From The Lancet
1
689 due to the lower expression of the EBV protein in the recombinant baculovirus (probably caused by the toxicity of the protein). This low level expression also precludes the use of crude lysates in ELISA tests, as is done for thymidine kinase. It will be necessary to produce purified EBV DNase from the recombinant baculovirus-infected cells before such tests can be developed. EBV-coded gp340220 seems to be a good diagnostic reagent for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the expression systems and purification procedures should be suitable for the establishment of diagnostic tests.25 In its 1982 report on the biology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma the International Union against Cancer recommended that "screening programmes and reliable test systems for the early detection of individuals at risk by immunological and biochemical surveys should be extended as a high priority". We believe that the systems described here may form the basis of such screening programmes. This work was supported by the Cancer Research Campaign (UK). S.B. was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Wellcome Research Laboratories. REFERENCES 1. Shanmugaratnam K. The pathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Biggs PM, de The G, Payne LN, eds. Oncogenesis and herpes viruses. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications no 2, 1972: 239. 2. Shanmugaratnam K, Chan SH, de The G, et al. Histopathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with epidemiology, survival rates and other biological characteristics. Cancer 1979; 44: 1029-44. 3. Simons MJ, Shanmugaratnam K, eds. The biology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Geneva: UICC Technical Report 71, 1982. 4.Waterhouse J, Muir CS, Shanmugaratnam K, Powell J, Cancer incidence in five continents, vol IV. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publication no 42, 1982. 5.Neilsen NH, Mikkelsen F, Hansen JPM. Nasopharyngeal cancer in Greenland: the incidence in an arctic Eskimo population. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1977; 85A: 850-58. 6. Cancer mortality in the US (1950-1977). Bethesda: National Cancer Institute, Monograph 59: 7. Zur Hausen H, Schulte-Holthauzen H, Klein G, et al. EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumours and anaplastic carcinomas of the nasopharynx. Nature 1970; 228: 1956-58. 8.Tugwood JD, Lau W-H, O S-K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-specific transcription in normal and malignant nasopharyngeal biopsies and in lymphocytes from healthy donors and infectious mononucleosis patients. J Gen Virol 1987; 68: 1081-91. 9. Young LS, Dawson CW, Clark D, et al. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Gen Virol 1988; 69: 1051-65. 10. Raab-Traub N, Hood R, Yang C-S, Henry B, Pagano JS. Epstein-Barr virus transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 1983; 48: 580-90. 11. Henle W, Henle G, Ho HC, et al. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other head and neck neoplasms and control groups. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970; 44: 225-31. 12. Henle W, Ho H-C, Henle G, Kwan HC. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Comparison of active cases with long-term survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973; 51: 361-69. 13. Zeng Y, Gong CH, Jan MG, Fun Z, Zhang LG, Li HY. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus IgA/EA antibody for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by immunoautoradiography. Int J Cancer 1983; 31: 599-601. 14. Zeng Y, Zhong JM, Li LY, et al. Follow-up studies of Epstein-Barr virus IgA/VCA antibody positive persons in Zangwu County, China. Intervirology 1983; 20:190-94. 15. Cheng Y-C, Chen J-Y, Glaser R, Henle W. Frequency and levels of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNase are elevated in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 6162-65. 16. Liu M-Y, Cou W-M, Nutter L, Hsu M-M, Chen J-Y. Antibody against Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase activity in sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 1989; 28: 101-05. 17. Turenne-Tessier M, Ooka T, Calander A, de The G, Daille J. Relationship between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and high antibody titres to Epstein-Barr virus-specific thymidine kinase. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 45-48. 18. Chen J-Y, Chen C-J, Liu M-Y, et al. Antibody to Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNase as a marker for field survey of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. J Med Virol 1989; 27: 269-73. 19. Tan RS, Cheng YC, Naegele RF, Henle W, Glaser R, Champion J. Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNase in relation to the prognosis of juvenile patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1982; 30: 561-65. 20. Zeng Y, Du B, Miao X, Mackett M, Arrand JR. Detection of IgA/MA antibody in sera using PO4 cells. Chin J Virol 1987; 3: 396-97. 21. Baylis SA, Purifoy DJM, Littler E. The characterization of the EBV alkaline deoxyribonuclease cloned and expressed in E coli. Nucl Acids Res 1989; 17: 7609-22. 22. Littler E, Newman W, Arrand JR. Immunological response of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients to the Epstein-Barr Virus-coded thymidine kinase expressed in Escherichia coli. Int J Cancer 1990; 45: 1028-32. 23. Baylis S, Purifoy DJ, Littler E. High level expression of the Epstein-Barr Virus alkaline deoxyribonuclease using a recombinant baculovirus: application to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virology 1991; 181: 390-94. 24. Conway M, Morgan A, Mackett M. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen gp340/220 in mouse fibroblasts using a bovine papillomavirus vector. J Gen Virol 1989; 70: 729-34. 