Gardening Gardening OrganicallyOrganicallyCatherine WissnerCatherine WissnerLaramie County ExtensionLaramie County ExtensionMaster Gardener CourseMaster Gardener Course

Growing Season in Growing Season in CheyenneCheyenne

120 to 141 growing days per 120 to 141 growing days per season. 2003 growing season season. 2003 growing season was 90 days. 2004 had a cool was 90 days. 2004 had a cool long summer.long summer.Average highs:Average highs:

May 65May 65°°June 74June 74°°July 84July 84°°August 82August 82°°Sept. 73Sept. 73°°

Where to Plant a GardenWhere to Plant a Garden

Site analysisSite analysisSunny location, 5Sunny location, 5--6 hours of sun per day.6 hours of sun per day.Well drained. Well drained. Protected from wind.Protected from wind.Microclimate.Microclimate.Convenience of location and Time?Convenience of location and Time?

Buying PlantsBuying Plants

Bigger are not necessarily better. Bigger are not necessarily better. Pot or root bound.Pot or root bound.Color and texture.Color and texture.Compact size.Compact size.Check the under side of the leaf. Check the under side of the leaf.

WateringWatering

Deep.Deep.Infrequent.Infrequent.1 to 2 inches of water 1 to 2 inches of water each week.each week.Use a small can to Use a small can to measure watering measure watering amount.amount.

Be Consistent.Be Consistent.

Soil the basicsSoil the basics

Work only when dry to Work only when dry to

avoid compaction.avoid compaction.

Add organic matter.Add organic matter.

Good drainage is a must.Good drainage is a must.

HEALTHY SOIL = HEALTHY SOIL =

HEALTHY PLANT.HEALTHY PLANT.

SoilSoil

Promote GrowthPromote Growth Inhibit GrowthInhibit GrowthSoil aerationSoil aeration PesticidesPesticidesCompostCompost Soil erosionSoil erosionFertilizerFertilizer MonocultureMonocultureBalanced irrigationBalanced irrigation FertilizerFertilizerErosion ControlErosion Control CompactionCompactionMulchingMulching Excess TillageExcess Tillage

Soil pHSoil pH

The pH of a soil is a measure of its The pH of a soil is a measure of its alkalinity or acidity, a scale of 1 to 14.alkalinity or acidity, a scale of 1 to 14.7 is neutral.7 is neutral.11--<7 is acid<7 is acid, >, >7 to 14 is alkaline7 to 14 is alkaline..Examples: Lye 13., Ammonia 11., Baking Examples: Lye 13., Ammonia 11., Baking soda 8.5., Milk 6.6., Wine 4.0., Lemon soda 8.5., Milk 6.6., Wine 4.0., Lemon Juice 2.0.Juice 2.0.

Soil SalinitySoil Salinity

Measured in electrical conductivity (EC), Measured in electrical conductivity (EC), or mmhos cm.or mmhos cm.NonNon--salinesaline 00--22Very slightly salineVery slightly saline 22--44Slightly salineSlightly saline 44--88Moderately salineModerately saline 88--1616

Salt Index of FertilizersSalt Index of Fertilizers

Soil Microorganisms Soil Microorganisms Microorganisms are found in large numbers in Microorganisms are found in large numbers in soil.soil.Plaster (1992) estimates that onePlaster (1992) estimates that one-- teaspoon of a teaspoon of a fertile soil (about one ml) contains: fertile soil (about one ml) contains:

50 nematodes50 nematodes62,000 algae62,000 algae

72,000 protozoa72,000 protozoa111,000 fungi111,000 fungi

2,920,000 Actinomycetes2,920,000 Actinomycetes25,280,000 bacteria 25,280,000 bacteria

Soil MicroorganismSoil Microorganism

Transformation of organic materialsTransformation of organic materialsRelease nutrientsRelease nutrientsEnhance nutrient uptake Enhance nutrient uptake Almost every chemical transformation Almost every chemical transformation taking place in soil involves active taking place in soil involves active contributions from soil microorganisms. contributions from soil microorganisms. Play an active role in soil fertility (carbon Play an active role in soil fertility (carbon and nitrogen)and nitrogen)

Soil MicroorganismSoil Microorganism

Without microorganisms nutrients stay in Without microorganisms nutrients stay in cover crops and compost.cover crops and compost.Soils would lose their porosity and water Soils would lose their porosity and water holding capacity, soil erosion would holding capacity, soil erosion would increase.increase.

Soil MicroorganismSoil Microorganism

Some, produce compounds that stimulate the Some, produce compounds that stimulate the natural defense mechanisms of the plant.natural defense mechanisms of the plant.Improve the plants resistance to pathogens.Improve the plants resistance to pathogens.Termed Termed 'bio'bio--pesticides' pesticides' Some soil microorganisms detoxify pesticides Some soil microorganisms detoxify pesticides before they can control the pest. before they can control the pest. These microorganisms become adapted to using These microorganisms become adapted to using the pesticide as a carbon or energy source and the pesticide as a carbon or energy source and they can grow on it.they can grow on it.http://www.ucc.ie/impact/agri2f.htmlhttp://www.ucc.ie/impact/agri2f.html

Soil BacteriaSoil Bacteria

Switch hitter of the soil: enzymatic Switch hitter of the soil: enzymatic transformers, oxidize or reduce.transformers, oxidize or reduce.Used for salt remediation, natural growth Used for salt remediation, natural growth hormones, stress relievers, breakdown of hormones, stress relievers, breakdown of petroleum based products in the soil.petroleum based products in the soil.

