Fruit Juice Nutrition and Health

Findings from the2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey

Shane Landon,

Accredited Practising Dietitian.

Independently Reviewed by

Professor Katrine Baghurst

The 2007 Children’s survey revealed ThaT FruiT JuiCe:

•Markedlyincreasedthenumberofchildrenmeetingtheirfruitserves

•Providedthesametotalenergy(2%)onaveragein2007as1995

• Intakeis112mlonaverage–withintheserverecommendationsofthe

Government‘sAustralianGuidetoHealthyEating

• Isassociatedwithdietarypositives–lessfatandsaturatedfat,more

folate,potassiumandvitaminCthanthosenotconsumingjuice

• Ismostoftenconsumedwithmealsandmidmeals

•Contributesarangeofimportantnutrientstothediet

•Doesnotcompromisefibreorcalciumintakes.

Logo TBA

For Health Professional Use.

2 F i n d i n g s F r o m t h e 2 0 0 7 A u s t r A l i A n n At i o n A l C h i l d r e n ’ s n u t r i t i o n A n d P h y s i C A l A C t i v i t y s u r v e y

In August 2006, A posItIon pAper for heAlth professIonAls “fruIt JuIce nutrItIon And heAlth – A revIew” wAs developed And dIstrIbuted to key heAlth professIonAl groups And relevAnt heAlth AgencIes by the AustrAlIAn fruIt JuIce AssocIAtIon.

Independently reviewed by Professor Katrine Baghurst, the report was well received as itprovidednewinformationonthedietaryintakeandnutritionalcontributionoffruitjuiceviaaCSIROanalysisofthe1995NationalNutrition Survey which included both adults and children. The report also contained the latestscientificinformationontheroleoffruitjuiceinhealth.

Sincethattime,theresponsibilitiesoftheAustralian Fruit Juice Association have been incorporated into Fruit Juice Australia a divisionoftheAustralianBeveragesCouncilLtd.(ABCL).Inaddition,the2007AustralianNationalChildren’sNutritionandPhysicalActivitySurvey(subsequentlyreferredtoasthe“2007Children’sSurvey”)hasbeencompletedprovidingnewNationaldietaryintakeinformationforchildrenforthefirsttimein over a decade.

FruitJuiceAustraliainconjunctionwithABCLagreed that it would be of value to health professionals,Governmentandtheindustrytoundertakeasimilaranalysisofthe2007children’sdietsurvey.

Analysing the 2007 children’s survey

Theanalysisofthe2007Children’sSurveywasconducted by Flinders Partners, a wholly owned subsidiary of Flinders University on behalf of FruitJuiceAustralia.FlindersPartnersspecificallyinvestigatedfruitandfruitjuiceconsumptionpatterns in Australian children1.

The Flinders analysis also considered the relationshipbetweenfruitjuiceintakeanddietqualityalongwithwhenjuicewasconsumed.Keyfindingsoftheanalysisareincludedinthisreport. Unless otherwise stated, facts concerning fruitjuiceintakeinAustralianchildrenhavebeensourcedfromtheFlindersUniversityanalysis.

comparing 1995 nutrition survey findings with 2007 children’s survey data

The2001CSIROanalysisofthe1995NationalNutritionSurveyprovidedmuchofthedatafortheoriginalfruitjuicenutritionandhealthreview.Particularemphasiswasthereforegivenwhenanalysingthe2007Children’ssurveytoreplicatingkeyelementsofthemethodologyoftheCSIROanalysis.Assuch,itispossibletocomparekeyaspectsoffruitjuiceintakeinchildrenacrossasignificanttimespanfrom1995to2007-providingauniqueinsighttofruitjuiceconsumptionanditscontributiontothedietovertime.

