From STEM‐EELS o multi di i ldimensional and multi signal ...jwc/2011_Fall... · Outline Signals,...

59
Taipei, November 22, 2011 F STEM EELS t lti di i l d From STEMEELS t o multidimensional and multisignal electron microscopy Christian Colliex Lb i d h i d S lid ld 10 Laboratoire dePhysique des Solides, Bldg510 Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France christian colliex@upsud fr christian.colliex@upsud.fr

Transcript of From STEM‐EELS o multi di i ldimensional and multi signal ...jwc/2011_Fall... · Outline Signals,...

Page 1: From STEM‐EELS o multi di i ldimensional and multi signal ...jwc/2011_Fall... · Outline Signals, instrumentation and methods for STEM EELS ... Hologram Electron Energy Loss ...

Taipei, November 22, 2011

F STEM EELS t lti di i l dFrom STEM‐EELS to multi‐dimensional and multi‐signal electron microscopy

Christian ColliexL b i d h i d S lid ld 10Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Bldg 510Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France

christian colliex@u‐psud frchristian.colliex@u‐psud.fr

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OutlineOutline

Signals, instrumentation and methods for STEM EELS

Atomically resolved elemental and bonding maps

Mapping plasmons and EM fields

When electrons and photons team up

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Electron Matter interactionsElectron – Matter interactions

SecondarySecondary Event 

vs.

Primary Event

Transmission Electron Microscopy ‐ A Textbook for Material ScienceDavid Williams and Barry Carter, Fig. 1.3, page 7. 

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Working modes for an transmission electron microscope

EDX spectroscopy

Electron source(0.5 à 2eV)

d ( )Diffractions

object (gonio)

condensers

anode(s) a few 100kV

HREM imaging

object (gonio)

Objective lens

Nanolaboratory :Specific specimenholders and stages

Intermediate lenses

Projector lensHologram

holders and stages

Electron Energy LossSpectroscopy(EELS)

Hologram

Energy filtered imagingMagneticprism Energy filtered imagingp

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1980 20

STEMs with EELS analysersat Orsay

1980 ‐ 20xx

2008 ‐ 2011

y

2011 ‐ 20xx

VG HB 501

NION UltraSTEM 100

NION UltraSTEM 200

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20 nm

EELS spectrumEELS spectrum‐image 

at Orsay

AB

y

HADF image

450400350300Energy Loss (eV)

Magnetic spectrometerSpectrum 0.5 to 0.8 eV

1 ms to 5 s

SPECTRE LIGNESPECTRUM LINE

Magnetic spectrometerE

E -E

o

o

CameraCCD

Specimen

HADF detectorsA

Specimen

Probe

0-

(nm)• 0.1 to 1nA• in 0.5 to 1 nm

Scanning coils

I I I I2 0 300 3 0 400

40-

(nm)

Field emission gun

100 keV250 300 350 400

Energy Loss (eV)B

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Multi‐dimensional microscopy in a composite space(x,y position, E energy and t time)

x

(x,y position, E energy and t time)

x

yE E1D EELS t

x

0D : bit of information 1D : EELS spectrum

x

y 3D : spectrum imagedata cube

yE (or x)

data cube

2D t liy

E

2D : spectrum lineor E‐ filtered image

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Use of C correctors to reduceUse of Cs correctors to reduceprobe size or to increase probe current :

i) <1 Å probe size at 100 kV, Å<0.7 Å at 200 kV

ii) 200 pA of current in a 1.4 Å probe

iii) 1 nA current in a 2 3 Å probeiii) 1 nA current in a 2.3 Å probe

Orsay Nion U‐STEM  100 acceptance tests

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New UltraSTEM for aberration‐corrected nanoanalysis(delivered in Orsay in 2008)(delivered in Orsay in 008)

The column is built from modules that all have the

a bmodules that all have the same mechanical interface and are 100% interchangeable.interchangeable.

Each module has triple magnetic plus acoustic g pshielding.

