BOOK of ABSTRACTS

BOOK of ABSTRACTS

Program 1st cE3c Annual Meeting

09H00 - 09H30

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POSTER SESSION

10H20 - 10H35

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Chair PAULO BORGES

Chair MARIA AMÉLIA MARTINS-LOUÇÃO

Chair PATRÍCIA VENTURA GARCIA

JOSÉ ARTUR MARTINHO SIMÕES FCUL DIRECTOR | MARGARIDA SANTOS-REIS CE3C COORDINATOR

OPENING SESSION

PLENARY LECTURE - JOSE MONTOYA STATION D’ECOLOGIE EXPÉRIMENTALE, CNRS MOULISUNIVERSALITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES ON THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

INÊS FRAGATA - Decoupling between phenotypic and karyotypic evolution during adaptation: who’s to blame?

RICARDO F. LIMA - Can REDD+ help the conservation of restricted-range island species? insights from the endemism hotspot of São Tomé

ANA RITA AMARAL - Population identity of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and Humpback (Sousa Spp.) Dolphins occurring in the Northern Bay of Bengal

DIOGO GODINHO - The interaction between host nutrition and competitors in determining the distribution of herbivorous mites on plants

FLORIAN ULM - Community scale impact of A. longifolia in an oligotrophic system is mediated by increased belowground organic matter input, higher flux rates and its higher phosphorus use efficiency

SILVANA MUNZI - Tracking nitrogen pollution using D15N in lichens: potentials and limitations

MÓNICA CUNHA - Infecting molecular epidemiology with ecology: a third dimension in the study of animal tuberculosis

IOLANDA DOMINGUES - Reinforcement of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria through horizontal gene transfer

MANUEL SAPAGE - An evaluation to the standard mate-choice copying experimental protocol

MARTA COSTA - Assessment of spatio-temporal segregation in single and cluter egg-laying ladybirds: the use of spatial analysis by distance indices (Sadie) as a tool

19 JUNE 2015 FRIDAY

09H30 - 10H20

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COFFEE BREAK

LUNCH

PRESENTATION OF ISSUES TO BE DEBATED IN THE OPEN SPACE

PRESENTATION OF CONCLUSIONS STEMMING FROM OPEN SPACE

COFFEE BREAK | SPEED DATING | OPEN SPACE ROOMS 8.2.11/12/13/14

MEETINGS JUNIOR RESEARCHERS 8.2.30 | COORDINATION COUNCIL 8.2.11

POSTER SESSION

DINNER & MORE

10H20 - 10H35

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Chair SARA MAGALHÃES

Chair PEDRO PINHO

PLENARY LECTURE - JOAQUÍN HORTAL MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES, CSIC MADRIDDESCRIBING IGNORANCE: MAPPING THE GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE

SERGIO CHOZAS - Community dynamics and succession-driven changes in the functional diversity of stabilized dune xerophytic scrubs

LAURA CONCOSTRINA - Environmental and ecological factors that shape functional diversity in drylands: a multi-scale approach

RUI REBELO - Fighting invasives – a balance of the control and eradication plan of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, at Oeiras streams

PAULA GONÇALVES - Urban dwellers’ perceptions and values towards green spaces and associated biodiversity

GRAÇA OLIVEIRA - Studying cork-oak Montados: is cE3c seeing the forest but not the trees?

CAROLINA PARELHO - Testicular damage in mice exposed to agrochemicals

FILIPA VASCONCELOS - Assessing species vulnerability and adaptation responses to climate change in the Madeira archipelago

ANA NETO - Marine assemblages on coastal defence structures

JOSEFINA KJÖLLERSTRÖM - Fertility in Sorraia stallions assessed by sperm-fish and FKBP6 genotyping

MANUELA SIM-SIM - On the trail of a new species

ROSALINA GABRIEL - Bryophyte community structure at different spatial scales: first results from the Moveclim project

20 JUNE 2015 SATURDAY

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UNIVERSALITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES ON THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

JOSE MONTOYA

Station d’Écologie Experimentale, CNRS Moulis, France

Climate change is generating novel communities composed of new combinations of species. These may result from different degrees of species adaptations to changing local biotic and abiotic conditions, and from differential range shifts of species. With the increasing number of studies addressing the ecological impacts of climate change, a major challenge ahead is to characterize whether universal ecological responses exist at the community and ecosystem level, and also across different spatial scales. Here I will try to identify both universalities and major uncertainties on the impacts of climate change on the structure, dynamics and functioning of both local communities and larger meta-ecosystems connected by species dispersal. I will illustrate these general patterns and major uncertainties with specific study systems, including freshwater mesocosm experiments and empirical vertebrate food webs in mountain systems.