Soil BacteriaSoil Bacteria

RhizobiumRhizobium, , AzobacterAzobacter, , NitrosomonasNitrosomonas, , NitrobacterNitrobacter......Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis: enzymes for plant residue : enzymes for plant residue breakdown.breakdown.Bacillus cereusBacillus cereus: enzymes + penicillinase to : enzymes + penicillinase to decrease unwanted bacteria.decrease unwanted bacteria.Bacillus megateriumBacillus megaterium: degrades complex : degrades complex sugars.sugars.

Soil BacterialSoil Bacterial

BradyBrady--rhizobiumrhizobium fixes nitrogen via root fixes nitrogen via root nodules, releasing N to the host plant.nodules, releasing N to the host plant.AzobactoriaceaeAzobactoriaceae: Nitrogen fixation w/out : Nitrogen fixation w/out nodules on nonnodules on non--legume plants.legume plants.

Soil Microorganism Soil Microorganism --FungiFungi

Fungi Fungi are responsible for most of soil fertility.are responsible for most of soil fertility.decompose just about anything and release decompose just about anything and release the nutrients contained within the materials, the nutrients contained within the materials, back to the plant.back to the plant.Works horse: bind soil particles, soil tilthWorks horse: bind soil particles, soil tilth

MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae

live in and around the root zone of live in and around the root zone of plants, extending far out from the plant's plants, extending far out from the plant's roots with their own network of threadroots with their own network of thread--like filaments known as hyphae. like filaments known as hyphae. Evolved in association with plants.Evolved in association with plants.Increase the ability of plants to take up Increase the ability of plants to take up water and certain nutrients.water and certain nutrients.Protecting associated plants from pests Protecting associated plants from pests and diseases. and diseases.

MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae

Cannot survive long in bareCannot survive long in bare--soil soil conditions. conditions. Cannot thrive in conditions where Cannot thrive in conditions where soluble fertilizers have been used soluble fertilizers have been used continually for many years.continually for many years.

MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae

Strategies for Improving Mycorrhizae Strategies for Improving Mycorrhizae Activity on Your Site.Activity on Your Site.1) Use green manures and mulch. 1) Use green manures and mulch. 2) Refrain from using chemical fertilizers, 2) Refrain from using chemical fertilizers, w/high levels of phosphorous. w/high levels of phosphorous. 3) If the soils are degraded, consider 3) If the soils are degraded, consider adding quality compost.adding quality compost.4) For degraded sites, inoculate with 4) For degraded sites, inoculate with commerciallycommercially--available mycorrhizae.available mycorrhizae.

Agroforestry Net, Inc. P.O. Box 428 Holualoa, Hawaii 96725 USAAgroforestry Net, Inc. P.O. Box 428 Holualoa, Hawaii 96725 USA

Soil MicroorganismSoil Microorganism

Humus and root and microorganism Humus and root and microorganism exudates act as glue exudates act as glue -- hold soil particles hold soil particles together. together. Fungal hyphae bind particles together Fungal hyphae bind particles together and bacteria may add to net negative and bacteria may add to net negative charge to aid in binding particles. charge to aid in binding particles.

SoilSoil

Crop/plant rotation, encourages the most Crop/plant rotation, encourages the most active and diverse soil ecosystem. active and diverse soil ecosystem. Factors encouraged by this include good Factors encouraged by this include good structure, organic matter content, optimum pH, structure, organic matter content, optimum pH, high fertility, good porosity, etc. high fertility, good porosity, etc.

Earthworms need organic matter, aeration, Earthworms need organic matter, aeration, good moisture (not excessive, not dry), and good moisture (not excessive, not dry), and absence of toxic chemicals. absence of toxic chemicals.

Soil and Fertilizers Soil and Fertilizers

Three major plant nutrients contained in a Three major plant nutrients contained in a packaged fertilizers (N.P.K.).packaged fertilizers (N.P.K.).(Ca), (Mg), (Fe), (B), (Mn) and (S), which (Ca), (Mg), (Fe), (B), (Mn) and (S), which plants need in lesser amounts.plants need in lesser amounts.Packaged fertilizers contain other Packaged fertilizers contain other substances such as organic matter or filler.substances such as organic matter or filler.Most Fertilizers are Salts.Most Fertilizers are Salts.

Soil Soil

clover root system bearing naturally occurring nodules of clover root system bearing naturally occurring nodules of RhizobiumRhizobium

NitrogenNitrogen is necessary for many functions is necessary for many functions including growth, fruit bud formation, fruit set including growth, fruit bud formation, fruit set and fruit size. and fruit size. Loss of N from high temperatures, runoff, Loss of N from high temperatures, runoff, dede--nitrification. Mobil in soil. nitrification. Mobil in soil. Soil pH of 5.5 to 8.5Soil pH of 5.5 to 8.5

Soil…..N continuedSoil…..N continued

Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogenNitrates and nitrites are nitrogen--oxygen oxygen chemical units which combines with chemical units which combines with various organic and inorganic various organic and inorganic compounds.compounds.Very soluble and does not bind to soils.Very soluble and does not bind to soils.Has a high potential to migrate to ground Has a high potential to migrate to ground water. water.

Soil…. N continuedSoil…. N continuedDoes notDoes not evaporate, nitrates/nitrites are evaporate, nitrates/nitrites are likely to remain in water until consumed by likely to remain in water until consumed by plants or other organisms. plants or other organisms. Once taken into the body, nitrates are Once taken into the body, nitrates are converted into nitrites. converted into nitrites. Can interfere with the oxygenCan interfere with the oxygen--carrying carrying capacity of the blood, babies most at risk. capacity of the blood, babies most at risk. The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer.The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer.