Itisacknowledgedthatthereweresomemethodologicaldifferencesinoverallsurveydesignanddatacollectionmethodsbetweenthe1995NationalNutritionSurveyandthe 2007Children’sSurveywhichhavebeentakeninto account.

energy contrIbutIon of fruIt JuIce 1995 versus 2007

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Intheperiodsincethe1995nutritionsurvey,significantattention has been paid to childhood bodyweight with concerns that excess energy intakefromavarietyofsourcesmaybecontributingtochildhoodoverweight and obesity.

As such, it was of particular interest to investigate the energy contributionoffruitjuiceacrossthe two surveys.

The analysis concluded:

“fruit juice contributed 2% to total energy intake for both the children aged 2-18 years in 1995 and also for the children aged 2-16 years in the 2007 survey1”

As such, the average energy contributedbyjuicehasremainedthesamebetweenthe1995and2007survey.Thisisclearlyanimportantfindingasit

provides national evidence that theaverageamountofenergyprovidedbyfruitjuicehasnotchangedinthelast12years.

Bycomparison,fruitaloneprovided a slightly higher percentageoftotalenergyintakein2007(5%forthoseaged2-16years)comparedtotheresultsfromthe1995survey(3%forthoseaged2-18years).

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healthy bodyweight - the weight of evidence

Two recent publications which considered fruit juiceandbodyweight,foundnoassociationbetweenfruitjuiceconsumptionandweightstatus.

Inthefirstinvestigation(whichalsolookedatfruitjuicedrinksaswellasfruitjuice)involving1,572childrenaged2-5yearsintheUS,noassociationbetweenjuiceintakeandweightwas found3.

Thesecondwasapaperthatassessed9crosssectionaland12longitudinalstudiesthathadinvestigatedjuiceintakeandbodyweight.Inthis analysis, not only was there no association foundbetweenfruitjuiceandweightstatus(orthelikelihoodofbeingoverweight),juiceconsumersalsohadbetternutrientsintakes4. The authors concluded:

“based on the currently available evidence, it

can be concluded that there is no systematic

association between consumption of 100%

fruit juice and overweight in children and

adolescents 4.”

Intermsofthescientificevidencerelatingtofruitjuiceandbodyweight,thereviewidentifiedatotalof15studies(9longitudinaland6crosssectional)wherenoassociationwasfound.Five of these studies were based on nationally representativesamples4.

Ofthesixstudiesindicatingarelationshipexistedbetweenfruitjuiceandbodyweight,none were based on nationally representative samples4.

Theconsiderabledifficultyinreachingaclearunderstanding on the relationship between beverages and body weight status has recently beenhighlightedbyDrewnowskiandBellisle5.

Theyconcludedthatcomplexitiesassociatedwithbeverageintakeandbodyweighthighlighted the need to consider not only physiological factors but also psychological aspectsofbeverageconsumptionandweightstatus5.Indeed,theyalsoquestionedthecommonbeliefthatliquidcaloriesfailtotriggersatietymechanismsandsuggestedtheevidence in this regard should be considered inconclusive5.

Fructosehasrecentlybeenimplicatedinweight gain. A recent review of the evidence on fructose and body weight suggest the data is limitedandcontradictorywithmostfocusedonhigh fructose corn syrups which should not be confused with naturally occurring fructose6.

Ofcourse,likeanyfoodorbeveragecategory,themessageforfruitjuiceintakeisoneofsensibleconsumptionthattakesintoaccountage, gender as well as physical activity levels. However,theevidencecurrentlyfavoursnolinkbetweenfruitjuiceandweightgain.

Where is the weight of the scientific evidence for juice and weight?

3 longitudinal; 3 cross-sectionalNone are based on nationally

representative samples

9 longitudinal; 6 cross-sectionalFive are based on nationally

representative samples

Relationship6 STUDIES

15 STUDIES

NORelationship

Source: O’Neill & Nicklas 2008.

totAl energyChildren*consumingfruitjuicehadlesstotalenergyinthediet in2007(8,330kJ)thanin1995(8,526kJ).

*All children 2-16 years.

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where is the weight of the scientific evidence for juice and weight?