DESCRIBING IGNORANCE: MAPPING THE GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE

JOAQUÍN HORTAL1,2,3

1 Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain2 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil3 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes –Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are increasingly using big-data approaches to tackle questions at large spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. However, despite recent efforts to gather two centuries of biodiversity inventories into comprehensive databases, many crucial research questions remain unanswered due to the lack of good-quality data. I will update the concept of knowledge shortfalls and review the tradeoff between generality and uncertainty in research results. Then, I will describe seven key gaps in existing biodiversity data, which describe knowledge gaps in species‘ taxonomy (Linnaean shortfall), distribution (Wallacean), abundance (Prestonian), evolutionary relationships (Darwinian), abiotic tolerances (Hutchinsonian), functional traits (Raunkiaeran) and biotic interactions (Eltonian). After that, I will discuss the need to develop a conceptual framework that allows to: first, determine the combined impact of these shorfalls for evolutionary and ecological research; and second, find ways of overcoming these seven gaps of knowledge and tackle the uncertainty they generate. I will end up by developing a specific example of how to implement such a framework, through the Maps of Biogeographic Ignorance. These maps are intended to measure bias and gaps in the knowledge about the spatial responses of populations, species and communities to environmental gradients, biotic interactions and the effects of global change. Through them, it is possible to estimate the spatiotemporal uncertainty in both the data on the geographical distribution of biodiversity and the estimates and models generated with these data, even allowing to improve our models and predictions.

PLENARY LECTURESINVITED SPEAKERS

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

DECOUPLING BETWEEN PHENOTYPIC AND KARYOTYPIC EVOLUTION DURING ADAPTATION: WHO’S TO BLAME?

INÊS FRAGATA1*, PEDRO SIMÕES1, MARGARIDA BÁRBARO1, BÁRBARA KELLEN1, JOSIANE SANTOS1, MARTA A. SANTOS1, GONÇALO S. FARIA1, MAURO SANTOS2 AND MARGARIDA MATOS1

1 cE3c – Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa2 Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona *email: if@fc.ul.pt

The ability to adapt to environmental changes is of utmost importance for species survival. Insights on the mechanisms and forces underlying this ability can be obtained from studying species that present a wide geographical distribution. However, few studies have examined how history affects the adaptive dynamics of such species, at several levels of organization. In order to test the impact of historical differentiation during adaptation, we followed the real-time evolutionary dynamics of phenotypic traits and chromosomal inversion frequencies in replicated Drosophila subobscura populations. These populations were derived from the 3 locations along the European latitudinal cline and introduced in a new (laboratorial) common environment. Initially populations were highly differentiated for all traits. However, pervasive phenotypic convergence was achieved after only few generations in the laboratory. A different story was told at the karyotypic level, with selection shaping the evolutionary dynamics of inversion frequencies, but doing so within the constraints imposed by previous history. The signature of history and its impact on the evolutionary dynamics may thus have different outcomes depending on the level of observation. Given that similar phenotypic optima were reached through different genetic routes, this suggests that history plays an important role but does not constrain adaptive evolution.

CAN REDD+ HELP THE CONSERVATION OF RESTRICTED-RANGE ISLAND SPECIES? INSIGHTS FROM THE ENDEMISM HOTSPOT OF SÃO TOMÉ

RICARDO FAUSTINO DE LIMA1*, FÁBIO OLMOS2, MARTIN DALLIMER3, PHILIP W. ATKINSON4 & JOS BARLOW5

1 Conservation Ecology Group, Ce3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Lisbon University, Portugal & Associação Monte Pico, São Tomé and Príncipe; 2 Permian Brasil, Brazil;3 Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, United Kingdom;4 British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, United Kingdom;5 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, United Kingdom* rfaustinol@gmail.com

REDD+ is a United Nation’s programme aiming to offset greenhouse gas emissions through “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation”. We assess the recurrent claim that it can bring additional benefits for biodiversity, using São Tomé Island (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and

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Príncipe) and extinction-prone restricted-range species as a case study. We quantified the abundance of bird and tree species, and calculated the aboveground carbon stocks across a gradient of land-use intensity. We found a strong spatial congruence between carbon and the presence and abundance of endemic species, supporting the potential of REDD+ to protect these taxa. We then assessed if REDD+ could help protect the forests of São Tomé and Príncipe, using OSIRIS simulations to predict country-level deforestation under two different REDD+ designs. These simulations showed that REDD+ could promote the loss of forests in São Tomé and Príncipe through leakage. This happened even when additional payments for biodiversity were included in the simulations, and despite São Tomé and Príncipe having the fourth highest carbon stocks per land area and the second highest biodiversity values according to the OSIRIS database. These results show that the benefits that REDD+ might bring for biodiversity are strongly dependent on its implementation. We recommend that payment for ecosystem services programmes such as REDD+ develop safeguards to ensure that biodiversity co-benefits are met and perverse outcomes are avoided across all tropical countries. In particular, we advise specific safeguards regarding the conservation of extinction-prone groups, such as island restricted-range species.

POPULATION IDENTITY OF INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE (TURSIOPS ADUNCUS) AND HUMPBACK (SOUSA SPP.) DOLPHINS OCCURRING IN THE NORTHERN BAY OF BENGAL

ANA R. AMARAL1,2, BRIAN SMITH3, RUBAIYAT MANSUR3, M. MANUELA COELHO1, ROBERT L. BROWNELL, JR4,5, HOWARD C. ROSENBAUM3,2

1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal2 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street and Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, United States of America.3 Ocean Giants Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, United States of America4 NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

The Bay of Bengal is one of the most productive systems in the Indian Ocean and it harbours a rich community of cetaceans, including Indo-Pacific bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and humpback (Sousa spp.) dolphins. The taxonomy of these genera has been controversial, but within the Indian Ocean they seem to be divided in different taxonomic units that range from the east to the west. Within Sousa, S. plumbea is distributed in the western Indian Ocean, S. chinensis is distributed in the eastern Indian and west Pacific Ocean. T. aduncus has a discontinuous distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean and two different phylogenetic units are known to exist, one along the eastern African coast and another one in the eastern Indian and west Pacific Ocean. In this study we clarify the taxonomic identity of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins occurring in the northern Bay of Bengal and comment on their taxonomic status. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region for 17 bottlenose dolphins and for 15 humpback dolphins and compared them with previously published sequences encompassing the different species and phylogenetic units currently described within each genus. In both cases, we found that Bangladesh dolphins are highly differentiated from other neighbouring populations, clustering in separate clades in phylogenetic analyses. These results suggest that both T. aduncus and Sousa spp. occurring in the northern Bay of Bengal constitute different taxonomic units.