Soil… N continuedSoil… N continued

Urea 46Urea 46--00--00

Produced through the reaction of ammonia Produced through the reaction of ammonia (NH(NH33)and carbon dioxide (CO)and carbon dioxide (CO22) +CO(NH) +CO(NH 2)2) 2.2.The area around a dissolved urea particle The area around a dissolved urea particle becomes a zone of high pH and ammonia.becomes a zone of high pH and ammonia.This area is toxicThis area is toxic to seed and seedling roots by to seed and seedling roots by the free ammonia that has formed. the free ammonia that has formed. Lost to the atmosphere if it remains on the soil Lost to the atmosphere if it remains on the soil surface.surface.

Curtis J. Overdahl, George W. Rehm and Harvey L. MeredithCurtis J. Overdahl, George W. Rehm and Harvey L. Meredith U of MU of M

SoilSoil Phosphorus P205:Phosphorus P205:

An essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm.An essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm.Important in fruit, flowers and root growth. Important in fruit, flowers and root growth. Needs Nitrogen to work best. pH of 6Needs Nitrogen to work best. pH of 6--7.7.Moves from from old leaves to new.Moves from from old leaves to new.Soil moisture and Temperature dependent.Soil moisture and Temperature dependent.Will increase the soil pH over time.Will increase the soil pH over time.

Soil Soil –– Phosphorus cont…Phosphorus cont…

phosphorus moves very little in the soil.phosphorus moves very little in the soil.Too much can cause the fruit/veg to be Too much can cause the fruit/veg to be bitterbitterVegetable typically remove 10Vegetable typically remove 10--15 pds., of 15 pds., of P., per acre per year.P., per acre per year.Soil will retain excess phosphate for next Soil will retain excess phosphate for next years crop.years crop.C.W. Basham CSU CESC.W. Basham CSU CES

Rock phosphateRock phosphate

25 to 30 % phosphate, but only about 3 % is 25 to 30 % phosphate, but only about 3 % is available to plants. available to plants. Depends upon how finely ground the material Depends upon how finely ground the material is, the pH and the biological activity of the soil. is, the pH and the biological activity of the soil. It is less effective in soils that are too alkaline It is less effective in soils that are too alkaline or have a low level of biological activity. or have a low level of biological activity. Colloidal phosphate, obtained from rock Colloidal phosphate, obtained from rock phosphate, has similar properties.phosphate, has similar properties.

SoilSoil

PotassiumPotassium is important for fruit colour, is important for fruit colour, winter hardiness, root growth, disease winter hardiness, root growth, disease resistance, crop quality. resistance, crop quality. An excess amount of potassium can lead An excess amount of potassium can lead to deficiency of magnesium (Mg).to deficiency of magnesium (Mg).pH 6 on up.pH 6 on up.Is mobile in plantsIs mobile in plants

Soil Soil -- do’s and Don’tsdo’s and Don’ts

Intense tillage physically disrupts the soil, Intense tillage physically disrupts the soil, increases aeration, which accelerates the increases aeration, which accelerates the decomposition of crop residues and soil decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter.organic matter.Resulting in a net loss of organic matterResulting in a net loss of organic matter..

Soil Soil –– don’tsdon’ts

NEVER USE:NEVER USE:Lime (calcium).Lime (calcium).Wood Ash, Fire Place Ash, BarWood Ash, Fire Place Ash, Bar--BB--Q Ash.Q Ash.Lawn Fertilizer in your vegetable garden.Lawn Fertilizer in your vegetable garden.Raw or Fresh Manures.Raw or Fresh Manures.

KelpKelpAllAll--natural, provides more natural, provides more

than 70 minerals, plant growththan 70 minerals, plant growthregulators, vitamins, hormones, regulators, vitamins, hormones, and enzymes. and enzymes.

Provides a strong supply of Provides a strong supply of naturally chelated nutrients. naturally chelated nutrients.

1 1 -- 0.1 0.1 -- 2.2.Work 1 lb. of Kelp Meal into each 100 sq ft.Work 1 lb. of Kelp Meal into each 100 sq ft.

Coffee GroundsCoffee GroundspH of 6.9pH of 6.9C:N 20:1C:N 20:1Add directly to the garden soil, filter too.Add directly to the garden soil, filter too.For composting purposes, consider For composting purposes, consider coffee grounds "green" material similar to coffee grounds "green" material similar to grass clippingsgrass clippings1.5%N, 0%P, .5%K1.5%N, 0%P, .5%K

Bob Smith, WSU Master Gardener Program Bob Smith, WSU Master Gardener Program Manager, Thurston CountyManager, Thurston County

Soil Sulfur Soil Sulfur Essential element in supporting protein, Essential element in supporting protein, enzymes, vitamins, and chlorophyll in enzymes, vitamins, and chlorophyll in plants, and nodule development in plants, and nodule development in legumes.legumes.Soil that is cold and wet or sandy can Soil that is cold and wet or sandy can produce sulfur deficiencies. produce sulfur deficiencies. Is needed by plants in about the same Is needed by plants in about the same quantities as phosphorus.quantities as phosphorus.sulfur is quite soluble and moves in the sulfur is quite soluble and moves in the soil.soil.

Soil SulfurSoil Sulfur

25# per 1,000 square feet to drop 25# per 1,000 square feet to drop the pH by half a percent.the pH by half a percent.To much can be toxic to the To much can be toxic to the soils microsoils micro--life.life. 1 1 -- 4 lbs per 100 4 lbs per 100 sq ft.sq ft.Sulfur sources: ammonium sulfate, Sulfur sources: ammonium sulfate, gypsum. gypsum.