3longitudinal; 3cross-sectionalNone are based on nationally representative samples

9longitudinal; 6cross-sectionalFive are based on nationally representative samples

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fruIt JuIce And Its contrIbutIon to fruIt serves

The2007Children’sSurveydemonstratedalowlevelofobservanceoftheDietaryGuidelinesforChildrenandAdolescents7.

Fruitintakewasfoundtobebelowrecommendedlevelsgenerallyandverylowinsomesegments.TheFlindersanalysisclearlyshowedtheimportantrolefruitjuiceplaysinhelpingchildrenmeettheirfruitserverecommendationsthereportstates:

“Only 1% of the older children aged 14-16 years consumed the recommended amounts (of fruit). When fruit juice was included as a ‘fruit serve’ (as is consistent with the australian Guide to healthy eating), 24% of these 14-16 year olds now reported eating the recommended number of serves of fruits1.“

Ineachagesegment(seefigures1-4below)fruitjuicemakesamajorcontributiontoachievingtherecommendedfruitserves.Thisfindingisparticularlyrelevantgiventheup-comingreviewoftheAustralianGuidetoHealthyEating8,whichcurrentlyincludesaservingoffruitjuice(125ml)aspartofthe total fruit serves.

The findings of the 2007 Children’s survey supports the retention of fruit juice within the fruit serving advice of a revised Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

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figure 1: Percentage of all 2-3 year old children meeting fruit serves with or without fruit juice.

figure 2: Percentage of all 4-8 year old children meeting fruit serves with or without fruit juice.

without fruit juice

without fruit juice

Met recommendation

Met recommendation

Did not meet recommendation

Did not meet recommendation

with fruit juice

with fruit juice

2-3 year olds meeting fruit serve recommendation* without juice: 68%

4-8 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation without juice: 61%

2-3 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation* with juice: 90%

4-8 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation with juice: 93%

*As there is no recommended number of fruit serves for children 2-3 years, the data above includes the percentage of young children who consumed at least one serve of fruit.

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fIbre IntAkeOptimisingtotalfibreintakeisoftencitedasareasontolimitfruitjuice.However,the2007Children’ssurveyshowedtherewasnodifferenceintotalfibreintakebetweenthoseconsumingjuiceandthosenotconsumingjuice1.

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whAt Is fruIt JuIce?

figure 3: Percentage of all 9-13 year old children meeting fruit serves with or without fruit juice.

figure 4: Percentage of all 14-16 year old children meeting fruit serves with or without fruit juice.

Accuracy when considering beverage consumptionisimportant.InthisregardtheAmericanBeverageGuidelines29makea clear distinction between sweetened beveragesandfruit/vegetablejuices.

sweetened beverages: Any beverage to which a caloric sweetener has been added, including carbonated or noncarbonated softdrinks,fruitpunch,fruitdrinks,lemonade,sweetenedpowderdrinks,oranyothernonartificiallysweetened

beverages.Excludedfromthisdefinitionare sugars naturally present in fluids and that are not added in processing, in preparation, or at the table.

fruit and vegetable Juices: Beverages thatarecomposedexclusivelyofanaqueousliquidorliquidsextractedfromoneormorefruitsorvegetableswithnoadded caloric sweeteners. This is often referredtoas100%juice.

without fruit juice

without fruit juice

Met recommendation

Met recommendation

Did not meet recommendation

Did not meet recommendation

with fruit juice

with fruit juice

9-13 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation without juice: 51%

14-16 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation without juice: 1%

9-13 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation with juice: 90%

14-16 year olds meeting fruit serve

recommendation with juice: 24%

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fruit Juice and the Australian guide to healthy eating

CurrentlytheAustralianGuidetoHealthyEatingstatesthatfruitjuice(125ml)cancontributetothetotalrecommendedfruit servings due to the high degree of nutritionalcongruencebetween100%fruitjuiceandtheirwholefoodcounterparts8.

