8) 0 to 6 lOYR/5/3 Brown 6 to 15 lOYR/5/3 Brown
5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 15 to 18 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 18 to 24 5Y/5/2 Olive gray
5Y/4/3 Olive
74(1) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/4 Dark yellowish-brown 6 to 15 lOYR/5/4 Yellowish-brown
5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 15 to 30 5Y/5/2 Olive gray
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APPENDIX E COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY PROBE DATA
Compressional wave velocity (V , m/sec) as measured by probes inserted into
intact box cores is presented. Velocity values are calculated for 20°C.
i ■
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Trial Depth
\ Station (cm)
0
1 2
22 1485.9 _. 1485.9 1 1439.7 1520.2 1480.0 2 1458.7 1483.4 1471.1 3 1491.6 1492.5 1492.1 4 1501.3 1484.3 1492.8 5 1489.5 1495.3 1492.4 6 1503.1 1495.5 1499.3
7 1501.3 1498.0 1499.7 8 1498.1 1496.3 1497.2 9 1500.8 1488.2 1494.5
10 1503.5 1502.6 1503.1 11 1496.8 1510.9 1503.9 12 1505.1 1525.5 1515.3
13 1505.0 1532.3 1518.7 14 1512.6 1527.7 1520.2 15 1519.1 1518.1 1518.6 16 1526.7 1521.4 1524.1 17 1527.3 1515.9 1521.6 18 1527.3 1535.0 1531.2
19 1525.8 1534.0 1529.9 20 1528.5 1533.8 1531.2 21 1523.3 1531.2 1527.3 22 1516.5 1531.0 1523.8 23 1519.2 1516.4 1517.8 24 1513.6 1523.1 1518.4
25 1517.9 1510.7 1514.3 26 1508.8 1511.6 1510.2 27 1507.4 1515.3 1511.4 28 1501.3 1515.3 1508.3 29 1509.8 1514.0 1511.9 30 1504.2 1511.6 1507.9
31 1507.0 1507.4 1507.2 32 1499.6 1513.2 1505.4 33 1500.5 1503.8 1502.2 34 1499.8 1506.4 1503.1 35 1492.2 1507.5 1499.9 36 1493.5 1503.1 1498.3 37 1501.0 _— 1501.0
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Trial Depth
1 Y Station (cm)
0
1 2 3 4 ' P
31 .. ^ ^
1 1470.2 1491.6 1467.4 1479.6 1469.7 2 1450.1 1476.1 1464.2 1439.8 1457.6 3 1479.3 1486.5 1507.7 1503.9 1494.4 4 1476.0 1481.2 1490.9 1483.6 1482.9 5 1484.9 1474.6 1490.3 1470.8 1480.2
6 1488.1 1482.9 1506.0 1496.7 1493.4 7 1488.3 1482.0 1496.7 1491.6 1489.7 8 1486.3 1486.4 1487.4 1486.7 1486.7 9 1502.7 1492.0 1514.0 1505.1 1503.5
10 1513.5 1500.0 1493.1 1496.7 1500.8
11 1520.3 1494.6 1510.1 1501.0 1506.5 12 1518.5 1508.6 1509.3 1502.2 1509.7 13 1522.5 1498.4 1523.9 1505.2 1512.5 14 1522.3 1508.6 1505.6 1533.0 1517.4 15 1523.0 1499.6 1539.3 1517.9 1520.0
16 1532.2 1511.5 1527.5 1507.1 1519.6 17 1534.6 1498.9 1528.9 1524.0 1521.6 18 1525.8 1494.6 1529.9 1519.7 1517.5 19 1534.2 1505.2 1531.7 1523.4 1523.6 20 1522.0 1498.4 1527.8 1520.1 1517.1
21 1517.8 1508.5 1525.5 1510.0 1515.5 22 1520.9 1495.6 1530.8 1509.2 1514.1 23 1520.3 1509.0 1525.0 1518.2 1518.1 24 1514.6 1509.4 1517.3 1501.3 1510.7 25 1508.7 1506.3 1508.3 1508.4 1507.9
