11

From Washington to From Washington to MadisonMadison

1789-18121789-1812

Students will examine the legacy of Students will examine the legacy of Washington’s, Adams’, Jefferson’s, and Washington’s, Adams’, Jefferson’s, and

Madison’s and their impact on U.S. Madison’s and their impact on U.S. government.government.

22

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Elected President by Elected President by Electoral College in Electoral College in 17891789

Took oath on April 30, Took oath on April 30, 17891789

Washington has to Washington has to make “his way in the make “his way in the dark” organizing the dark” organizing the executive branchexecutive branch

33

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

John Adams- Vice-PresidentJohn Adams- Vice-PresidentThomas Jefferson- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State

(foreign affairs)(foreign affairs)Alex Hamilton- Secretary of TreasuryAlex Hamilton- Secretary of TreasuryHenry Knox- Secretary of WarHenry Knox- Secretary of WarEdmund Randolph- Attorney GeneralEdmund Randolph- Attorney General

44

Federal Government Federal Government under Washingtonunder Washington

Presidential cabinet- used Presidential cabinet- used as a basis to obtain advice as a basis to obtain advice and informationand information

Judiciary Act 1789- Judiciary Act 1789- Congress establishes the Congress establishes the Supreme Court and 13 Supreme Court and 13 district courts and circuit district courts and circuit courts. This allowed state courts. This allowed state courts to appeal to federal courts to appeal to federal courts.courts.

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Hamilton’s Financial Hamilton’s Financial ProgramProgram

Pay off- the national debt at Pay off- the national debt at face value and have the face value and have the federal government assume federal government assume the war debts of the statesthe war debts of the states

Protect- the young nation’s Protect- the young nation’s “infant” industries and collect “infant” industries and collect adequate revenues at the adequate revenues at the same time by imposing same time by imposing protective tariffs on imported protective tariffs on imported goodsgoods

National Bank- for depositing National Bank- for depositing governmental funds and for governmental funds and for printing banknotes that printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a would provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. stable U.S. currency.

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Capital CompromiseCapital Compromise

Support- to gain Support- to gain support for his plan support for his plan from southerners from southerners Hamilton proposes Hamilton proposes moving the capital moving the capital from NYC to D.C.from NYC to D.C.

New site- located New site- located between Maryland and between Maryland and Virginia Virginia

Designer- Benjamin Designer- Benjamin BannekerBanneker

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Two Ideas about the Two Ideas about the ConstitutionConstitution

Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton

- Federalist PartyFederalist Party- Strong National GovernmentStrong National Government- Loose interpretation of the Loose interpretation of the

ConstitutionConstitution- Wealthy and educatedWealthy and educated- Supported a national bankSupported a national bank- Distrust of the common Distrust of the common

people (stupid)people (stupid)- Supported the NorthSupported the North- Economy- manufacturingEconomy- manufacturing

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson- Democratic-Republican PartyDemocratic-Republican Party- Distrusted a strong national Distrusted a strong national

governmentgovernment- Strict interpretation of the Strict interpretation of the

ConstitutionConstitution- Opposed a national bank Opposed a national bank

(unconstitutional)(unconstitutional)- Trusted the common manTrusted the common man- Supported- South and WestSupported- South and West- Economy- farmingEconomy- farming

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Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs Native Americans- resisted U.S. westward expansion.Native Americans- resisted U.S. westward expansion.

Excise Tax- tax on a products manufacture, sale and Excise Tax- tax on a products manufacture, sale and distributiondistribution

Whiskey Rebellion of 1794- the rebellion of a group of farmers in Whiskey Rebellion of 1794- the rebellion of a group of farmers in Penn. who refused pay the federal excise on whiskey.Penn. who refused pay the federal excise on whiskey.

New States- Vermont 1791, Kentucky 1792, Tennessee 1796New States- Vermont 1791, Kentucky 1792, Tennessee 1796

Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794- the defeat of the northwest Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794- the defeat of the northwest Indians, open up Ohio.Indians, open up Ohio.

Public Land Act of 1796- orderly procedures for dividing Public Land Act of 1796- orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands.and selling federal lands.

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Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

French Revolution 1789- France’s war for French Revolution 1789- France’s war for independence from a monarchyindependence from a monarchy

Proclamation of Neutrality-Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality-Washington's issuance not to get involved in the French issuance not to get involved in the French Revolution; Jefferson resignedRevolution; Jefferson resigned

““Citizen” Genet-appealed to the American Citizen” Genet-appealed to the American people to get their supporting the French people to get their supporting the French RevolutionRevolution

The Jay Treaty-treaty with Britain stating it will The Jay Treaty-treaty with Britain stating it will remove all posts on the U.S. western frontierremove all posts on the U.S. western frontier

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Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Did not run for a third term sets Did not run for a third term sets the tradition of President’s only the tradition of President’s only serving two termsserving two terms

Warned Americans not to get Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs; involved in European affairs; sets our Neutrality foreign policysets our Neutrality foreign policy