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While Bangladesh T. aduncus seem to be more closely related to the African T. aduncus form than the Pacific form, Sousa spp. seem to be more related to individuals from Australia. The genetic uniqueness of these populations has important conservation implications since their survival is potentially threatened by interactions with fisheries. We suggest that the particular oceanographic conditions found in the Bay of Bengal may be driving speciation in these dolphins.

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HOST NUTRITION AND COMPETITORS IN DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF HERBIVOROUS MITES ON PLANTS

DIOGO GODINHO1, ARNE JANSSEN2, DAN LI2, CRISTINA CRUZ1 AND SARA MAGALHÃES1

1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa.2 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecological Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam.

Plants respond to herbivory producing defences that affect herbivore performance. Nutrient availability directly affects plant defences. When plant tissue C/N ratio is reduced less carbon-based defensive compounds are produced. This weakens plant defences, increasing plant quality and possibly, competition among herbivore species. Therefore, within-plant distribution of herbivores is likely to hinge upon the interaction between the production of plant defences and the presence of competitors.Here, we tested this using a system composed of two spider mite species, Tetranychus evansi, an invasive spider mite specialized on Solanaceae plants and T. urticae, a generalist species, when co-occurring on tomato plants. Unlike T. urticae, which up-regulates tomato anti-herbivory defences, T. evansi down-regulates them. When colonizing clean tomato plants, both species preferred younger leaves but lost this preference when such leaves were infested with heterospecifics. Additionally, T. evansi preferred older leaves when these were infested by T. urticae. On plants with low C/N, both species lost preference for younger leaves. Host nutrition did not affect how T. evansi colonized infested plants. Avoidance of heterospecifics by T. urticae increased on less defended plants. We thus conclude that within-plant distribution of spider mites is affected by host nutrition, interspecific competition and its interaction. T. evansi did not avoid T. urticae possibly because it can out-compete it on this host. This study confirms the importance of plant defences in mediating the interactions among herbivores.

Keywords: Inter-specific competition, spider mites, within-plant distribution, plant nutrition.

COMMUNITY SCALE IMPACT OF A.LONGIFOLIA IN AN OLIGOTROPHIC SYSTEM IS MEDIATED BY INCREASED BELOWGROUND ORGANIC MATTER INPUT, HIGHER FLUX RATES AND ITS HIGHER PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY

FLORIAN ULM1*, CHRISTINE HELLMANN2, CRISTINA CRUZ1, CRISTINA MÁGUAS1

1 Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; 2 Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany*email: ulm.florian@gmail.com

Invasive leguminous trees, such as Acacia longifolia (Acacia), are an increasing problem worldwide. As species of Australian origin, they are adapted to low nutrient soils and thus are known to be able to transform oligotrophic systems such as Mediterranean dunes. This is attributed to their ability to maintain high growth rates even in nutrient-poor soils and create large amounts of above and belowground Biomass. Thereby, during invasion, they completely alter biomass flux and pools, leading

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to a decline in native vegetation and ultimately almost monospecific Acacia plant cover. Though the long-term effects of Acacia are known to be detrimental to native ecosystems, it was found that on a short-term scale nearby native Corema album plants (Corema) seem to benefit from its presence. Corema shows increased growth rates, higher leaf N levels and less depleted δ15N signatures closer to the invasive legume but not to the co-occurring native Stauracanthus spectabilis legume shrubs (Stauracanthus) (Hellmann et al., 2011). Here, this differential effect on Corema foliage was used as a bio-indicator for soil changes occurring underneath the invasive vs. the native legume. Therefore, foliar Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) contents of Corema growing in proximity to Acacia or Stauracanthus were measured, as well as mass, C, N, P contents and potential flux rates of major soil organic matter (SOM) pools underneath each legume (roots, litter, rhizosphere). Using a multivariate approach, the impact of each variable on the foliar nutrient levels of Corema was predicted. This revealed the importance of SOM accumulation underneath the invasive, in conjunction with higher rhizospheric turnover rates and the ability to create tissue with low P content. Thus, higher phosphorus use efficiency and increased microbial turnover might be putative explanations for its success in oligotrophic systems.

References:Hellmann et al. (2011). Acta Oecol., 37, 43–50.