Table1belowrevealsthatfruitjuiceandwholefruitdonotdiffermarkedlyinbothtotalenergyandsugarsaswellasanumber

ofothernutrients(apartfromdietaryfibre),supporting the advice in the current and any futurehealthyeatingguide,thatfruitjuicebe considered as a fruit serve.

Both the USA10andCanada11 have retained aserveoffruitjuicewithintheirrespectivenationalfruitserverecommendations.However, in the US there has been a change intheequivalencyforfruitjuice(seebelow)thatmayhaveimplicationsfortheproposedreview of the Australian Guide to Healthy EatinginAustralia.

table 1.

nutrient comparison of popular whole fruit and the fruit juice counterpart per 100g9

ProductWater

(g)energy

(kj)avail Carb

(g)sugars

(g)Fibre

(g)Beta Carotene

eq (ug)vit C (mg)

Folate(ug)

Calcium(mg)

Potassium(mg)

Orangea 85.3 185 9.0 9.0 2.1 75 50 N/a 29 170

Orange Juicec 89.7 148 8.2 7.9 0.1 93 49 40 8 156

Pineapplea 86.8 178 8.2 8.2 1.8 21 17 N/a 20 151

Pineapple Juice 88 183 10.3 10.3 - 11 12 8 6 143

Grapefruita 88.3 138 5.4 5.4 1.7 14 40 14 24 135

Grapefruit Juiced 91.4 120 6.0 6.0 - - 61 5 9 100

Grapeb 79.6 284 15.5 15.5 2.4 108 5 - 14 221

Grape Juice 85.5 221 13.4 13.4 - - 24 2 8 85

appleb 83.8 236 12.8 12.4 2.2 14 6 - 5 106

apple Juicee 88.9 167 10.1 10.1 - 4 45 4 4 84

a=rawpeeled;b=unpeeledraw;c=sweetened,addedvitc;d=whitegrapes;e=addedvitcNUTTAB2006,100gramedibleportions.

TheDietaryGuidelinesAdvisoryCouncilintheUSundertookananalysis12ofthenutrientprofileof diets with and without the inclusion of pure fruitjuicesaspartofthedietmodellingforMyPyramidandfound:

“Thenutrientprofileforwholefruitonlywithout100%fruitjuicewassubstantiallylowerinvitaminC,folate,potassiumandcaloriesthanthefruitplusjuicenutrientprofile.ItwasnotablyhigherinfiberandvitaminA”.

As a result of this analysis the us now has a ‘cup’ of fruit juice as equivalent to a ‘cup’ of fruit (where a cup is defined as equivalent to one large orange, one medium apple etc which aligns with one of Australia’s ‘fruit serves’). Importantly, in the us a cup is 240ml.

Toincreasefiberintake,theUSDietaryGuidelinesrecommendthatthemajorityoffruit

intakebewholefruit(fresh,frozen,canned,ordried)ratherthanjuice.

Thescientificrationaleforthe125mlserveoffruitjuicedeemeda“fruitserve”isnotevidentintheAustralianGuidetoHealthyEatingmaterials.TheenergyequivalenceapproachappliedintheUSmaywellprovevaluableindecidingthefruitjuiceserveequivalentforafruitserving in the revised version of the Australian GuidetoHealthyEating.

Thehighdegreeofnutritionalsimilaritybetweenwholefruitandfruitjuice,consideredincombinationwiththemarkedimpactfruitjuicemakestomeetingfruitserverecommendations,support the current and future inclusion of fruit juicewithinthefruitservesadviceandapossiblereconsiderationofequivalentservesize–aspertheUSmodel.

energy equIvAlency for fruIt JuIce As A fruIt serve

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AglassoffruitjuiceisavaluablesourceoffluidandprovidesVitaminC,folate,potassiumandrangeofothermicronutrientsas well as antioxidants such as anthcyanin, catechin, and phenols4. In addition, somejuicesarefortifiedandassuchtheirnutritional contribution is even greater.

phytonutrients

Phytonutrients have been associated with a rangeofbenefitsincludingreducingtheriskof certain cancers as well as cardiovascular disease13-16.