25. Li S-L. Classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by 5th National Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Symposium, 1979. In: Tumours of the head and neck. Tianjin: Tianjin Science and Technology Publishing House, 1982: 251. From The Lancet Flogging in the Navy We are glad to find that, by a recent Admiralty order, a humane alteration has been made in the mode of administering corporeal correction to the boys of the Royal Navy. It has been hitherto the custom to inflict the punishment with the same weapon which is used for full-grown men-the "cat", but with this difference, that the punishment has been in the case of boys applied to the buttocks instead of the back. The infliction of blows with the "cat" upon the most fleshy part of the person has always appeared to us to be a practice more painful, though not so dangerous, as their application to the back; and the Admiralty have now acted wisely and humanely in ordering that for the future the boys shall be treated, like schoolboys, on the hand, and be flogged with a birchrod. The number of stripes which could be legally administered to a man has long been fixed at forty-eight, and the same number might be, and was occasionally, inflicted on boys; but, by the new order, the number is limited to twenty-four in the case of boys, which those who have witnessed the infliction of punishment at the hands of a boatswain’s-mate will allow to be quite sufficient to mark the offence, and to deter companions from its commission. One great advantage of the new order of things will be that offenders will not be permanently marked by the infliction of punishment with the birch as they would have been by the "cat". It has, doubtless, been a hardship that a boy, for some juvenile offence, should be indelibly marked with the unmistakable white streaks which always follow punishment with the "cat" though on a part of the person not often exposed to public view. Since the Admiralty seem humanely disposed at present, we would suggest a little supervision of the use of the "cane" by the ships’ corporals on the persons of the boys placed under their charge. In some ships the corporals seem to be unable to carry on their duty without constantly striking the boys, and we would strongly urge that this power should be taken from them. At the same time, the practice of commanding officers inflicting punishment for minor offences by caning the boys’ hands, is to be deprecated on anatomical and physiological grounds; for the injury inflicted on the numerous nerves of the hand may be of a permanent character, and besides, for the time at least, it so benumbs the part as to prevent the boy from doing duty. Good observers have described serious although obscure nervous symptoms to result from punishment thus inflicted, and we would commend the observation of similar cases to the notice of the medical officers of the service.
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Transcript of From The Lancet
689
due to the lower expression of the EBV protein in therecombinant baculovirus (probably caused by the toxicityof the protein). This low level expression also precludesthe use of crude lysates in ELISA tests, as is done forthymidine kinase. It will be necessary to produce purifiedEBV DNase from the recombinant baculovirus-infectedcells before such tests can be developed. EBV-codedgp340220 seems to be a good diagnostic reagent for
nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the expression systems andpurification procedures should be suitable for theestablishment of diagnostic tests.25
In its 1982 report on the biology of nasopharyngealcarcinoma the International Union against Cancerrecommended that "screening programmes and reliable testsystems for the early detection of individuals at risk byimmunological and biochemical surveys should be extendedas a high priority". We believe that the systems describedhere may form the basis of such screening programmes.
This work was supported by the Cancer Research Campaign (UK). S.B.was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Council and theWellcome Research Laboratories.
REFERENCES
1. Shanmugaratnam K. The pathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In:Biggs PM, de The G, Payne LN, eds. Oncogenesis and herpes viruses.Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications no 2, 1972: 239.
2. Shanmugaratnam K, Chan SH, de The G, et al. Histopathology ofnasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with epidemiology, survivalrates and other biological characteristics. Cancer 1979; 44: 1029-44.
3. Simons MJ, Shanmugaratnam K, eds. The biology of nasopharyngealcarcinoma. Geneva: UICC Technical Report 71, 1982.
4.Waterhouse J, Muir CS, Shanmugaratnam K, Powell J, Cancerincidence in five continents, vol IV. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publicationno 42, 1982.
5.Neilsen NH, Mikkelsen F, Hansen JPM. Nasopharyngeal cancer inGreenland: the incidence in an arctic Eskimo population. Acta PatholMicrobiol Scand 1977; 85A: 850-58.
6. Cancer mortality in the US (1950-1977). Bethesda: National CancerInstitute, Monograph 59:
7. Zur Hausen H, Schulte-Holthauzen H, Klein G, et al. EBV DNA inbiopsies of Burkitt tumours and anaplastic carcinomas of the
nasopharynx. Nature 1970; 228: 1956-58.8.Tugwood JD, Lau W-H, O S-K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-specific
transcription in normal and malignant nasopharyngeal biopsies and inlymphocytes from healthy donors and infectious mononucleosis
patients. J Gen Virol 1987; 68: 1081-91.9. Young LS, Dawson CW, Clark D, et al. Epstein-Barr virus gene
expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Gen Virol 1988; 69:1051-65.
10. Raab-Traub N, Hood R, Yang C-S, Henry B, Pagano JS. Epstein-Barrvirus transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 1983; 48:580-90.
11. Henle W, Henle G, Ho HC, et al. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus innasopharyngeal carcinoma, other head and neck neoplasms and controlgroups. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970; 44: 225-31.