TRACKING NITROGEN POLLUTION USING D15N IN LICHENS: POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS

SILVANA MUNZI1, CRISTINA BRANQUINHO1, CRISTINA CRUZ1, CRISTINA MÁGUAS1, IAN LEITH2, LUCY SHEPPARD2

1Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; 2Center for Ecology and Hidrology, Scotland

Biomonitoring methods based on lichen communities’ shift, functional diversity and physiology have been used for decades to evaluate environmental quality and monitor environmental changes. Several authors explored the possibility of using isotopic signature in lichens to map atmospheric nitrogen deposition. However, the synergism between climatic and anthropogenic factors and the superimposition of multiple nitrogen sources prevented a clear conclusion on the topic. Different nitrogen’s form (NH3, NH4+ or NO3-), distance from the source, time of exposure and deposition type (dry/wet) differently affect lichens. To investigate how these parameters influence lichen’s isotopic signature, thalli of the sensitive Evernia prunastri and of the tolerant Xanthoria parietina were exposed for ten weeks to different forms (dry-NH3, wet-NH4+, wet-NO3-) and doses (16, 32 and 64 kg N ha-1 yr-1) of nitrogen under controlled conditions, and physiological parameters, total nitrogen and carbon, d15N and d13C were measured. In parallel, thalli of Cladonia portentosa (moderately sensitive) exposed to the same treatments for 11 years or 6 months were analyzed to investigate the role of time of exposure. Our results showed that: lichen nitrogen content and d15N were correlated with the nitrogen dose of the N treatments; lichen d15N tends to become similar to the source’s signature; different species showed different d15N in response to the same treatments, probably due to different cation exchange capacity; nitrogen content and d15n were well correlated in case of long-term exposure. The potential use of lichen d15N as a surrogate of atmospheric nitrogen isotopic composition is discussed.

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INFECTING MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY WITH ECOLOGY: A THIRD DIMENSION IN THE STUDY OF ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS

FERNANDO ASCENSÃO1, LUIS MIGUEL ROSALINO1, ANA BOTELHO2, CARLOS FONSECA3, MóNICA V. CUNHA1,2#*

1Ce3C, Conservation Ecology group2INIAV, IP3Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro#presenting author*e-mail: mscunha@fc.ul.pt

Infectious disease epidemiologists aim to understand disease distribution and the underlying determinants, seeking the origin of microbial pathogens and tracking the underlying transmission chains and patterns. Complementary to the examination of host susceptibility and infection status, epidemiology may also help to illuminate host or tissue tropism, reservoir species, and differentiate emergence from reintroduction, reinfection, or reactivation events. Molecular techniques allied with genome-based algorithms may help in clarifying the source of microbial pathogens, recognizing micro-evolutionary events and reconstructing dissemination routes. In the context of animal health, molecular epidemiology may thus potentially provide insights into the mechanistic processes of pathogen transmission within or among domestic and wild populations. Yet, climate change, habitat fragmentation, urbanization, land-use changes, or host species behaviour are also likely to be key factors influencing the dynamics of many infectious diseases. Therefore, ecological approaches offer an additional dimension by addressing environment- and host species–related interactions, which are likely to affect pathogen traits, such as transmission efficiency, geographical spread and host shifts, and hence be powerful selective forces. Predicting which variables influence infection may guide prospective identification of populations and geographical areas at risk. In this presentation, we address the utility of introducing an ecological dimension to the epidemiological study of animal tuberculosis in western Mediterranean, in a multidisciplinary effort intersecting epidemiology, genetics and ecology to advance the understanding of a complex multi-host disease, opening up new opportunities to improve contemporary surveillance and intervention strategies and to efficiently allocate resources.

REINFORCEMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA THROUGH HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

IOLANDA DOMINGUES, LUÍS M. CARVALHO, JOÃO P.A. GAMA, FRANCISCO DIONISIO Bacterial cells often harbor accessory genetic elements, such as conjugative plasmids, that can be transferred horizontally between cells. Despite being beneficial to the host in certain environments, plasmids are usually costly to the bacterial host, hence negatively selected and, eventually, eliminated from a bacterial population. However, plasmids are actively maintained in nature and selective forces responsible for their maintenance remain unknown. In this work we explore the association between the maintenance of conjugative plasmids with the reinforcement of cooperative behaviors in bacterial populations, such as the production of antibiotic-resistance enzymes.

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AN EVALUATION TO THE STANDARD MATE-CHOICE COPYING EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

MANUEL SAPAGE1,2*, SUSANA A. M. VARELA1, LUÍS VICENTE2 AND INGO SCHLUPP3

1CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.2CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.3Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.*PhD Student; masapage@fc.ul.pt

Main Research area: Evolutionary Patterns and ProcessesResearch Group: Evolutionary Ecology

Mate-choice copying (MCC) occurs when animals change their mate-choice decisions after having observed and learned the mate-choice of others. This phenomenon has been reported in several species such as in birds, fish, mice, and even in fruit flies. Interestingly, the experimental protocol for testing MCC in such a diverse group of species has been similar. The basic protocol consists of three sequential steps: (1) the mate preference of a focal individual is assessed by comparing the affiliation time towards each mate in a dichotomous choice; (2) the focal individual is, then, placed in a constrained space while observing the least preferred mate alongside a conspecific of the opposite sex (demonstrator); (3) the mate preference of the focal individual is measured again after removing the demonstrator to determine if her mate-choice has changed after acquiring new social information. However, this protocol assumes that the second choice is not influenced by the first one, although this assumption has never been tested. This is relevant, because during the first choice, the focal individual has the opportunity to build up a personal preference for one of the mates, which can be difficult to change. In this study, we used female guppies to test this hypothesis. Our main prediction is that females would tend to copy more often the mate-choices of others if they do not have a chance to compare the males prior to the demonstration step, thus making the effect of MCC more prominent than previously thought. The data are currently being analysed.