An Australian study17 showed:

“Oneorangehasover170differentphytochemicals,includingmorethan60flavonoidsmanyofwhichhavebeenshownnot only to have antioxidant effects but also…antiinflammatoryandantitumouractivity…”

Inconsideringtheimpactofphytochemicalsincitrusfruits/juices,theauthorssuggest:

“…thesesubstancescontributetooptimalhealthandmayprotectagainstsomeofthecommonchronicdiseasessuchascancerand cardiovascular disease, degenerative eye and cognitive conditions and general damagecausedbyaging.”17

table 1.

nutrient comparison of popular whole fruit and the fruit juice counterpart per 100g9

ProductWater

(g)energy

(kj)avail Carb

(g)sugars

(g)Fibre

(g)Beta Carotene

eq (ug)vit C (mg)

Folate(ug)

Calcium(mg)

Potassium(mg)

Orangea 85.3 185 9.0 9.0 2.1 75 50 N/a 29 170

Orange Juicec 89.7 148 8.2 7.9 0.1 93 49 40 8 156

Pineapplea 86.8 178 8.2 8.2 1.8 21 17 N/a 20 151

Pineapple Juice 88 183 10.3 10.3 - 11 12 8 6 143

Grapefruita 88.3 138 5.4 5.4 1.7 14 40 14 24 135

Grapefruit Juiced 91.4 120 6.0 6.0 - - 61 5 9 100

Grapeb 79.6 284 15.5 15.5 2.4 108 5 - 14 221

Grape Juice 85.5 221 13.4 13.4 - - 24 2 8 85

appleb 83.8 236 12.8 12.4 2.2 14 6 - 5 106

apple Juicee 88.9 167 10.1 10.1 - 4 45 4 4 84

a=rawpeeled;b=unpeeledraw;c=sweetened,addedvitc;d=whitegrapes;e=addedvitcNUTTAB2006,100gramedibleportions.

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Pro

tein

Carbohydrate

Fib

re

VitaminC

Pro-VitaminA

VitaminA

Fola

te

Thiamin

Rib

ofla

vin

Nia

ci

Calcium

Magnesium

Potassium

Iron

Pho

spho

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Iod

ine

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Percentagecontributedtodiet(2-16yrs)

nutrients contributed when fruit Juice is consumed

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Fruitjuicesareacknowledgedascontainingawidevariety of nutrients4 and the Flinders analysis reflects this.

Notsurprisingly,fruitjuicewasamajorcontributorofVitaminCproviding56%acrossallchildren2-16

years.Takentogetherwithwholefruit,thetotalcontributionofVitaminCwas73%.

Importantlyfruitjuicemakesasignificantcontributiontosomeimportantnutrientsincludingcarbohydrate,folateandpotassiumasshownbelow:

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TheFlindersanalysisshowsimportantdietary positives are associated with the consumptionoffruitjuiceandassuch,theoverallimpactofjuiceintakeisgenerallypositive. The higher total sugars observed differfromothersimilarstudiesthatfoundloweraddedsugarsinthoseconsumingfruitjuice19. In regard to the higher energy, this has been observed in previous studies and without further analysis cannot be attributed solelytojuice19.Lowerproteinintakesshould not be a concern.

Thebroadlypositiveimpactoffruitjuiceonthe dietary pattern of Australian children isconsistentwithotherrecentfindings.Alarge US study19foundthat,comparedtothosechildrenwhodidnotconsumefruitjuice,thosewhoconsumedmorethan170ml

offruitjuicedailyhadsignificantlyhigherintakesoftotalcarbohydrate,vitaminsCandB6,folate,potassium,magnesiumandiron.

Childrenconsumingfruitjuicealsohadsignificantlylowerintakesoftotalandsaturated fat as well as added sugar and moreservingsoffruitandvegetablescomparedtonon-juiceconsumers19.

