From rhetoric to reality Facing the challenges of...
Transcript of From rhetoric to reality Facing the challenges of...
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Presentation at Stormont February 2013
Professor Kevin Anderson Tyndall Centre & University of Manchester
From rhetoric to reality Facing the challenges of climate change
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Presentation outline
§ Current aspirations and emission trends
§ Why we should strive for 2°C
§ The levels of mitigation required of Northern Ireland
§ Behavioural and technical opportunities
§ Summary & messages for policy makers
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… the IEA view
“When I look at this [CO2] data, the trend is perfectly in line with a temperature increase of 6 degrees Celsius, which would have devastating consequences for the planet.”
Fatih Birol - IEA chief economist
… and according to the World Bank, at just 4°C
"There will be water and food fights everywhere," Jim Yong Kim – WB president
The global context of Climate Change
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… how are emissions changing & where are they heading
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… yet emissions have continued to rise (~6% in 2010, ~3% 2011 & 12)
Global emission of fossil fuel CO2 (inc. cement)
… so what of future emissions?
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Energy system design lives (lock-in)
§ Supply technologies 25-50 year
§ Large scale infrastructures
§ Built environment
§ Aircraft and ships ~30 years
30-100 years
Global emission of fossil fuel CO2 (inc. cement)
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~3000GtCO2 for 2000-2050
~5000GtCO2 for 2000-2100
… i.e. a 4°C – 6°C rise between 2050 & 2100
Global emission of fossil fuel CO2 (inc. cement)
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… outside chance of 2°C
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… but building low/zero carbon energy supply needs to begin now
Deman d
Supply & demand
Global emission of fossil fuel CO2 (inc. cement)
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So what of Northern Ireland?
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It is a signatory to:
§ the UK Climate Change Act (??)
§ the Copenhagen Accord
§ the Cancun & Durban Agreements
§ and in May 2012 the G8 Camp David agreement
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Copenhagen Accord et al & G8 Camp David (2012)
Northern Ireland has committed to make its fair contribution to
“To hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius, and take action to meet this objective consistent with science and on the basis of equity”
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So for Northern Ireland, the mitigation question is clear
What emission reductions give a good chance of staying below 2°C?
… and for adaptation, in case the global community fails to mitigate …
What temperatures/climate should Northern Ireland prepare for?
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… but why 2°C ?
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2001
2ºC ‘Guardrail’
Dangerous
Acceptable
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2001 2009
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Is 2°C – dangerous or extremely dangerous?
Is 1°C the new 2°C?
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… sticking with 2°C?
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Emission-reduction targets • UK, EU & Global - long term reduction targets
UK’s 80% reduction in CO2e by 2050
EU 60%-80% “ 2050
Bali 50% “ 2050
• CO2 stays in atmosphere for 100+ years
• 2050 reduction unrelated to avoiding dangerous climate change (2°C)
• Cumulative emissions that matter (i.e. carbon budget)
• This fundamentally rewrites the chronology of climate change - from long term gradual reductions
- to urgent & radical reductions
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factor in…
the latest emissions data
what is the scale of the global ‘problem’ we now face?
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Things are getting worse! Global CO2 emission trends?
~ 2.7% p.a. last 100yrs ~ 3.5% p.a. 2000-2007
~ 6% p.a. 2009-2010
~ 3% for 2011 & 12
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What does:
• This failure to reduce emissions & • The latest science on cumulative emissions
• Say about a 2°C emissions reduction pathway?
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Year
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10-20% annual reductions
for energy emissions? (with 2020 peak)
Total Decarbonisation
by ~2035-45
No emission space for coal, gas, or shale gas – even with CCS!
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… what about a 4°C future?
If this all looks too difficult
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... & such a reduction rate is achievable
so is aiming for 4°C more realistic?
For 4°C & emissions peaking by 2020 a
~ 3.5% p.a. reduction in CO2 from energy is necessary
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For 4ºC global mean surface temperature
5ºC - 6ºC global land mean
… & increase ºC on the hottest days of:
6ºC - 8ºC in China
8ºC - 10ºC in Central Europe
10ºC -12ºC in New York
In low latitudes 4ºC gives
up to 40% reduction in maize & rice
as population heads towards 9 billion by 2050
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There is a widespread view that 4°C is:
§ incompatible with an organised global community
§ beyond ‘adaptation’
§ devastating to eco-systems
§ highly unlikely to be stable (‘tipping points)
… consequently …
4°C should be avoided at ‘all’ costs
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Before despairing …
Have we got the agency to achieve the unprecedented reductions rates linked to an outside chance of 2°C ?