Keywords: Mate-choice copying, female preference, guppy, Poecilia reticulata, protocol testing

ASSESSMENT OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL SEGREGATION IN SINGLE AND CLUTER EGG-LAYING LADYBIRDS: THE USE OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS BY DISTANCE INDICES (SADIE) AS A TOOL

VALE M.1*; BORGES I.1; LUCAS E.2; SOARES A.O.1

1CE3C - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Azorean Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal2Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8 *Corresponding author: martacosta@uac.pt

Ladybirds can be found in a wide range of habitats as long as suitable prey and oviposition sites are available. The adults are highly mobile allowing them to oviposit over large areas, and to search for food resources. Scymnus nubilus Muls. and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. are generalist aphidophagous predators coexisting in space and time sharing common resources. In this study we hypothesize that different oviposition strategies may account to explain why there is no competitive exclusion. Coccinella undecimpunctata, the larger species, lays its eggs in exposed clusters, whereas S. nubilus, the

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smaller species, lays its eggs singly in sheltered sites. To compare the spatial and temporal segregation of the oviposition events in single and cluster egg-laying ladybirds, the software SADIE was used. Prey and predator counts were determined by sweeping herbaceous habitats. Data obtained were used to determine spatial distribution and spatial association of predator and prey. It is predicted that: i) the single egg-laying strategist will distribute its eggs more evenly in time and space whereas the cluster egg-laying strategist will aggregate its eggs. The adaptive significance of these oviposition strategies will be discussed under the perspective of the niche partitioning among aphidophagous coccinellid predators.

Keywords: SADIE, spatial distribution, spatial association, ladybirds

FERTILITY IN SORRAIA STALLIONS ASSESSED BY SPERM-FISH AND FKBP6 GENOTYPING

KJöLLERSTRöM H.J.1,2*, OOM M.M1, RAUDSEPP T.2 & B.P. CHOWDHARY3

1CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;2Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA;3New Research Complex, Qatar University, Al Tarfa, Doha, Qatar.*josefina.kjollerstrom@gmail.com

The Sorraia is an endangered horse breed indigenous to Portugal. The breed was established in 1937 with a small number of founder animals (13) and the population has since grown marginally, although the number of births has progressively increased, particularly in the last three decades. Currently, there are 256 Sorraias in Portugal and another 95 abroad (90% in Germany). The small effective population size has led to unusually high levels of inbreeding (average=0.37) which is known to have an adverse effect on fertility and viability. Indeed, studies in Sorraia stallions show that they have low fertility, poor semen quality and bad semen freezability, yet the underlying genetics of these attributes are not known. Aneuploidy in sperm is one of the leading causes of reduced fertility in humans and animals. It can be assessed by sperm-FISH using chromosome-specific probes. We hybridized horse X and Y chromosome-specific BACs to the sperm of six 4 to 11 years old subfertile Sorraia stallions to determine the rate of sex chromosome aneuploidies. All 6 stallions had normal 64,XY karyotype in somatic cells. On average, 5.8% of sperm was abnormal showing the presence of XX, XY, YY, XXY, XXX, XYY, YYY, YYYY or XXYY sex chromosomes. This is higher than the estimates for fertile stallions (1.1%), bulls (2.9%), goats (0.4%), buffaloes (0.2%), rams (0.03%) or men (0.2 - 0.7%). However, Sorraia stallions with low quality sperm had less aneuploid sperm than reported for low quality semen in men (18.6%). This approach could help identify stallions with higher likelihood of producing foals for expanding the population of this endangered breed. A recent GWAS identified the testis and sperm specific FKBP6 gene as a susceptibility locus for stallion subfertility due to impaired acrosomal exocytosis (IAE). The susceptibility genotype involves SNPs g.11040315G>A and g.11040379C>A in exon 4 so that 100% of IAE affected stallions are homozygous for the A-alleles (genotype AA-AA), whereas just 2% of a general multi-breed control cohort (n=265) has this genotype. Here, we carried out FKBP6 exon 4 genotyping in 12 subfertile Sorraia stallions with known sperm phenotypes to investigate the possible contribution of IAE to subfertility. We did not find the IAE susceptibility genotype in Sorraias. However, 100% of Sorraia stallions had a GG-AA genotype for the two SNPs in FKBP6 exon 4, whereas only 22% of the multi-breed control cohort of male horses has this genotype. The findings support the known low genetic variability in Sorraias.

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ON THE TRAIL OF A NEW SPECIES

SIM-SIM M1,2, AFONINA OM3, GARCIA CA1,2, GONZÁLEZ-MANCEBO JM4, STECH M5,6

1Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes), C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; 2Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência/ CE3C. Rua da Escola Politécnica, nº 58, 1250-102 Lisboa, Portugal; 3V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; 4Dept. Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal , Fac. Biología, Universidad de la Laguna, La Laguna, E-38271, Tenerife, Spain; 5Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;6Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.