Warned U.S. about making Warned U.S. about making “permanent alliances” in foreign “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs; sets our Isolationism affairs; sets our Isolationism Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Warned Americans to avoid Warned Americans to avoid political partiespolitical parties

Warned Americans to avoid Warned Americans to avoid sectionalismsectionalism

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John AdamsJohn Adams

Elected in 1797 by Elected in 1797 by excess of three excess of three electoral voteselectoral votes

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson appointed V.P. after appointed V.P. after he loses to Adamshe loses to Adams

Sectionalism- this is Sectionalism- this is the first vote that is the first vote that is divided along party divided along party interests and not interests and not national interestnational interest

1212

Adams ProblemsAdams Problems French-American relationship- French-American relationship-

France begins capturing American France begins capturing American shipsships

The XYZ Affair- French officials The XYZ Affair- French officials demand bribe to see foreign ministerdemand bribe to see foreign minister

Department of the Navy Department of the Navy createdcreated

Undeclared war against Undeclared war against FranceFrance

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions-

Jefferson/Madison see Alien Acts as Jefferson/Madison see Alien Acts as a misuse of powera misuse of power

Nullification- states have the right to Nullification- states have the right to void laws deemed unconstitutionalvoid laws deemed unconstitutional

Death of George Washington Dec, Death of George Washington Dec, 17991799

1313

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Federalist lost popularityFederalist lost popularity Federalist swept form Federalist swept form

Congress and PresidencyCongress and Presidency Two Republicans on the Two Republicans on the

ballotballot Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Thomas Jefferson and Aaron

Burr; tiedBurr; tied Jefferson came out victorious Jefferson came out victorious

through House choicethrough House choice Aaron Burr was appointed Aaron Burr was appointed

V.P.V.P.

1212thth Amendment- Amendment- passed in passed in 1804 to change how 1804 to change how President and V.P. are President and V.P. are chosen and run for officechosen and run for office

1414

Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

The passing of power The passing of power from one political from one political party to another was party to another was accomplished accomplished without violence.without violence.

Federalist quietly Federalist quietly accepted defeat, and accepted defeat, and power was power was relinquished to relinquished to Jefferson’s party, the Jefferson’s party, the Democratic-Democratic-Republican partyRepublican party

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Simplifying the PresidencyMaintained the national bank and debt Maintained the national bank and debt

repayment of Hamiltonian Planrepayment of Hamiltonian PlanMaintained a limited central governmentMaintained a limited central governmentReduced the size of the militaryReduced the size of the militaryEliminated a number of federal jobsEliminated a number of federal jobsRepealed the excise tax, including Repealed the excise tax, including

Whiskey TaxWhiskey TaxLowered the national debtLowered the national debtNamed only Republicans in his cabinet, Named only Republicans in his cabinet,

to avoid internal distractionto avoid internal distraction

1616

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years

Judiciary Act of 1801- Adams adds 16 federal judges the midnight before his last day as president

Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid, loses argument

1717

Marbury v. Madison • Marbury v. Madison—William

Marbury sues to have papers deliveredJudiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme

Court order Marshall rules requirement

unconstitutionalJudicial review—Supreme Court able

to declare laws unconstitutional

1818

Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs Aaron Burr was not reelected Aaron Burr was not reelected

fro a second term as V.P.fro a second term as V.P.

Burr plotted to get elected as Burr plotted to get elected as Gov. of N.Y. and then Gov. of N.Y. and then persuade them and the New persuade them and the New England colonies to secede England colonies to secede from the Union; but he was from the Union; but he was defeated in the electiondefeated in the election

Burr killed Hamilton in a duel, Burr killed Hamilton in a duel, ending the Federalist regimeending the Federalist regime

Burr was accused of treason Burr was accused of treason for a plot to unite with Mexico for a plot to unite with Mexico in taking Louisiana; but was in taking Louisiana; but was caught, tried and acquitted.caught, tried and acquitted.

1919

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase-purchased by the Louisiana Purchase-purchased by the U.S. from France in 1803, for $15 U.S. from France in 1803, for $15 million.million.

It extended from the Mississippi River It extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mtns. and from the Gulf to the Rocky Mtns. and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America (Canada). of Mexico to British America (Canada).

How did France get it- territory given How did France get it- territory given to France by Spain after Napoleon to France by Spain after Napoleon conquers the country conquers the country

2020

2121

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase Con’t Con’t

Why did Napoleon sell it?- needed the money to Why did Napoleon sell it?- needed the money to fight a war with England in Europefight a war with England in Europe

Why did Jefferson buy it?-Why did Jefferson buy it?-1. The purchase doubled the area of the 1. The purchase doubled the area of the

U.S.U.S.2. Removed a foreign presence2. Removed a foreign presence3. Guaranteed the extension of the U.S. 3. Guaranteed the extension of the U.S.

westwardwestward

Jefferson’s Problem- He didn’t really have the Jefferson’s Problem- He didn’t really have the power to make the purchase but argued it fell power to make the purchase but argued it fell under implied powers of the Constitution under implied powers of the Constitution

2222

Exploring Our New Exploring Our New TerritoryTerritory

Lewis and Clark- Appointed by Jefferson to lead Corps of Discovery; explore new territory, find route to Pacific- gather information about people, plants animals lasts over two years

Sacajawea- Native American woman, serves as interpreter and guide

2323

War is BrewingWar is Brewing--Challenges to U. S. neutrality- U. S. neutral ships Challenges to U. S. neutrality- U. S. neutral ships

were being attacked by Britainwere being attacked by Britain

-Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807- the British -Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807- the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake, leading to angry heated feelings Chesapeake, leading to angry heated feelings toward Britain.toward Britain.