Cottonseed MealCottonseed Meal

ByBy--product from the extraction of oil from product from the extraction of oil from whole cottonseed.whole cottonseed.6 6 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 Slow release of nutrients, Slow release of nutrients,

used as an allused as an all--purpose fertilizer for plants that purpose fertilizer for plants that require a lower soil pH.require a lower soil pH.Potatoes and roses, any acid loving plants. Potatoes and roses, any acid loving plants. Use approximately 10 Use approximately 10 -- 15 lbs per 100 sq ft.15 lbs per 100 sq ft.

Soil Additives Soil Additives --others others

•Gypsum (calcium sulfate) will keep the soil pH the same

•Limestone (calcium carbonate) will raise the soil pH

•Epson salts (magnesium sulfate) for Magnesium deficiency

Colorado peat moss has a high pH and is not a re-newable resource.

Peat mossPeat moss

pH of 3.5 to 4.5.pH of 3.5 to 4.5.In a garden, work 2" of peat into the top 6" In a garden, work 2" of peat into the top 6" of soil.of soil.Aerates plant roots by loosening heavy clay Aerates plant roots by loosening heavy clay soil. soil. Adds body to sandy soil. Adds body to sandy soil. Saves water by absorbing Saves water by absorbing and holding moisture. and holding moisture.

HumatesHumates

•• Humates are developed from Humates are developed from decomposed prehistoric deposits found decomposed prehistoric deposits found in the western United States. in the western United States.

•• Natural compost piles first become peat, Natural compost piles first become peat, then humate, then lignite and eventually then humate, then lignite and eventually coal.coal.

HumatesHumates

Humic acids are found in humus. Humic acids are found in humus. Without humus and humic acids plants Without humus and humic acids plants cannot grow and survive. cannot grow and survive. The humic acids (humic, ulmic and fulvic) The humic acids (humic, ulmic and fulvic) are essential to plants in three basic are essential to plants in three basic ways: ways:

Humates Humates

1.1. Humic acidHumic acid enables plants to extract enables plants to extract nutrients from the soil. nutrients from the soil.

2.2. Ulmic acidUlmic acid stimulates and increases root stimulates and increases root growth.growth.

3.3. Fulvic acidFulvic acid helps plants overcome helps plants overcome stress, enhance the biostress, enhance the bio--availability of availability of important trace minerals and their uptake.important trace minerals and their uptake.

Lignite, (a. k. a.) leonardite,Lignite, (a. k. a.) leonardite,

low rank coal between peat and low rank coal between peat and subsub--bituminous.bituminous.some qualities as a fertilizer due to some qualities as a fertilizer due to its high humic acid. its high humic acid. 100 lbs. to 2000 lbs. per acre.100 lbs. to 2000 lbs. per acre.pH determinate?pH determinate?

FishFish

Fish emulsion is a concentrated liquid Fish emulsion is a concentrated liquid made from fish scraps. made from fish scraps. The content may vary with the The content may vary with the manufacturer. manufacturer. A source of slowA source of slow--release (waterrelease (water--insoluble) nitrogen and trace elements. insoluble) nitrogen and trace elements. It can be used as a foliar fertilizer.It can be used as a foliar fertilizer.

Fish Bone MealFish Bone Meal

Contains dried and ground fish scrap, crab Contains dried and ground fish scrap, crab meal and fish manure. meal and fish manure.

It contains about 6 to 10 % Nitrogen, 4 to 10 % It contains about 6 to 10 % Nitrogen, 4 to 10 % phosphate and about 1% potash. phosphate and about 1% potash.

Fish bone meal also supplies other minor Fish bone meal also supplies other minor and micronutrients important for plant growth. and micronutrients important for plant growth.

Blood MealBlood Meal

Obtained from slaughterObtained from slaughter--houses. houses. Contains 12 % nitrogen, 2 % phosphate Contains 12 % nitrogen, 2 % phosphate and 0.6 % potash. and 0.6 % potash. It is very soluble, excessive amounts It is very soluble, excessive amounts will burn plant foliage.will burn plant foliage.Use 5 lbs per 100 sq ft .Use 5 lbs per 100 sq ft .

Bone MealBone Meal

A white powder obtained from ground A white powder obtained from ground raw or steamed animal bones. raw or steamed animal bones. About 22 % phosphate. About 22 % phosphate. Raw bone meal will release nutrients Raw bone meal will release nutrients more slowly than steamed bone meal.more slowly than steamed bone meal.

Soybean MealSoybean Meal

N 7% N 7% --P 2% P 2% -- K1% slow releasing. K1% slow releasing. Best to work in prior to planting. Best to work in prior to planting. Use from 5 Use from 5 -- 15 lbs per 100 sq ft.15 lbs per 100 sq ft.More soybeans are grown in the U.S. than More soybeans are grown in the U.S. than anywhere else in the world. anywhere else in the world.

Grape Pomace Grape Pomace

Improves Alkaline Soils.Improves Alkaline Soils.By product of wine.By product of wine.Very acidic, pH 3.0. Very acidic, pH 3.0. N 3%N 3%-- P 1%P 1%-- K2%.K2%.Reduction of nematode population Reduction of nematode population on plant roots and in the soil? on plant roots and in the soil? ISHS Acta ISHS Acta Horticulturae 532:Horticulturae 532: International Symposium on Chemical and NonInternational Symposium on Chemical and Non--Chemical Soil and Substrate DisinfectationChemical Soil and Substrate Disinfectation ..