For describing new species much research may be needed to be sure a species has not already been described, and to decide if it is sufficiently different from existing species to describe. In this presentation we will consider Amphidium as an example of a moss genus with Pangean origin and extant cosmopolitan distribution, which comprises the Northern Hemisphere as well as scattered occurrences in southern-temperate and tropical-alpine regions. In a recent revision, only three out of 13 species considered to be validly published were accepted, Amphidium lapponicum, A. mougeotii and A. tortuosum. All three species occur in Macaronesia since the Macaronesian endemic A. curvipes was synonymized with A. tortuosum. Here we infer species circumscriptions and relationships in Amphidium based on phylogenetic analysis of molecular data (nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial plastid rps4-trnF regions) and morphological-anatomical characters, with a focus on Macaronesia. The sampling comprised herbarium material and recent collections from fieldwork of A. californicum, A. curvipes, A. cyathicarpum, A. lapponicum, A. mougeotii and A. tortuosum, as well as two morphologically deviant, putative A. lapponicum collections from Central Asia (Mongolia and Russia). In summary we aim to test whether (i) the recognition of the three species Amphidium lapponicum, A. mougeotii and A. tortuosum is supported by molecular phylogenetic reconstructions, (ii) A. cyathicarpum and A. curvipes should be considered synonymous with A. tortuosum or treated as separate species, and (iii) the deviant collections from Central Asia represent a separate and new species to science.

BRYOPHYTE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES: FIRST RESULTS FROM THE MOVECLIM PROJECT

ROSALINA GABRIEL1, JACQUES BARDAT2, OLIVIER FLORES3, JUANA GONZALEZ MANCEBO4, TERRY HEDDERSON5, DOMINIQUE STRASBERG6, SILVIA CALVO ARANDA1,7, MÁRCIA C. MENDES COELHO1, DéBORA S. GOUVEIA HENRIQUES1, RAQUEL HERNANDEZ-HERNANDEZ4, LOVANOMANJANAHARY MARLINE5, NICHOLAS WILDING5, CLAUDINE AH-PENG5,6

1cE3c/ABG Azorean Biodiversity Group and Portuguese Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability (PEERS), Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, sn. 9740-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal2Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS-7205, 57 Rue Cuvier, B.P.39. 75 231 Paris Cedex 05, France3CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 Chemin de l’Irat. 97410 Saint-Pierre, France4Universidad de La Laguna, Department of Botany, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez sn. 38271 La Laguna, Spain 5University of Cape Town, Biological Sciences Department, Private Bag X3. 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa6Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 Avenue René Cassin. 97715 Saint-Denis, Ile de La Réunion, France7Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid, Spain

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Elevational gradients represent unique landscape-scale experiments to describe biodiversity patterns and to study responses of biota to climate change. This is particularly relevant in islands, where unique and relatively natural communities occur, although much uncertainty remains on how current changes will affect their survival. Bryophytes compose the second most diverse group of plants after angiosperms, and their important biomass and diversity in most terrestrial ecosystems make them of paramount importance in ecosystem functioning and render them ideal candidates for spatial ecological studies. This first inter-island comparative study between four oceanic (La Palma, La Réunion, Pico, Terceira) and one continental island (Madagascar) aims to investigate spatial changes in diversity for an understudied taxonomic group across elevational gradients. A homogeneous hierarchical sampling strategy for each transect was accomplished setting up, at 200 m elevation intervals, two permanent plots (100 m2) and, when possible, climatic sensors. Epiphytic liverworts were selected because they are a diverse group in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, although poorly studied due to their challenging taxonomy. The questions asked are: (1) How are the liverwort communities structured at different spatial scales in each island? (2) Are the diversity patterns across islands congruent or idiosyncratic? (3) What is the relative contribution of different factors in shaping the species richness distribution patterns (geometric constraints, climate, area, maximum elevation)? We will demonstrate that this methodology, used across a latitudinal gradient, for ecologically relevant, spore producing plants, has ecological implications to the understanding of insular community assemblages, scale effect and elevational shifts under a changing environment.

Keywords: Bryophytes, climate change, elevational gradients, ecology, spatial scale

COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND SUCCESSION-DRIVEN CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF STABILIZED DUNE XEROPHYTIC SCRUBS

SERGIO CHOZAS1,2, OTÍLIA CORREIA1 AND JOAQUÍN HORTAL1,2

1. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - cE3c, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa. Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. 2. Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC). C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.

Stabilized sand dunes occur at the inland limit of coastal sand dunes. These dunes are scarcely affected by coastal factors. Consequently, typical dune plant community zonation disappears, being frequently replaced by patchily distributed communities, determined by environmental and anthropogenic factors. Under Mediterranean climate, several studies emphasize the role of water availability in explaining such patchiness at local, landscape and regional scales, and discriminate between xerophytic or hygrophytic scrub communities. In SW Portugal, scrub communities occurring on stabilized dunes are subject to a very intensive regime of human disturbance and due to water scarcity xerophytic shrub communities clearly dominate. These communities are home for a significant number of rare, endangered and endemic plant species, being listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive due to their high interest for biodiversity. We analysed the impact of additional drivers other than water and we found that the patchy distribution of these xerophytic plant communities mainly responds to edaphic site conditions, climate and human disturbance. Our results indicate that the three types of shrub communities found in this area are the extremes of two different –but interrelated– successions. Additionally, we analyze the role of the turnover in plant traits on successional community dynamics and how ultimately affects the functional diversity of these scrub communities.