Emphasis is on small probe formation and efficient coupling into detectors.

Everything including sample exchange can be

t d t loperated remotely.

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Nion UltraSTEM 200 performance at

Orsay

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Imaging molecules containing heavy atoms

(a) (b) (c)

0.5 nm0.5 nm

1 nm1 nm

(d)(d)

2 nm2 nm 2 nm2 nm

polyoxometalate (POM; As2W20O70Co(H2O)) molecules grafted on C‐SWNTcourtesy A. Gloter, Orsay (2011)

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BN monolayer with impurities imaged by MAADF

Result of DFT calculation overlaid on Matt Chisholm’s experimental MAADF image

C ring is

N

C ring is deformed

Cx6O

N

B C OO

Longer

B C O

Longer bonds

CNa adatom

C

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Si substituting for C in monolayer graphene

Si

2 Å

Si

Si

SiN

Si

Si Si

Si

M di l l d k fi ld (MAADF) i

Si at and near topological defects

Si in topologically correct graphene

Si at graphene’sedge

Medium angle annular dark field (MAADF) images.Nion UltraSTEM100 at ORNL, 60 kV.  Image courtesy Matt Chisholm, ORNL, sample courtesy Venna Krisnan and Gerd Duscher, U. of Tennessee.

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Si substituting for C: 2 structures are possible

Si

2 Å

Si

Si

Si

NSi

Si

Si

Si

Si in defect‐free graphene strains (and  Si in defective, but less strained graphene is buckles) the foil. (courtesy Matt  Chisholm)

more stable. (15 images added together, no other processing, courtesy Juan‐Carlos Idrobo)

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EELS spectroscopy : spectral domains

Phonons Plasmons Absorption edges

IRvisible

UV X

2.5

) x 1

0 6 )

Low losses C l

1.5

2.0

ts n

umbe

r) Low losses Core lossesCK

1.0

sity

(cou

nt

0.5Energy loss (eV)

Inte

ns

x50 x106

MnL2,3

0 100 200 300 400 5000 600 700

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EELS: Involved electron populations and associated transitions

Energy (eV)

CB. O ‐K

0^3

40

50

60

0^3

EFVB.

x 10

10

20

30

40

x 10

120 PlasmonsIT

O 1

L2,3 eV

10520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610

eVK

60

80

100IT

TM 2p

O 1s

0^3 200

250

300

350

0^3

TM L2,3TM L2,320

40

0 5 10 15 20 25

-530 eV

-710 eV2 x

100

50

100

150

x 10eVeV -725 eV

eV

0695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735

eV

EELS gives informations on the electronic structure

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EELS spectroscopy : spectral domains

Core energy‐loss domainLow energy‐loss domain

CKCK MnL2,3

Core energy loss domainLow energy loss domain

Plasmon modes

250 300 400350250 300 400350Energy loss (eV)

690630 650 670Energy loss (eV)

i h hi h h

0 10 20 30 40Energy loss (eV)

Map with high accuracy the nature,the position and bonding 

of the atoms responsible for thestructural properties

Map different physical parameters, electronic, optical or magnetic, 

which are especially important structural properties of real materials

(defects, interfaces, nanomaterials)

R i i i h

which are especially important for electronic industries

Requires instruments adapted Requires instruments with

best spatial and energy resolutions(0.1 nm, 0.1 eV)

to measure the properties of interestat the relevant scale

Towards the nanolaboratoryIn all cases, develop the theory for interpreting

spectroscopical data i eTowards the nanolaboratoryspectroscopical data, i.e. a physics of excited states

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AbsorptionAbsorption edgesedges domaindomain ::Absorption Absorption edgesedges domaindomain : : threethree types of informationtypes of information

Identification of elements

CK

Elementary quantification

250 300 400350

Energy loss (eV)

Study of the unoccupied electron states distribution

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Quantitative elemental analysisQ y