26 1513.0 1504.0 1518.2 1508.8 1511.0 27 1509.3 1505.1 1516.4 1509.8 1510.2 28 1501.9 1505.7 1506.4 1506.5 1505.1 29 1502.3 1503.4 1512.6 1509.3 1506.9 30 1503.6 1500.2 1509.2 1507.9 1505.2
31 1502.6 1501.6 1498.3 1502.8 1501.3 32 1512.3 1500.2 1501.0 1510.3 1506.0 33 1493.5 1498.4 1496.1 1503.9 1498.0 34 -_ 1497.5 1506.9 1502.4 1502.3 35 .•- 1490.9 — 1501.7 1496.3
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Trial Depth
V P Station (cm)
0
1 2 3 4
48 1514.8 1514.8 1 1705.7 1575.9 1487.5 1454.8 1556.0 2 1462.1 1751.4 1515.5 1489.6 1554.7 3 1479.5 1468.4 1468.8 1477.4 1473.5 4 1484.3 1483.0 1469.0 1478.5 1478.7 5 1478.4 1488.1 1477.2 1478.5 1480.6
6 1481.8 1484.1 1478.4 1479.7 1481.0 7 1496.3 1488.5 1480.8 1478.2 1486.0 8 1500.4 1488.8 1480.8 1488.0 1489.5 9 1490.5 1487.9 1485.7 1480.6 1486.2
10 1492.0 1491.6 1491.6 1476.0 1487.8
11 1487.2 1506.2 1493.4 1493.9 1495.2 12 1507.5 1514.7 1499.1 1515.6 1509.2
■> 13 1515.8 1502.0 1499.5 1519.4 1509.2 14 1516.1 1527.6 1501.5 1489.7 1508.7 15 1517.0 1512.3 1506.1 1499.1 1508.9
16 1525.7 1513.3 1523.2 1507.5 1517.4 17 1507.7 1524.8 1536.9 1524.7 1523.5 18 1501.7 1513.8 1498.7 1515.0 1507.3 19 1511.2 — 1511.3 1504.7 1509.1 20 1514.4 — 1511.3 1502.9 1509.5
21 1528.8 1524.8 1552.1 1506.5 1528.1 22 1534.6 1551.1 1524.3 1508.1 1529.5 23 1517.3 1548.7 1520.5 1515.1 1525.4 24 1526.3 1553.7 1514.8 1568.8 1540.9 25 -- 1545.7 1540.8 1566.2 1550.9 26 -- -- 1527.7 1547.2 1537.5 27 -- 1553.2 1537.3 1613.4 1568.0
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Trial Depth ■^£ 1
'p Station (cm)
0
1 2 3 4 '
82 1526.1 1568.5 1504.6 1553.7 1538.2 1 1496.1 1490.9 1496.9 1450.1 1483.5 2 1492.8 1513.7 1472.3 1502.4 1495.3 3 1499.4 1511.4 1481.5 1482.2 1493.6 4 1506.7 1513.8 1494.8 1484.5 1500.0 5 1509.3 1514.9 1499.3 1484.2 1501.9
6 1518.3 1515.9 1492.0 1486.5 1503.2 7 1516.0 1528.7 1495.1 1492.9 1508.2 8 1527.4 1525.8 1500.0 1503.1 1514.1 9 1521.3 1538.7 1508.1 1500.6 1517.2
10 1532.5 1530.4 1508.5 1504.8 1519.1 11 1533.3 1526.0 1506.4 1495.0 1515.2
12 1527.9 1532.4 1510.8 1495.8 1516.7 13 1531.4 1535.2 1511.5 1492.8 1517.7 14 1528.2 1532.4 1510.6 1500.7 1518.0 15 1534.1 1540.9 1512.1 1501.6 1522.2 16 1544.1 1541.4 1512.9 1507.5 1526.5 17 1539.9 1544.4 1513.8 1503.8 1525.5 18 1544.5 1539.4 1510.0 1511.8 1526.4 19 1540.3 — 1512.9 -- 1526.6
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APPENDIX F SEDIMENT SHEAR STRENGTH MEASURED WITH HAND-HELD VANE SHEAR PROBE
Shear strength of sediments (r^, g/cm ) was measured in undisturbed box cores
with a 1.89 x 1.89 cm or a 2.54 x 2.54 cm vane. The larger vane was used at
stations 23, 28, and 31 only.
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L^^lJ ifi 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 station (in.)