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT SHAPE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN DRYLANDS: A MULTI-SCALE APPROACH

LAURA CONCOSTRINA-ZUBIRI1, PAULA MATOS1, ALICE NUNES1, CRISTINA BRANQUINHO1

1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - Ecology of Environmental Change Group

Functional diversity has been pointed out as a reliable tool for identifying environmental changes and understanding ecosystem functioning. These two tasks are critical in Drylands, one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the face of global change. Our aim is to measure functional traits and functional diversity indices of biological soil crusts, epiphytic lichens, grasses and shrubs to i) use them as ecological indicators, and ii) estimate their contribution to ecosystem processes in Drylands. First, we identified main environmental and ecological predictors of functional diversity; such as climate, edaphic characteristics and management regime, leading to “response traits” (e.g. photobiont, growth form, reproduction strategy). Second, we focused on particular “effect traits” (e.g. biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, water retention) related to key ecosystem processes. Our final goal is to model and quantify the contribution of different ecosystem components to ecosystem services in Drylands. We are studying communities in Mediterranean regions, North and South America, Australia and China along environmental gradients and under different management regimens in order to find what is common and what is different among sites all over the world.

FIGHTING INVASIVES – A BALANCE OF THE CONTROL AND ERADICATION PLAN OF THE AFRICAN CLAWED FROG, XENOPUS LAEVIS, AT OEIRAS STREAMS

RUI REBELO

As a result of introductions out of its native range, the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is one of most widely distributed amphibians in the world. Reproducing populations of this species were found for the first time in Portugal in the Laje stream (in 2006) and in Barcarena stream (in 2008). Both streams run through Oeiras Municipality. A control and eradication plan is taking place since 2010, under a protocol signed by the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests, I.P., the Oeiras Municipality, the CBA/cE3c/FCUL, and the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência. At the start of the fifth year of the plan, the state of X. laevis populations in both streams is contrasting. At Laje, the species was very abundant at the start of the plan, and in 2014 we only captured 2 adults, with no signs of reproduction in all the stream. On the contrary, at Barcarena the species reproduced in at least two stream stretches, its main nucleus occupies a relatively large stretch of the stream, and over 4000 individuals (the large majority of them 1‐year old juveniles) were captured in 2014. The capture of 1‐year olds means that probably a single successful year could rapidly repopulate a significant portion of the stream. Taking into account its invasive potential, the risk of colonization of other areas, and the success of the plan at Laje thus far, the plan will continue in the next years, and new methodologies will be tested.

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URBAN DWELLERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND VALUES TOWARDS GREEN SPACES AND ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY

PAULA GONÇALVES

email: pigoncalves@fc.ul.pt

Nowadays most people live in cities and green spaces in urban ecosystems (UGS) play an important role by generating ecological services crucial for human health and well-being. Air quality, microclimate regulation, noise reduction and flood control are some of the major easily recognized biodiversity-related services provided by UGS, but the so-called cultural ecosystem services are also particularly important in cities. Such services include, among other, recreation, recovery from stress and educational opportunities, all of major importance for the population well-being but not entirely perceived as such. The aim of this work is to evaluate how urban dwellers interact and benefit from UGS and how they perceive and value the provided biodiversity-related services. Functional diversity will be assessed in Lisbon with a multi-taxa sampling approach, focused in vascular plants, earthworms, insect pollinators and birds. These taxa, which will further be integrated with available information on lichens, were chosen based on its indicator performance, ecosystem services provision and/or easiness of recognition by lay people. Data deriving from the biodiversity assessments will then be compared with citizens perceptions evaluated from questionnaires addressing five major themes: motivation for visit and use of the UGS; attachment to the place and perceived benefits; perception, valuation and interaction with biodiversity; psychological well-being and environmental orientation. Four UGS typologies are the focus of this study: forest fragments, parks, derelict lands and allotment gardens. For allotments gardens, the questionnaire will further evaluate the socio-economic benefits of urban gardening beyond the provision of food as well as gardening methods. A market analysis of the cultivated products prices will be done to evaluate the contribution of urban gardening to the household economy.

STUDYING CORK-OAK MONTADOS: IS cE3c SEEING THE FOREST BUT NOT THE TREES?

GRAÇA OLIVEIRA

The sustainability of cork‐oak montados depends on continuous human intervention which, in turn, is driven by the value of cork. Generally aknowledged threats to the montado are harvest wounds, pests and diseases, heavy tillage, overgrazing (use intesification) and shrub encroachment (land abandonment). Climate change is thought to aggravate these and other threats. Moreover, the recent forestry trends favour conversion of montados into denser and even-aged stands. New understanding and practices are needed, as neither traditional nor recent production systems are expected to adequately respond to these threats. The main research areas, transversal topics, and field facility of cE3c are excellent incentives to make a comprehensive and effective approach to these issues and to produce useful outputs to stakeholders. However, studies of cork-oak montados by cE3c researchers have been relatively scarce and scattered (in time and purposes). As a result, they do not clearly contribute to establish the necessary links between cork production and all the other services provided by the montado. Cork extraction is stressful for the tree but tree resilience to this recurrent practice has not been properly evaluated, as the extent and duration of its effects are complex and variable. Cork-oaks are major components of the montados, therefore anything affecting their performance will impact on the structure and functioning of the whole ecosystem. In turn, the stripping stress might be enhanced in a degraded montado. In this context, I will point out some important gaps in knowledge that could be filled by future studies involving cE3c researchers.