Characteristic signal : proportionalto the number of atoms per unit area for the element detected in

BK S

area for  the element detected in the analysed area

CK

S = ct. I N

NKsity

Atomic concentration ratios:

NA SA B

Inte

ns

NB=

SB A

200 300 400Energy loss (eV)

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EELS core‐level spectroscopy:EELS core level spectroscopy:elemental and bonding maps with atomic

resolutionresolution

1. Individual atoms1. Individual atoms2. Crystalline structures and interfaces3. Application to Tunnel ElectroMagneto3. Application to Tunnel ElectroMagneto

Resistance – TEMR

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Single atom identification (signal/noise criteria)

Peapods :

Gd@C82@SWCNT

Element selective single‐atom imaging

A HREM iA : HREM image

B : Schematic presentation

C : Superposed maps of the Gd N45 and C K signals extracted from a 32x128 pixels spectrum image (C in32x128 pixels spectrum‐image (C in blue, Gd in red)

K. Suenaga et al., Science (2000)

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STEM imaging of peapods at 30 and 60 kV with DeltaSTEM imaging of peapods at 30 and 60 kV with Delta corrector

30kV

60kV

Damage drastically reduced at 30kV

Courtesy Suenaga, Sawada & Sasaki (2010)

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Single atom imaging by STEM‐EELS at low voltagewith the g g g y gdelta corrector

Endohedral fullerenes M@C82 (M= La, Ce, Er)Iizumi and Okazaki

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Atom by atom labeling at 60kVy g

Courtesy K. Suenaga (AIST, Tsukuba, 2010)

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Valence state identification of individual atoms

La3+ Ce3+

La3+ in LaCl3Ce3+ in CeCl3Ce4+ in CeO2

Courtesy K. Suenaga (AIST, Tsukuba, 2010)

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EELS spectrum‐imagingacross interfaces

S C C lli N t N&V (2007)See C. Colliex, Nature N&V (2007)

HAADF micrograph

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Elemental maps recorded withNION UltraSTEM at Orsay

( t L B h 2011)(courtesy Laura Bocher, 2011)

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Spectroscopic imaging of LMO down the pseudocubic <110> axis. The sketch shows the projected structure of LMO down this direction. In green, the O K edge image; in blue the simultaneously acquired Mn L2,3 image and in red the La M4,5 image. The RGB overlay of the three elemental maps is also shown.From M. Varela et al. to be published in MRS bulletin 01/2012

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D. Muller et al. Science 319 (2008) 1073)

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High resolution Z contrast image of a LCMO/YBCO/LCMO heterostructure The insetHigh resolution Z‐contrast image of a LCMO/YBCO/LCMO heterostructure. The inset marks the region where an EELS spectrum image was acquired, along with the simultaneous ADF signal. (b) O K, Mn L2,3, Ba M4,5 and La M4,5 atomic resolution images (c) RGB overlay of the Mn (red) La (green) and Ba (blue) images in (b) Theimages. (c) RGB overlay of the Mn (red), La (green) and Ba (blue) images in (b). The sketch shows the interface structure. From M. Varela et al. to be published in MRS bulletin 01/2012

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Ferroelectric control of spin polarization(Tunnel ElectroMagneto Resistance – TEMR)(Tunnel ElectroMagneto Resistance – TEMR)

tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic electrodes for large nonvolatile control of carrier spin polarization by switching ferroelectric polarization

• ultrathin BTO ferroelectric

• half‐metallic LSMO as spin detector

• Fe electrode

p

• NGO: substrate

Information provided from STEM/EELS analyses

Garcia V. et al. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1184028

* Structural quality of the film growth and the interfacial area* Termination planes at the interfaces* Oxidation states of the TM at the atomic scale

d d d h l l h / fIn order to understand the electromagnetic coupling at the FE/FM interface

Garcia V. et al. Science (2010)