Theassociationbetweenfruitjuiceconsumptionandhealthierlifestylehabitswas also observed in a study of adults wherejuiceconsumersshowedbetterweightcontrolalongwithhigherintakesofwholegrain breads, fruits, raw vegetables andalowerintakeofhighfatfoods20.

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cAlcIum IntAkeDespitethecommonbeliefthatchildren consumingfruitjuicemaycompromisecalciumintake,byreplacingmilkwithfruitjuice,the2007Children’ssurveyshowednosignificantdifferencebetweenthecalciumintakesofjuiceconsumersrelativetothosenotconsumingjuice1.

AnanalysisofamultiethnicsampleofU.S.adults(n=14,196)fromtheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey(NHANES)1999-2004examinedtheassociationbetween100%fruitjuiceconsumptionandoddsofobesity(bodymassindex(BMI)=30kg/m2)andmetabolicsyndrome.

Theauthorsconcluded;“…comparedtonon-consumers,100%fruitjuiceconsumers

wereleaner,moreinsulinsensitive,andhadloweroddsofobesityandmetabolicsyndrome.”

Theassociationwithobesityremainedafter controlling for confounding lifestyle factors,whiletheassociationwithmetabolicsyndromewasprimarilyexplainedbylifestyle factors.

fruIt JuIce, obesIty And metAbolIc syndrome – nhAnes 1999-200430

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Anumberofinvestigatorshaveshownfruitjuiceconsumershavebetternutrientintakesrelativetonon-consumersandtendtohavehealthieroveralldietary patterns18.

The Flinders analysis1 also showed that those consumingjuicehadbeneficialdietaryfeaturescomparedtothosenotconsumingfruitjuice.

Whenfruitjuicewasconsumed,thedietwasfound to be…

significantly lower in total fat, saturated fat, protein and caffeine,

And…

significantly higher in total folate, carbohydrates, vitamin c, provitamin A, dietary folate equivalents, energy, magnesium, total sugars and potassium.(p<.01)

Fruitjuiceisoftenconsumedwiththebreakfastmealandhasbeenassociatedwithagoodqualitybreakfast21.

Perhaps not surprisingly, Australian childrenalsopreferjuiceatthebreakfastoccasionasthefollowingintakedatareflects:

Mostdrinkingoccasions,52.7%coincidewithmainmealsandmidmealoccasionswith20%ofalldrinkingoccasionsoccurring

between7and8am.

Thereappearedtobe3distinctmealpeaks(7-8am;12-1pm;6-7pm)and2distinctmidmealoccasions(10-11am;3-4pm).

time of consumption and dental health

Apracticalrecommendationgivenbydentalhealth authorities22isthatinordertomaintaingood oral health, food and beverage products containing sugars and/or acid shouldbeconsumedwithmealsasthesalivagenerated by eating helps protect the teeth.

ItisapositivefindingthereforethatjustoverhalfofthefruitjuiceconsumedbyAustralianchildrentakesplacewithmainmealandmidmealoccasions

Suchapatternofintake(juicewithmeals)allowsAustralianchildrentotakeadvantage of the health and nutritional benefitsoffruitjuicewhileminimisingtheriskofdentalcaries.Althoughon-goingeducational initiatives to encourage a greater concentrationofusageatthesetimesmayfurtherimprovedentalhealthoutcomes.

more than half (53%) of the fruit juice consumed by Australian children coincides with meals and mid meals.

Additionalpracticaldrinkingadvicetohelpdeliverbetterdentalhealthoutcomesincludes:• Donotholdor“swish”thedrinkaroundthemouth

• Use a straw to reduce exposure to the teeth

• Consumechilleddrinksasthiscanreduceerosion23

Dilutingjuiceforyoungchildren,avoidingsugar in bottles for infants and regular brushing with fluoridated toothpaste are all importantmessagestohelppreventtoothdecay24.

fruit Juice and disease risk reduction

The protective effects of fruits and vegetables in regard to diseases such as cardiovascular disease(CVD)andcancershavebeendocumented25,26.Forexample,ithasbeenreportedthattheriskofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)isreducedby4%foreachadditional serving of fruit and vegetable per dayandby7%forfruitintake27.