1
(cm)
2.54
rf
23 12.43 12.43 12.43 12.43 9.95 14.92 13.77 2 5.08 24.87 19.89 17.41 29.84 19.89 24.87 22.80 3 7.62 44.76 54.70 42.27 34.81 49.73 64.65 48.44 4 10.16 64.65 64.65 64.65 59.68 79.57 79.57 68.80 5 12.70 94.50 74.60 89.51 77.08 79.57 84.54 83.30 6 15.24 94.50 89.51 89.51 84.54 94.49 89.51 90.34 7 17.78 79.57 89.51 89.51 49.57 84.54 89.51 80.37
8 20.32 79.57 79.57 74.60 69.62 79.57 84.54 77.91 9 22.86 69.62 69.62 69.62 64.65 79.57 79.57 72.11
10 25.40 69.62 69.62 74.60 59.68 79.57 74.60 71.28 11 27.94 59.68 69.62 69.62 62.16 59.68 64.65 64.24 12 30.48 64.65 59.68 74.60 69.62 59.68 67.14 65.90 13 33.02 44.76 59.68 44.75 59.68 59.68 59.68 54.71 14 35.56 47.24 64.65 44.75 57.19 64.65 59.68 56.36 15 38.10 47.24 44.76 44.75 59.68 59.68 59.68 52.63 16 40.64 54.70 49.73 47.25 59.68 59.68 59.68 55.12
28 1 2.54 7.5 12.4 12.4 19.9 9.9 9.9 12.0 2 5.08 24.9 34.8 19.9 24.9 27.4 39.8 28.6 3 7.62 59.7 67.1 59.7 59.7 52.2 67.1 60.9 4 10.16 64.6 89.5 77.1 84.5 77.1 92.0 80.8 5 12.70 94.5 87.0 89.5 97.0 89.5 99.5 92.8 6 15.24 94.5 99.5 79.6 104.4 89.5 119.4 97.8 7 17.78 84.6 89.5 84.6 89.5 74.6 104.4 87.9 8 20.32 84.5 82.1 84.5 94.5 74.6 89.5 85.0
9 22.86 64.6 69.6 69.6 74.6 74.6 84.5 72.9 10 25.40 59.7 79.6 74.6 67.1 69.6 69.6 70.0 11 27.94 59.7 69.6 64.6 67.1 64.7 69.6 65.9 12 30.48 64.6 49.7 49.7 64.7 59.7 59.7 58.0 13 33.02 49.7 54.7 64.6 59.7 52.2 49.7 55.1 14 35.56 49.7 52.2 67.1 49.7 49.7 49.7 53.0 15 38.10 44.8 42.3 49.7 49.7 67.1 54.7 51.4 16 40.64 47.2 49.7 54.7 49.7 -- -- 50.3
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Trial Depth
1 2 3 4 5 6
4
Station (in.)
1
I cm)
2.54
Tf
31 14.9 14.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 12. 17.0 2 5.08 34.8 42.3 24.9 24.9 39.8 24. 9 31.9 3 7.62 64.7 67.1 57.2 44.8 54.7 69. 6 59.7 4 10.16 74.6 84.5 84.5 79.6 84.5 77. 1 80.8 5 12.70 89.5 114.4 94.5 106.9 84.5 89. 5 96.6 6 15.24 99.5 114.4 119.4 104.4 84.5 119. 4 106.9
7 17.78 99.5 99.5 97.0 106.9 99.5 87. 0 98.2 8 20.32 99.5 89.5 84.5 89.5 84.5 84. 5 88.7
9 22.86 79.6 69.6 74.6 67.1 74.6 67. 1 72.1 10 25.40 74.6 64.6 64.6 72.1 67.1 67 1 68.4 11 27.94 59.7 67.1 72.1 69.6 72.1 64 6 67.5 12 30.48 59.7 59.7 64.6 67.1 64.6 64 .6 63.4 13 33.02 54.7 54.7 62.2 57.2 39.8 49 .7 53.1 14 35.56 44.8 47.2 54.7 54.7 44.8 64 .6 51.8 15 38.10 42.3 42.3 52.2 52.2 39.8 62 .2 48.5 16 40.64 — — 39.8 42.2 — — 41.0
48 1 2.54 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 3.0 2 5.08 12.4 — 14.9 12.4 10.9 -- 12.7 3 7.62 14.9 29.8 24.9 29.8 39.8 — 27.8 4 10.16 47.2 59.7 49.7 64.6 104.4 -- 65.1 5 12.70 94.5 223.8 149.2 198.9 248.7 — 183.0 6 15.24 159.1 124.3 149.2 134.3 119.4 — 137.3 7 17.78 74.6 49.7 49.7 34.8 29.8 -- 47.7 8 20.32 34.8 19.9 24.9 14.9 29.9 — 24.9
9 22.86 17.4 19.9 39.8 12.4 29.9 «. 23.9 10 25.40 14.9 19.9 19.9 34.8 39.8 — 25.9 11 27.91 24.9 29.8 24.9 24.9 34.8 -- 27.9 12 30.48 22.4 29.8 29.8 39.8 39.8 — 32.3 13 33.02 34.8 39.8 44.8 134.3 159.1 — 82.6 14 35.56 94.5 104.4 159.1 124.3 134.3 — 123.3 15 38.10 149.2 129.3 99.5 59.7 79.6 — 103.5 16 40.64 -- -- — 54.7 69.6 — 62.2
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Trial Station (in.)