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Ferroelectric control of spin polarizationV Garcia et al (Thales/CNRS Palaiseau LPS Orsay U Cambridge)V. Garcia et al (Thales/CNRS Palaiseau, LPS Orsay, U. Cambridge)

BTOFe LSMO NGO

10 nm

BTOFe

[001]

[110]

1 nm

[001]

USTEM data courtesy A. Gloter & L. BocherTMR (H) measured

for reversed bias polaritieson the ferroelectric junction

yL. Bocher et al. submitted (2011)

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BaTiO3/Fe interface

i) one possible structure model modelii) image simulationiii) and iv) HAADF experimental images) ) p giv) elemental profiles 

Courtesy L. Bocher & A. GloterJOM 62 (12/2010) 53‐57

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STEM imaging the interface BTO‐Fe

HAADFBF

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Atomic structure at the interface : comparison experiment, models and simulations

L. Bocher et al. submitted (2011)

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Elemental composition and Fe EELS L23 fine structures across the interface

Presence of oxidized Fe  (in the Fe++ as well as in the Fe+++

state) over one atomic layer atthe interface

L. Bocher et al. submitted (2011)

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Modelling the interface and electronic structure calculations

DFT calculationsof the spin polarisation L. Bocher et al. submitted (2011)

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Orsay STEMTrends of the accessible 

10.2 2

90sperformance in terms of spatial and spectral resolution

(updated in 2010)

1 1

EFTEM70s

Cs correctors(updated in 2010)

0.3 0.3

V)

IBM STEM90sMust be accompanied with a parallel

development in data processing and modelization tools (propagation of a

∆E (eVmodelization tools (propagation of a 

sub‐angström electron probe across a thin specimen, physics of the inelasticscattering, calculation of electron

0.1 0.1Monochromators

80 00U‐STEM2010

g,density of states…)

10.2 2

80s‐00s

0.1

2010

Where are we now ?∆x (nm)

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Mapping plasmons and EM fieldsMapping plasmons and EM fields

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4D (4D (x,y,E,tx,y,E,t) Spectrum) Spectrum‐‐imagingimaging modemode

e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐e‐ e‐ e‐ e‐ Improved

energyresolution(0 2 eV)(0.2 eV)

Sample

0 / i l

at each pixel

• 50 spectra/pixel

• 3 ms/spectrum

d l ti

+ HAADF signal

• deconvolution

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New possibilities for studying the lowenergy‐loss domain

Deconvolution techniques open the way to investigating nanophotonics with electrons

2.25 eV

U.V.I.R.

1.8 eV

1 15 eVIncrease in ΔE (f 0 35 V t 0 25 V) 1.15 eV

0 2 4 6Energy loss (eV)

(from 0.35 eV to 0.25 eV)

Cut‐off of zero loss signalat 0.9 eV (IR)

New technical possibilities (A. Gloter, A Douiri, M. Tencé)Highersignal‐to‐background ratio

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Mapping surface plasmon resonances

of triangular silver nanoprisms

Bof triangular silver nanoprisms

78 nm edge long 78 nm edge long nanoprismnanoprism

A BC

D

Energy map of the “tip” modeJ. Nelayah et al. Nature Physics, 3, 348‐353 (2007)

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EELS simulations of triangular Ag nanoprisms(courtesy J. Garcia de Abajo, Madrid)

1.9 eV 2.9 eV

0.81.03.4 eV

0.20.40.6

0.0• 100 Kv electrons• 78 nm long and 10 nm thick Ag prismg p

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Modes in an Ag nanoantenna (aspect ratio L/r increases)(coll Cambridge Stuttgart courtesy P Midgley)

1.2eV 1.4eV 1.6eV

(coll. Cambridge‐Stuttgart, courtesy P. Midgley)

1.2eV 1.4eV 1.6eV

2 3

1 8 V 2 0 V 2 2 V 2 4 V1.8eV 2.0eV 2.2eV 2.4eV

4 5 6

2 6 VEFTEM i 2.6eV 2.8eV 3.0eV 3.2eVEFTEM series on SESAM machine

660 nm Ag nanorod

7

0.2eV slit width

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Silver nanoantennas EELS (2)