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To put some numbers on this non-marginal challenge for energy • 10% reduction in emissions year on year
~40% reduction by ~2015 (c.f. 1990) ~70% ~2020 ~90+% ~2030
Impossible?
… is living with a 4°C global temperature rise by 2050-70 less impossible?
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Agency
• Equity – a message of hope – perhaps?
• Technology – how far, how fast & how soon?
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Little chance of changing polices aimed at 7 billion
… but how many people need to make the necessary changes?
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Pareto’s 80:20 rule
80% of something relates to … 20% of those involved
~80% of emissions from ~20% of population
run this 3 times
~50% of emissions from ~1% of population
Or more realistically:
~40% to 60% from ~1% to 5%
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- who’s in the 1% to 5%?
• Climate scientists
• Climate journalists & pontificators
• OECD (& other) academics
• Anyone who gets on a plane
• All MLAs?
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Are we sufficiently concerned to
… make or have enforced substantial personal sacrifices/changes to our lifestyles
To accept a steady-state rather than growing economy?
NOW ?
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Technical AGENCY – another message of hope
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Fuel Production, Extraction &Transport Powerstation Transmission Electricity
Consumption Light, Refrign
10 50 54 120 133
The Electricity system
Demand opportunities dwarf those from supply in short-term
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Car efficiency (without rebound)
• UK mean car emissions ~175g/km (new ~150g/km)
• EU 2015 plan 130g/km (fleet mean with buy out)
• 2008 BMW 109g/km, VW, 85-99g/km; 1998 Audi A2 ~ 75g/km
• ~8 year penetration of new cars … ~90% of vehicle-km
~50% CO2 reduction by 2020 with no new technology
• Reverse recent trends in occupancy ~70% by 2020
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To summarise…
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Uncomfortable implications of conservative assumptions If … • Link between cumulative emissions & temp’ is broadly correct • Industrialising (non-OECD) nations peak emissions by 2025/30 • There are rapid reductions in deforestation & food emissions • No ‘discontinuities’ (tipping points) occur
& Stern/CCC/IEA’s “feasible” reductions of 3-4% p.a. is achieved
2°C stabilisation is virtually impossible
4°C by 2050-2070 looks ‘likely’ (could be earlier & on the way to 6°C+)
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For policy makers the message is simple but uncomfortable
§ Should avoid 4°C at all costs
§ Need ~70% decarbonisation over next decade or so
§ Only small % of global population need to mitigate
§ Low carbon energy supply is too little too late in the West
§ Principal response is to reduce energy demand now
§ Carbon trading & prices are not viable for non-marginal (large) reductions
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Headline messages
§ Change behaviour - today (producers and consumers)
§ Improve technology - now & over the next few years
§ Consume less
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… & for Northern Ireland, the challenge is: Mitigation - a 60-70% reduction in ‘total’ emissions by ~2020 Adaptation - plan for impacts of up to 4C or more by 2050-70 … and in both of these equity & poverty are pivotal issues
– at home and abroad!
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So … for MLAs
§ Lead by example
§ Don’t be the exception - (cars, planes, ships – all argue to be treated leniently)
§ Don’t hide behind/blame of others - (UK blames China, China blame US …)
§ Consider the system - (e.g. shale’s impact on coal use, etc.)
§ Acknowledge it is not going to be easy – it will often hurt
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Be courageous both as leaders and as citizens
Mitigate for 2°C, but plan for 4°C – or more
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Finally,
“… this is not a message of futility, but a wake-up call of where our rose-tinted spectacles have brought us. Real hope, if it is to arise at all, will do so from a bare assessment of the scale of the challenge we now face.”
Anderson & Bows Beyond ‘dangerous climate change
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Jan 2011
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Presentation at Stormont February 2013
Professor Kevin Anderson Tyndall Centre & University of Manchester
Thank you