In2007,theWorldCancerResearchFund/AmericanInstituteforCancerResearchexpert report on diet and cancer concluded thatvegetablesandfruitsmayprotectagainstarangeofcancersincludingmouth,stomachandbowelcancer,leadingthereporttorecommendthatpeopleshouldtrytoeatmore28.

A recent review15ofmedlineaswellasCochranestudiesontherelationshipbetweenfruitjuiceandCVD(37publishedstudies)aswellasfruitjuiceandcancer(11publishedstudies)revealedthedataforfruitjuiceandcancerwasinconclusive(althoughweaklypositive).HoweverinrelationtofruitjuicesandCVDtheauthorsconcluded:

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Frequency of fruit juice consumption versus time (all children 2-16 years)

20.0%

6.3% 9.4%

5.6%

11.4%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

00:01 - 0

1:00

01:01 - 0

2:00

02:01 - 0

3:00

03:01 - 0

4:00

04:01 - 0

5:00

05:01 - 0

6:00

06:01 - 0

7:00

07:01 - 0

8:00

08:01 - 0

9:00

09:01 - 1

0:00

10:01 - 1

1:00

11:01 - 1

2:00

12:01 - 1

3:00

13:01 - 1

4:00

14:01 - 1

5:00

15:01 - 1

6:00

16:01 - 1

7:00

17:01 - 1

8:00

18:01 - 1

9:00

19:01 - 2

0:00

20:01 - 2

1:00

21:01 - 2

2:00

22:01 - 2

3:00

23:01 - 2

4:00

Time All children 2-16 years

Frequency of consumption (% of total number of occasions when fruit juice was consumed)

frequency of fruit juice consumption versus time (all children 2-16 years)

1 0 F i n d i n g s F r o m t h e 2 0 0 7 A u s t r A l i A n n At i o n A l C h i l d r e n ’ s n u t r i t i o n A n d P h y s i C A l A C t i v i t y s u r v e y

fruIt JuIce – In summAry

“there was convincing evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies that pure fruit and vegetable juices reduced risk via a number of probable mechanisms.15”

Indeed, the reviewers also stated:

“when considering cancer and coronary heart disease prevention, there is no evidence that pure fruit and vegetable juices are less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables.15”

health benefits of specific Juices

Investigators around the globe have been activeinexploringspecificfruitjuicesandthehealthbenefitstheymayprovide.Theresearchincludeshuman,animalandinvitrostudiesthatmayintimeformthebasisforspecifichealthclaimsforparticularfruitjuiceproducts.

Asmallsnapshotofrecentstudies(seebelow)highlighttheexcitingpotentialforfruitjuicevarietiestodeliverimportanthealthbenefits:

• Applejuiceandatherosclerosisprevention(animal)31

• Applejuiceandreducingcognitivedecline(animal)32

• Citrusfruitjuicesandreducedischemicstrokerisk(human)33

• Cranberryjuiceandurinarytractinfection–treatment(humanreview)34

• Grapejuiceandimprovedendothelialfunction(human)35

• Grapejuiceandreducedplateletaggregation(human)36,37

• Orangeandblackcurrentjuiceandreducedinflammationmarkers(human)38

• Pomegranatejuiceandinhibitionofprostatecancergrowth(animal)39

Australianchildren,onaverage,consumedaround122mlsoffruitjuiceonthedayofthesurvey,anintakeconsideredtobeconsistentwith a healthy diet. In addition, the weight of evidence does not support an association betweenfruitjuiceconsumptionandweightgain in children.

The2007Children’ssurveyalsorevealedthatthe percentage of total energy contributed byfruitjuicehasnotchangedsince1995(2%oftotalenergy)andthatthedietsofthosechildrenconsumingfruitjuicecontainedanumberofnutritionalpositives(lessfatandsaturatedfat,morefolate,potassiumandvitaminC)relativetothosenotconsumingjuice.