12. Henle W, Ho H-C, Henle G, Kwan HC. Antibodies to Epstein-Barrvirus-related antigens in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Comparison ofactive cases with long-term survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973; 51:361-69.
13. Zeng Y, Gong CH, Jan MG, Fun Z, Zhang LG, Li HY. Detection ofEpstein-Barr virus IgA/EA antibody for diagnosis of nasopharyngealcarcinoma by immunoautoradiography. Int J Cancer 1983; 31:599-601.
14. Zeng Y, Zhong JM, Li LY, et al. Follow-up studies of Epstein-Barr virusIgA/VCA antibody positive persons in Zangwu County, China.Intervirology 1983; 20:190-94.
15. Cheng Y-C, Chen J-Y, Glaser R, Henle W. Frequency and levels ofantibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNase are elevated in patientswith nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77:6162-65.
16. Liu M-Y, Cou W-M, Nutter L, Hsu M-M, Chen J-Y. Antibody againstEpstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase activity in sera of patients withnasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 1989; 28: 101-05.
17. Turenne-Tessier M, Ooka T, Calander A, de The G, Daille J.Relationship between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and high antibody
titres to Epstein-Barr virus-specific thymidine kinase. Int J Cancer1989; 43: 45-48.
18. Chen J-Y, Chen C-J, Liu M-Y, et al. Antibody to Epstein-Barrvirus-specific DNase as a marker for field survey of patients withnasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. J Med Virol 1989; 27: 269-73.
19. Tan RS, Cheng YC, Naegele RF, Henle W, Glaser R, Champion J.Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNase in relation tothe prognosis of juvenile patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int JCancer 1982; 30: 561-65.
20. Zeng Y, Du B, Miao X, Mackett M, Arrand JR. Detection of IgA/MAantibody in sera using PO4 cells. Chin J Virol 1987; 3: 396-97.
21. Baylis SA, Purifoy DJM, Littler E. The characterization of the EBValkaline deoxyribonuclease cloned and expressed in E coli. Nucl AcidsRes 1989; 17: 7609-22.
22. Littler E, Newman W, Arrand JR. Immunological response of
nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients to the Epstein-Barr Virus-codedthymidine kinase expressed in Escherichia coli. Int J Cancer 1990; 45:1028-32.
23. Baylis S, Purifoy DJ, Littler E. High level expression of the Epstein-BarrVirus alkaline deoxyribonuclease using a recombinant baculovirus:application to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virology1991; 181: 390-94.
24. Conway M, Morgan A, Mackett M. Expression of Epstein-Barr virusmembrane antigen gp340/220 in mouse fibroblasts using a bovinepapillomavirus vector. J Gen Virol 1989; 70: 729-34.
25. Li S-L. Classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by 5th NationalNasopharyngeal Carcinoma Symposium, 1979. In: Tumours of thehead and neck. Tianjin: Tianjin Science and Technology PublishingHouse, 1982: 251.
From The Lancet
Flogging in the NavyWe are glad to find that, by a recent Admiralty order, a humane
alteration has been made in the mode of administering corporealcorrection to the boys of the Royal Navy. It has been hitherto thecustom to inflict the punishment with the same weapon which isused for full-grown men-the "cat", but with this difference, thatthe punishment has been in the case of boys applied to the buttocksinstead of the back. The infliction of blows with the "cat" upon themost fleshy part of the person has always appeared to us to be apractice more painful, though not so dangerous, as their applicationto the back; and the Admiralty have now acted wisely and humanelyin ordering that for the future the boys shall be treated, likeschoolboys, on the hand, and be flogged with a birchrod. Thenumber of stripes which could be legally administered to a man haslong been fixed at forty-eight, and the same number might be, andwas occasionally, inflicted on boys; but, by the new order, thenumber is limited to twenty-four in the case of boys, which thosewho have witnessed the infliction of punishment at the hands of aboatswain’s-mate will allow to be quite sufficient to mark theoffence, and to deter companions from its commission. One greatadvantage of the new order of things will be that offenders will notbe permanently marked by the infliction of punishment with thebirch as they would have been by the "cat". It has, doubtless, been ahardship that a boy, for some juvenile offence, should be indeliblymarked with the unmistakable white streaks which always followpunishment with the "cat" though on a part of the person not oftenexposed to public view. Since the Admiralty seem humanelydisposed at present, we would suggest a little supervision of the useof the "cane" by the ships’ corporals on the persons of the boysplaced under their charge. In some ships the corporals seem to beunable to carry on their duty without constantly striking the boys,and we would strongly urge that this power should be taken fromthem. At the same time, the practice of commanding officersinflicting punishment for minor offences by caning the boys’ hands,is to be deprecated on anatomical and physiological grounds; for theinjury inflicted on the numerous nerves of the hand may be of apermanent character, and besides, for the time at least, it sobenumbs the part as to prevent the boy from doing duty. Goodobservers have described serious although obscure nervous
symptoms to result from punishment thus inflicted, and we wouldcommend the observation of similar cases to the notice of themedical officers of the service.