FeathersFeathers

Feather meal is made of dried and Feather meal is made of dried and ground chicken feathers and contains ground chicken feathers and contains about 11about 11--15 % nitrogen (only). 15 % nitrogen (only). Hydrolysed feather meal is steamHydrolysed feather meal is steam--treated treated to make its nitrogen more soluble. to make its nitrogen more soluble. 1010--15 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft.15 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft.

AlfalfaAlfalfa

Alfalfa pellets, available as an animal Alfalfa pellets, available as an animal feed from farm suppliersfeed from farm suppliers

2.7 % nitrogen, 2.7 % nitrogen, 0.5 % phosphate 0.5 % phosphate 2.8 % potash. 2.8 % potash.

Iron Additives Iron Additives

Miller's FerriPlus (distributed by Miller's FerriPlus (distributed by Jirdon'sJirdon's 15$ a lb+/15$ a lb+/--).).KEREX Sequestrine 138 Fe Super Iron KEREX Sequestrine 138 Fe Super Iron concentrateconcentrate..Becker Underwood Sequestrine 138Becker Underwood Sequestrine 138..Sequestar 6% iron chelate WDG.Sequestar 6% iron chelate WDG.Ferrous Sulfate is 30% to 20% Fe.Ferrous Sulfate is 30% to 20% Fe.

Greensand and Greensand and Granite dustGranite dust

Very slowlyVery slowly available and less effective in available and less effective in soils that are alkaline or have a low level of soils that are alkaline or have a low level of biological activity. biological activity. If the rock powders are finely ground, they will If the rock powders are finely ground, they will break down faster. break down faster. Greensand contains Greensand contains 5 to 7 % potash5 to 7 % potash, a large , a large quantity of magnesium and many trace quantity of magnesium and many trace minerals. minerals. Granite dust contains 3 to 5 % potashGranite dust contains 3 to 5 % potash. It also . It also supplies trace minerals.supplies trace minerals.

SulSul--PoPo--MagMag

Sulphate of potassiumSulphate of potassium--magnesia magnesia (Langbeinite) is a natural mined salt. (Langbeinite) is a natural mined salt. 18% Potassium, 11% magnesium, 18% Potassium, 11% magnesium, 23%Sulfur and is especially useful if the 23%Sulfur and is especially useful if the soil is low in magnesium. soil is low in magnesium. It is soluble without a danger of salt buildIt is soluble without a danger of salt build--up.up.

Molasses Molasses

3 types 3 types -- unsulphured, sulphured and unsulphured, sulphured and blackstrap.blackstrap.Blackstrap molassesBlackstrap molasses is from the third boil is from the third boil and only has a commercial value in the and only has a commercial value in the manufacture of cattle feed and other manufacture of cattle feed and other industrial uses.industrial uses.Has more complex sugars which help the Has more complex sugars which help the beneficial fungi.beneficial fungi.

MolassesMolasses

Feeds fungi Feeds fungi and/orand/or bacteria in the soil.bacteria in the soil.Better resistance to many insect pests as well as Better resistance to many insect pests as well as exhibit higher stress tolerances. exhibit higher stress tolerances. Use rate from 3Use rate from 3--5% solution for more 5% solution for more bacterial in the soil bacterial in the soil 5 +% for more fungi in the soil.5 +% for more fungi in the soil.Dr. Elaine Ingham, Soil Food WebDr. Elaine Ingham, Soil Food Web

Mushroom compostMushroom compost

High in soluble saltsHigh in soluble salts which can kill which can kill germinating seeds and harm saltgerminating seeds and harm salt-- sensitive sensitive plants. plants. Mushroom compost varies from company to Mushroom compost varies from company to company.company.22--11--1 1 pH 6.8 (?)pH 6.8 (?)

John Hart, soil scientist, Oregon State University ExtensionJohn Hart, soil scientist, Oregon State University Extension

Sawdust, Wood shavings, Sawdust, Wood shavings, Horse bedding pellets.Horse bedding pellets.

Caution:Caution:C/N ratio 22:6C/N ratio 22:6Salts Salts mmhosmmhos/cm EC 2.56/cm EC 2.56pH 7.5pH 7.5N 28, P 453, K 5670.N 28, P 453, K 5670.Organic Matter 68.6%.Organic Matter 68.6%.

From Pine and Spruce From Pine and Spruce Pacific Soil Analysis Inc. Dr. WA Herman P.AgPacific Soil Analysis Inc. Dr. WA Herman P.Ag

Earth WormsEarth Worms

Earthworm populations of 10/sq ft can Earthworm populations of 10/sq ft can add: add:

55 pounds of Nitrogen.55 pounds of Nitrogen.64 pounds of Phosphorus.64 pounds of Phosphorus.105 pounds of Potassium. 105 pounds of Potassium. 38 pounds of calcium.38 pounds of calcium.Yearly, per acre.Yearly, per acre.

Earth WormsEarth WormsThe earthworm has no lungs and takes in oxygen The earthworm has no lungs and takes in oxygen through its moist skin through its moist skin –– it is a skin breather. If it it is a skin breather. If it dries out it will suffocate. dries out it will suffocate. They cannot tolerate heat and sun and so during They cannot tolerate heat and sun and so during the summer they come up to the surface only at the summer they come up to the surface only at night. night. Pesticides applied to control turf diseases or Pesticides applied to control turf diseases or insect pests may severely affect earthworms. insect pests may severely affect earthworms.

Organic Matter Organic Matter BenefitsBenefits

Improves:Improves:tilth, tilth, condition, condition, structure of soil,structure of soil,water and nutrients holding ability of the soil.water and nutrients holding ability of the soil.