Nano Lett 11, 1499 (2011)

Experiments versus simulations (DDA of |Ez|2 at 60 nm above antenna)

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When electrons and photons team up

« Multi‐signal microscopy »

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« When electronsand photonsand photons team up »

by F.J. Garcia de Abajo(Nature 462 (2009) 861)

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Light detection (inserting a parabolic mirror within the VG pole piece)VG pole piece) 

home-made cold stage + light d t t (L Z l Sdetector (L. Zagonel+ S. Mazzucco + M. Kociak) Monochromatic electron

beam

Electron Induced Radiation Emission

(Cathodoluminescence)

Electron Energy-Loss

Absorption by EELS

gySpectrum

Emission by CL Absorption by EELSy2 patents (licensing opportunities)

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2D photon emission spectral‐emission spectral‐

imaging

‣Spatial sampling: 0.7 nm‣S t l li 2 ( 8 V)

VG HB501

L. Zagonel, M. Kociak et al., NanoLetters 2011‣Spectral sampling: 2 nm (ca 8 meV)‣Individual QD optical properties revealed!

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Spectral Imaging with electrons

EELS CCD camera

EELS spectrometer

EELS scintillator

HAADF

EELS apertureEELS scintillator

c

Sample

Secondary Electrons

CL Spectrometer

Obj ti l

CL Mirror

CL Spectrometer

CL PM

Electron gun tip

Scan coils

Objective lens

M. Kociak et al., patents pendingL. Zagonel, A. Losquin et al., unpublished,

‣Absorption and emission on the same object ‣@ nm resolutions..

p ,

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Absorption and Emission

multi-detection: HADF+ EELS + EIRE (CL) first proof of principle for simultaneous EELS/EIRE

symmetry of the modes, modal decomposition?

CLEnergy 2.2 eV

EELS(radiative and non 

CL (only radiative

modes)

radiative modes) No energy resolution limitation by the PSF detection system: optical spectroscopy at a true nanometer scale

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Nature, 17 december 2009

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and now?

With synchronised light injection (cf Zewail’s group at UCLA)

New spectroscopies synchronizing electrons and photons (injecting light)

•(i) electron energy‐GAIN spectroscopy

•(ii) dynamics of excited states•(ii) dynamics of excited states 

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The mostThe mostrecent

textbook on the market…

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MRS Bulletin, january 2012on

“Spectroscopic Imaging in Electron Microscopy”

Ed S P k & C C lliEds. S. Pennycook & C. Colliex

Invited contributions :Invited contributions :

G. Botton, McMaster, CanadaM Varela et al ORNL USA and Madrid SpainM. Varela et al. ORNL, USA and Madrid, Spain

M. Kociak, Orsay, France & J. Garcia de Abajo, Madrid, SpainK. Suenaga et al. AIST, Japan

L J All t l M lb A t liL.J. Allen et al.  Melbourne, AustraliaM. Aronova & R.D. Leapman, NIH, USA

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The Orsay team enabling the future (june 2011)

http://www.lps.u‐psud.fr/stemlps

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Thanks to all my colleagues at LPS OrsayThanks to all my colleagues at LPS Orsay

Guillaume Boudarham, Laura BocherN th li B Al d Gl tNathalie Brun, Alexandre Gloter,

Mathieu Kociak, Katia March, Stefano Mazzucco, Claudie Mory,

Odile Stéphan, Marcel Tencé, Almudena Torres-Pardo, Mike Walls,

Luis Zagonel and Alberto Zobellifrom LPS Orsay, France

Thanks to CNRS CNRS and to EC funded programs EUThanks to CNRS CNRS and to EC funded programs EU SPANS et ESTEEM and to all our partners who have

submitted scientific issues to solve and suited specimens

Thank you very much for your attention

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