-Embargo Act 1807 -to avoid war, Congress was -Embargo Act 1807 -to avoid war, Congress was persuaded to pass this act; prohibited American persuaded to pass this act; prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port; merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port; bringing great hardships onto Americansbringing great hardships onto Americans

-Repeal of Embargo Act 1809- a depression hit the -Repeal of Embargo Act 1809- a depression hit the U.S. so bad New England threatened to leave the U.S. so bad New England threatened to leave the UnionUnion

2424

Jefferson’s Presidency comes Jefferson’s Presidency comes to an Endto an End

Jefferson believed Jefferson believed strongly in tradition strongly in tradition est.. By Washington of est.. By Washington of voluntarily retiring after voluntarily retiring after a second terma second term

He supported a close He supported a close friend for his party’s friend for his party’s nomination, the nomination, the Secretary of StateSecretary of State

James Madison was James Madison was elected in 1808elected in 1808

2525

War of 1812- The Second War of 1812- The Second War for IndependenceWar for Independence

-Tecumseh’s Confederacy- Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy to stop the sale of land to the U.S.

-William Henry Harrison- -William Henry Harrison- leads an attack against leads an attack against Tecumseh and wins, Tecumseh and wins, breaks his alliance and breaks his alliance and gives Americans even gives Americans even more land claimsmore land claims

2626

War with BritainWar with Britain War Hawks- War Hawks-

1.1. They want to go to war with Britain because They want to go to war with Britain because Native Americans have British guns they are Native Americans have British guns they are mainly from the South and West (near the new mainly from the South and West (near the new territories)territories)

2.2. Madison- new president gives in to the War Madison- new president gives in to the War Hawks and declares war on Britain, claims they Hawks and declares war on Britain, claims they are crippling U.S. trade and economyare crippling U.S. trade and economy

3.3. We are not prepared for a war against Britain, We are not prepared for a war against Britain, poorly supplied, no money, lack of unity, poor poorly supplied, no money, lack of unity, poor generals, lack of a standing armygenerals, lack of a standing army

4.4. New England refuses to help in the war does New England refuses to help in the war does not provide money or manpower for the warnot provide money or manpower for the war

2727

Let’s Invade CanadaLet’s Invade CanadaDisaster- American troops enter Toronto Disaster- American troops enter Toronto

and burn the capital buildingand burn the capital building

Loss- We are soundly run out of Canada Loss- We are soundly run out of Canada by British and Canadian troops, we lose by British and Canadian troops, we lose several battles and surrender Detroitseveral battles and surrender Detroit

West- wide open to invasion, Native West- wide open to invasion, Native Americans claim control but a battle Americans claim control but a battle kills Tecumseh and ends their control.kills Tecumseh and ends their control.

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End of the War 1812End of the War 1812 Navy- Surprisingly we win a few battles but not Navy- Surprisingly we win a few battles but not

enough to stop 1,100 ships from a blockade of enough to stop 1,100 ships from a blockade of the U.S. almost destroys the country.the U.S. almost destroys the country.

Baltimore- Star Spangled BannerBaltimore- Star Spangled Banner Washington D.C. Burned- In retaliation for Washington D.C. Burned- In retaliation for

Toronto the White House and Capitol Building Toronto the White House and Capitol Building burned to the ground by the British.burned to the ground by the British.

Treaty of Ghent- In December of 1814 Britain Treaty of Ghent- In December of 1814 Britain and the U.S. agree to a cease fire and the U.S. agree to a cease fire

Battle of New Orleans- Battle of New Orleans- 1.1. General Andrew Jackson- leads this battle after the Treaty of General Andrew Jackson- leads this battle after the Treaty of

Ghent against superior British forces; becomes a national Ghent against superior British forces; becomes a national hero.hero.

1817 commercial treaty between U.S. and 1817 commercial treaty between U.S. and Britain, 1818 49Britain, 1818 49thth Parallel sets Louisiana Parallel sets Louisiana territory. territory.

2929

Results of the War of 1812Results of the War of 1812 The War inspired a spirit of nationalism The War inspired a spirit of nationalism

It gained the respect of England and other It gained the respect of England and other foreign nationsforeign nations

The war encourage the growth of American The war encourage the growth of American industryindustry

The war stimulated westward expansion by The war stimulated westward expansion by removing armed opposition by Indians removing armed opposition by Indians