Organic Matter BenefitsOrganic Matter Benefits

Improves “buffering” capacity of soil: that Improves “buffering” capacity of soil: that is, keeps soil from “overis, keeps soil from “over--reacting”.reacting”.

Supports the soil’s microSupports the soil’s micro--biological biological activity (or the “life of the soil”).activity (or the “life of the soil”).

Contributes nutrients, both minor and Contributes nutrients, both minor and major.major.

Organic Matter Organic Matter BenefitsBenefits

Acids arising from the decomposition of the Acids arising from the decomposition of the organic matter help to convert insoluble organic matter help to convert insoluble natural additives such as ground rock into natural additives such as ground rock into plantplant--usable forms.usable forms.Releases nutrients slowly.Releases nutrients slowly.Helps vegetables survive stress, as from Helps vegetables survive stress, as from nematodes, heat, drought (?).nematodes, heat, drought (?).

Organic Matter Organic Matter what it should dowhat it should do

Provide adequate ground cover to protect Provide adequate ground cover to protect against soil erosion.against soil erosion.

Have a high rate of nitrogen fixation and Have a high rate of nitrogen fixation and good biomass production.good biomass production.

DownDown--side: you need 460 pounds of O.M. side: you need 460 pounds of O.M. to raise the soil O.M. by 1%.to raise the soil O.M. by 1%.

Green ManureGreen Manurewhat it is & should dowhat it is & should do

What it is…..What it is…..Should use as little water as possible while Should use as little water as possible while

still producing substantial quantities of still producing substantial quantities of toptop--growth. growth.

Should out compete weeds.Should out compete weeds.

Green Manure BenifitsGreen Manure Benifits

The incorporated legume residues are a The incorporated legume residues are a biological source of nitrogen that biological source of nitrogen that reducesreduces the amount of fertilizer required the amount of fertilizer required for the following crop.for the following crop.

Increase in soil organic matter increases Increase in soil organic matter increases nutrient availability to plants. nutrient availability to plants.

Green Manure BenefitsGreen Manure Benefits

Field studies have shown: between 10 Field studies have shown: between 10 -- 20% of 20% of the total annual nitrogen added to the soil as a the total annual nitrogen added to the soil as a green manure is used by the first crop.green manure is used by the first crop.An additional 64% of the nitrogen can be found An additional 64% of the nitrogen can be found in the top soil 14 months after green manuring.in the top soil 14 months after green manuring.

Nitrogen becomes available as plant residues Nitrogen becomes available as plant residues continue to decompose.continue to decompose.

Green Manure Crops, Green Manure Crops, Season of Growth, Season of Growth,

Amount of Seed, and TypeAmount of Seed, and TypeCrop Season Seed

(lbs./acre) TypeNitrogen (lbs./ton dry

material)

Buckwheat Summer 75 Nonlegume 14

Crimson clover Winter 15 Legume 45

Rye Winter 75 Nonlegume 21

Southern pea Summer 90 Legume 60

Soybean Summer 75 Legume 46

Sudan grass Summer 25 Nonlegume 28

Vetch Winter 30-50 Legume 62

Wheat Winter 75 Nonlegume 20

Green ManuresGreen Manureslegumes legumes

Inoculation. Is a must.Inoculation. Is a must.To be effective the inoculant must cling to To be effective the inoculant must cling to the seed to ensure the rhizobia are close to the seed to ensure the rhizobia are close to developing roots.developing roots.Getting the inoculant to stick, try: milk Getting the inoculant to stick, try: milk and/or corn syrup.and/or corn syrup.This also serves to feed the rhizobia and This also serves to feed the rhizobia and protect them from drying on the seed.protect them from drying on the seed.

Cover CropsCover Cropsbuckwheatbuckwheat

WarmWarm--seasonseason. . 1212--22" tall. Will tolerate poor soils 22" tall. Will tolerate poor soils Sow after threat of frost is gone.Sow after threat of frost is gone.Flowers in 25Flowers in 25--30 days. Plow down 10 days 30 days. Plow down 10 days after.after.Fibrous superficial roots and a deep taproot. Fibrous superficial roots and a deep taproot. Flowers are attractive to bees, wasps, parasitic Flowers are attractive to bees, wasps, parasitic flies.flies.

Cover CropCover Crop--VetchVetch

Hardy winter annual.Hardy winter annual.Flowers from April to July. Flowers from April to July. Seed matures August to October Seed matures August to October selfself--reseeding cover crop.reseeding cover crop.

vetch requires inoculation. vetch requires inoculation. vetch taproots can extend 3vetch taproots can extend 3--5 ft.5 ft.

Cover CropCover Crop--CloverClover

CoolCool--season annual legume, season annual legume, Growth is limited to the cool part Growth is limited to the cool part of the year. of the year.

1212--20" tall. 20" tall. Flowers AprilFlowers April--May. May. Taproot, improve soil tilth and life. Taproot, improve soil tilth and life. Soil pH range of 6 Soil pH range of 6 -- 7.7.

Cover Crop Cover Crop -- WheatWheat

1818--22 lbs of wheat for a 100 ft x100 ft 22 lbs of wheat for a 100 ft x100 ft (10,000 square feet).(10,000 square feet).Bushel of wheat weights 60 pounds.Bushel of wheat weights 60 pounds.Sow in the fall Sept/October.Sow in the fall Sept/October.Turn under in March.Turn under in March.Approximately 20%N.Approximately 20%N.

CompostingComposting -- ingredients ingredients

Green matterGreen matter, like grass clipping, kitchen , like grass clipping, kitchen waste, high in nitrogen.waste, high in nitrogen.

