Frontier Territory, 1870-1900

Arizona History Lecture #4Heidi J. Osselaer

Native American Reservations

General Allotment Act(Dawes Severalty Act)

1887

• Each household allowed 160 acres• Each single adult allowed 80 acres• Each minor child allowed 40 acres• Allotments doubled if suitable for grazing• Reduces tribal land from 138 million acres in

1887 to 48 million acres by 1934

Communal farmingtransitions to individualfamily homesteads.

Phoenix Indian School1891

“It’s cheaper to educate Indians than to kill them.” Thomas Morgan

Between Two Worlds

• Lost ties to families, language, customs, and religion

• Taught to work, cook, and live in the white man’s world, but were discriminated against in the job market

• Felt uncomfortable when they returned to the reservation and unwanted in the white world

Early Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado River

Lee’s Ferry

Udall Family Rachel Berry

Snowflake founded in1878

Erastus Snow

Jack Swilling

Swilling Irrigation and Canal Company

Phoenix and Tempe

Brands from early southern Arizona ranches

Texas Longhorn

Hereford

Babbitt Brothers Trading Co.ranching, lumber, general merchandise

Helen Duett Ellison Hunt

Sandra Day O’Connor

James Babbitt Don Babbitt Bruce Babbit

Early gold strikes:Gila City 1858Wickenburg 1861Prescott 1863

First territorial officers, 1864 (Gov. John Goodwin seated in center)

Prescott in 1864

Governor’s Mansion in 1869

Prescott

Morris Goldwater

Ed Schieffelin “Lucky Cuss” Mine

Tombstone in 1882

Tombstone Consolidated Mine

Tombstone Population

1879 2501880 3,0001881 7,0001890 14,000

Crystal Palace Saloon, Tombstone

Wyatt Earp Doc Holliday

Editor John Clum Sheriff John Behan

Clara Spalding Brown Nellie Cashman Sarah Sorin

Copper becomes important during the Industrial Revolution to produce wire to transmit

electricity

Copper mining in Bisbee

Dr. James Douglas

Walter Douglas Congressman Lewis Douglas

Bisbee

John Wesley Powell’s Colorado River Expedition, 1869

Fred Harvey

Harvey Girls

The Watch Tower

Mary Elizabeth

Jane Colter

Hopi House at Grand Canyon

Bright Angel Lodge and Lookout Studio at Grand Canyon

El Tovar at Grand Canyon

1906

1906

19071908

Grand Canyon National Monument, 1908

Sharlot Hall

Mary-Russell Ferrell and Harold Colton

Museum of Northern Arizona

Maie and Dwight Heard

Tuberculosis affects 10% of US population in the 19th century

St. Joseph’s Hospital

Sisters of Mercy

Acts of Congress

• Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres for each household. Must reside on and improve land for 5 years.

• Desert Lands Act of 1877: 640 acres for each household in the arid Southwest.

• The National Reclamation Act of 1902: federal funding of water reclamation projects.

Roosevelt Dam area in 1898

Apache construction workers

Roosevelt Dam completed 1911

Questions for Consideration

• What role did the federal government play in the early development of territorial Arizona? List the most important policies and acts of Congress that affected the territory.

• What role did women play in the early development of territorial Arizona?