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TESTICULAR DAMAGE IN MICE EXPOSED TO AGROCHEMICALS

PARELHO C.1,2, RODRIGUES A.S.1,3, BERNARDO F.1, CAMARINHO R.1,3 & GARCIA P.1,2

1 Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.2 CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, and Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.3CVARG, Center of Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.

E-mail addresses: cparelho@uac.pt, rodrigues@uac.pt, filipebernardo90@outlook.pt, camarinho@uac.pt , patriciag@uac.pt

Agricultural practices are one of the most significant anthropogenic activities that affects the environment and human health. Long-term agricultural practices frequently results in the incorporation of pollutants in soil, such as agrochemicals. The testicle is considered one of the most vulnerable organs to agrochemicals (endocrine disrupters). This study was designed to assess the effects of chronic exposure to agrochemicals on wild mice (Mus musculus) testes by studying: (i) relative volumetric density of different spermatogenic cells and interstitial space; (ii) damage in the seminiferous tubules and (iii) apoptotic level in the germinal epithelium (TUNEL assay). Two groups of wild mice exposed to agricultural environment [from conventional (CF) and organic farms (OF)] and a control (RF) group were compared.Results showed that testis from mice exposed to CF have a significant decrease in the proportion of late spermatids and sperm cells, increased amount of seminiferous tubules lacking sperm cells, higher degree of testicular damage and significant increase of spermatogenic cells undergoing apoptosis, in comparison with OF and RF. These results show that agricultural practices, especially CF, enhance testicular damage in wild mice that are chronically exposed to farming environments, indicating that humans chronically exposed to these environments (e.g., pesticide sprays) have a higher risk for male infertility.

Keywords: Agrochemicals, Testicular damage, Apoptosis; Histomorphometry.

ASSESSING SPECIES VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE MADEIRA ARCHIPELAGO

FILIPA VASCONCELOS, ANDREIA SOUSA E MARIA JOÃO CRUZ

The CLIMA-Madeira project aims to study the vulnerability to climate change in the Madeira archipelago and to identify adequate responses for those vulnerabilities, creating a regional adaptation strategy to climate change. The project involves different sectors namely Agriculture and forests, Health, Tourism, Biodiversity, Energy and Water resources. In the biodiversity sector, the project assessed the vulnerability of species to climate change. A group of target species was selected based on a set of criteria, for both terrestrial and marine groups. The species vulnerability assessment was made through the application of climate change vulnerability indexes. These indexes consider species exposure and sensitivity to climate change as well as the species characteristics that contribute to their intrinsic adaptive capacity (e.g. factors such as dispersal capacity can determine if a species is able to shift its’ distribution to keep up with a changing climate). For terrestrial species the NatureServe index was applied and for marine species (cetaceans) a new index was developed. The results of both vulnerability indexes were discussed and validated with experts of the different groups. The capacity of the human systems to adapt to climate change in the biodiversity sector was also assessed. Based on the joint evaluation of the species vulnerability and adaptive capacity, a list of adaptation measures was produced. These measures were compiled based on the measures previously listed in the National Adaptation strategy (ENAAC) in the biodiversity sector and in a workshop in Madeira where measures were discussed and prioritized with local stakeholders.

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MARINE ASSEMBLAGES ON COASTAL DEFENCE STRUCTURES

EVA CACABELOS1, GUSTAVO M. MARTINS1,2, RICHARD THOMPSON3, AFONSO PRESTES4, JOSé MANUEL N. AZEVEDO1 AND ANA I. NETO1

1cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/ Azorean Biodiversity Group, and Universidade dos Açores, Departmento de Biologia, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal. E-mail: aneto@uac.pt2CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Porto, Portugal3University of Plymouth, Marine Biol & Ecol Res Ctr, Inst Marine, Devon, England4Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade dos Azores, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal

Urbanisation of coastal areas is considerable and likely to increase worldwide to face increased storminess and sea level rise. Urban structures can play an important role in modifying the structure and functioning of intertidal communities, providing epibenthic organisms a different environment compared to natural shores. Understanding the role of artificial habitats in coastal ecosystems is essential to predict the influence of habitat change on the distribution, abundance, dynamics and structure of intertidal communities. We run a series of observational and manipulative studies to investigate the processes driving differences in the structure of assemblages on natural shores and hard coastal infrastructures. A large-scale survey around São Miguel confirmed that rocky intertidal assemblage structure generally differed between natural shores and hard coastal defence structures. Subsequent manipulative work showed that substratum type, but not habitat slope and matrix, significantly affected the structure of assemblages colonising hard coastal defence structures. Small-scale experimental habitat enhancements (addition of topographic complexity to an otherwise featureless seawall) significantly and positively influenced the diversity and numbers of intertidal gastropods. Finally, canopy species were also largely absent from hard coastal defence structures. One last experiment showed that habitat slope did not influence the survival of canopy germlings, but it did negatively influence plant size. Loss of plant water content was similar on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Canopy recruitment was limited to areas just under the adult canopy being negligible cms away suggesting that paucity of canopy species on hard coastal defence structures may be limited by the short-dispersal ability of these species rather than intrinsic factors associated with hard defence structures. This information is useful for a successful implementation of eco-friendly coastal defence structures.

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cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes

Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaEdifício C2, 5º Piso, sala 2.5.46 - Campo Grande - 1749-016 Lisboa

E-mail: cE3c@ciencias.ulisboa.pt Webpage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt

FCT funding - ref. UID/BIA/00329/2013