Dry ingredientsDry ingredients to prevent clumping, like to prevent clumping, like leaves and straw, rich in carbon. leaves and straw, rich in carbon. Soil.Soil.

Add Add WaterWater, compost pile should remain damp , compost pile should remain damp but not wet.but not wet.

AirAir;; stir, by turning or moving the pile stir, by turning or moving the pile occasionally Oxygen helps the microbes work occasionally Oxygen helps the microbes work better. Should be turned every 3 to 10 days.better. Should be turned every 3 to 10 days.

CompostingComposting ––ingredients ingredients

Kitchen scraps, vegetables.Kitchen scraps, vegetables.Weeds and other garden debris.Weeds and other garden debris.Straw helps air circulation good source of Straw helps air circulation good source of Carbon.Carbon.Manure from cows, horses, goats, sheep, Manure from cows, horses, goats, sheep, rabbits poultry, (never use dog or cat).rabbits poultry, (never use dog or cat).Other stuff: feathers, eggshells, shredded Other stuff: feathers, eggshells, shredded newspaper, hair, pine needles, and sawdust.newspaper, hair, pine needles, and sawdust.

Items Items NOTNOT to be used in to be used in the Compost Pilethe Compost Pile

MeatMeatDairyDairyColored paperColored paperCoalCoalCharcoal and Fireplace AshCharcoal and Fireplace Ash

Items Items NOTNOT to be used in to be used in the Compost Pilethe Compost Pile

Diseased plantsDiseased plantsPicloramPicloram (Tordon and Grazon) can (Tordon and Grazon) can remain in the soil for 3 years or more, remain in the soil for 3 years or more, very persistent, highly soluble and easily very persistent, highly soluble and easily moved by rainfall. Used by commercial moved by rainfall. Used by commercial operations to control weeds.operations to control weeds.Always know where your compost Always know where your compost materials are coming from.materials are coming from.

How to build a Compost Pile How to build a Compost Pile and how big to build it.and how big to build it.

Convenient size to work with, about 5’x3’, Convenient size to work with, about 5’x3’, should not get below one cubic yard in size. should not get below one cubic yard in size.

The top should be left flat or with a slight The top should be left flat or with a slight depression in the center to catch rain or added depression in the center to catch rain or added water. water.

Keep it moist, but not wet. Keep it moist, but not wet. Compost will begin to heat after 2 or 3 days. Compost will begin to heat after 2 or 3 days. After 10 days, fork it over, mixing the parts to After 10 days, fork it over, mixing the parts to obtain uniformity.obtain uniformity.

CompostCompost

CompostCompost

CompostCompost

Under suitable conditions, microorganisms Under suitable conditions, microorganisms such as fungi, algae, bacteria, molds, and such as fungi, algae, bacteria, molds, and earthworms decompose the organic matter.earthworms decompose the organic matter.

Composting has the ability to sanitize organic Composting has the ability to sanitize organic matter. The microbial activity will destroy weed matter. The microbial activity will destroy weed seeds (most) kill disease organism, and even seeds (most) kill disease organism, and even break down most pesticides.break down most pesticides.

Carbon and NitrogenCarbon and Nitrogen

Microorganisms get their energy from: Microorganisms get their energy from:

(carbohydrates such as cellulose, lignin (carbohydrates such as cellulose, lignin and complex sugars in plant residues), and complex sugars in plant residues), high in high in carbon.carbon.

NitrogenNitrogen from manure, kitchen vegetable from manure, kitchen vegetable and fruit scraps.and fruit scraps.

Carbon and NitrogenCarbon and Nitrogen

If there is too little N the microbial If there is too little N the microbial population will not grow to an optimum population will not grow to an optimum size and decomposition will slow down. size and decomposition will slow down. Too much N allows rapid microbial Too much N allows rapid microbial growth and speed up decomposition it growth and speed up decomposition it can result in depleted oxygen and odors can result in depleted oxygen and odors as the excess N is given off. as the excess N is given off. The optimum C:N ration is about 30:1The optimum C:N ration is about 30:1

TemperatureTemperature

As the microorganisms grow and the pile As the microorganisms grow and the pile decomposes heat is generated from the decomposes heat is generated from the metabolism process.metabolism process.A temperature of 140 to 160 degrees is A temperature of 140 to 160 degrees is desired to kill pathogens, weed seed. desired to kill pathogens, weed seed. Above 160 degrees the microorganisms Above 160 degrees the microorganisms will die off. will die off. Hard to get 140 degrees in our climate.Hard to get 140 degrees in our climate.

Finished CompostFinished Compost

1.1. Can take a couple of weeks a month or Can take a couple of weeks a month or a year depending on the materials, time a year depending on the materials, time of year and moisture. of year and moisture.

2.2. When the compost is broken down into When the compost is broken down into a homogenous mixture, and no una homogenous mixture, and no un--decomposed leaves or other material decomposed leaves or other material may be seen, it is ready for use.may be seen, it is ready for use.

Finished CompostFinished Compost

3.3. Should look like a uniform potting soil Should look like a uniform potting soil with little distinguishable evidence with little distinguishable evidence remaining of what materials were remaining of what materials were originally added to the pile.originally added to the pile.

4.4. Should be warmShould be warm5.5. Should have a sweet earthy smellShould have a sweet earthy smell

How and Where to Use CompostHow and Where to Use Compost

Broadcast it over the entire garden three Broadcast it over the entire garden three weeks or more before planting. weeks or more before planting.

If you have only a small quantity of If you have only a small quantity of compost, mix into the soil along each compost, mix into the soil along each planting furrow or at each hill site. planting furrow or at each hill site.