1 (cm) "2.54
1 2 12.4
3 4 5 6 4.9
rf 55 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.2
2 5.08 14.9 17.4 19.9 14.9 9.9 14.9 15.3 3 7.62 29.8 34.8 34.8 29.8 29.8 44.8 34.0 4 10.16 49.7 69.6 59.7 49.7 69.6 69.6 61.3 5 12.70 169.1 159.1 134.3 149.2 119.4 134.3 144.2 6 15.24 134.3 149.2 119.4 124.3 114.4 134.3 129.3 7 17.78 34.8 24.9 17.4 29.8 26.7 8 20.32 24.9 24.9 19.9 29.8 — — 24.9
9 22.86 19.9 14.9 14.9 19.9 __ 17.4 10 25.40 29.8 19.9 19.9 24.9 _ _ 23.6 11 27.91 29.8 19.9 29.9 29.9 —_ __ 27.4 12 30.48 29.9 24.9 24.9 24.9 26.2 13 33.02 44.8 34.8 29.9 39.8 __ 37.8 14 35.56 134.3 104.4 49.7 104.4 ... 98.2 15 38.10 238.7 208.5 268.5 208.9 .. 231.2 16 40.64 69.6 -- 54.7 59.7 — — 61.3
74 1 2.54 29.8 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 17.4 2 5.08 44.8 44.8 44.8 49.7 34.8 29.8 41.5 3 7.62 74.6 64.6 74.6 89.5 64.6 54.7 70.4 4 10.16 94.5 104.4 104.4 114.4 84.5 84.5 97.8 5 12.70 119.4 129.3 109.4 124.3 119.4 94.5 116.1 6 15.24 149.2 149.2 129.3 208.9 134.3 129.3 150.0
7 17.78 179.0 263.6 218.8 179.0 258.6 169.1 211.4 8 20.32 198.9 253.6 198.9 218.8 303.4 238.7 235.4 9 22.86 184.0 248.7 218.8 263.6 238.7 228.8 230.4
10 25.40 218.8 238.7 218.8 308.3 293.4 189.0 244.5 11 27.91 273.5 248.7 189.0 288.4 258.6 189.0 241.2 12 30.48 243.7 228.8 198.9 228.8 238.7 238.7 229.6
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Tri al Depth
1 2 3 4 5 6 Station (in.) 1
(cm) 2.54
rf 80 14.9 14.9 14.9 9.9 14.9 14.9 14.1
2 5.08 44.8 29.8 24.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 31.5 3 7.62 54.7 54.7 34.8 49.7 49.7 54.7 49.7 4 10.16 49.7 44.8 64.7 84.5 44.8 64.7 58.9 5 12.70 69.6 84.5 99.5 119.4 59.7 74.6 84.6 6 15.24 79.6 89.5 109.4 129.3 84.5 99.5 98.6
7 17.78 129.3 129.3 129.3 149.2 94.5 119.4 125.2 8 20.32 174.0 208.9 169.1 218.8 169.1 134.3 179.0 9 22.86 179.0 129.3 228.8 228.8 198.9 184.0 191.5
10 25.40 179.0 233.7 248.7 174.1 208.9 248.7 215.5 11 27.91 169.1 223.8 248.7 248.7 203.9 189.0 213.9 12 30.48 198.9 119.4 189.0 189.0 169.1 218.8 180.7
82 1 2.54 9.9 9.9 9.9 14.9 14.9 19.8 13.2 2 5.08 19.9 29.8 24.9 29.8 34.8 34.8 29.0 3 7.62 29.8 44.8 44.8 49.7 54.7 59.7 47.3 4 10.16 54.7 54.7 39.8 74.6 79.6 94.5 66.3 5 12.70 99.5 79.6 79.6 74.6 104.4 109.4 91.2 6 15.24 114.4 119.4 129.3 99.5 114.4 144.2 120.2 7 17.78 139.2 139.2 149.2 144.2 149.2 164.1 147.5
8 20.32 208.9 174.1 238.7 253.6 313.3 268.5 242.9 9 22.86 213.8 238.7 293.4 273.5 268.5 303.4 265.2
10 25.40 233.7 288.4 218.8 238.7 233.7 198.9 235.4 11 27.94 261.5 238.7 218.8 293.4 268.5 288.4 261.6 12 30.48 223.8 149.2 348.1 273.5 198.9 308.3 250.3 13 33.02 174.1 193.9 193.9 198.9 203.9 179.0 190.6 14 35.56 -- — 318.3 179.0 174.1 248.6 230.0
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