Fruitjuicemakesamarkedcontributiontohelping Australian children achieve their fruitserverecommendationsandassuch,theretentionoffruitjuiceinthefruitserving

advice of the revised Australian Guide to HealthyEatingisclearlywarranted.Aspartoftheguidesreview,dietmodelingviaanenergyequivalencemodel,aspertheUS,couldprovehighlyinformative.

AnimportantfindingisthatjustoverhalfthejuiceisconsumedbyAustralianchildrenwithmealsandmidmeals.Dentalhealthadvice supports and encourages such a combinationduetotheprotectionthisprovides.

Theliteraturealsoshowsfruit(andvegetable)juicesmayactivelyreducetheriskofchronicdiseaseslikecardiovasculardiseaseandthepotentialforspecificjuicevarietiestodeliverhealthbenefitsisdevelopingmomentum.

Assuch,thescientificevidenceclearlysupportsfruitjuicewithinahealthyandvaried diet that incorporates a physically active lifestyle.

• 37%ofallchildrenconsumedfruitjuiceonthedayofthesurvey

• For10%ofchildren,fruitjuicewasthe only fruit serve for the day

•Whenjuicewasconsumed,themostpopularamountwas200-

300g(aroundaglass).Thisremainsunchangedfrom1995.

• Boysconsistentlyconsumedmorefruitandfruitjuicethangirls

• Fruitjuiceconsumershavelowersodiumintakethannon- consumers(p<.05)

• Whenconsumed,fruitprovided23%oftotalsugarsandfruit juice19%.

• Fruitjuicecontributesnofat,saturated fat or salt to the diet of Australian children.

Quic

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Fac

tS

1. Analysisofthe2007Childrens’NutritionandPhysicalActivitySurveyundertakenforFruitJuiceAustraliabyFlindersUniversity(unpublisheddata)

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3. O’ConnorTM,YangS&NicklasTA(2006)Beverageintakeamongpreschoolchildrenanditseffectonweightstatus.Pediatrics118:e1010–e1018.

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5. DrewnowskiA&BellisleF(2007)Liquidcalories,sugarandbodyweight.AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition85:651–61.

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9. LandonS(2007)FruitJuiceNutritionandHealth,FoodAustralia59(11)533-538

10. USDA(2005).MyPyramid.Insidethepyramid.Fruit.UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.www.mypyramid.gov/pyramid/fruits.html

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F i n d i n g s F r o m t h e 2 0 0 7 A u s t r A l i A n n At i o n A l C h i l d r e n ’ s n u t r i t i o n A n d P h y s i C A l A C t i v i t y s u r v e y 1 1

Author, shane landon Apd

ShaneisoneofAustralia’sleadingprofessionalnutritionistswithover15yearsconsulting experience.

Professionally,Shanehasalongstandingacademicinterestindietaryfibre,resistantstarch,fruitandfruitproductsandthebenefitsofplantbasedeating.

Inadditiontohisconsultingactivities,Shanehasweeklynutritionprogramson2UEand Great Southern radio.

ShaneholdsaBachelorofScienceDegree,PostGraduateDiplomainNutritionandDietetics,GraduateCertificateinMarketingandaMasterofBusinessAdministrationDegree.

Independently reviewed by Adjunct professor katrine baghurst, b.sc., phd

ProfessorBaghurstisanindependentnutritionconsultantmostrecentlyinvolvedintherevisionoftheCoreFoodGroupsandthedevelopmentoftheNutrientReference Values for Australia and New Zealand.

FormerlywithCSIROHealthScienceandNutrition,ProfessorBaghurstconsultstoGovernmentandindustry.

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FRUITJUICEAUSTRALIAAustralianBeveragesCouncilLtd.,Level1,6-8CrewePlace,RoseberyNSW2018April 2010