How and Where to Use CompostHow and Where to Use Compost

As a minimum, apply it at the rate of As a minimum, apply it at the rate of about 25 pounds per 100 square feet, or about 25 pounds per 100 square feet, or ¼ pound per square foot.¼ pound per square foot.

Or ½ inch to ¼ inch deepOr ½ inch to ¼ inch deep

Compost TeaCompost Tea

Must be very well aerated to workMust be very well aerated to work..Soaking compost in a bucket creates Soaking compost in a bucket creates problems.problems.Anaerobic vs. Aerobic. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic.

Compost TeaCompost Tea

Compost tea is Compost tea is notnot::-- a pesticide, but reduces the use of a pesticide, but reduces the use of pesticides.pesticides.-- a fertilizer, but can reduce the use of a fertilizer, but can reduce the use of fertilizers.fertilizers.-- an herbicide, but can reduce the use of an herbicide, but can reduce the use of weed killers.weed killers.

MulchingMulching

Conserves water.Conserves water.Controls weeds.Controls weeds.Moderates soil temperatures.Moderates soil temperatures.Reduces compaction.Reduces compaction.Reduces crusting of soil.Reduces crusting of soil.

MulchMulch

Grass clippings,Grass clippings,shredded leaves,shredded leaves,

Peanut and rice hulls, crushed corn cobs, Peanut and rice hulls, crushed corn cobs, Pine needles, Straw and hayPine needles, Straw and hay

Wood products Wood products -- chips, bark, sawdust, chips, bark, sawdust, waste woodwaste wood

Synthetic MulchesSynthetic MulchesPlastic Plastic -- black, clearblack, clear

Newspaper, Rock and pebblesNewspaper, Rock and pebblesLandscape fabricLandscape fabric

Disease and Pest ControlDisease and Pest ControlUse disease resistant veggies, perennials, trees.Use disease resistant veggies, perennials, trees.Mulch.Mulch.Water at base of plant.Water at base of plant.Good sanitationGood sanitation, don, don’’t leave last yeart leave last year’’s s debris to over winter in the garden.debris to over winter in the garden.Keep your tools clean, Keep your tools clean, sanitizesanitize if necessary.if necessary.Do RotateDo Rotate veggies / annuals on a 3veggies / annuals on a 3--year plan.year plan.

Soil Test.Soil Test.DonDon’’tt over feed your plants.over feed your plants.Do notDo not over water your plants. over water your plants. HEALTHY SOIL = HEALTHY PLANT.HEALTHY SOIL = HEALTHY PLANT.

Beneficial Insects and Beneficial Insects and NonNon--Toxic SolutionsToxic Solutions

LadybugsLadybugsGreen LacewingsGreen LacewingsBigBig--Eyed BugEyed BugPraying MantisPraying Mantis

These are generalist attack pest in all These are generalist attack pest in all stages of development. stages of development.

Pest ControlPest ControlSafer soap or a home made soap mix.Safer soap or a home made soap mix.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).Diatomaceous earth (DE).Diatomaceous earth (DE).Plant based insecticides.Plant based insecticides.Tobacco products. Tobacco products. Flowers. Flowers. Garlic.Garlic.Flour.Flour.

Pest ControlPest Control

Pheromone traps.Pheromone traps.Sticky traps. Sticky traps. Fly and Yellow Jacket Traps.Fly and Yellow Jacket Traps.Boric Acid, Borates, Borax.Boric Acid, Borates, Borax.Horticultural Oils.Horticultural Oils.

Neem OilNeem Oil

Derived from the Derived from the Azadirachta indicaAzadirachta indica tree.tree.Flies, mosquitoes, caterpillars, true bugs, Flies, mosquitoes, caterpillars, true bugs, locusts, grasshoppers, aphids, weevils, locusts, grasshoppers, aphids, weevils, moths, roaches.moths, roaches.Rust, powdery mildew.Rust, powdery mildew.Fertilizer 3.5 Fertilizer 3.5 –– 0.8 0.8 –– 1.6 as Neem 1.6 as Neem

cake. (good for root crops). cake. (good for root crops). Vegetable and Flower Gardens: Vegetable and Flower Gardens: 3030--50 grams per sq.meter. 50 grams per sq.meter.

Natural Weed ControlNatural Weed Control

Natural Weed Control Natural Weed Control ––Corn Gluten MealCorn Gluten Meal

Iowa State University researcher Nick Iowa State University researcher Nick Christians.Christians.Protein part of the cornProtein part of the corn----corn gluten meal corn gluten meal (CGM), a corn milling byproduct(CGM), a corn milling byproduct----could inhibit could inhibit root growth. root growth. Contains 9 Contains 9 -- 10% nitrogen by weight, ideal 10% nitrogen by weight, ideal "weed and feed" product. "weed and feed" product. Applied preApplied pre--emerge in spring and fall, applied emerge in spring and fall, applied at 20 lb/1000 square feet.at 20 lb/1000 square feet.

Natural Weed Control Natural Weed Control --VinegarVinegar

Horticultural Vinegar 20% acetic acid, (difficult Horticultural Vinegar 20% acetic acid, (difficult to handle). to handle). A staple in organic weed control. A staple in organic weed control. Some add a yucca extract in their vinegar Some add a yucca extract in their vinegar which increases effectiveness by acting as a which increases effectiveness by acting as a spreaderspreader--sticker. sticker. Is a nonIs a non--selective product used for spot weed selective product used for spot weed control, control, will killwill kill any green material it comes in any green material it comes in contact with. contact with. Apply cautiously!Apply cautiously!

Happy GardeningHappy Gardening